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World Economic System - Mercantilism and Laises Faire & Malthus Population Theory — Transcript

by Dr. Felix Ajiola · 10,800 words · 1,688 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:02Good morning everybody.
0:05I welcome you to another fascinating
0:08class of our HSS
0:11104
0:12introduction to economic history.
0:16So in this class we'll be discussing
0:20we having two combining two topics today
0:24as we've always done because we have
0:27quite a lot to cover and the time is not
0:30really on our side. So today we want to
0:33try to explore world economic system
0:36one. Do you remember that we mentioned
0:39that we'll be taking world economic
0:42system in two phases. World economic
0:44system one which will cover mechanalism
0:48and laser sphere. Then maybe next week
0:52or part week we'll look at world
0:53economic system two where we look at
0:56capitalism, socialism, mixed economy and
0:59so on. So so but today what we want to
1:01do today is to explore world economic
1:04system one. All right. Then we also
1:07consider another interesting topic which
1:10is uh
1:12mus population theory. So this would
1:16enable us to understand to have a
1:18understanding of what how population
1:22growth all right economic systems are
1:26actually interconnected. And so the
1:28purpose of this uh course topic is per
1:32perhaps for us to be able to understand
1:34and describe what economic system is all
1:37about and perhaps show through the
1:39attribute of economic system and its
1:43uh capacity in transforming or shaping
1:45productive activities in different
1:47society. So it will enable us to be able
1:51to classify the main features of each
1:53economic system for us to understand
1:55what kind of economic system is country
1:58A is practicing and what kind of
2:01economic system is country B or C
2:04adopting. So the overarching objective
2:08of course is to make uh to to make
2:10everyone familiar with the concept of
2:12economic system and its various types
2:16its ramifications and applications in
2:19different context. So the specific
2:21objective is to enable you to understand
2:24the
2:26uh the significant points like what is
2:28economic system and its imperative. All
2:31right to understand types of economic
2:34system to understand the argument the
2:38advantage all right and disadvantage
2:40that is the merit or specific economic
2:43systems and the merit of each economic
2:46systems then to look at its application
2:49there are various applications in
2:51various context right so we'll start by
2:55defining before we go into the substance
2:58main substance such as considering
3:01mechan
3:01and laserosphere we will try to first
3:04define economic system. What is economic
3:07system? All right. So it is important
3:09for us to first be able to conceptualize
3:13a particular idea or know uh concept
3:17that we want to interrogate for us to
3:19have a robust understanding or
3:21engagement with it. So economic system
3:24can be defined or described as the way
3:27uh the ways in which different societies
3:29obtain their daily needs such as food,
3:33such as uh productive activities, goods
3:36and services. All right. So it is a
3:39system also in which uh through which
3:42societies arrange organize all right for
3:46producting for for providing their
3:49material needs. So it is the way in
3:50which every society cater for the social
3:54no necessities of life. All right. Such
3:57as employment,
3:59such as economic no activities,
4:02productivity,
4:03no distribution of goods and services,
4:06the kind of ways in which even
4:09consumption.
4:11So economic system
4:14is a method adopted mostly by
4:18a state or an economic unit or a block.
4:22All right? A kind of like okay maybe you
4:25say western Europe. All right. They have
4:27a particular economic system that they
4:29adopt or in the past we used to say
4:31Soviet Union. The Soviet Union which has
4:34its own economic ideology it operated
4:37which was basically socialism. No. No.
4:40and the blend of communism. All right.
4:43So in western Europe those are
4:46practicing neoliberal no policies. All
4:48right. Capitalism those are issues we
4:50are going to interrogate. So economic
4:53system is a method adopted by state or
4:56an economic unit or a block an
4:59assemblage of no countries
5:02right in the production and distribution
5:04of their goods and services. All right.
5:06So this is also can be explained. No, it
5:09will also include how
5:12people in their social and political
5:15affairs, no achieve a fair and a just
5:19society. It also speaks about how
5:22society distribute or redistribute the
5:26available resources in each society such
5:30as land, such as capital, right? The
5:35wealth of a nation. I believe most of
5:38you must have done econ basic economics
5:40in secondary school and you have you
5:43must have know read or been told about
5:46the classic work by Adam Smith. All
5:49right. An inquiry into the nature and
5:51wealth of nations. All right. Which know
5:54speaks about the ways or manner in which
5:58national resources are utilized. All
6:02right. for to achieve efficiency to
6:04achieve economic growth and development.
6:07So economic system
6:10know is about how uh it describes a set
6:14of rules or arrangement by which
6:17societies determine what shall be
6:19produced, how they shall be produced uh
6:23for whom they are produced. Okay. So it
6:27helps in a way to help to organize the
6:31society in a way to achieve some kind of
6:34equity perhaps not equality equity so
6:38that there's fairness some groups are
6:40not largely contented or well fulfilled
6:44while some groups are marginalized or
6:47neglected. So that is to say that it
6:50helps to shape the productive system of
6:54each country. So you can also say the
6:56economic system is a method of
6:58coordinating economic activities such as
7:01production, distribution in a particular
7:04domain. So it is uh the system adopted
7:07by government mostly in planning in
7:10organization and distribution. So
7:13countries don't just produce, countries
7:16don't just exist, countries don't just
7:18develop. The historical trajectory of
7:22each country in the world today is
7:25determined or shaped all right by the
7:28economic systems that characterize that
7:31society. What kind of economic systems
7:34know characterizes the uh the western
7:37society, the western Europe for
7:39instance, America, the US economy? What
7:42economic model characterize that of
7:45China? All right. Why is China so
7:48prosperous economically? So what kind of
7:51economic model is China adopting all
7:54right in its everyday
7:57economic productive
7:59activities? So what differentiates China
8:02from Russia? What economic model is
8:05Russia adopting? Then when you place
8:07them side by side with the west like the
8:09US or uh the UK, all right, the EU, what
8:13kind of economic model are they
8:15adopting? So it helps economic systems
8:19helps you to understand okay why is one
8:21country develop and the other not
8:24develop and know it will tell you also
8:27uh if you have read the book of the book
8:29by the famous uh e political economist
8:34all right the book which won the Nobel
8:37prize for the three scholars Darren
8:39Aimogu and James Robinson all right we
8:42also explain how economic systems
8:45operated by different countries
8:47determine the level of growth,
8:49development or all right or advancement
8:51they achieve. All right and I will come
8:53to that probably when we looking at
8:56capitalism right all right and socialism
9:00right so I've said that it's an
9:02arrangement under which the available
9:04resources of the state can be announced
9:07and utilized in order to achieve the
9:10satisfaction of the uh welfare needs of
9:14the members of the society that is the
9:16overarching no trust of know an economic
9:20a good economic system. All right?
9:23Because it should provide the necessary
9:25guidelines on how the means of
9:27livelihoods could be obtained. All
9:29right? When we are looking at various
9:32system, you get to understand this. So
9:34economic is economic system regulates
9:38what individuals or firms, corporations
9:41know uh do with regards to the services
9:46or goods they render no to the society.
9:50So people don't just produce because
9:51just think that I want to start a
9:53pewater factory today and I just start.
9:56So this no there there are guidelines
9:58there are procedures there are protocols
10:01all right there are standards all right
10:03that are stipulated for each firm
10:05individuals to follow in the productive
10:09activities they intend to engage. So
10:12generally an economic system uh takes
10:15into account all aspect of society's
10:18life including social including
10:22political and economic. So a country
10:24would not just want to adopt a
10:26particular policy because it is such
10:28suitable. So there has to be
10:31consideration had to be given to the
10:35overhacking effect of such economic
10:38policy on social realities in the
10:40society on crime on unemployment on
10:43inflation. All right. On uh food
10:47security, scarcity. All right. On wealth
10:50distribution, equality or inequality.
10:54All right. So this same thing also
10:56applies to the de the political domain.
11:04Also applies to the political domain. An
11:08economic model adopted in a particular
11:10location would also have an intricate
11:14connection all right to the political uh
11:17landscape of that polity right for
11:21instance China you could see China in
11:24the past China used to be a socialist
11:27country all right adopting commun blend
11:30of communism and all right socialism
11:32historically but of course from the
11:341970s when there was need for uh China
11:40from 40s to 70s for for China to
11:42rediversify its economy especially to
11:44achieve economic growth. It's no started
11:47blending this command uh political and
11:51economic model with the western no what
11:55adopted from the west the capitalist
11:57neoliberal policy. So politically China
12:00all right operates a kind of uh
12:04socialist model but economically China
12:07adopts the neoliberal economic principle
12:10and that is how that is why China is
12:12able to leaprog and know compared to
12:16other countries. All right. China in the
12:19about 100 years be before was a poor
12:22country. All right. A century less than
12:24a century ago it was a very very poor
12:27country. All right. With large
12:29population unable to feed itself, right,
12:32but practicing some kind of no command
12:36no authoritarian socialist uh political
12:41system. All right. But it came to time
12:43with especially with time of Maong when
12:46it realized that we have to develop, we
12:48have to open up. All right. So
12:50politically it maintained its uh
12:53orientation but economically China
12:56continued to adopt for instance the
12:58neoliberal capitalist model. All right.
13:01That of the United States and Western
13:03Europe. So this actually uh speaks about
13:06free trade. All right. Uh movement of
13:09capital and here that we're going to
13:11discuss that. And since then we have
13:14seen the place in which China has been
13:17moving economically. All right. Is the
13:20second largest economy in the world or
13:22after the United States. So uh economic
13:26system therefore uh
13:29has key fundamental objectives as you
13:31can see on your screen basically is to
13:34achieve rational fair and judicious
13:37utilization of national resources. All
13:40right. Uh at a of a unit or or a country
13:44is to also ensure proper coordination
13:47and regulation of units properly in
13:50order to achieve efficiency. Okay. So
13:54for instance I mentioned that the
13:56essence is to coordinate regulate such
13:58that people an unscrupulous group of
14:01persons should not just come up to say
14:03that I want to start producing Coca-Cola
14:06without having the technical know the
14:09skill set all right the expertise all
14:11right theition or skills to really
14:15produce that all right and just know
14:18poisoning people all right or another
14:20person said that I want to go into real
14:22estate sector I to start building houses
14:24and renting down without without having
14:27the requisite no credentials or
14:30potential to really do that. All right.
14:32To prevent people events whereby houses
14:35will be collapsing and people so
14:37economic system try to regulate the
14:40allocation and appropriation the
14:42utilization of land resources and
14:44capital. All right. So it also ensure
14:47rapid economic development and growth
14:50and also know to satisfy the basic
14:53necessity of life of the people such as
14:57food, shelter, clothes and others. As
15:00man said the essence of dialectical
15:03materialism is that uh human being must
15:06first eat, drink and have good shelter
15:08before thinking of anything else
15:10including know politics, economy,
15:12social, marriage, any other thing. So
15:16based on this disc forgoing
15:18conceptualization so we can say that
15:21economic system uh deals with economic
15:24system uh deals with how
15:28how to produce I've mentioned that what
15:30to produce and know uh to whom uh and
15:35the quality or quantity that should be
15:37know produced what kind of strain will
15:40be upon this cast resources all right
15:42what will be the decision making process
15:44in the productive process and all of
15:46this. So I've mentioned that there are
15:49different systems. All right, the
15:52traditional economic system which I
15:55believe you have considered. I sent the
15:57slide of the traditional economic system
15:59to you uh last week especially in
16:02Africa. All right. So we have various
16:06different economic system. The
16:07traditional economic system
16:10then we have mechantilism in the past.
16:13All right. It's it's no longer
16:16popular but the most uh popular ones are
16:20now capitalism or market economy. You
16:23have socialism or planned economy and
16:26mixed economy. All right. So in this
16:30course today we'll be looking at
16:32mechantilism and laser sphere. The two
16:35which coexisted together at the same
16:37time all right before the 20th century.
16:40Okay. So we want to see the ways in
16:43which these economic systems differ from
16:45each other and how they shape economic
16:49and political system developments in
16:52their various uh context. So this
16:56economic system as you have mentioned
16:58they differ in terms of ownership of
17:00resources in terms of allocation of
17:02resources in terms of the production
17:06incentives than decision making. So in
17:09this class we'll focus in the we focus
17:13on mechantilism and laser sphere. So
17:17next week when we want to continue with
17:19what system two we would then go uh into
17:23capitalism and socialism
17:26right so have I made the introduction
17:29very clear now
17:31so we'll go into the you know two want
17:35to consider today which is mechantilism
17:38and laser sphere right so how did
17:41mechanilism how did laser sphere how did
17:44they evolve what Were the circumstance
17:47in the face of what condition or
17:50circumstance or situation did were they
17:53know uh
17:55uh developed in Europe and America right
17:59and how did they contribute to domestic
18:02and global economy during the period. So
18:06it is important to note that Europeans
18:09uh society experience
18:11uh rapid soioeconomic changes beginning
18:14from the 16th century. All right. And
18:16this was know the period following the
18:18middle ages also referred to in European
18:22history as the medieval period. So
18:25medieval period is a period. All right.
18:28where Europe know cascaded into a kind
18:32of no underdevelopment. It was
18:35underdeveloped was crude society was
18:38filled out in nature. The kings and know
18:41the church no uh perhaps no govern the
18:45affairs of the state. So unlike the
18:47preceding years which was characterized
18:49by feudalism all right uh where a system
18:53of production in which uh property
18:56rights were vested in the ends of the
18:58kings as I've mentioned so this new
19:01period from the 16th century witnessed
19:04the emergence of powerful nation states
19:06all right in which power was situated
19:11equally no in equally strong central
19:14government no some
19:16uh emergent new states were no England,
19:21France, no uh Netherland and so so I
19:26think in level when you are doing a
19:29course titled
19:31uh introduction to economic to
19:32international relations or so so you
19:35will be taught about the treaty of
19:37Westfailia. All right. And out that
19:39actually 16 uh 48 or so which marked the
19:44beginning of the evolution of the modern
19:46state system. So uh it was during this
19:50period that societies began to realize
19:52that rather than vesting power all right
19:55in the hands of the kings just as we
19:58have in Africa where you have the ob the
20:00rather than the allahim being the like
20:03absolute monarch all right controlling
20:05the land resources collecting tools all
20:07the stuff that it was necessary to have
20:10a modern state structure all right where
20:14no resources all right to be equally or
20:17evenly appropriated and allocated and it
20:21was under this circumstance that know
20:23various these two major economic system
20:26evolved
20:28mechantilism and laser sphere. So we
20:29look at mechantilism.
20:31So the key objective for us is to be
20:36able to discuss mechanism to be able to
20:40identify the argument for and against
20:43mechanism that is what are the
20:44advantages and disadvantages of
20:46mechanism to discuss also laser sphere
20:49in the same way know looking at the
20:51factors that work for it and the factors
20:54that worked against it. Okay. So we'll
20:56go into mechanalism right away.
21:01So what is meantism?
21:04So as you've seen on the screen, it is
21:06the economic theory and system that uh
21:10characterized Europe between the 16th
21:13and the 18th centuries. So it's a kind
21:16of economic model which developed and
21:19promoted government regulations of a
21:22nation's economy especially for the
21:25purpose of augumenting state power at
21:28the expense of rival no national power.
21:33All right so you understand that the 15
21:3616th and 17th century 18th century was a
21:39significant epoch in European history.
21:42It was a period where I talked about
21:45that know Europe had was just coming out
21:47of the medieval era. Right? So there is
21:50of course 15th century there had been
21:52the the maritime revolution. All right.
21:56Which enabled European powers to be able
21:59to discover other places in the world.
22:01All right. So before the 15th century
22:04Europe existed perhaps the only
22:06interactions it enjoyed with other parts
22:08of the world was with Asia. All right.
22:11All right. through the eastern Europe.
22:13So, but due to several events in the
22:1615th century, there was need for the uh
22:18European countries to also explore that
22:20part of the world and by the 15th
22:22century the maritime revolution occurred
22:25which enabled Europeans to be able to
22:28travel to build sophisticated
22:31navigational equipment to travel across
22:34the Atlantic. All right. Of course. So
22:37it was under this circumstance that
22:40meantalism as a as a political and
22:42economic theory or system develop. All
22:45right. Of course, one of the key event
22:48that characterized the period was
22:50competitions among the various European
22:53powers on who is to travel to dominate a
22:57particular areas discovered in Africa,
23:00in Asia, in America. So in other words,
23:03governmental control was to be exercised
23:06over industry and trade. All right,
23:09international trade in accordance with
23:11the theory that national strength is
23:15increased by no prepundonderance of
23:17export and import. So this mechanism has
23:20to do with international trade. All
23:22right. So unlike in the uh medieval era
23:27where the concentration of the states
23:30all right was basically
23:34uh characterized by the feud system
23:39where just the kings just monopolize all
23:41the resources people work people
23:44individuals don't have the power to own
23:46the land every power and rights over
23:48land and resources were in the hands of
23:51the kings and members of the royal and
23:54the noble class. All right. So the
23:56society didn't progress. All right. So
23:58in this era from the 16th to 18th
24:01century when it was realized that there
24:04was need to now place emphasis on the on
24:07national strength. All right.
24:08institutions should emerge, structures,
24:11state systems and structures should
24:12emerge to be able to develop society
24:15beyond domestic cultivation, agriculture
24:19and all the stuff that there's need for
24:20international trade especially export
24:22and imports. Right? So all of these uh
24:26develop. So the primary aim of
24:28mechantilist was to basically uh build
24:33strong wealthy and independent nation
24:35state by promoting economic
24:39self-sufficiency. So it was realized
24:41that feudalism was not going to engender
24:44no sustainability or efficiency or
24:46economic growth. The best you could do
24:49is to know produce at a subsistent
24:52level. All right. And for which much of
24:55what was produced would be no uh taken
25:00would be consumed by the the members of
25:03the royal and the upper class in the
25:04society. So the word mechantilism was
25:08actually popularized by uh the no famous
25:13all right uh Adam Smith political
25:16economist
25:18Adam Smith who used it to describe the
25:20dominant economic ideas of the 16th and
25:2318th centuries.
25:25Right? Are we together?
25:30Are we still together?
25:35Yes sir.
25:36>> Yes sir.
25:37>> Okay. So we now let's go rapidly to look
25:40at what are the arguments of meantilist.
25:43What are the know the main trust of
25:46mercantalists.
25:47So the those who advocate for
25:50mechantilist system of doctrine believe
25:53that
25:55precious resources, precious metal such
25:57as gold and silver, no were
26:01indispensable
26:02to a nation's wealth.
26:05All right? And once a nation did not
26:07possess some of these minds from which
26:09it could accumulate this matter, it was
26:12free to seek them through trade. And no
26:15they realized that
26:18especially from the 15th century when
26:20they started exploring so before then
26:22they had seen how they have heard about
26:24how Africa for instance was so rich in
26:27gold
26:29of course from the 12th century they had
26:31witnessed no the the the
26:37traveling of Africa's most richest king
26:41Masam Musa who had traveled to Mecca and
26:45from there to Europe and crush crash the
26:48European economy on account of the no
26:51enormous gold that it packs to Europe.
26:55So societies in Europe realized that no
26:59feudalism was not a sign a symbol of
27:02wealth that precious metals and
27:04resources all right embedded in in in
27:07other places outside Europe was a
27:10significant factor in know defining the
27:13wealth of a nation right and so they
27:16started seeking know international trade
27:19and network contacts all right with
27:21people in outside Europe. So the
27:24protagonists uh easily point to the fact
27:27that Spain's most powerful uh years of
27:31uh know development and occurred when it
27:34first ripped a booion from its overseas
27:37expansion. Don't forget that Spain and
27:40Portugal were the
27:42were the first European countries that
27:45started the voyage of exploration.
27:48No traveling out of Europe from the 15th
27:49century, right? the likes of Christopher
27:53Columbus, the uh uh Vasco Dagama. All
27:57right. Balom Ruiz, America
28:04out of Europe from the 15th century and
28:06came back with bounty, gold and natural
28:09mineral resources. So it became a clown
28:13call for the various European powers to
28:16also develop on account of this
28:19mechantilist doctrine.
28:22So mechantilists argue that colonial
28:26possessions were significant to serve as
28:30suppliers of raw materials and markets
28:33for export. All right. So that when
28:36countries in Europe know acquire areas
28:39like from the 15th century, all right,
28:41most of the areas know the Europeans
28:44encountered were acquired like America
28:47was acquired by the Europeans by all
28:49right the Spanish then the English
28:51people many part of South America no
28:55Brazil know by the Portuguese and all of
28:58these. So they believe that colonial
29:00possessions was the basis all right or
29:04the basic source of know obtaining raw
29:06materials. So like in America you know
29:10America for instance having after the
29:12discovery was converted into no
29:14plantation sites all right producing
29:17cotton producing sugar all right which
29:20were exported back to Europe and and all
29:23of that for manufacturing for
29:25consumption and all of this. So they
29:27believe that the mother country was
29:29expected to draw raw materials from its
29:31possessions. The English people drew
29:34large amount of raw materials from
29:36America, from Africa. All right. The
29:38Spanish, the French, the Dutch. All
29:40right. The SP all of them. All right.
29:43No, the Belgians and selling uh selling
29:47the Finnish goods. No. Uh back to the
29:51colonial areas. No. with the balance of
29:53trade favoring uh the European the
29:56mother countries. So this trade they
29:59argue must be monopolistic with all
30:03foreign intruders bad. So they believe
30:06that a strong nation must have a large
30:09population. All right. Uh given its
30:13uh uh a large population given that this
30:16is a veritable source of labor market
30:18and soldiers. So that is to say that the
30:22the acquisition of colonies was central
30:24to the functioning of mechantalism
30:27because it is based on idea of
30:29international uh uh expansion and
30:33extraction of resources from these uh
30:37colonial areas right outside their
30:39domain in Africa.
30:41Am I making sense? So uh let's look at
30:45the arguments generally that revolves
30:47around meantilism. What are the critical
30:52no argument or
30:54basic
30:56proposition of this mechanism? All
30:58right. So the general overall trust of
31:01mechantisalism is that it was premised
31:03on the idea that the wealth of a nation
31:05depends primarily on the possession of
31:08gold and silver such as precious metals.
31:11All right. or bullion.
31:13It was also believed that overseas trade
31:17should be encouraged. All right. And as
31:19a matter of fact, it was said that a
31:21nation without precious metal could
31:24probably acquire them through trade,
31:26especially by maintaining favorable
31:29balance of exports over imports. So that
31:32okay, if you don't have a colonial area
31:34in Africa or Asia, you could also trade
31:36with those people. All right? and
31:38exchange what you have to get those uh
31:41gold to go to get those diamond and all
31:44those resources. All right. So they also
31:47believe that a strong central government
31:49was necessary not only to enforce and
31:52regulate uh business but also to acquire
31:55and maintain colonial territories. So
31:58for instance under the medieval era
32:00where the king was it was not import it
32:03was not possible for the king to extend
32:05his influence to other areas in Asia in
32:08Africa in America.
32:10Okay. So they believe that to do that a
32:13central government a state system state
32:16and machinery must know develop to be
32:19able to enforce and maintain this
32:22colonial area.
32:25So it is also advisable uh they also
32:28advocate that it was necessary to
32:30establish monopolies. I believe you all
32:33know what monopolies is. All right. All
32:35right. To dominate all right to
32:37institute protected tariffs and regulate
32:40trade so that a particular in a
32:43particular sphere colonial sphere like
32:45maybe say in in Congo you could see
32:48that's a good example. So there was the
32:51Belgian the Belgians. All right.
32:54Establish monopoly over the resources.
32:57All right. In Congo no Congo which is
33:01now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
33:04Dr. Congo is the richest site on the
33:07planet earth on account of the enormous
33:10deposit of various mineral resources.
33:14You want to talk about gold, uranium.
33:16All right. What coban
33:19all kind of name all the mineral
33:22resources. So during this period
33:25states emerging states like Belgium
33:28established monopolies and instituted
33:32protected tariffs and regulatory to be
33:34sure that no European power interfered
33:37with resources. So imagine the French
33:39did the same in their own sphere of
33:41influence. The British did the same, the
33:43Dutch did this the same in South Africa
33:46and all of this. So in fact
33:48manufacturing and mining industries also
33:51was said to be encouraged and protected
33:54with subsidies. So at home so the they
33:58also believe that nations must encourage
34:00the development of agriculture at home
34:02given that it leads to national
34:03self-sufficiency.
34:05All right and helps to supply raw
34:07materials needed by the industry. This
34:09is quite different from the feudalism
34:12feudal system whereby the agricultural
34:14system was no done under the opaces of
34:18the kings.
34:21So they believe that uh it was important
34:24to have a strong marines that is
34:26shipping industry. All right. If you
34:28have read the work by Alfred Mckinda,
34:31all right, where he argued that he who
34:33rules the world island rules the world
34:35outland and evil who rules the word
34:38Atland rules the world. So the
34:40international trade the seaborn movement
34:43argued Afford Mckinda was the key to
34:47economic prosperity of any nation. So he
34:50believed that a country which possess
34:52strong navigational equipment and
34:54technology or dominates the seaborn
34:56movement will probably be the
35:00global edon and that was characterized
35:03by the British. All right and also other
35:06countries but British was for so long
35:08was a superpower in the world because of
35:11its possession of the strong and
35:14sophisticated navigational technology.
35:17All right. So they believe that every
35:19nation needs a large population which
35:21would serve as a source of labor market
35:24for them. So overall we can say that
35:27mercantalism enhanced the social and
35:30political status of the merchant class.
35:33All right in Europe it also provided
35:36favorable climate for the early
35:39development of capitalism as we are
35:41going to uh see subsequently. So what
35:44are the arguments against
35:46meantalism?
35:48So those of meantilism have come under
35:52no intense attack. All right. So
35:54scholars have criticized meantilist
35:57doctrine for various reasons. Of course
36:01indeed it was some of these reasons that
36:04uh because of this reason that the
36:07doctrine became unpopular. All right. No
36:10for instance many people fought it over
36:12its emphasis on supremacy of precious
36:15material what you don't have in your own
36:17place you want to go and steal it
36:19elsewhere through colonialism right
36:21through suppression and imposition of no
36:24torture brutality on other people as we
36:26saw in we have read in the in Congo all
36:31right in uh French west Africa
36:34franophone west Africa in the anglophone
36:36Africa west Africa in east Africa
36:39the atrocities, the murder, the
36:41brutality, the torture, the rape, the
36:43maming of people, the looting of
36:46resources by all of these. So mechantism
36:49came under that if you don't have
36:51something, why must you enact a policy a
36:56system, all right, to go and steal
36:59because it's to loot them from other
37:00places. So in fact uh with the growth of
37:03banking and expansion of the market
37:05economy uh this undue reliance on gold
37:09and silver as measure of wealth reduced
37:11considerably. So that is mechantalism
37:14was considered not quite sustainable
37:17right for uh the international political
37:21economy. In addition no development in
37:24science and technology also uh made it
37:26possible for several nations to be able
37:29to participate in and in fact reef no
37:32from global economy. All right which
37:35actually knows that the world know uh
37:39the index indicators of development or
37:42wealth cannot necessarily be only gold
37:44and diamond. All right we have seen
37:47that. All right. Several no the
37:49industrial revolution took place. All
37:52right. All right. Uh in the 18th century
37:56there about all right. And we've seen
37:58all kind of no transformation in human
38:01society. The avation industry. All
38:04right. The steam all right technology
38:07the now we're talking about the fifth
38:10industrial revolution ICT revolution.
38:13assume that so what how long will the
38:15world continue to rely on gold and
38:17diamond even though they still
38:19constitute a major index of wealth. All
38:22right. Moreover, it was also argued that
38:25mechantilism promoted the feeling of no
38:28dependence by some nations which ran
38:32contrary to the tenant of free
38:34enterprise. All right. It know it
38:37creates that. So European countries must
38:39always depend on the areas they were
38:42able to acquire in Africa before they
38:44can develop. So but by and large it was
38:48the emergence of laser sphere. All
38:50right. An alternative philosophy that
38:53signal the eventual collapse of
38:56mechantilist no uh system. Okay. So we
39:00go to what is laser sphere now. So at
39:03this juncture we will look at laser
39:05sphere. What is laser sphere? So the
39:08word laser sphere is a French word which
39:11conotes let things alone or but if you
39:15want to put it okay let things be done
39:17without interference.
39:19All right. Without interference, you
39:21know, we've talked about that
39:22meantalism, one critical tenant of
39:26meantilism was monopoly
39:30protectionism to make sure that this is
39:32my own area of influence in Africa.
39:34Maybe in the case of France or Belgium.
39:36All right. This is my area. I've
39:38acquired this area. No European
39:39countries must come in here. I I I want
39:42to be the only one to explore the gold,
39:43the diamond, the mineral resources in
39:45this place. So but lasers policies all
39:49right came to say that no let things be
39:52done no freely without any encumbrance
39:56without any restriction. So however it's
39:58also an economic principle representing
40:01the policy of domestic non-inference by
40:04government in individual or industrial
40:08monetary affairs. So this system while
40:13not too far perfect from know the the
40:17earlier the mechantist but this one
40:19favored capitalist self-interest. All
40:22right. As a matter of fact, it is a
40:24precursor to the neoliberal capitalist
40:27system that the world is largely
40:29adopting. All right. So it encourage uh
40:34competition natural consumer preferences
40:38as forcing as uh forces leading to
40:41optimal prosperity and freedom. So it's
40:44one of the no economic doctrine that was
40:47introduced before capitalist capitalism
40:50took over. So in this under this laser
40:52sphere the role of the state no was to
40:55maintain order and security and to avoid
40:59interference. So they believe that
41:02individuals and firms and organizations
41:05should have the imperative the the
41:08ability the freedom to pursue their
41:10desired goal. Whether any company or
41:13individuals who wants to acquire uh land
41:16for various productive activities should
41:19be given the freedom. those who want to
41:21go uh follow international principles to
41:25to embark on various import and exports
41:28and acquisition of raw materials
41:30elsewhere should do so without any
41:33restrictions. So this philosophy
41:36uh was in line with the survival for the
41:40fittest all right theory by Charles
41:44Darwin who propounded the evolution
41:46theory all right the the origin of the
41:49specy in 1859 and he argued that no he
41:53propounded the argument for the survival
41:55of the fittest that it is the surv the
41:58the strongest that should be the richest
42:01that it should not be there should not
42:02be any monopoly there should not the
42:04restrictions to where people go, how
42:06people acquire their wealth. All right?
42:08Who should control the land, dictate the
42:11pace of the economy, the dynamics of
42:13production and all of that. And this was
42:16no a philosophy which is usually
42:18associated with the French economist uh
42:22known as
42:24all right who flourished between 1756
42:27and 1778.
42:30So this uh no philosophy no uh no was
42:35later to be expounded by the central and
42:40indomitable no figure in economics. All
42:44right Adam Smith who classic work no
42:49inquiry into the wealth of nations 1776
42:53redefining the core of laser sphere. So
42:55Adam Smith advocated a policy of free
42:59trade so that the invisible hand of
43:03competition or what he said invisible
43:05hand of the market could act as an
43:08economic indicator or regulator. So that
43:11there's no need for any international or
43:14any governmental control or monopoly no
43:18in any economic domain that the
43:21invisible hand of the market let
43:22competition let the the space be open
43:26for compet free competition and the
43:30strongest perhaps will be the ones to
43:33maximize the no return. So in line with
43:36Adam Smith's uh writing several other
43:39scholars including David Ricardo all
43:42right who founded the theory of
43:44comparative advantage or comparative
43:48cost advantage theory all right
43:50comparative advantage and John X who
43:53also argued in favor of laser sphere all
43:56right so the argument of laser sphere
43:58adoption appeal to the capitalist of the
44:01the capitalist class of the industrial
44:03revolutions all right? Who wish to be
44:06free of movement of government
44:09regulation of taxation of tariffs of no
44:13uh quarter systems because before then
44:17government regulated strongly what
44:19people produce how they produce how they
44:22distribute what was produced so less
44:25fair advocated for the free enterprise
44:31for free enterprise system right for
44:33people to be able to realize their
44:35potential in the business of in the
44:38process of economic activities. So there
44:41are also argument against laser sphere.
44:52So what are the argument against laser
44:54sphere? So several scholars several
44:57laser sphere also has been condemned.
45:01No, several factors worked against the
45:04economic model.
45:06For instance, the tremendous growth of
45:09industrial
45:11of industry under laser sphere led to
45:14the abuse of laser sphere principle
45:16including the use of child labor.
45:19So under the guise of uh under the guise
45:22of let let there be no restriction,
45:25you've seen how companies and industries
45:29are are probably fostering
45:33fostering
45:35what I can call no hard labor in Kova.
45:41Since the era of cocoa production,
45:46right, one of the key debate now with
45:48regards to cocoa production, coco
45:49plantation is the manner in which
45:52capitalist firms in Europe, all right,
45:55producing chocolate, all right, have no
46:00contributed to child exploitation. You
46:04know children are kidnapped from various
46:07parts of Africa and Asia and transported
46:12know smuggled to cocoa plantation in
46:14place like for instance kodova or let's
46:16say fernand poa guinea to work as slaves
46:20in the agricultural plantation all of
46:23these are some of the no bedrock of the
46:27laser sphere the idea that there should
46:30not be interference there should not be
46:32restriction industries activities should
46:35not be checked. All right. Individuals
46:37no economic initiative should not be
46:39scrutinized. That is why you have all
46:42kinds of abuses that someone can wake up
46:45all right somewhere in your location and
46:47float a peer water factory. No, some few
46:50years ago I was living in a location in
46:53Lagos where no from the top of my uh
46:58flat I I was looking through a slum uh
47:01environment a cl a compound that has
47:04been neglected some unscrupulous people
47:07we just just came to the space no dug a
47:10well all right and they were producing
47:12mass producing bottle water and pure
47:14water I for several months weeks I stood
47:17and observed How people were
47:20manufacturing
47:22bottle and satchet water raw without any
47:25refinement without taking any
47:28nutritional any no sanitary measures and
47:32precautions. So they only ex you know uh
47:37supply this product at night. So in the
47:40day you do not notice anything within
47:42the environment but at night you see
47:44trucks loading bottle water and beer
47:47water into the into the vehicle and is
47:51distribute to Lagos. No the pipe was
47:53just connected directly from the well
47:56and just running into the the bottle
47:58water into the set and they were sealing
48:00them. So these are the kind of stuff
48:02that no lasers fair encourage. So it was
48:06on this basis that many people started
48:09criticizing the doctrine. All right. So
48:12it was also blame many blame laz for
48:15encouraging monopolistic
48:18competition. No as many businesses
48:20combined to control
48:22production and prices all right for the
48:26benefit of their own self. So
48:29competition was gradually eliminated uh
48:31under laser. So what we have said is
48:35that mechantilism and lasersphere as the
48:38major economic ideologies that dominated
48:41the European continent during the middle
48:44ages also referred to as the medieval
48:47period in history. These are the key no
48:51philosophy economic model that was
48:53practiced from the 16th century up to
48:56the
48:5718th century. So the argument for and
49:00against this economic thoughts we have
49:03examined them. All right? We have
49:04scrutinized them. So what you need to do
49:08is to perhaps expand your knowledge.
49:10I've told you to go and read. Of course
49:12there are key texts you need to read.
49:13I've mentioned quite a number of books
49:15in this class. The work by Adam Smith.
49:19All right. An inquiry into the wealth of
49:21nations. All right. You need Dicado who
49:25was written about the comparative
49:27theory. comparative advantage all right
49:30theory and all of that GS mu locally in
49:33the department there there is
49:34fundamental of economic history which
49:36I've mentioned but you can get it in a
49:38department so what we said is that
49:40meantilism and lasersphere
49:44have been identified as the two
49:45principal ideas that dominated the
49:49economic thought in Europe during the
49:50medieval period right meantalism
49:53promoted government regulations of a
49:56nation's economy for the bene for the
49:59sake of augumating state power at the
50:02expense of rival and national powers.
50:04Okay. So that is to say that government
50:07control was to be exercised over
50:09industry and over international trade in
50:11accordance with that theory. All right,
50:13which place emphasis on national
50:15strength that a central government is
50:17necessary all right to achieve economic
50:20development in a particular country and
50:23the main aim of mechantalism was to
50:25build strong wealthy and independent
50:28nation states by promoting
50:30self-sufficiency.
50:31Okay. So lasers fail. So on the other
50:34hand advocates for the policy of
50:37domestic non-intervention. All right.
50:39Non-inference. No let things alone. All
50:43right. As I've mentioned no let free no
50:46free enterprise if you like. So in
50:48summary mechanalism suggests public or
50:52government economic control while laser
50:55sphere supports capitalism or individual
50:58control of the economy. This is what we
51:00are saying. So if you ask in this in our
51:04test or in the exam to identify the
51:06major differences between mechanism and
51:09laser sphere I believe you should be
51:11able to reason. So you might be asked to
51:14compare all right more than three or
51:17four economic system. So because I'm
51:19going to teach you capitalism and
51:20socialism also all right so you need to
51:23be vast about each of them. You need to
51:26know what each of them is about. All
51:28right. And be able to interrogate them
51:31critically.
51:35Do you have any question please?
51:40Any question?
51:48Any question please?
51:51>> No sir.
51:55>> Okay. So
51:57uh Limat
51:59why do we have 86 people in this class?
52:02How many people are how many people
52:03registered this course?
52:09>> About 200.
52:11>> So why are we having this number?
52:15>> I don't know but I announced it on the
52:18class group that were having the class
52:20today. I don't know why they didn't turn
52:21up.
52:23>> Okay.
52:26So it's not my it's not going to be my
52:28fault if people uh fail the course. Hope
52:32you know.
52:36>> Am I am I correct?
52:39>> So those so when they write the exam
52:41they will say that ah I didn't get a
52:44good grade Dr. J gave me a bad score and
52:46all those kind of stuff. So what do you
52:49think should be the the situation?
52:55All right. Having said that, we can go
52:57to the next topic. Do we still have time
52:59or you have another class?
53:07>> We still have time, sir.
53:09>> Right. So, let's look at the
53:12next topic, which is
53:14M's theory of population.
53:17So, I decided to skip the other two
53:21topics. uh the the economic system too
53:26so that we can connect some of the dots.
53:28All right. It will make us to be able to
53:30connect rather than just being
53:31theoretical.
53:33So it is in this manner I want to look
53:35at the mat theory of population. All
53:39right. So our objective basically no
53:42will be stated clearly. So we want to
53:44look at uh Reverend Thomas Mats
53:50no theory of population. He was the one
53:52who propounded the no major classic work
53:54on population control. All right. All
53:57right. In relation to development, I
54:00want to look at the main argument of
54:01marts the criticism against his theory.
54:05Then we'll be able to draw our own
54:08analysis. So in in the end all right we
54:11should be able to discuss the matters
54:13theory of population.
54:15uh identify the main argument of mus
54:20Thomas mus and identify argument against
54:24know is theory also
54:27so the origin or the the precursor to
54:32the introduction of the mus theory of
54:35the population was quite knowh enormous
54:40all right so there were quite a lot of
54:41development in Europe at the time all
54:44right which know generated discussions
54:46and controversies about how the world
54:49economy all right or European European
54:53population should be controlled in a way
54:56to manage or coordinate the mega
54:58resources available. So Reverend Robert
55:01Thomas 1766 to 7 1834
55:07was a foremost was a prominent British
55:09scholar who was quite influential in the
55:12field of population political economy.
55:16All right. He came up with the first
55:18major canonical literature extensively
55:22interrogated no where uh no he wrote
55:25about demography. So between 179uh
55:318 and 1826,
55:34Reverend Thomas Moss published six
55:37editions of his famous treaty. All
55:39right. And an an essay on the principle
55:42of population. All right. Of course,
55:44which he continued to revise no sever
55:47severally incorporating new data, new
55:50materials especially to address
55:52criticisms and to convey changes in his
55:55own perspectives and subjects. All
55:57right. So, uh I've mentioned that the
56:01situations in which under which this
56:04theory evolved was uh as a result of the
56:08growing the unbridled
56:11population explosion in Europe. All
56:14right. which not even in Europe in other
56:17places which felt that the population if
56:21it continues to grow there will be
56:23little resources for people to
56:27cope or adapt to survive all right so
56:30for instance let me the population of
56:33India now is over 1.3 million all right
56:37China is also above all right India with
56:40largest population about 1.4 4 million.
56:43All right.
56:44Nigeria has been projected by 2050, all
56:48right, to have a population of 400
56:50million people and all of that. So about
56:53a few years ago less than five 7 8 years
56:56ago Nigeria had a population of 200
56:57million right you could see that within
57:00a short time the rate at which uh in
57:04which population is increasing all right
57:06is not uh the same way the economy is
57:11increasing or improving and resources
57:14means of survival subsistence to take
57:16care of the population so the trust of m
57:20argument was that
57:23population increases in a geometric
57:25ratio.
57:26What your you know your basic
57:28mathematics geometric ratio 1 2 4 8 no
57:3616 32 64 128 156 and so on and so on.
57:43All right. While the means of
57:45subsistence that is the resources, the
57:47food, the housing, the health service,
57:50the schools. All right. They are
57:53increasing in arithmetic ratio.
57:56All right. Slowly 1 2
58:014 5 6 7 8. So that means the number I as
58:06I've mentioned in 20 uh let's say 2015
58:10Nigeria had a population about 180
58:12million or less than 200 million.
58:15A decade later Nigeria population has
58:18skyrocketed and now it's now been
58:20projected that no it will reach 400
58:22million by 2050. There's about two
58:26decades from now. How many hospitals
58:30will be produced between these two
58:31decades?
58:33How many schools will be produced with
58:36just with the with even the the amount
58:39of universities in Nigeria? There are
58:42millions of students who are unable to
58:44be admitted into the universities
58:48without speaking much about the primary
58:50and secondary education in terms of food
58:54security. So people are groaning,
58:56grappling with inflation, food
58:58shortages, household, you know, uh
59:01insecurity and all of that. So this is
59:04just when we have a population of 230
59:07million thereabouts. So how would people
59:10feel if the population increases to 400
59:13million in about two decades or less? So
59:17Reverend Mats argued that population
59:20increases in a geometric fastly fastly
59:24tripling all right two 416 tripling as
59:29I've said 200 million 5 years ago 400
59:33million in about 10 years time
59:36a few years time all right so population
59:39is increasing at a very rapid pace
59:42whereas the means of survivor is just
59:44crawling so it was This thesis uh
59:48especially thesis that if human
59:50population were allowed to increase in
59:52an uncontrolled way then the number of
59:55people all right uh would increase at a
1:00:00faster rate than the food supply than
1:00:02hospital than schools all right than
1:00:06even employment opportunities. So a
1:00:09point will come according to Reverend
1:00:11Thomas when human population will reach
1:00:14the limit up to which food resources
1:00:17could at least support any further
1:00:20increase. All right and this will lead
1:00:22to population crash caused by all kinds
1:00:25of issues like natural phenomen like
1:00:27farming diseases and all of that. Of
1:00:30course when you have too much population
1:00:32and people are unable to feed themselves
1:00:34then there will be all kinds of social
1:00:37vices even natural disasters crime and
1:00:40all of that diseases and all the stuffs.
1:00:43So these are because there will be
1:00:45congestion in houses. People will not
1:00:47have accommodations. So people have to
1:00:49live in face me and face you. All right.
1:00:51No the multi-tenanted housing. No they
1:00:54will lack basic health care support
1:00:56systems and all this. So the main
1:01:00argument of mats so mats contended that
1:01:05population tend to increase faster than
1:01:07food supply uh available supply of food
1:01:11available for its names. So he states
1:01:14that uh wherever a relative gain occurs
1:01:17in the production over population growth
1:01:20that is a higher rate of population
1:01:22increase is stimulated. All right. So
1:01:25also on the other hand he noted that if
1:01:28population grows faster than food
1:01:30production then the growth no is checked
1:01:34by farming naturally disease and war. So
1:01:38his theories does is that his contradict
1:01:42the opt optimistic belief which
1:01:45characterize the 19th century all right
1:01:48with regards to the level of fertility
1:01:51all right in the society. So he's saying
1:01:53that he he actually proposed a quite a
1:01:57number of measures to reduce the
1:02:00population. So there's a positive and
1:02:02there's a negative checks which he
1:02:04argued. So the main argument of Mus is
1:02:08that
1:02:09uh uh nature has its own way of cutting
1:02:13population. All right. Population level
1:02:15through crime. All right. Through
1:02:18disease, through war and v all kind of
1:02:21vices and that is true. So a people who
1:02:24are no uncatered for all right will
1:02:28definitely find a way of taking care of
1:02:30themsel and even those who fail to cater
1:02:32for them. All right. So the population
1:02:34will grow to a level whereby the rich
1:02:38will not be able to sleep with all the
1:02:40resources and know the poor who are not
1:02:43able to feed will feed all right on the
1:02:46rich. Right? So those are the of course
1:02:48when there's criminality there's armed
1:02:50robbery if you have you a millionaire
1:02:53living in an environment and millions of
1:02:55people are unable to feed they will
1:02:57always visit you and in the process
1:02:59probably know uh commit all kinds of
1:03:02atrocities loot and robbery and stuff.
1:03:06Then there is also when they don't have
1:03:08a house to stay they come and know sleep
1:03:11on the road all right in public spaces.
1:03:15All right. They contact diseases. All
1:03:18right. And this actually also help to
1:03:21shape reduce population. No, they can no
1:03:25they can look at what is happening with
1:03:27bandit tree and insurgency in the north.
1:03:30All right. The poor no unced no uh uh
1:03:36abandoned children who have who were
1:03:38recruited as a merger later some years
1:03:41ago. All right. They are now become war
1:03:43veterans. All right. Carrying guns, no
1:03:46impacting, no being recruited into all
1:03:50kinds of sex. All right. Boaram,
1:03:52lakurawas and all the stuffs,
1:03:54insurgents,
1:03:55kidnappers and all the stuff. So in fact
1:03:58uh uh mus insisted that population will
1:04:02always expand to the limit of
1:04:03subsistence and will be ed there by
1:04:07farming by war and earth. So hence uh he
1:04:12tried to introduce quite a number of no
1:04:15uh ways in which population can be no
1:04:19control. All right. He introduce the
1:04:22positive and the negative checks.
1:04:23According to him all of these vice
1:04:26should include contraception.
1:04:28All right. Misery. All right.
1:04:31Self-restrain. All right. which is felt
1:04:35they not sufficient enough to control
1:04:38excessive growth. So his major argument
1:04:42is that he advocated for moral restraint
1:04:46in the form of strict premarital
1:04:48chastity.
1:04:50He advocated for delayed marriage as a
1:04:53way to c population growth that people
1:04:55should not be in a hurry to go to go and
1:04:58marry. All right. An average girl in
1:05:01this class now if you ask do a survey
1:05:04everybody after next two years or three
1:05:08years once you are done with NYC is to
1:05:11get married and get a man and start a
1:05:13life start giving birth to children yeah
1:05:15which is good that's one of the things
1:05:17we created for so m felt that no strict
1:05:22premarital chastity should be encouraged
1:05:26people should keep to themselves all
1:05:27right before they get married Then also
1:05:30people should not be in a hurry to get
1:05:32married all right and start giving birth
1:05:34to children in a way to control the
1:05:36population so that the mega resources
1:05:38available in society can be enough to
1:05:41take care of the people. All right. So
1:05:43for Reverend Matthews also uh two types
1:05:46of checks could be deployed to hold the
1:05:48population within uh resource limit. So
1:05:51I told you about positive checks which
1:05:53according to him uh usually raise the
1:05:57death rate. All right. preventive ones
1:06:00which all right uh lower the birth rate.
1:06:04So the positive checks includes hunger,
1:06:09disease
1:06:11and war. So when you see some of the
1:06:14natural know the development in our
1:06:16society especally in Africa all right
1:06:20over time you could see that there are
1:06:23some forces working behind. All right.
1:06:26From theory, from theory to practice. So
1:06:30war don't just happen. Epidemics don't
1:06:33just break up. Break up like today. Now
1:06:36the major issues that is now threatening
1:06:39the global community is now Ebola.
1:06:43Democratic Republic of Congo or has
1:06:46recorded the resurgence of Ebola virus
1:06:48disease. All right. We just came out of
1:06:50COVID 19. No. In Nigeria several times
1:06:53we've been battling with Lassa fever.
1:06:56Lassa. Yeah. All right. No, before then
1:07:00from the 80s to
1:07:03' 90s there was the HIV AIDS. All right.
1:07:07There is small P epidemics. There was
1:07:09yellow fever from the 1940s50s.
1:07:12Yellow fever
1:07:14between 1920s and 1930s. There was the
1:07:18bubonic plague which threatened know the
1:07:22human existence across the world. Then
1:07:24between in 19 between 1918 and 1920
1:07:27there was the Spanish influencer which
1:07:30killed millions of people across the
1:07:32world. So these are some of the checks
1:07:34put in place by evil people know the you
1:07:38know evil philosophers and know adopted
1:07:41by nation state and world government
1:07:44perhaps to control population. That's my
1:07:47own interpretation anyway. So war the
1:07:51first world war the second world war all
1:07:53kinds of war insurgency banditry all
1:07:55right in my own estimations are all part
1:07:57of the mechanisms all right to control
1:08:00population in various parts of the
1:08:02world. So uh
1:08:06of course hunger also the inflationary
1:08:09know issues around food all right food
1:08:13all right food insecurity and all of
1:08:15these macroeconomic changes which affect
1:08:18livelihoods of people are part of the
1:08:21instrumentalization
1:08:23all right of population control all
1:08:26right so he also introduced the
1:08:28preventive checks all right these are
1:08:31all kinds of very evil postulation in my
1:08:34own estimation. All right, that's my
1:08:36word. All right, so my interpretation is
1:08:38that Reverend M's no theorization or no
1:08:43propositions are quite very very
1:08:44enimical to the morality. It's anti
1:08:48antithetical to human dignity. All right
1:08:51know and human survivor preventive
1:08:53checks he mentioned should include
1:08:56abortion that people should engage in
1:08:58abortion instead of giving birth to
1:09:00children. All right, bet control. All
1:09:03right, they should do bet control
1:09:05probably family planning if you like.
1:09:07All right, bet control so that you don't
1:09:10know conceive. All right, prostitution.
1:09:13All right, was part of also means
1:09:15through which uh Reverend Mats believe
1:09:18that people can control their urge.
1:09:20Yeah, that as human as as a man you can
1:09:23have sexual urge. All right. But instead
1:09:26of marrying a girl or marry putting a
1:09:28wife at home, go and consult a
1:09:30prostitute and know achieve your sexual
1:09:33know satisfaction. All right. Without
1:09:36necessarily having a commitment. A
1:09:38prostitute will not want to give give
1:09:40you a I'll give you children. So he
1:09:42fails that no people should engage in
1:09:44prostitution especally the men. Then
1:09:47there should be postponement of marriage
1:09:49and celibacy. So these are some of the
1:09:53only a few of them for me I feel I feel
1:09:56is quly maybe celibacy for your married
1:10:01perhaps all right but how long can you
1:10:03be celibate all right so the idea of
1:10:06using hunger using disease and war for
1:10:08me I think it's so it is not only
1:10:12picious it is evil all right no to kill
1:10:15people because you think that population
1:10:17should reduce you want people uh to
1:10:20commit abortion rights or engage in
1:10:23prostitution all kind of no uh this for
1:10:27me I think it's not suited so what are
1:10:31the criticisms of reverend ms theory so
1:10:35mus has also been criticized
1:10:37no just like other no philosopher he's
1:10:40been criticized for not seeing the
1:10:43scientific advances that affect both
1:10:47know the two parts of his proposition
1:10:49both the positive checks and the
1:10:50preventive uh preventive checks. All
1:10:52right. For instance, he fails to
1:10:55understand that the world population had
1:10:57grown slowly until the industrial
1:10:59revolution when advances in sanitation,
1:11:02in technology and in food distribution
1:11:05brought declining debt rates. So that is
1:11:08that even
1:11:10part of the issues that aid population
1:11:13explosion is no technology. All right.
1:11:16and all of that and all of the so that
1:11:19aid know that helps the population
1:11:21control is technology. All right, which
1:11:23has reduced the death rate and all of
1:11:25that. So of course technology has been a
1:11:28critical factor but it has not been well
1:11:31appropriated in many developing
1:11:33countries. So the flaw in m theory my
1:11:37belief is that it is not a crime for
1:11:40population to increase. What is
1:11:42important is the efficiency in the
1:11:44utilization of the mega resources. All
1:11:46right, or means of production, land,
1:11:48capital, all right, labor. For instance,
1:11:52in Nigeria, we say even if you have 400
1:11:55million people in Nigeria, the the whole
1:11:58of Nasarawa,
1:12:00Niger state, for instance, is capable of
1:12:03feeding the whole of Africa if right
1:12:06technology, if right agricultural
1:12:09policies, social or enabling environment
1:12:12are put in place. So without banditry
1:12:16all right and with with injection of no
1:12:19more than technology all right in some
1:12:21of the vast aruable land in Niger state
1:12:24just to mention one state out of 36
1:12:26states Nigeria would not only be able to
1:12:30feed
1:12:322 million people but it will be able to
1:12:35export the surplus food produced from
1:12:38just Niger state to feed Africa and that
1:12:42is a very so this is a major of law. It
1:12:44tells you about the flaw of so we don't
1:12:47need to commit to abortion to war to
1:12:51crime to celibacy prostitution before we
1:12:55can control population. What is
1:12:57important is the efficient utilization
1:13:00of technology and natural resources that
1:13:03has been we have been endowed with
1:13:06before we can develop. So uh more
1:13:10criticism is that people said that birth
1:13:13control has contributed to the to a
1:13:16decrease in the rate of growth of the
1:13:18world population. So there are countries
1:13:20in the past who especially I think in
1:13:22Japan all right and I think China also
1:13:25enacted it sometime I don't know whether
1:13:27it's still in place where one person one
1:13:29child policy this has also reduced
1:13:32decreased the rate of population no all
1:13:35right so you are trying to solve a
1:13:36problem and you are creating more in
1:13:39Europe especially in Europe western
1:13:41Europe they are actually going through
1:13:43all these kind of issues now because of
1:13:45these kind of policies of so they are
1:13:47now people who don't even want to have a
1:13:50child. Just last week, I was talking to
1:13:52one of my uh British friend, a girl, all
1:13:56right, who know told me that she just
1:14:00lost her marriage about two weeks ago
1:14:02and she was really no grieving uh
1:14:04because she doesn't want to have a
1:14:06child. But the husband, all right, who
1:14:09is also a white person wants to have a
1:14:12child. So, she says she is she doesn't
1:14:15want to have a child. And the guy felt
1:14:16no, I must have a child. and the
1:14:18marriage ended. All right? So these are
1:14:21all of the stuff. So trying to control
1:14:24population creates even more problems.
1:14:27All right? So one philosopher had
1:14:30advocated that Africa is perhaps the
1:14:33future that the next 100 years or so or
1:14:36less that Africa is going to take over
1:14:39of the remains of the western society
1:14:43because the population of western
1:14:45society would have probably reduced
1:14:48drastically that Africa with the birth
1:14:52rate with the know the massive
1:14:54production of no population growth
1:14:57will probably overtake most of these
1:15:00European countries. So I don't know how
1:15:02that is true. All right. So agricultural
1:15:04revolution as I've mentioned like no
1:15:07food massive food production can help to
1:15:09mitigate the impact of excessive
1:15:12population growth. All right. And make
1:15:14prosperity possible for a longer number
1:15:17of people larger number of people. So
1:15:20mechanized farming are now getting more
1:15:23no uh no they are increasing food
1:15:26sufficiency in serious countries
1:15:28although not in Africa all right so
1:15:30matters didn't consider the role which
1:15:33mechanization can play all right in no
1:15:37mitigating the deficit all right so that
1:15:40the means of subsistence and the
1:15:42population growth can meet and converge
1:15:45seamlessly so uh matters was equally
1:15:48criticized for his belief that human
1:15:51society could never be made perfect. No,
1:15:54that's not true. So people have proposed
1:15:57all uh some of his know uh his
1:16:01postulations
1:16:03with critical evidence to show that
1:16:05population growth is not the problem. It
1:16:08is efficient utilization of resources.
1:16:10All right, the equitable redistribution
1:16:13of the resources. All right, as we're
1:16:15going to see in our next class when
1:16:17we're looking at the world economic
1:16:19system too, capitalism and socialism
1:16:23uh one economic system concentrate the
1:16:27uh the means of production land capital
1:16:31entrepreneurship in the hands of a
1:16:33microscopic elite. All right. a small
1:16:37insignificant number of people who owns
1:16:39all the land who owns all the means of
1:16:42production while a large number of
1:16:44people only struggle to eat. about few
1:16:49weeks ago here I was interacting with a
1:16:52a friend all right who's into an a real
1:16:55estate a real a big real estate manager
1:16:57in the UK and told me about one of his
1:17:01clients all right a big politician in
1:17:04Nigeria who know came again no to say
1:17:08that he wants to acquire new properties
1:17:09in the UK this person according to this
1:17:11informat has over 80 properties in
1:17:14different parts all right of the world
1:17:17including many in Nigeria, right? And
1:17:19knowing the place of this conversation,
1:17:22he saw a property that said, "I I'm
1:17:24interested in this property. I want to
1:17:25buy it." And the client just told him,
1:17:29"Ah, but this property already belongs
1:17:31to you. You bought it 10 years ago." So
1:17:33you could see the average the no
1:17:36insiable, the no continuous yearning for
1:17:40no accumulation, the conspicuous
1:17:42consumption of a typical African elite.
1:17:45So if the resources all right are well
1:17:49distributed and evenly utilized
1:17:51population can grow all right to any
1:17:54limit all right foreseeable
1:17:58all right and it will the means of
1:18:01subsistence will go around because
1:18:03imagine that Nigeria implements the
1:18:07reverse the policy of accumulation
1:18:10there are people who have over 200
1:18:11properties in in Nigeria alone so where
1:18:14some people do not even have a room over
1:18:16their head. So if we have a policy
1:18:18whereby people do not have right to
1:18:21accumulate more than one land or
1:18:24government monopolize the land and
1:18:25appropriate people build for people to
1:18:28own over a 100 years the resources will
1:18:31go around and it won't it will be
1:18:34surplus. So in this course we have said
1:18:37that Robert
1:18:39Thomas M's theory of population uh
1:18:42indicates ways in which excessive
1:18:45population growth could be checked in
1:18:47human society. However some of his
1:18:50postulations have been countered all
1:18:52right and rejected no uh with
1:18:55alternative solutions. uh so M's theory
1:18:58of population initiated above argues
1:19:00that if population were allowed to
1:19:03increase in an unbridled manner then the
1:19:07number of people would increase at a
1:19:09faster rate than food supply than social
1:19:12amenities transport system education
1:19:15railway hospitals and all of that. So if
1:19:17not check he believes that human
1:19:19population will reach a limit to which
1:19:22food resources could support it and any
1:19:24of any further increase will lead to
1:19:27population crash. All right? Either in
1:19:29terms of natural disaster, farming, war,
1:19:31disease and all this stuff. Right? So
1:19:34introduce positive checks which
1:19:36according to him include hunger, include
1:19:40disease, include war. All right. Why
1:19:43preventive checks include abortion,
1:19:46birth control, prostitution,
1:19:48postponement of marriage and celibacy.
1:19:51All right. But all of these postulations
1:19:54for me has been rejected. All right. I
1:19:57don't know. So if you ask in the exam no
1:20:01to discuss matters theory, I expect you
1:20:03to be able to interrogate and put a
1:20:06position forward. So what is your own
1:20:08position? Do you believe that the
1:20:10preventive or the positive checks all
1:20:13right of matters should be implemented
1:20:15or adopted or no? If you answer it
1:20:17without crit critically analyzing each
1:20:20position, you not get a passing grade.
1:20:25Any question please?
1:20:31Do we have any question?

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