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Why European Overseas Imperialism in the 1400s and 1500s — Transcript

by Walter Fernandez · 3,212 words · 642 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:03so
0:04why western europe why did western
0:06european
0:07countries begin the
0:11age of modern
0:15european empires worldwide empires i
0:18should say
0:19spread from western europe
0:22around the entire globe
0:26let's have a look at that it's important
0:29to have a sense
0:30of short video because why does that
0:33happen
0:34what are some of the factors working
0:36together let me do a share screen
0:42there we go let's do a
0:50slide presentation that we can see each
0:52one of these there we go
0:59so this is the question we're examining
1:05in this video this video does not have a
1:08handout
1:09there's no handout for this
1:15i think we we look at this question why
1:17european imperialism at that time
1:19fourteen hundreds and fifteen hundreds
1:22well it must be that enough people
1:23wanted some things that were somewhere
1:26else but what and why
1:30how did the europeans do it the western
1:33europeans in particular
1:38here's a map eurasia and africa
1:42we have europe asia it's one big
1:44landmass
1:46and africa trade routes developed
1:50between these three big land masses over
1:53millennia over
1:54thousands of years let's have a look
1:58trade was established between eurasia
2:01and africa
2:01four millennia for thousands of years
2:06these established trade routes
2:09were supported by governments they
2:11included
2:12organized groups of merchants
2:15um governments promoted the trade routes
2:19they defended trade routes with their
2:21armed forces
2:23they provided communication translation
2:26of different languages
2:29markets transportation systems by way of
2:32roads
2:34navigational routes for shipping
2:38in other words this was organized this
2:40is something that was organized and of
2:41course
2:43europeans africans and asians fought
2:45over
2:46control of these trade routes in control
2:49of the places that have resources
2:51but one thing for sure the trade routes
2:53were established
2:55and they were continued in one way or
2:58another
3:01the roman empire and the successive
3:05forms of roman empire that continued for
3:08a few more hundred years
3:11supported the idea of trade
3:14and the roman empire had fostered had
3:17developed trade
3:18with asia and africa
3:22the islamic caliphate and its
3:25successive forms even after the
3:28caliphate broke up
3:30into smaller caliphates um
3:33even after the turks moved into parts
3:37of uh of western asia instead of their
3:39empire
3:41the khalifa and the successive forms and
3:44successive empires of asia and africa
3:48and parts of europe promoted trade
3:52and even held a kind of a monopoly over
3:54the trade routes
3:55for a while
3:59in asia connecting with europe
4:03the mongol and chinese empires foster
4:06trade and trade routes
4:08so there is a history of a connection
4:10that's my point of this
4:12slide a history of a connection between
4:14these groups
4:16let's just take a look at some maps
4:21here we see for the sake of flavor
4:24for the sake of flavor that means not
4:26testable
4:27just a map of the roman or latin empire
4:30the roman or latin empire at its fullest
4:33extent
4:34which spread to britannia
4:37it spread into the area today of
4:41iraq we see it pushing over towards
4:45iran we see it having control of areas
4:49of north africa
4:51trade routes heading towards the indian
4:52ocean this is a very wealthy empire
4:56roman empire broke up into two
5:00empires who sometimes fought each other
5:03the western roman empire and the eastern
5:05roman empire
5:07flavor here flavor still the western
5:09roman empire
5:11had a dominant christian church
5:14called the roman catholic church
5:18so roman catholicism became the form of
5:20christianity
5:21of the western roman empire headquarters
5:24rome the eastern roman empire
5:28had what is called the greek orthodox
5:30christian church
5:32headquarters constantinople
5:36later constantinople was renamed
5:40by the turks after the turkish ottomans
5:43took over
5:44it became known as istanbul
5:50here we see the movements later on still
5:53flavor
5:54the movements of germanic groups
5:57german speaking groups that moved in the
6:00invasions
6:02into the western roman empire moving
6:05through spain
6:06portugal north africa
6:10here we see we see less of an attack of
6:14germanic
6:16uh migrations of germanic tribes we see
6:19less of it
6:20going into the eastern roman empire
6:22therefore the eastern roman empire
6:24was able to survive and still flavor
6:27here we see the eastern roman empire
6:28around 600
6:30a.d 600 anno domini in the western
6:33christian calendar huh
6:36and here we see the eastern roman empire
6:39of course calling itself the byzantine
6:41empire
6:42after the other name for constantinople
6:46and we see that it tried to regain
6:48territory in the west
6:50including a piece of spain and north
6:53africa here morocco
6:54pieces of north africa trying to reunify
6:57and recreate
6:59and preserve part of the roman empire
7:01that's the eastern roman empire also
7:03known as the byzantine empire
7:06but during this century the century of
7:09600 a.d
7:11it was also a new empire based on the
7:14religion and the teachings
7:16of the prophet muhammad that's the
7:18islamic empire coming from
7:21western arabia so here we see the
7:23expansion of islam
7:25in islam of course a faith
7:29with different interpretations
7:32with different groups within islam many
7:35times competing and even fighting
7:37but islam was supported from the very
7:40beginning with the concept of a
7:42political structure
7:45to govern groups of of of peoples in
7:48western arabia
7:51and we see the spread of islam over the
7:53centuries
7:56and i want to point this out the
7:58connection between
8:00persia the farsi speaking areas over
8:03here
8:05persia all the way in its connection to
8:07china
8:08is connection to india connection to
8:11pakistan
8:11afghanistan and notice the connection
8:14the indian ocean
8:16the trade routes the trade routes again
8:20all the way to spain it will give spain
8:22and portugal
8:24a certain advantage
8:27when it comes to trade routes but also
8:31knowledge of
8:35the ancient greek roman
8:40philosophy and science
8:43the arabic science that developed
8:48on the greco-roman the jewish
8:53science and particularly medicine that
8:55developed
8:57in this area and
9:00contact with the ideas
9:04coming from as far away as china
9:09of course soon over here we have the
9:10mongol empire huh
9:14this is another map just to show you the
9:15extent of the espan the spread of islam
9:18but also the spread of arabic
9:20as a kind of an international language
9:23which would be used by a lot of the
9:25merchants
9:28of course iran is farsi speaking
9:31we have many other languages in this
9:33area urdu over here in pakistan
9:36and of course in spain and portugal
9:38there's also latin
9:39in addition to arabic in the southern
9:42half of
9:43of these countries and there are other
9:47languages in north africa berber okay
9:50but arabic becomes a kind of an
9:53international
9:54language for politics and for trade
9:58in many parts here in many parts
10:02of course turkish came in this area up
10:04here as well
10:10this shows you expansion of islam but
10:13again don't forget
10:14it's also the expansion of trade and it
10:17gives spain and portugal a certain
10:18advantage but it's through spain and
10:20portugal that certain ideas
10:22coming from asia and north africa were
10:25introduced into western europe
10:29this is also very important i want you
10:31to write this down
10:33this is meat and potatoes
10:38we know that previous empires
10:43had preserved and cultivated
10:47trade routes and fought over them
10:51but this particular phase is very
10:53pertinent to our class
10:56it's a series of wars wars called the
10:59crusades
11:01these are political economic and
11:04religious wars
11:05primarily led by the catholic kingdoms
11:08of western europe and the catholic
11:10church
11:13against the arabic and turkish
11:17leaders of this part of western asia
11:24the area of palestine and israel
11:29which is considered holy land
11:32by islam by judaism
11:35and by christianity in other words the
11:38lands represented in the bible
11:43so these are a series of wars
11:47which brought western europe and western
11:50european
11:51armies soldiers merchants inc
11:54in closer contact with
11:57western asia with countries that we call
12:00today
12:01lebanon syria
12:04jordan palace palestine
12:08israel egypt and it's through these
12:12connections and the kingdoms that these
12:14europeans founded in this area
12:17the principality of flavor the
12:18principality of antioch
12:20principality of tripoli the kingdom of
12:23jerusalem
12:24these are actually led by western
12:26european primarily french speaking
12:29here we see other kingdoms here the
12:31armenian principality
12:35we see the byzantine empire speaking and
12:38of course the seljuk
12:40sultanate of the turks
12:44here we see of course egyptian influence
12:48we see here more arab influence
12:52notice notice what i mean is that these
12:55crusader states these europeans
12:57who implanted and colonized these areas
13:00as a dominant class
13:02became the connection and trade
13:05with western europe and it is through
13:07the crusades
13:08important is through the crusades that
13:11western europe
13:12began to develop a fresh
13:16new taste for the spices for the silks
13:21for the spices like pepper and ginger
13:24spices that were used to preserve meat
13:28to make it taste decent at least when
13:30you eat it
13:32especially if it's already rotting
13:36a taste for you things new flowers
13:38called roses that come from this part of
13:40western asia
13:43therefore western europe through these
13:46crusader wars
13:47developed a taste it renewed its taste
13:51after the fall of the
13:52roman empire for asian products
13:59the crusader wars were lost
14:03by the catholics of western europe
14:07and by the byzantines eventually by the
14:09greek orthodox
14:11eastern empire and the turkish empire
14:14became the dominant one
14:18particularly the ottoman turk turkish
14:21empire became the dominant empire of the
14:22area
14:24by the time the european empires were
14:26spreading
14:27towards america
14:32the important thing to look here and be
14:34sure you write this down this is also
14:36meat and potatoes
14:37the silk road from asia which shows this
14:40contact
14:41between the spices of indonesia malaysia
14:46southeast asia thailand
14:50burma india all these lands
14:53the coast of china these silk roots
14:56roots which involved camel caravans
14:59there were also sea roots in blue
15:04the silks and spices and porcelains
15:07for a while for a while the italian
15:10city-states
15:13were the ones that were dominating this
15:16italian city-states
15:17like venice in northeastern italy they
15:20took over a lot of the
15:22of the markets leading
15:25in the eastern mediterranean and they
15:28had the navy to protect it
15:32the western
15:36italian cities also like genoa
15:39had an impact also in sea trading
15:43for a while these italian cities
15:46italian cities of the renaissance
15:50got an economic lift to help develop the
15:53renaissance
15:54from the trade that would go from here
15:56to here
15:57even sending italian merchants all the
15:59way to china
16:00like marco polo who published a book
16:03which was known to the educated of
16:06western europe
16:08but here's something to him that's
16:09important the unification
16:12of catholic western european
16:16kingdoms the unification
16:19of western catholic european kingdoms
16:21such as portugal and spain and later
16:24france
16:26portugal first in the 1400s spain
16:30late 1400s early 1500s and france
16:34around the same time these are countries
16:38that had one religion which was roman
16:42catholicism
16:43many times imposed by force on its own
16:46jewish and muslim population in spain
16:48and portugal
16:51they had very powerful monarchs powerful
16:54kings and queens
16:57that were ready to beat up on some of
16:59their own nobles to bring them together
17:01so there's a movement towards
17:02centralization and control
17:04and these governments the government of
17:06portugal first and spain
17:07are the ones that funded that funded
17:10that invested
17:12in exploration let's go further
17:16so here's something that's important to
17:18know why not china
17:21from 1405 to 1433
17:25the zing expeditions led by an admiral
17:29admiral zinc these were expeditions of
17:31gigantic ships developed in china
17:34open ocean-going ships massive ships
17:38that sailed all the way to east africa
17:40if china had the means to create
17:43an enormous empire here and to be able
17:46to
17:48have ships that could sail hugging the
17:50coast over to america
17:54why didn't they maintain an empire
17:58there are different theories but one of
17:59the dominant theories is that china did
18:01not feel it needed one
18:04the chinese empire of the ming dynasty
18:07did not seem to have a need
18:09a want i should say a want
18:12to create an empire they sent an
18:14expedition to make contact
18:16they traded but as for
18:20establishing colonies
18:24having a religious drive having a desire
18:27for these products
18:28that would lead to the establishment of
18:31fortifications
18:32colonies enslavement conquest
18:36no from china's point of view from the
18:38point of view of the ming dynasty
18:40china had everything it wanted
18:44therefore the zing expeditions as far as
18:46we know
18:47did not lead to any
18:51long-term contact and certainly the
18:54development
18:55of of an empire outside of china
19:04so what about technological developments
19:07and exploration
19:09in western europe western europe we saw
19:12western europeans
19:14adapt this is good to know still meat
19:17and potatoes
19:18they adapted inventions from china such
19:20as the compass
19:22the magnetic compass which is from from
19:24china
19:26this invention comes through asia
19:28through north africa
19:30and eventually into europe and the
19:32western europeans begin using it for
19:34ship navigation
19:36the invention of gunpowder which is
19:38chinese also
19:40for rockets for cannons
19:43the idea of cannons and rockets comes to
19:46western europe
19:47and certain european kingdoms begin an
19:49arms race
19:50developing different kinds of cannons
19:52including smaller ones and gigantic ones
19:56smaller ones could be mounted on ships
19:59and transported
20:00with wheel carriages
20:04maybe an advantage to have some smaller
20:06ones which could be transported and used
20:08for amphibious landings upon other
20:10locations
20:13mounted on ships for ship to ship combat
20:17western europeans began to experiment
20:20also the astrolabe which is used to
20:22measure the position of the sun
20:24another invention from asia adopted in
20:27western europe
20:29certain western european countries have
20:31excellent deposits of iron
20:34to make steel spain and portugal have
20:38excellent
20:39deposits of iron that further develop
20:41their steel producing industry
20:45steel which would give an advantage to
20:48these western europeans to all western
20:50europeans
20:50when coming into contact with peoples
20:52who do not have steel
20:56and in terms of sea navigation the
20:58experimentation with
21:00different forms of shipping
21:05western europeans began developing
21:07different forms of shipping primarily
21:09for sailing in the open ocean
21:11or in choppier oceans like the atlantic
21:15the central atlantic the atlantic off
21:18the coast of africa
21:20the north atlantic like the north sea
21:22and the baltic
21:24over there in scandinavia and north
21:28germany
21:30two kinds of designs came together the
21:32mediterranean design of shipping
21:36for cargo cargo ships mixed with
21:40other ideas such as
21:43the use of viking ships and how the how
21:46this
21:47the outer hull was put together
21:50we see this development in
21:54shipping flavor spot flavor spot
21:57we see development in shipping in
21:59scandinavia
22:01king hans who ran a
22:05scandinavian empire of denmark
22:09sweden norway finland
22:14this king hans had developed
22:18some of these ships and had built
22:20himself a ship that was a combination of
22:22both very
22:23very much like the ships that it seems
22:26the basques were beginning to develop in
22:27northern spain
22:29and the portuguese were developing all
22:31these europeans
22:32were developing new kinds of shipping
22:37but it requires the government to push
22:41not just for the development of shipping
22:43but for the merger of different ideas of
22:45navigation and map making
22:47it takes a government also to push and
22:50to fund
22:52expeditions to allow for the formation
22:55of companies
22:57private corporations and to back private
23:00corporations
23:01with funding to invest and to equip
23:04equip with weaponry these expeditions
23:09and the first of these kingdoms in
23:11western europe to
23:12really bring all this stuff together map
23:15making
23:16astronomy navigation
23:21ship designs towards leaving
23:25europe with the idea of creating
23:28colonies
23:29and spreading to asia is portugal
23:33the portuguese took several ideas you
23:35should know this part
23:36meat and potatoes portugal is the one
23:38who brought together a lot of these
23:40ideas
23:40astrolab the compass
23:44the development of gunpowder technology
23:46steel
23:48navigation it took the portuguese prince
23:54with the help of the king to establish
23:57an academy
23:58where many navigators from numerous
24:00countries came to study
24:03and portugal took the idea of a round
24:05ship this one
24:07an excellent ship for not just
24:10mediterranean travel
24:11but for navigating the coast of europe
24:15and the coast of africa
24:16a ship called the caravela the caravela
24:20was
24:20excellent but the caravela has an open
24:22deck
24:23so the portuguese working with designs
24:26similar to those in scandinavia
24:29develop something called the now now of
24:32course has a closed
24:33deck and has a tower excellent for
24:35fighting but also for
24:37longer distances it is the portuguese
24:40who began sailing along the coast of
24:44africa establishing contact with black
24:46africa
24:50now black africa equatorial africa
24:53is very rich and have very rich kingdoms
24:56there
24:57rich in ivory iron gold
25:01wood the cities and kingdoms of black
25:04africa were wealthy
25:06but the portuguese by sailing along this
25:09coast went directly to west africa
25:12traded and brought back products into
25:14europe
25:15bypassing the very wealthy
25:19north african empires which were in this
25:22area here
25:23flavor on these empires yes they are
25:25important but
25:26for my class i have to be careful about
25:28what is flavor and what is testable huh
25:31i'll mention the name of these great
25:32kingdoms powerful
25:35kingdoms the kingdom of mali sangai
25:38ghana these were what i call the
25:40kingdoms that joined the desert
25:43with the tropical part of africa and
25:45provided the trade routes into europe
25:47also trade groups from west africa all
25:50the way to
25:51east africa and the indian ocean and
25:53arabia
25:59primarily islamic empires islamic
26:01kingdoms
26:02but the portuguese went around these
26:04islamic kingdoms directly to
26:06equatorial africa made contact
26:09with a lot of these kingdoms here they
26:12also continued sailing and went all the
26:14way to india
26:17even after the spanish the spanish had
26:20made contact with the caribbean
26:22a portuguese ship blew off course and
26:24bumped into brazil
26:28by accident that's why brazil becomes
26:30part of the portuguese empire
26:33but there again so does mozambique
26:37so portugal is leading the way and we
26:39see this early map
26:41of of exploration
26:44of the portuguese and it even shows the
26:47dividing line
26:49blessed by the pope of the catholic
26:51church dividing western
26:52the west one side of the world i should
26:54say with the other side of the world
26:56it's a dividing line that split the
26:58world between portugal and spain
27:02spain also used ships called caravelas
27:06and naos to sail
27:09west on the atlantic columbus sailed
27:11west in the atlantic
27:12not to run into a new land mass which
27:15became known as america later
27:17but to get to asia
27:21therefore it's these early empires
27:26of spain and portugal
27:29almost immediately followed by france
27:32then we see
27:32england get into it which began setting
27:35up
27:36empires in america in the land named
27:39after a medical
27:41bispucci the sailor and
27:44navigator from italy and we see the age
27:49based on shipping guns
27:53diseases not known in america or in
27:55australia okay
27:57we see the spread of diseases like
27:59smallpox
28:01guns a powerful
28:04concept of christianity
28:07most cases it's catholicism to convert
28:10everybody in the world to catholicism
28:13driven also by a search for riches
28:16wealth and power
28:18which creates the empires
28:21of western europe so
28:24that is why europe the 1400s and 1500s
28:30launched this age of modern imperialism
28:33with colonies heading towards america
28:36and that's why it's important for our
28:37class
28:38all right let's call it quits and stand
28:41by for the next recording all right

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