What is Matter? — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:00today's video we're going to discuss
2. 0:01what isn't matter just topics of what
3. 0:05makes up everything pure compounds and
4. 0:09substances in the universe mixtures the
5. 0:12elements molecules compounds and the
6. 0:14various states of matter to start with
7. 0:18just to show off the periodic table
8. 0:21everything's gonna eventually come back
9. 0:22to this well we won't dive too deep into
10. 0:24it right now this is a list of all the
11. 0:28different elements that make up
12. 0:30existence so what does matter it's the
13. 0:34stuff around you you can touch it
14. 0:36if you can feel it if you can drink it
15. 0:39if you can breathe it if you can push it
16. 0:40move it see it it is stuff that is what
17. 0:45matter is and all the matter that humans
18. 0:49can interact with and find and see and
19. 0:51dig up and burn and anything else is
20. 0:53made out of these elements there are a
21. 0:57large different number of them in fact
22. 1:01118 so when we think of old Greek
23. 1:06philosophy the elements for earth wind
24. 1:09fire and water kind of right idea the
25. 1:14universe is made up of stuff ends up
26. 1:16nowhere near the right amount of things
27. 1:18and so everything around us is composed
28. 1:22of different mixtures of all these
29. 1:25various different elements their unique
30. 1:28individual building blocks that can be
31. 1:30combined together to make more complex
32. 1:32things ever played with Legos there's a
33. 1:38lot of individual tools are all slightly
34. 1:40different but the more you combine them
35. 1:42the more you can make larger more
36. 1:44complex things
37. 1:48so generally give elements and what
38. 1:51makes it up let's talk about a little
39. 1:55less specific let's talk about the types
40. 1:57of things we find so there's a few
41. 2:00example examples salt
42. 2:04I've got some water soda I have a
43. 2:10diamond I've got some gold and over here
44. 2:16I've got a solid liquid and the gas so
45. 2:26what does the difference between these
46. 2:28what's going on with terms do we need
47. 2:30and it's described them first and
48. 2:32foremost we need to talk about well if
49. 2:36I've got a lot of different components
50. 2:38how do I talk about them first is
51. 2:41whether something is pure or not in this
52. 2:46case it just means that you have only
53. 2:49the thing you want
54. 2:59so when we go and look up above I have
55. 3:02water there's nothing else in there it's
56. 3:06a nice picture of beautiful water okay
57. 3:09there's a little air bubbles but bill
58. 3:10will leave in a second now all the
59. 3:13advertisements for water has always
60. 3:15talked about how pure it is there's
61. 3:16nothing else in it there's no oil
62. 3:18there's no dirt there's no rocks
63. 3:21there's no fish it's just the water it
64. 3:25would be considered pure water now water
65. 3:29itself is actually made of multiple
66. 3:31things if you go back down periodic
67. 3:33table here water has hydrogen and it has
68. 3:38oxygen most of us have probably seen the
69. 3:40formula for water h2o discussed one was
70. 3:46more another day it's a fairly common
71. 3:48one what does it represent it represents
72. 3:51it as multiple elements present and so
73. 3:54there's hydrogen and there's oxygen so
74. 3:56you can have pure water but it is not
75. 3:58pure hydrogen nor is it pure oxygen and
76. 4:04we breathe we have things like oh - this
77. 4:08is the oxygen we breathe is technically
78. 4:10called die oxygen but most people just
79. 4:15call it oxygen in this case there's only
80. 4:21oxygen elements around and so that would
81. 4:23be considered a pure form of oxygen
82. 4:26where water is not pure oxygen it has
83. 4:30hydrogen's but you can't have pure water
84. 4:34in purity just says do you have only the
85. 4:37thing you are talking about so salt it's
86. 4:42a mix of sodium and chloride so it is
87. 4:45not pure of either then but you can have
88. 4:47pure salt if you own any dirt in it if
89. 4:50you don't have any seawater or anything
90. 4:52in it well then it's pure salt as I did
91. 4:56for pure substances mixtures on the
92. 5:00other hand well let's jump down let's
93. 5:04talk about molecules so pure substances
94. 5:07can be individual elements or they can
95. 5:11be confident
96. 5:12of elements a molecule very specifically
97. 5:19is more than one component or sorry more
98. 5:25than one individual element so what
99. 5:32makes up a molecule then well we have
100. 5:36example right here
101. 5:38h2o it's got three different things it's
102. 5:42got two hydrogen's and we've got an
103. 5:43oxygen there are three different
104. 5:46individual elements granted two of them
105. 5:49are the same two of them are hydrogen
106. 5:51but that means there's three different
107. 5:53things there so that is a molecule over
108. 5:57here dioxygen has two oxygens even
109. 6:01though there's only a single type of
110. 6:03element there are two individual ones
111. 6:06and so that is a molecule molecules just
112. 6:10if you stick multiple the building
113. 6:12blocks together now there's a difference
114. 6:16between these two that is compounds
115. 6:23a compound is mix of multiple types of
116. 6:33elements
117. 6:38so we think down here I've got water and
118. 6:41I've got dioxygen both of them are
119. 6:44molecules because they have more than a
120. 6:47single element or individual element
121. 6:50present even if it's two of the same
122. 6:52that's still two different individuals
123. 6:55so they're both molecules but only water
124. 6:58is a compound water has hydrogen and
125. 7:02oxygen that means has multiple types of
126. 7:06elements dioxygen only has the one it
127. 7:10remains a molecule but it is not a
128. 7:11compound go back up to our list up here
129. 7:16well water is h2o salt is sodium
130. 7:22chloride diamond is just carbon Gold is
131. 7:27just gold
132. 7:28technically simple there's a you soda is
133. 7:31all sorts of things it is sugar it is
134. 7:35water it's some phosphoric acid it's
135. 7:39some color a lot of different parts of
136. 7:43it it's got co2 dissolved in it so if
137. 7:48we're trying to think about which one of
138. 7:50these are elements in which one of these
139. 7:52are compounds table salt has two
140. 7:56different things so that is a compound
141. 8:00water as we said was a compound soda
142. 8:06well soda isn't pure it's got such a mix
143. 8:11that we can't really discuss whether it
144. 8:12is a compound or molecule because it
145. 8:16actually has so many different molecules
146. 8:20so it's not gonna come up for one of
147. 8:22these bottom two here diamonds and gold
148. 8:25or diamonds is pure carbon so it is
149. 8:29actually just a molecule Gold is a
150. 8:34molecule and that's a little bit
151. 8:36interesting because it's also an element
152. 8:38metals are a little bit different you
153. 8:41can just keep sticking more and more
154. 8:43metal together welding them my small
155. 8:46piece can be melted into a bigger to be
156. 8:48melted onto enough
157. 8:49just grown girl grow but it's really
158. 8:52just the element continuously so it is a
159. 8:57molecule of gold atom or elements but
160. 9:02they also just call it elemental gold
161. 9:14that's the difference between our
162. 9:16elements our molecules and our compounds
163. 9:19elements are the individual things on
164. 9:21the periodic table here just any
165. 9:23specific one that's an element how you
166. 9:26stick them together determines whether
167. 9:28you are a molecule or a compound and
168. 9:32whether you have only the thing you're
169. 9:34talking about or not determines whether
170. 9:37it's pure so water
171. 9:38it's just waters pure salt if it's just
172. 9:41salt your salt soda well has a lot of
173. 9:44different things in it I guess you could
174. 9:46say it's pure soda you don't don't have
175. 9:49like rocks and dirt in it for plastic
176. 9:52chunks from your bottle but it's
177. 9:54technically on when you look at it what
178. 9:57makes it up it's many many many
179. 9:58different things which brings us to our
180. 10:01next picked mixtures so we go back up
181. 10:07here well this is the only one that's
182. 10:09really a mixture at the moment so let's
183. 10:12talk about soda mixture is coming too
184. 10:16tight there is homogenius
185. 10:22which is same all over and this is where
186. 10:27the soda falls in if you take a sip from
187. 10:29the top of the soda and put a straw and
188. 10:31take a sip from the bottom it tastes
189. 10:33exactly the same same mix of sugars and
190. 10:36water and color this is a homogeneous
191. 10:38solution basically if it dissolves if it
192. 10:42dissolves nicely it is homogeneous so
193. 10:46sugar is definitely one of them but you
194. 10:49can have another type heterogeneous
195. 10:56different in different places so a
196. 11:02heterogeneous solution is more like
197. 11:04salad dressing if you've got a oil and
198. 11:07vinegar salad dressing
199. 11:09they make separate layers they spread
200. 11:11out you can shake them really
201. 11:13aggressively but even then you still get
202. 11:15droplets mixed with each other try and
203. 11:17pour it on a salad they break into
204. 11:20little little droplets in different
205. 11:21spots heavier genius solutions do not
206. 11:24dissolve nicely these are we don't think
207. 11:30about them a little as often but if you
208. 11:32have like rocks and dirt and water and a
209. 11:35river like that's technically a mixture
210. 11:39of you if you don't have the dirt in the
211. 11:40rocks then you've got problems going for
212. 11:43that water is going to most of the time
213. 11:46heterogeneous things that show up in
214. 11:47life are more like catalytic converters
215. 11:50in our car the gases from our engine
216. 11:53pass through the catalytic converter
217. 11:55while the catalytic converter does not
218. 11:58dissolve it's a solid the gas just
219. 12:00sticks on the surface and then breaks
220. 12:02off catalytic converters used to break
221. 12:05down toxic byproducts from bad car
222. 12:08engine firings and they help keep the
223. 12:10environment a lot cleaner so I know
224. 12:13genius has plenty of use it's just it
225. 12:16doesn't mix as nicely they tend to come
226. 12:18up in different situations that's the
227. 12:21type of ways you can put things together
228. 12:23when you have multiple compounds or
229. 12:26multiple molecules of different types
230. 12:28they do these different types of
231. 12:30interactions so a mixture comes about
232. 12:33from mixing multiple molecules and/or
233. 12:36compounds they can mix evenly and spread
234. 12:39out from the homogeneous or they can mix
235. 12:41in two different layers and they are
236. 12:43heterogenous
237. 12:50and then our last what's going to you a
238. 12:54last little one here states of matter Oh
239. 12:59what forms does matter come in they
240. 13:02could be solids they can be liquids and
241. 13:04they can be gas and what's the
242. 13:05difference let's zoom in a little bit a
243. 13:09solid well physically we've seen solids
244. 13:12they are hard objects usually they can
245. 13:15be crumbly but they're physically there
246. 13:17lock in place they don't move they don't
247. 13:20flow well that actually looks like
248. 13:24materially is that all the different
249. 13:26molecules are really rigidly aligned
250. 13:28they're stuck to each other over and
251. 13:30over just right next to each other in a
252. 13:32nice rigid array this is what it means
253. 13:36to be solid a liquid on the other hand
254. 13:39they flow they move they'll break off of
255. 13:42each other but they stick to one another
256. 13:44as they roll around and so the idea is
257. 13:48you don't have his order this system
258. 13:50it's not as linked together and they're
259. 13:52free to move they can drift around as
260. 13:57they're stuck to one another it liquid
261. 14:00therefore tends up slow to the bottom of
262. 14:02things if you throw a chunk of metal
263. 14:04into a box it might hit the side and get
264. 14:07stuck cleaning where if you poured water
265. 14:09into a box it's gonna just fill the
266. 14:11bottom and finally you've got a gas
267. 14:14gases are very spread out they are as
268. 14:18far as they are concerned are completely
269. 14:20separated from each other they're
270. 14:22bouncing around and they never run into
271. 14:25each other it just keep bouncing through
272. 14:27empty space they do bump into each other
273. 14:29occasionally but the idea is they're so
274. 14:33far apart might as well not be touching
275. 14:35at all gases spread out if it's filled
276. 14:41or you put some gas in a box it's just
277. 14:43gonna fill the box and then drift away
278. 14:45they don't fall to the bottom they don't
279. 14:48walk in the shape they just take up the
280. 14:50shape of whatever you pour them into
281. 14:53those are the three forms that matter
282. 14:55tends to come in on earth and so if you
283. 14:58have different
284. 15:00look carefully that if you have
285. 15:02different things in your solid you can
286. 15:05have a mixture of solids that's not a
287. 15:08very evenly spread out so that would be
288. 15:10a heterogeneous mixture your liquids a
289. 15:14little more free-flowing so as long as
290. 15:18we freely flow around each other that
291. 15:21would be a fairly homogeneous liquid
292. 15:23mixture as long as they don't layer
293. 15:25themselves if you get a layered system
294. 15:31they have one liquid on top and another
295. 15:34liquid on bottom this would be a
296. 15:37homogeneous or sorry a heterogeneous
297. 15:39liquid system and so you can have
298. 15:42free-flowing stuff on bottom and the
299. 15:44free flowing stuff on top but if they
300. 15:46don't pass into each other that would be
301. 15:48more of a heterogenous
302. 15:51gases on the other hand are almost
303. 15:54always homogeneous mixtures it is nearly
304. 15:59impossible to make them not because
305. 16:01they're not actually touching each other
306. 16:02there's no layers to make they just pass
307. 16:06right past each other because there's
308. 16:07nothing to bump into and so gases are
309. 16:11almost universally a modulus that will
310. 16:15complete our section on what is matter