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US History Lecture 7 — Transcript

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0:00Let's dive into today's material.
0:04Now, when it comes to the English,
0:06that's going to be a bit of a different
0:08story. U the British are different from
0:11the Spaniards in the sense that they are
0:14not going to want to mix with natives
0:16for the most part.
0:18And yet, they do want to conquer land
0:20like the Spaniards.
0:22and they are very different from the
0:24French since they will be they will try
0:26to get into trade but their primary goal
0:29will be to take over land.
0:32One of the things we see is that England
0:35at this time was very overcrowded and
0:37there were lots of religious tension. So
0:39the British crown is more than happy to
0:42sponsor
0:44people leaving and heading to North
0:46America for the sake of relieving
0:48overpopulation and perhaps getting rid
0:50of some annoying people who are steering
0:52up trouble back home.
0:55So their first effort at colonization
0:58happened even right before they were
1:00able to defeat the Spaniards in war in
1:02Europe in 1585
1:06on an island on the coast of Virginia.
1:09They start trying to set up a colony.
1:13They the problem with this colony is
1:16this that they quickly find out that
1:18making a living in North America is a
1:20lot harder than they imagine.
1:22So, the governor of this colony, and
1:24keep in mind, we're only talking about
1:26100, 200 people, something like that,
1:28small numbers, the governor of this
1:31colony goes back to England to try to
1:34recruit more people and supplies to help
1:37this fledging colony survive.
1:41By the time he makes it back in 1590,
1:46he finds nobody there. You know, the
1:48buildings are still standing, the log
1:52houses and stuff are still there, but
1:54there's not a single person left. The
1:57only clue he finds is the name of a
2:00native village, Croatan, scratched into
2:03the bark of a tree. And this refer to
2:06some friendly native village located
2:08about 50 miles away.
2:11So the question is, okay, what happened
2:13to these guys? So the governor is like,
2:15"Well, let's get back in our ship and
2:16let's go find out."
2:19Problem is, a series of storms hit the
2:22coastline of Florida, one after another
2:24to the point where the captain of the
2:26ship decide, you know, this is we're all
2:28going to die here. Let's turn back and
2:30go to England. So nobody ever find out
2:33what happened to this first English
2:35colonies. That's why it becomes known as
2:37the lost colony because nobody has a
2:41clue what happened or rather there are
2:43clues but there are no certainties.
2:46One of the most common theories is that
2:49some of the British people who have been
2:52left behind
2:54had decided to go to a friendly native
2:57village and essentially mix with them
3:01giving rise to the first uh interracial
3:03community, British and natives in North
3:06America because the option was starving.
3:09Stay in your ethnic pride away from
3:12natives and starve. or as natives if
3:14they liked you enough
3:16and in this case apparently they did
3:18they could adopt you and uh make you
3:21part of the tribe. Now it's an
3:23interesting custom regarding native
3:25cultures is that they didn't really they
3:28had no racial barrier preventing people
3:31of another skin color from becoming part
3:33of the tribe. They had do we like you or
3:36not kind of barrier and if they didn't
3:38like you they could be extremely harsh
3:41in their treatment. But if they did like
3:44you, then you could join and become a
3:46family member just like anybody else.
3:49So, one of the prevailing theories is
3:52that some of these guys may have been
3:53adopted by this native tribe and given
3:56rise to this first British native
3:59interracial community. And there's some
4:01evidence for it. You know, the fact that
4:03natives in that part of the country,
4:05just a couple of generations later, were
4:07much lighter skinned than most other
4:09natives and things like that.
4:12But you know, nobody knows 100% for
4:15sure. That's though the prevailing
4:17theory regarding the destiny of the lost
4:19colony.
4:21The first permanent British colony in
4:24North America will also be in um in
4:28Virginia, but in this case will be on
4:32the mainland and it will take place
4:35in6007 and the colony's name will be
4:38known as Jamestown.
4:41In a way, the story begins in a similar
4:44fashion. The Jamestown settler arrive.
4:48They set up shop there and they find out
4:51that making a living there is really
4:52hard.
4:54Many of them begin to starve to the
4:58point that there's even some
4:59archaeological evidence indicating that
5:02they um
5:04they practice. You know, I try not to be
5:08gross, but essentially what happened is
5:10we have evidence that some of the
5:12Jamestown settlers dug up the bodies of
5:14some of their friends who died before
5:16them and ate them because, you know,
5:20every story is always cooler when
5:23involved, I guess. In any case, usually
5:26by the time you're munching on the bones
5:28of your dead friends is a sign that
5:30things are not going super well. And
5:33that's exactly what was happening very
5:35early on at Jamestown.
5:38However, members of a local coalition of
5:41tribes known as the Poatan tribes showed
5:45up and uh brought some food and helped
5:49the the settler survive.
5:53There's an interesting line, however,
5:54that give you a clue for why things are
5:58not going to go so well in the long run.
6:00Because essentially what the Poatan were
6:02planning to do, they were they figure,
6:05okay, these goofy guys who showed up at
6:07our doorsteps, they are they clearly
6:10don't know the first thing about how to
6:11make a living here, but they do have
6:13some cool tools that we don't have. They
6:16have iron weapons. They have all sort of
6:19other things we've never seen.
6:22Maybe we can bring them back to strand
6:25and add them on to our coalition of
6:28villages. So they will be just the
6:30light-skinned village of our
6:32confederacy.
6:35The there's something left by one of the
6:38settlers at Jamestown that give you a
6:40clue that this was not going to fly with
6:42them. Here is a line written by a
6:45Jamestown settler that said, "If it had
6:48not pleased God to put a terror into the
6:52savage's heart, we would have all
6:55perished by those wild and cruel pagans
6:58being in the weak state that we were."
7:01So the way that this guy interprets the
7:04fact that the poet shows show up and
7:06save the colony
7:09is that clearly they cannot have done so
7:12by their own will because they are evil
7:15pagans. How do we know? Because they are
7:17not Christians. So they must be evil.
7:19That was his thinking, right? That's
7:21again back to that inclusive exclusive
7:24discussion we had. This is the exclusive
7:26mentality at work.
7:28How can I make sense of the fact that
7:30some people who don't belong to our
7:32religion are actually be good to us?
7:35Well, clearly God must have scared them
7:37into be good because deep down at heart
7:40they are horrible people.
7:42Now needless to say with this attitude
7:45it was inevitable that things would get
7:48ugly between the British and the poet.
7:51You know, the relations could only be
7:53friendly as long as the British needed
7:57the natives to survive. But once they
7:59are back on their feet and strong
8:01enough, the relation is going to turn
8:04sour and the Poatan are going to find
8:05out that the inhabitants of Jamestown
8:07have no intention of becoming part of
8:10the Poetan Confederacy.
8:13It's supposedly in this context that the
8:16whole John Smith meet Pocahontas episode
8:19of uh Disney fame take place. Um
8:25likely there are a lot of question about
8:29what really happened. Now John Smith was
8:31a real person was a historical
8:32character. He was a mercenary. He had
8:35fought all over the world and he was one
8:37of the leader of the Jtown colony.
8:40And long after he's gone from North
8:44America, in his memoir, he'll write that
8:47at one point the Poatan captured him as
8:50tension was building up between the
8:52English wanting to take over more land.
8:54And the Poetan realizes that maybe the
8:56English are not great friends after all.
8:59And he was captured by the Poatan and
9:01they were about to kill him when the
9:02daughter of the chief Pocahontas saved
9:05him.
9:07Many historians are a little sketchy
9:09about this account because there's no
9:11other version that says that Pocahontas
9:13saved John Smith or that he was about to
9:15get killed. meet himself didn't talk
9:18about it at this time only wrote about
9:20it much later and he tells the same
9:24thing happening to him being in some
9:26strange foreign land being about to be
9:28killed and being saved by a woman
9:30multiple times in his autobiography
9:33which make it sound like the guy was
9:35embellishing his stories a bit
9:38in either case the poatan who by the way
9:41I haven't mentioned but they were
9:42primarily farming communities
9:45the poatan decide to
9:50oh sorry I forgot one thing that I
9:52should add uh Pocahontas by the way at
9:54this time was a young girl she would
9:57have been um 10 11 12 something like
10:00that so even himself doesn't hint at all
10:03as any kind of romance or anything this
10:06is something that's sort of invented
10:08later so that whole story about the
10:10Pocahontas John's meet romant that just
10:13doesn't exist anywhere in the historical
10:15record that has made up the
10:20so Pocahontas again, unlike the Disney
10:23movie, she's not this super beautiful
10:26woman or at least as beautiful as a
10:28cartoon can be, but you get the idea.
10:30She's a very young girl at this time.
10:32She's basically a child.
10:34In the following years, as Pocahontas
10:37grow up and she become a teenager, she
10:39marries a man from her own tribe. And as
10:43the relationships between the two sides
10:45are getting uglier, the English will
10:49kidnap her and essentially hold her
10:51hostage so that they can take more land
10:53without the Poatan
10:56being able to retaliate since she's the
10:58daughter of the chief.
11:00While she's kidnapped, she end up being
11:03married to an English colonist by the
11:06name of John Rolf. Now, we don't know
11:09whether she was willing or not to marry
11:11this guy. I mean, after all, she had
11:13just been kidnapped by the people trying
11:14to steal her own people's land. But who
11:19knows? You know, it's likely that she
11:20was forced. But again, who knows?
11:22Stranger things have happened.
11:25At one point, she's brought to England
11:27with her husband, visits England, and by
11:30the time she's ready to make the journey
11:32back to the Americas, she catches some
11:34European disease and die by the age of
11:3622.
11:37This goes under the fire. I wish Disney
11:40screenwriters were in charge of the
11:42universe because the universe would be a
11:44much kinder place. Real history is often
11:48ugly and this is a perfect case. Disney
11:51version sounds so much happier and more
11:54pleasant than what really happens.
11:57With the death of Pocahontas,
12:00anything keeping
12:04preventing war between the two sides
12:06disappears.
12:08So in 1622
12:10the Poatan will attack Jamestown colony
12:14defeat them initially and this will open
12:17a period of some 20 odd years of back
12:20and forth warfare. It's not constant.
12:23They have periods of peace in between
12:25but and in many ways this war sets a
12:29pattern for most wars between natives
12:32and Europeans against one another.
12:36early on, usually natives win.
12:39The longer the conflict continues, the
12:41more it becomes even and the longer yet
12:45Europeans end up winning it for a couple
12:47of reasons. One, because each person
12:51killed on the native side could not be
12:53replaced. Each uh corn field that you
12:57burn, these guys cannot get food from
12:59somewhere else. Whereas Europeans could
13:01have, you know, you kill some of them
13:02while more of them come back home from
13:04Europe. you burn their corn fields, more
13:07food arrives from Europe. So, one side
13:10had limited numbers and resources. The
13:12other ones, no matter how many of them
13:14you kill, more keep coming. So, that's
13:17clearly a pretty uneven fight.
13:20And then the fact that in the meantime,
13:21European diseases would kill vast
13:24numbers of native people, bringing down
13:28clearly weakening them in the process.
13:31So again, Poatan win early on, but their
13:35power is broken and they are completely
13:37defeated by 1644.
13:40By which point, Jamestown colony
13:41establish itself as a permanent colony.
13:44It's not going to be defeated. Is is is
13:46there to stay from there forward.
13:50Something that I should mention, by the
13:53way, that's interesting is that the
13:55Pocahontas John Rolf marriage is very
13:58much an exception.
14:00to the typical pattern of British native
14:03interaction. Whereas both the French and
14:06the Spaniards will mix with native
14:08peoples, the English will do so in very
14:11few cases. For the most part, British
14:14colonies will pass laws banning
14:16interracial relationships with natives,
14:20banning their own people from going to
14:23live among native, which kind of makes
14:25you wonder what was the why were they
14:27passing this law? who was doing this
14:29stuff. Well,
14:31a lot of it what happened is that
14:35you know many Europeans came over as
14:37indenture servants
14:40which meant that
14:42they were technical indentured servants
14:45were different from slaves in the sense
14:47that you would only um you would only
14:50have to serve for a period of a few
14:52years before you regain your freedom.
14:55But the reality of it was that the what
15:00was really happening here is that half
15:02of the time most indenture servants
15:04would die before they even had a chance
15:08to be free because they would be
15:10literally worked to death by their
15:12masters.
15:14So if you are a European indentured
15:15servants, of which there were a lot in
15:17the colonies early on,
15:20you could stay in the colony and likely
15:23die or you could run off, go to native
15:27villages, see if they like you enough to
15:29adopt you and if they adopt you, then
15:31you are become a completely free
15:33individual with the same rights and
15:36privileges as any other tribal member.
15:38So, not surprisingly, there were
15:40actually quite a few British who saw
15:42living with natives as their ticket to
15:44freedom as something much more desirable
15:46compared to living among their own
15:48people, which is why the colonies would
15:51usually try to prevent this from
15:52happening quite a bit.
15:56Speaking of colonies, so far we have
15:58seen just Jamestown for the British, but
16:02another one that will happen soon is
16:05happens much further north in New
16:06England. This is the famous pleotro
16:10story of uh the Puritans fleeing England
16:14for religious reasons and coming to
16:17North America.
16:19Uh they arrive they have a very similar
16:22experience as uh in Jamestown because
16:25when they arrive they don't know how to
16:26make a living there. They don't know
16:28when to plant, what to plant. They are
16:30likely to starve. But much like what
16:32happened in Jamestown, they are helped
16:34by some natives.
16:36In this case, one panog natives, one of
16:39the tribes in the area who helped them
16:42out in the early days and keep them
16:45alive.
16:47They will definitely grow to regret that
16:49choice later on, but at this time it
16:51seems like a good idea.
16:54Now, one thing that we should clarify
16:55right off the bat is that the you hear
16:59often about the people coming to
17:01Flemouth as people fleeing England in
17:05the name of religious freedom.
17:08Yeah, that's not really it. The Puritans
17:10were no fun of religious freedom at all.
17:12They often kicked out religious
17:14dissident from their own communities in
17:16North America. They would often go after
17:19them with a vengeance.
17:21The reason why you hear that story is
17:24that the Puritans were definitely a
17:25religious minority in England. They were
17:28kind of the religious fundamentalist of
17:31the day. They consider the rest of
17:33British society too loose, too sinful.
17:36They were obsessed with the loose morals
17:38promoted by the theater in London. You
17:41know, very much like modern religious
17:43fundamentalists. And they wanted to have
17:46a society where they would be the
17:48majority and they would be laying down
17:49the rules.
17:51That wasn't going to happen in England.
17:53So they fled to the Americas
17:56establishing colonies such as Pleoth.
18:01But again, religious freedom is
18:03something else. You know, the Puritans
18:05didn't like being persecuted, but they
18:08were more than happy to persecute other
18:10people, which is what they will do with
18:12other religious minorities in their
18:14midst. So, you know, the whole notion of
18:17religious freedom is a bit of a disified
18:19version of what's really happening here.
18:21That's not quite what's going on.
18:25Um, as far as a relationship with the
18:28tribes, the Puritans have an advantage
18:31compared to what was happening in
18:32Jamestown. The fact that unlike the
18:36confederation of tribes that the
18:38Jamestown settlers were facing, in New
18:41England, there's a whole bunch of
18:42different tribes who don't like each
18:44other. So, they are more fragmented. And
18:47this will make things easier for the
18:49Puritans since they can ally
18:52themselves to one tribe against another
18:54tribe, wipe them out, then why ally with
18:58a different tribe against their previous
19:00allies and and kind of like play divide
19:02and conquer and pick them apart one
19:05after another. Case in point, in 1637,
19:09they are able to successfully wipe out
19:11the Peekquot in a war of genocidal
19:14intensity where they just basically wipe
19:17the Peekquat off the face of the earth
19:19save for few survivors.
19:22However, they do keep friendly relations
19:25with some tribes, for example, with the
19:27Wanog early on. You know, the Puritan
19:30Wanog alliance is where you may, you
19:33know, that's where kind of the myth of
19:35the first Thanksgiving come from of
19:38these one panog natives and Puritans
19:41sharing this Thanksgiving feast and
19:44there's probably something to it because
19:46they were all lied early on.
19:49However, the story gets ugly real fast
19:55because I guess if you want to take a
19:57cynical view and learn something from
19:59history, watch out, we are having
20:01Thanksgiving dinner, too, because they
20:04may be the first to stick a knife in
20:06your back down the road. Well, hopefully
20:09your family is nicer than that. But this
20:11is what happens with the whole first
20:12Thanksgiving and Puritans and Wanog.
20:15These guys were alive for a while. They
20:18will get into a brutal nasty war down
20:22the road and the Puritans will basically
20:25wipe the one panog out of this area.
20:30A couple of things before we get to that
20:32conflict that I should mention. Um, as I
20:35hinted, Puritan society was extremely
20:38strict there. For example, having sex
20:42outside of marriage with somebody other
20:44than your spouse was a capital offense
20:46who could be executed for it.
20:49Women had virtually next to no rights.
20:53They couldn't vote. They couldn't turn
20:55own property. They were completely
20:58dependent on their husbands for pretty
21:00much anything.
21:02The average woman gave birth to about
21:04eight kids. And that's just the average.
21:08any woman who was seen as too assertive
21:12would be could be considered a witch.
21:15And this is where you know it's in the
21:16Puritan context that you hear of the
21:18famous Salem witch trial at the end of
21:20the 1600s.
21:22Belief in the evil nature of humanity on
21:26witchcraft in people being controlled by
21:29the devil was very strong among the
21:31Puritans.
21:34So long story short, they were not
21:36particularly kind to people who didn't
21:38fit the mold. Exactly.
21:41They they also had this idea that
21:45God had determined who was going to be
21:47saved and who wasn't. Basically,
21:50regardless of anything you do, it was
21:52kind of predetermined. So they had some
21:55interesting religious ideas there that
21:57are different from what some more
21:59mainstream Christianity would embrace
22:01today.
22:04In any case, long story short,
22:08as a result of Puritan intolerance for
22:12people with different beliefs, you will
22:14see other religious minorities, for
22:16example, the Quakers
22:18abandoning Puritan settlements since
22:20things got really ugly there really fast
22:23and relocating to what will become
22:26Pennsylvania, starting a much friendlier
22:29relationship with tribes than the
22:30Puritans will have.
22:33Incidentally, there's one story that I
22:34should mention just because it's so
22:36funny.
22:37Uh, very early on down the road from
22:41Plymouth, there was another settlement
22:44called Mrymount that was set up and the
22:46people who created that settlement had
22:48very different values compared to the
22:50Puritans.
22:52These guys practice a form of
22:54Christianity that was borderline pagan,
22:57was mixing a lot of pre-Christian
22:59tradition into it.
23:01They would uh basically have these wild
23:05drinking parties where they would invite
23:07natives. And the tales that the Puritans
23:10report is that they were having orgies
23:12with natives and they were drunk half of
23:14the time. And and the thing that really
23:17dismayed the Puritans is that most
23:19people who would arrive were not aligned
23:22with one or the other yet. When they
23:24would arrive in New England, they would
23:25take a look at Plymouth, they would take
23:27a look at Marry Mount and quickly head
23:30for Marry Mount because it looked like a
23:32lot more fun. Well, the Pudin didn't
23:35like this too much. So, they took up
23:37arms and they eventually showed up at
23:40Mry Mount. And the problem with Marry
23:43Mount is that the guys there were kind
23:44of like the hippies of the 1600s. So
23:46while they were probably a bit more fun
23:48to be around than the Puritans,
23:51they didn't get their act together and
23:54organize a militia. So the Puritans were
23:56able to show up with guns and close down
24:00the Marry Mount settlement which
24:02represented a nasty challenge to what
24:04their idea of colonization should be
24:08which kind of makes you wonder you know
24:09had the Marry Mount approach been the
24:12successful one rather than the Puritan
24:14one. How would the history of the United
24:17States been different
24:20without the whole Puritan influence?
24:23What would future US life would have
24:26been like? What would have the
24:27relationship with natives been like?
24:29What would It's definitely an
24:32interesting historical question. Not
24:33that it matters because it doesn't
24:35happen since the Puritans quash Marry
24:37Mount, but makes you wonder at least.
24:42So, back to the clash between the
24:45Puritans and their former allies, the
24:47Wanog.
24:50After enough time, the one panong
24:53realized that the alliance with the
24:54Puritans is turning ugly. As the
24:56Puritans keep demanding more land, they
24:58pass arbitrary laws that are really just
25:01thin excuses to be able to steal more
25:04land.
25:06You know, they if any American Indian is
25:09working on the Sabbath, which most
25:11natives don't even acknowledge as
25:13something, they could be fined and the
25:15only way to pay the fine is to give up
25:17land. You know they are their former
25:20friends are turning out to be bullies
25:22and so the wanog are not too thrilled
25:25with that.
25:27When a guy by the name of metac comet
25:29become the leader of the wanog
25:32he unlike his father and his brother who
25:35try to keep peaceful relationship he has
25:37had enough of the puritan influence. The
25:41Puritan by the way will refer to him as
25:43King Phillip because you know they were
25:46not too fond of native names. He's like
25:48meta what? Meta how about we just call
25:51you Philillip and you are a chief so
25:53that's kind of like a king so let's call
25:55you king Phillip.
25:58It's from this name king Phillip that
26:00the war that breaks out between the two
26:02will get its name. Uh the war will last
26:05from 1674 to 1676.
26:09And what happened essentially is that
26:12there was one native guy, a one panog
26:15man was uh giving information to the
26:17Puritans who were kind of on the Puritan
26:19side and his body is discovered in a
26:23lake likely murdered and the Puritans
26:26grab three Wanog warriors find in the
26:29vicinity and hang them for the murder of
26:32this guy.
26:34This is the last throw for the Wanog.
26:36They feel like, hey, this is an internal
26:38affair among our own tribal members. You
26:40have no right to grab our warriors and
26:42hang them. You didn't really even give
26:44them a fair trial.
26:46So, Metac organized an alliance with a
26:50few other tribes and they decide to
26:52attack the Puritans. For the next two
26:56years, war is going to be raging in New
26:59England with bad effects for everybody.
27:03some 2500 British people will be killed
27:06which is actually a lot considering the
27:08total population of New England at the
27:10time. Lots of their settlements are
27:13burned down. But in the end, this
27:16attempt by Philillip of holding this or
27:19metaccomat, however you want to call it,
27:21but creating this common alliance
27:23against the British fail as some other
27:28native tribes actually end up joining
27:30with the British.
27:32And in an ironic twist, when Metacomet
27:35is killed in battle, he's actually
27:37killed by a native man on the side of
27:41the Puritans.
27:44The defeat in the King Phillip war
27:47spells doom for lots of tribes in New
27:50England as the Puritans will push their
27:52borders further, take over even more of
27:55their land. And you know, while they
27:58definitely suff the Puritans definitely
28:01suffer during the course of the wars,
28:02the native will suffer considerably
28:04more.
28:07Something else that I should mention
28:08that was going on at the same time as
28:10this is happening further south in the
28:12other major uh British center in the
28:16Jamestown colony.
28:18There was a rebellion
28:20that was known as the Bacon Rebellion
28:24gets his name from a guy by the name of
28:26Nathaniel Bacon who he led this
28:29rebellion by lowerass white people and
28:32including some black people who were
28:34rebelling against the central
28:35government.
28:37You know, when you read about it, it
28:39sound,
28:41you know, initially you want to
28:42sympathize with the rebels because you
28:44have this
28:46people who have clearly been oppressed
28:47in lots of ways who join together across
28:50racial lines to fight the central
28:52government. Well, that's sweet. Sound
28:54good, right? Well, here is the problem,
28:56though. The main reason why they are mad
28:59with the central government was that the
29:01Jamestown colony had signed peace
29:03treaties with some native tribes saying
29:06they would respect their boundaries.
29:10Lowerass people, they are essentially
29:13condemned to poverty. Their only way to
29:16get out of being lowerass is by doing
29:19what the other guys who now have the
29:21money have done before them, which is
29:23push west, take native land, set up a
29:27farm, and slowly climb out of poverty
29:30that way. But if now the Jamestown colon
29:33is willing to make peace with tribes and
29:35respect their borders, then there goes
29:37their chance to make some money. So this
29:40is an ugly story of poor people wanting
29:43the right to be able to steal from other
29:45poor people and clashing with the
29:47government over this. Now the Jamestown
29:50settlement will put down this rebellion
29:53around this time and the rebellion goes
29:56on between 1675 and 76. The rebellion
29:59will be put down but it's a sign of
30:02things to come. this tension between
30:05even when a government is willing to
30:06make peace with natives, that peace is
30:08often threatened by people who look at
30:11native land as a freebie and they want
30:14to have the right to expand into it.
30:16This is not the last time that we're
30:18going to hear about this particular
30:21situation being set up.
30:24In any case, having said all that, I
30:27think we can wrap this particular
30:29lecture. And so until the next one, have
30:32a very good one.

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