The Immune System - An Introduction - Types of Immunity - Immunology Playlist — Transcript

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1. 0:00hey guys it's mitycos perfectionist
2. 0:02where medicine makes perfect sense let's
3. 0:04continue our biology playlist in the
4. 0:06last section we talked about the
5. 0:08cardiovascular system today we'll turn
6. 0:10our attention to the immune system how
7. 0:12your body defends itself against foreign
8. 0:16invaders with that said now let's get
9. 0:18started but before we get started please
10. 0:20understand that today is a brief
11. 0:22discussion if you want a more detailed
12. 0:24discussion check my physiology playlist
13. 0:27what is immunity it's the ability of
14. 0:29your body to resist microorganisms or
15. 0:32toxins we have two types of immunity
16. 0:35innate or non-specific and acquired or
17. 0:38specific non-specific doesn't learn
18. 0:40doesn't care such as the acid in your
19. 0:43stomach do you think the acid in your
20. 0:45stomach cares whether what's inside is
21. 0:48bacteria virus fungus or parasite no it
22. 0:51does not do you think the acid cares if
23. 0:54this is the primary exposure or the
24. 0:56secondary exposure to the invader heck
25. 0:59no however in acquired specific or
26. 1:02adaptive immunity of course we care
27. 1:05about the type of the organism there is
28. 1:07a specific response for every organism
29. 1:11and of course we care whether this is
30. 1:13the first exposure or the second
31. 1:15encounter with the same dopas before we
32. 1:18dig deeper let me remind you that your
33. 1:20blood is made of plasma and cells the
34. 1:22plasma is water and proteins proteins
35. 1:25are albumin and globulin globulins are
36. 1:28alpha beta or gamma globulins these are
37. 1:30huge because these are your
38. 1:32immunoglobulins or antibodies antibodies
39. 1:36against whom against foreign invaders
40. 1:39you also have cells red blood cells
41. 1:42white blood cells and platelets when it
42. 1:43comes to immunity which one do we care
43. 1:46about the white blood cells here are the
44. 1:49red blood cells here are the platelets
45. 1:51and everything else is the white blood
46. 1:54cells all of them by the way come from
47. 1:56the bone marrow pluripotent stem cells
48. 1:59when it comes to immunity we focus on
49. 2:02the white blood cells your white blood
50. 2:04cells are more concerned with the innate
51. 2:07immunity non-specific immunity except
52. 2:11the lymphocytes the lymphocytes are
53. 2:14concerned with your adaptive acquired
54. 2:18specific immunity we have two types of
55. 2:20lymphocytes b lymphocytes t lymphocyte
56. 2:23please understand that b lymphocytes
57. 2:25will become plasma cells when they grow
58. 2:28up and when they become plasma cells
59. 2:30they will secrete antibodies which are
60. 2:33immunoglobulins which are gamma
61. 2:36globulins part of your plasma proteins
62. 2:39your plasma has proteins albumins the
63. 2:42globulins fibrinogen prothrombin and
64. 2:44others all your antibodies are gamma
65. 2:47globulins here's your lovely plasmid has
66. 2:50water it has inorganic substances
67. 2:52organic substances and gases we care
68. 2:54about this right now your globulins are
69. 2:57either alpha 1 alpha 2 beta or gamma
70. 3:00your antibodies are here gamma globulin
71. 3:03a famous exam question what are these
72. 3:05antibodies you have five types igg igm
73. 3:09iga igd ige igm is concerned with the
74. 3:13first response the first time you saw a
75. 3:16specific bacteria is going to trigger an
76. 3:19igm response from your body also
77. 3:22remember that igm is big contrast that
78. 3:25with igg antibodies they are small
79. 3:28that's why they can cross the placenta
80. 3:30and they are concerned with the
81. 3:31secondary response to the bacteria how
82. 3:34about iga it's in the mucosa because it
83. 3:37leaves the blood and ascends to the
84. 3:39mucous membrane such as the mucus in
85. 3:42your nose mucous membrane your mouth
86. 3:44anal cavity vaginal canal etc ige is ill
87. 3:50allergy evil parasites eel anaphylaxis w
88. 3:55now let's dig deeper into the difference
89. 3:58between innate or non-specific immunity
90. 4:00and adaptive or acquired or specific
91. 4:03immunity immunity innate and acquired
92. 4:07innate you're born with it non-specific
93. 4:10less potent present at birth no memory
94. 4:13doesn't care whether this is the first
95. 4:15encounter or the second encounter with
96. 4:18the same organism it responds to four
97. 4:20invaders all the same like the acid in
98. 4:22your stomach it's just an acid it burns
99. 4:24stuff regardless of the nature of the
100. 4:27stuff next is the adaptive image the
101. 4:29acquire immunity you have to learn it no
102. 4:33one is born a soldier no one is born a
103. 4:36pilot or a co-pilot for that matter for
104. 4:39this you need specificity you have to
105. 4:41acquire it you have to learn it how do i
106. 4:44learn it from memory from experience
107. 4:47experience with what with previous
108. 4:49encounter with the same freaking antigen
109. 4:53or the same invader it is specific
110. 4:55that's why it's more potent develops
111. 4:58after birth it takes time and responds
112. 5:01differently depending on the invader
113. 5:03different organisms require different
114. 5:06responses it is very specific the heroes
115. 5:10here are your lymphocytes b lymphocytes
116. 5:13and t lymphocytes innate immunity is
117. 5:16easy let's talk about the adaptive or
118. 5:18acquired immunity we have four types
119. 5:21naturally acquired passive naturally
120. 5:23acquired active artificial passive
121. 5:25artificial acts what do you mean by
122. 5:27naturally acquired adaptive immunity
123. 5:29that happens to be passive basically
124. 5:32you're breastfeeding yeah your mother
125. 5:34has iga antibodies she's giving you her
126. 5:37own antibodies you didn't make them you
127. 5:40didn't learn anything these are
128. 5:42pre-formed antibodies from the mother
129. 5:44you are being passive you didn't do
130. 5:47anything and it's also natural you
131. 5:50didn't go to the doctor for that it's
132. 5:52natural how about natural active aquatic
133. 5:54immunity this is where you get infection
134. 5:57oh
135. 5:58so i'm developing my memory after an
136. 6:01encounter with a specific organism
137. 6:03that's true in this case you're active
138. 6:06you're actually fighting the infection
139. 6:08how about artificially acquired well it
140. 6:10is your doctor's job could be passive if
141. 6:13the doctor gave you an anti-serum which
142. 6:15is a serum containing antibody or could
143. 6:17be active if the doctor gave you
144. 6:19vaccines here's the innate immunity
145. 6:22non-specific innate very quick response
146. 6:26component mechanical and chemical
147. 6:27barriers like the acid in your stomach
148. 6:30the epithelium in your nose etc
149. 6:32non-specific cell defenses such as
150. 6:35neutrophils asynophils macrophages
151. 6:37natural killer cells all of these are
152. 6:39innate however the lymphocytes are
153. 6:42adaptive or acquired the complement the
154. 6:45interferons the lysosomes the acute
155. 6:48phase reactions all of these are parts
156. 6:50of the innate system the complement
157. 6:52could be considered as a bridge between
158. 6:54the innate immunity and the acquired
159. 6:57immunity what are these these are my
160. 6:59white blood cells aesinophils
161. 7:00neutrophils basophils lymphocytes
162. 7:03monocytes these three together are
163. 7:05called granulocytes these two are non
164. 7:08granulocytes neutrophils are the most
165. 7:11abundant
166. 7:12followed by lymphocytes what's the
167. 7:14function of neutrophils fight against
168. 7:16bacteria these are the cells of acute
169. 7:18inflammation and pus formation
170. 7:21lymphocytes fight against viruses fungi
171. 7:24these are the cells of chronic
172. 7:26inflammation monocytes are the same as
173. 7:29macrophages
174. 7:30when they are in the blood they are
175. 7:32called monocytes when they are in the
176. 7:34tissue they're called macrophages and
177. 7:36they eat stuff hashtag phagocytosis
178. 7:39eosinophils is for parasites and
179. 7:41allergies and eo basophils secrete
180. 7:44histamine also energy when they are in
181. 7:47the blood they are basophils when they
182. 7:49are in the issue they are called mast
183. 7:50cells so basically they are the same
184. 7:52thing similarly monocytes in the blood
185. 7:54are equivalent to macrophages in the
186. 7:56tissue equivalent to cup 4 cells in the
187. 7:59liver which is equivalent to microglia
188. 8:01in your brain what's that that's your
189. 8:03antibody who secreted it plasma cell
190. 8:06which came from b lymphocytes which came
191. 8:09from the bone marrow please memorize the
192. 8:12sequence of events don't forget this
193. 8:14antibody could be igm iga igg ige or igt
194. 8:20ig stand for immunoglobulin of course so
195. 8:23b lymphocytes when they mature they can
196. 8:25become memory b cell to remember the
197. 8:28previous exposure or plasma cell so that
198. 8:30they can secrete antibodies which are
199. 8:33gamma globulins or immunoglobulins and
200. 8:36we have five subtypes complement system
201. 8:38why do you call it complement system
202. 8:41because it complements the ability of
203. 8:43the antibody to perform its function
204. 8:45basically we're trying to destroy the
205. 8:47bacteria we have three pathways because
206. 8:49we have three mechanisms but the end
207. 8:51result is the same destruction of the
208. 8:54bacteria we have something called mac
209. 8:57membrane attack complex and the mac will
210. 9:00attack the bacteria also known as the
211. 9:03terminal complement complex for example
212. 9:06here is the antigen which is the foreign
213. 9:08invader and here is the antibody
214. 9:11together they make an antigen antibody
215. 9:13complex who's going to complement the
216. 9:16antibodies job the complement system
217. 9:19which always ends up with the mag which
218. 9:22will attack the bacteria another example
219. 9:25is the alternative pathway of the
220. 9:27complement same thing mac which will
221. 9:30attack the bacteria for a more detailed
222. 9:33discussion i have a video called the
223. 9:35complement system and it's available in
224. 9:37my physiology playlist what happened
225. 9:39after reacting with the compliment
226. 9:41agglutination what does that mean get
227. 9:43the bacteria close together also you can
228. 9:45agglutinate the antigen and the body
229. 9:47together and then make the bacteria
230. 9:49tasty why did you make it tasty because
231. 9:52i'm gonna eat it i'm gonna enjoy myself
232. 9:54this is called optimization by a protein
233. 9:56known as ups and in then get the
234. 9:58neutrophils out of the vessel by
235. 10:00chemotaxis and then destroy the bacteria
236. 10:03perforated by perforin neutralize the
237. 10:06toxins of the virus and release
238. 10:08histamine from mast cells all of these
239. 10:10things to complement activation it's not
240. 10:13just the mac we have other functions
241. 10:15while blood cells are your military most
242. 10:18of them are innate except lymphocyte
243. 10:21which are adaptive as you remember white
244. 10:24blood cells are nucleated unlike red
245. 10:26blood cells which have no nucleus unlike
246. 10:29platelets which are not even cells here
247. 10:32is a lovely test tube containing your
248. 10:34blood red blood cells are here plasma is
249. 10:36here the buffy coat contains white blood
250. 10:37cells and platelets acute inflammation
251. 10:40oh neutrophils are going to help you
252. 10:42have chronic inflammation this is the
253. 10:44land of lymphocytes what are the
254. 10:46cardinal signs of acute inflammation
255. 10:48redness hotness swelling pain loss of
256. 10:51function why does this happen because
257. 10:53during acute inflammation you vasodilate
258. 10:56oh unlike primary hemostasis or blood
259. 10:59clotting or you start by evasive
260. 11:01constriction oh yeah which makes sense
261. 11:03because here i was trying to minimize
262. 11:05blood loss so i better vasoconstrict but
263. 11:08here i would like the neutrophils to be
264. 11:10pushed out of the vessel into the
265. 11:12interstitial space to fight bacteria so
266. 11:14i better vasodilate and when you
267. 11:16vasodilate what you get redness hotness
268. 11:19swelling pain loss of function who
269. 11:22attracted the neutrophils from within
270. 11:24the blood vessel to the interstitial
271. 11:26space where the bacteria belongs
272. 11:28neutrophil chemotactic factors
273. 11:30neutrophils keep rolling rolling rolling
274. 11:33marginating diabetes which means false
275. 11:36feet they acquire false feet like this
276. 11:38and then they move chemotaxis someone
277. 11:40attracts them and then they optimize the
278. 11:42bacteria make it tasty and then eat it
279. 11:45these are the explanations of redness
280. 11:48hotness well in pain loss of function
281. 11:50the cardinal signs of acute inflammation
282. 11:53so today we compare between innate and
283. 11:55adaptive immunity in the next video
284. 11:58compare between primary lymphoid organs
285. 12:00and secondary lymphoid organs why do you
286. 12:03call them lymphoid because this is where
287. 12:05the lymphocytes live if you like this
288. 12:08video you will adore my autodynamic
289. 12:10pharmacology course available at
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