The Fear Center of Your Brain (Amygdala Explained) — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:07let's talk about the amygdala
2. 0:19all right guys welcome to psych
3. 0:20explained in this video we're going to
4. 0:22focus on the amygdala
5. 0:24now from the introduction you already
6. 0:25probably got a good sense of at least
7. 0:27one of its major functions
8. 0:28which is detecting a threat in the
9. 0:30environment now i can't say this about
10. 0:32all the parts of the brain but you can
11. 0:33actually have some pretty good
12. 0:34discussions and debates amongst your
13. 0:36peers
14. 0:36about the amygdala like what actually
15. 0:39constitutes a threat
16. 0:40right how does your brain know what i
17. 0:42should be afraid of right what poses
18. 0:44danger to us and what it can overlook
19. 0:46when it comes to spiders as you saw on
20. 0:48my shoulder
21. 0:49is this something that our brain is
22. 0:50wired to fear right for millions of
23. 0:52years along with snakes and
24. 0:53and fear of heights or is this a learned
25. 0:56conditioned response
26. 0:57so we'll touch on a few of these
27. 0:58discussions and debates in this video
28. 1:00but that's something you could think
29. 1:01about at home
30. 1:02now in this video we're going to focus
31. 1:03on really two big things one is the four
32. 1:06functions of the amygdala and we'll also
33. 1:08touch on some animal research like how
34. 1:10do we actually know
35. 1:11about the function of the amygdala and
36. 1:13what it does so we'll touch on that as
37. 1:14well
38. 1:15the first thing i want to do though is
39. 1:17our this general structure right here
40. 1:19let's just make sure we know what we're
41. 1:21looking at and this will help us develop
42. 1:23some background knowledge
43. 1:24now i've actually highlighted the
44. 1:26amygdala already okay you'll notice this
45. 1:28tiny circle
46. 1:29structure right here it's actually in
47. 1:30the shape of an almond which is why they
48. 1:32called the amygdala
49. 1:33and let's write that in right here
50. 1:38and the amygdala is located deep within
51. 1:41our temporal lobes
52. 1:42all right so let's do a little review of
53. 1:44our lobes we have our
54. 1:46frontal lobe we can remember that
55. 1:47because it's in the front of our head
56. 1:49we have our temporal lobes on the sides
57. 1:52and we remember that because it's close
58. 1:54to our temples we have our parietal lobe
59. 1:56which sits on top of our head
60. 1:58and our occipital lobe which is in the
61. 2:00back of the head okay so that's a nice
62. 2:01way to think about it
63. 2:02now remember i said lobes plural which
64. 2:05should tell you
65. 2:06that we have two amygdala all right one
66. 2:08on each side
67. 2:09so we have two amygdalas we have two
68. 2:12hippocampus we have two thalamus
69. 2:14that's always important to know because
70. 2:15we always see structures like this that
71. 2:16looks like
72. 2:17you know just this one cross section but
73. 2:19remember we have two hemispheres which
74. 2:20means we have two
75. 2:21of each structure now another way to
76. 2:24think about the amygdala
77. 2:25is that it's a part of structures in an
78. 2:27area called the
79. 2:28limbic system so a lot of these
80. 2:30structures here are part of what we call
81. 2:32the
82. 2:33limbic system okay now what is the
83. 2:35limbic system
84. 2:36and why are they all part of the same
85. 2:38system well the limbic system usually
86. 2:40involves two things
87. 2:42emotions and memories okay so all these
88. 2:45structures here typically deal with
89. 2:46something whether it's emotions or
90. 2:47memory so we have the thalamus
91. 2:49we have the amygdala we have the
92. 2:51hippocampus right here we have the
93. 2:52hypothalamus
94. 2:53so with the hypothalamus that's also the
95. 2:56endocrine system so
96. 2:57it controls more automatic things but if
97. 2:59you ever read something inside textbook
98. 3:01and it talks about the emotional center
99. 3:02of our brain 10 out of 10 times they're
100. 3:05talking about this area
101. 3:06and i'll put a little arrow here that we
102. 3:08call the limbic
103. 3:10system okay so that's a nice way to
104. 3:11think about that so the next question
105. 3:13becomes
106. 3:14how do we actually know what the
107. 3:16amygdala does well a lot of it comes
108. 3:18down to
109. 3:18animal research and for my animal lovers
110. 3:21you're not going to like this but a lot
111. 3:22of times we do research on animals right
112. 3:24and you might say well why do we do it
113. 3:25on humans well according to the irb
114. 3:28right institutional review board you
115. 3:30know it's a little
116. 3:31easier uh and more ethical to do on
117. 3:34animals than humans
118. 3:35so how do we actually know what the
119. 3:36amygdala does well there's a procedure
120. 3:40called lesion okay you could also call
121. 3:43it deep lesioning
122. 3:44where essentially what happens is you
123. 3:46put a thin wire
124. 3:48and you insert it into the brain
125. 3:51of an animal right now this typically be
126. 3:53you know psych research it could be lab
127. 3:55rats or rhesus monkeys those are the two
128. 3:57animals that are typically done
129. 3:58and what lesioning or deep lesioning
130. 4:00means essentially as you damage or
131. 4:02remove a part of the brain okay
132. 4:04and whatever part that's damaged you can
133. 4:06call a lesion right
134. 4:07so here's what i want you to think about
135. 4:09if i deep lesion right if i
136. 4:11damage or remove the amygdala what
137. 4:14happened to the rest what happened to
138. 4:15the
139. 4:16the racist monkey or you right if you're
140. 4:18if you're made to lowest damage
141. 4:20what would be the consequences well
142. 4:22thinking about what we
143. 4:23already know now there could be two
144. 4:25consequences
145. 4:26one there's essentially a reduction in a
146. 4:28fear response
147. 4:30right i'm not going to say that there's
148. 4:32no fear but it's going to be diminished
149. 4:34or reduced
150. 4:35that fight or flight response won't
151. 4:37necessarily be there
152. 4:39what we'll also see is a reduction in
153. 4:41aggression
154. 4:42okay reduction in aggression all right
155. 4:45so those are two
156. 4:47symptoms or side effects of what we see
157. 4:49when it comes to lesioning in
158. 4:51animals now what you could also do is
159. 4:53the opposite what if you stimulate that
160. 4:54part of the brain
161. 4:55what if you take an electrode and you
162. 4:57stimulate the amygdala
163. 4:59well you'll see the opposite you'll see
164. 5:00the raft becoming aggressive
165. 5:02right you'll see the rats attacking
166. 5:04another rat or they might become
167. 5:05more fearful so that's kind of how we
168. 5:07know what the amygdala does you either
169. 5:09remove or destroy that part of the brain
170. 5:11and see what happens
171. 5:13or you stimulate that part of the brain
172. 5:15and for a lot of research in psych
173. 5:17right that's how it comes down to you
174. 5:19you observe a damaged
175. 5:21area okay all right so now that we have
176. 5:23basic knowledge of the amygdala where
177. 5:24it's located
178. 5:25uh what system it's a part of and how we
179. 5:27know it's a function
180. 5:29let's actually get to specific functions
181. 5:31okay and the first one we're going to
182. 5:32talk about
183. 5:34is actually detecting and as we talked
184. 5:36about earlier
185. 5:37is that it's good at detecting a threat
186. 5:41okay now as i said before though what
187. 5:44actually constitutes a threat right
188. 5:46now from an evolutionary perspective
189. 5:48it's something that causes us danger
190. 5:49something that's going to impede on our
191. 5:51survival right but realize
192. 5:53it's the year 2021 okay so there's a lot
193. 5:56of things that aren't
194. 5:57attacking us right we don't have to
195. 5:58worry about going outside and a
196. 6:00woolly mammoth attacks us so what we
197. 6:02find today
198. 6:04is oftentimes we're afraid of things
199. 6:06that aren't well we shouldn't be afraid
200. 6:08of right it's a threat
201. 6:08and our brain thinks it's a threat but
202. 6:10it's not right in psychology we often
203. 6:13call this
204. 6:13the amygdala hijack okay now what is
205. 6:16amygdala hijack
206. 6:17essentially what it means is that our
207. 6:19frontal lobe
208. 6:20right this is where logic and rational
209. 6:23thoughts take place
210. 6:24gets overwhelmed by the amygdala in
211. 6:27other words your emotions take over
212. 6:29logic okay that's why people are afraid
213. 6:31of public speaking right that's not
214. 6:33really a threat to you you're not gonna
215. 6:34get harm public speaking but your
216. 6:36amygdala doesn't know that right your
217. 6:37amygdala thinks that you're actually in
218. 6:39danger
219. 6:40and this takes over the rational part of
220. 6:42our brain
221. 6:43but for this purpose let's imagine that
222. 6:45we actually do have a threat okay
223. 6:46a spider's on top of you it just landed
224. 6:49on you and yeah that's gonna be pretty
225. 6:51freaky so we're gonna say that's a real
226. 6:52threat
227. 6:52so how does our brain react or detect
228. 6:54the threat well remember
229. 6:56our eye actually doesn't see the spider
230. 6:58i know that might sound weird right our
231. 7:00eye is just picking up
232. 7:01light waves right so we have this
233. 7:03stimulus right here
234. 7:04our spider okay and let's think about
235. 7:07parts of the eye some background
236. 7:08knowledge we have our
237. 7:09cornea and our lens and our pupil and
238. 7:11our iris and then where does it
239. 7:13eventually go
240. 7:14well what's going to happen is this
241. 7:16light is going to end up on the back of
242. 7:18the eye
243. 7:19right that we call the retina and this
244. 7:21is where transduction occurs
245. 7:23now let's think about transduction this
246. 7:24happens in all of our senses
247. 7:26it's where one type of energy converts
248. 7:28into another type of energy
249. 7:30right so it's light waves converting
250. 7:32into electrical impulses or action
251. 7:34potentials
252. 7:35whether we're talking about hearing that
253. 7:36would be sound waves
254. 7:38converting into electrical impulses
255. 7:40everything in our body comes in as an
256. 7:41energy
257. 7:42and then we have to convert it to action
258. 7:44potentials right electricity
259. 7:46so that information is going to travel
260. 7:48up the
261. 7:49optic nerve right optic nerve would be
262. 7:51the eye and the auditory nerve would be
263. 7:53the ear
264. 7:54okay and then where's that information
265. 7:57go right where the action potential is
266. 7:58going to go
267. 7:59well all this information everything
268. 8:01from our senses goes to the same place
269. 8:03it's going to go to a part of the brain
270. 8:05called the thalamus
271. 8:07okay except smell okay all the senses go
272. 8:10to the thalamus
273. 8:11except for smell we'll touch on that in
274. 8:13another video okay
275. 8:14now what happens after that well there's
276. 8:16two things first
277. 8:18there's going to be a direct pathway
278. 8:19from the thalamus
279. 8:21to our amygdala okay so it's going to
280. 8:23synapse and communicate with our
281. 8:24amygdala
282. 8:26and then what's also going to happen is
283. 8:27because it's division that information
284. 8:29has to reach the
285. 8:30visual cortex of the brain right so it's
286. 8:32also
287. 8:33going to synapse and go to the back of
288. 8:36the brain
289. 8:36that we call the visual cortex right
290. 8:39with the occipital lobus right there
291. 8:41so really there's two things that are
292. 8:43happening right we've detected the
293. 8:44stimulus
294. 8:46and there's two parts it goes to the
295. 8:47amygdala that's a direct pathway
296. 8:49and the occipital lobe but here's what's
297. 8:50interesting which comes first
298. 8:52right does the information go to the
299. 8:54cortex first where we think about
300. 8:56what's happening or does it go to the
301. 8:58amygdala first
302. 8:59the answer is the latter it goes the
303. 9:01amygdala first so what does that tell us
304. 9:03it tells us that when there's danger
305. 9:06your body reacts
306. 9:07before you're even consciously aware
307. 9:09that it's happening
308. 9:10right how cool is that we could thank
309. 9:12evolution for that one right
310. 9:13if a car is coming at us right you jump
311. 9:16out of the way before
312. 9:18you even realize that it's a car coming
313. 9:20at you right think about if you had to
314. 9:22actually think about it first
315. 9:23right there's a car coming at me what
316. 9:25color car is it right here to think
317. 9:26about it
318. 9:27we're not going to survive so what's
319. 9:29cool about this detective system is kind
320. 9:31of like an early warning signal
321. 9:32is that your body's going to react it's
322. 9:34like a reflex and then it reaches
323. 9:36the cortex and you think about what is
324. 9:37happening so you don't even know it's a
325. 9:38spider
326. 9:39until after you've kind of jumped out of
327. 9:41the way so that's kind of really cool to
328. 9:42think about
329. 9:43when it comes to detecting a threat all
330. 9:46right
331. 9:46let's go to our second function which
332. 9:49we're going to talk about
333. 9:50which is triggering trigger
334. 9:56a body response okay i'm just going to
335. 9:59write bot
336. 9:59trigger response so what does this mean
337. 10:02now that we have the early warning sign
338. 10:03i always think of this like a bat signal
339. 10:05right you know like everything's ready
340. 10:06to go well then your body has to respond
341. 10:10to this danger okay whether it's
342. 10:12slapping the spider
343. 10:13whether it is jumping out of the way of
344. 10:15a car you know whatever it is has to be
345. 10:16some sort of response
346. 10:18now we could think about this a few ways
347. 10:19but i'm actually going to come here and
348. 10:21talk about the fight or flight response
349. 10:23okay
350. 10:24the way we're going to do this is think
351. 10:25about okay now the information is in my
352. 10:27brain
353. 10:28okay how does my body react now many of
354. 10:30you at home you know this feeling right
355. 10:32sweating right perspiration or your
356. 10:34heart's beating really quickly or
357. 10:36you feel dizzy right you know those
358. 10:37those those reactions
359. 10:39but what is the actual order in which it
360. 10:41occurs to respond to this threat
361. 10:43so let's start with the first one let's
362. 10:45say i'll use a different pattern
363. 10:47let's say there is a threat right that's
364. 10:49always got to be the first one okay
365. 10:51there's got to be a threat
366. 10:52and in this case it's going to be a
367. 10:53spider okay well what happens next
368. 10:56well after that as we already talked
369. 10:58about it's going to go
370. 11:00to our amygdala okay direct pathway from
371. 11:03our thalamus
372. 11:04to our amygdala
373. 11:08amygdala now realize i didn't say cortex
374. 11:11yet right because you haven't even
375. 11:12thought about it yet so i'm gonna have a
376. 11:14little
377. 11:14kind of like a little sidebar here that
378. 11:16says cortex in other words after it goes
379. 11:18to the amygdala
380. 11:19that's where you're gonna realize oh
381. 11:21this is a spider right
382. 11:22after the reflex occurs all right so
383. 11:25what happens
384. 11:25after the amygdala well it's going to go
385. 11:28to region and i'm going to highlight it
386. 11:30using green a region of a brain called
387. 11:32the hypothalamus
388. 11:34this is a cool structure the
389. 11:36hypothalamus does
390. 11:38everything right think about one
391. 11:39structure of the brain that plays a role
392. 11:41in
393. 11:41everything the hypothalamus that i
394. 11:43always think of it like the conductor of
395. 11:44an orchestra right
396. 11:45it kind of does this says okay pituitary
397. 11:47gland i want you to go
398. 11:48okay hormones i want you to release
399. 11:49right it controls everything
400. 11:51so that's going to be our next structure
401. 11:53which is the hypothalamus
402. 11:58both lms okay now this is where things
403. 12:02start with this is where things are
404. 12:03going to start to
405. 12:04kind of release into our bloodstream and
406. 12:06we're going to start having some
407. 12:07hormones being released
408. 12:08to kind of create that fight or flight
409. 12:10response so we have our
410. 12:11hypothalamus oops hypothalamus
411. 12:15and then this is going to lead to our
412. 12:17master gland that we call the pituitary
413. 12:20gland
414. 12:22now as i'm listening these i'm realizing
415. 12:24you know a lot of this happens
416. 12:25simultaneously
417. 12:27right things happen so quickly in our
418. 12:28body you could say this all happens at
419. 12:30the same time
420. 12:30but listing it out like this i think
421. 12:32it's just a really good way to stay
422. 12:33organized and structure our thinking
423. 12:35okay
424. 12:35all right so we have our threat which
425. 12:37signals the amygdala which then will
426. 12:39signal the cortex to be consciously
427. 12:40aware of it
428. 12:41which will then trigger the hypothalamus
429. 12:43and the pituitary gland
430. 12:45which will then lead to our major gland
431. 12:48which kind of controls all of this
432. 12:49stress
433. 12:50and lead to threat which is we call the
434. 12:52adrenal glands
435. 12:54okay adrenal and you have two of them
436. 12:56above our kidneys on both sides
437. 12:58okay
438. 13:01all right so here we go this is the nice
439. 13:04structure to think about
440. 13:05when it comes to the flight or flight
441. 13:07response actually i'm going to add one
442. 13:08more thing in there i'm actually going
443. 13:10to delete that
444. 13:11i'm going to erase that for a second
445. 13:12here's a better one first
446. 13:14let's go to our system let's go to our
447. 13:17sympathetic there we go
448. 13:21i was like i knew i was missing one our
449. 13:23sympathetic nervous system
450. 13:24that's much better now our sympathetic
451. 13:26nervous system is really what we think
452. 13:28about for fight-or-flight response
453. 13:29it's part of our autonomic nervous
454. 13:31system which is also part of our
455. 13:33peripheral nervous system
456. 13:34and this is going to kind of set the
457. 13:35cascade of hormones
458. 13:37then we have our adrenal gland there we
459. 13:39go that's much better
460. 13:41i knew i was missing one we have our
461. 13:46adrenal okay our adrenal glands okay
462. 13:49this is the structure of how it works
463. 13:51now what are the hormones
464. 13:53that our adrenal glands gonna produce to
465. 13:55make we have that kind of
466. 13:56fight-or-flight response we have a few
467. 13:57of them
468. 13:58and i want you to think about these at
469. 13:59home we have our norepinephrine
470. 14:01right that's going to kind of produce
471. 14:02that fight-or-flight feeling
472. 14:04we have adrenaline also called
473. 14:07epinephrine
474. 14:08and we have cortisol right the stress
475. 14:10hormone so norepinephrine
476. 14:12cortisol adrenaline or epinephrine those
477. 14:15are the prime
478. 14:16the primary three that are going to lead
479. 14:17to this this fight-or-flight response
480. 14:20now another way to think about this you
481. 14:21might have heard this expression
482. 14:23something called the hpa
483. 14:26axis okay now what does that mean this
484. 14:29kind of a general phrase to explain you
485. 14:31know
486. 14:31what our body does when there's a threat
487. 14:33and why do they call it the hpa
488. 14:35access h is for hypothalamus p is for
489. 14:38pituitary
490. 14:39and a is for adrenal hypothalamus
491. 14:42pituitary adrenal hpa axis that's
492. 14:44another way to think about
493. 14:45this fight-or-flight response okay all
494. 14:47right so we've detected a threat
495. 14:49our body's responded we've released
496. 14:51those hormones into the brain
497. 14:52right hearts pumping the lungs have
498. 14:55opened up so you could breathe better
499. 14:57blood has rushed to my arm so i can
500. 14:59punch harder or they rush to my
501. 15:00legs so i get kicked or run faster right
502. 15:03that kind of happens our pupils get
503. 15:04bigger
504. 15:05right this is all evolution right
505. 15:06millions of years your body's prepared
506. 15:08you
507. 15:08for this right even though we're not
508. 15:10fighting you know a woolly mammoth
509. 15:12we're still your brain doesn't know that
510. 15:14it's the year 2021
511. 15:16your body still prepares as if it's in
512. 15:18real real danger okay
513. 15:20okay so what's another response um let's
514. 15:22go
515. 15:23with what we call fear
516. 15:26conditioning okay this is an interesting
517. 15:29one
518. 15:30now when you hear the word conditioning
519. 15:32you know what i think about
520. 15:34i think about behavioral perspective i
521. 15:36think about bf skinner and i think about
522. 15:38ivan pavlov right
523. 15:40classical conditioning another thing
524. 15:42about we know about pavlov and classical
525. 15:44conditioning right
526. 15:45we have a dog salivating to the sound of
527. 15:48a bell right very classical study of of
528. 15:50conditioning right
529. 15:51and what he found was is that if you
530. 15:53have a neutral stimulus like a tone
531. 15:55and you pair it with an unconditioned
532. 15:57stimulus like meat and you pair them
533. 15:59together
534. 15:59you know tone meat tone meat toned meat
535. 16:02the dog will eventually salivate at the
536. 16:04sound of the tone
537. 16:05which will become a conditioned stimulus
538. 16:07right i know there's a lot of vocab in
539. 16:08there but let's think about pavlovian
540. 16:10terms
541. 16:10and this is what our magdal essentially
542. 16:12does which is even though
543. 16:14our amigo is right here it's right next
544. 16:16to a part of a brain that deals with
545. 16:18memory
546. 16:19and that's the structure right here
547. 16:20that's called the hippocampus
548. 16:22okay and i'll shade the hippocampus in
549. 16:24right here
550. 16:26okay so these connect to each other they
551. 16:28coordinate with each other right they
552. 16:29communicate with each other
553. 16:30our hippocampus and our amygdala
554. 16:33coordinate with each other
555. 16:34okay so what do you mean by fear
556. 16:36conditioning well if you've ever been in
557. 16:38a trim
558. 16:38a traumatic experience right well your
559. 16:41brain is going to form associations
560. 16:43right if you're in a car accident for
561. 16:45example you might not only be afraid or
562. 16:48be afraid of that car of that of that
563. 16:50accident but you
564. 16:51also might have a conditioned response
565. 16:52to just sing the car right or you see
566. 16:54the car on the road and all of a sudden
567. 16:56your heart starts to pound
568. 16:57your brain has formed an association and
569. 16:59a memory of that event
570. 17:01that's what you mean by fear
571. 17:02conditioning now how can we think about
572. 17:04this in terms of
573. 17:05conditioning terms and we talked about
574. 17:07animal research before
575. 17:08well let's do it up here right we have
576. 17:10our unconditioned stimulus
577. 17:13let's say is going to be our noise
578. 17:16okay so we're doing a little wrath study
579. 17:18and our unconditioned response
580. 17:21um is going to be actually yeah let's do
581. 17:24fear
582. 17:26okay i'll actually instead of noise
583. 17:28let's do shock there we go that's better
584. 17:32okay so imagine for example we have a
585. 17:34rat in a cage
586. 17:35and we give it a mild electric shock
587. 17:37okay that will automatically produce a
588. 17:39fear response
589. 17:41but what if we introduce a neutral
590. 17:43stimulus
591. 17:44which is a tone like a little sound okay
592. 17:47so we have a tone
593. 17:49and then and then electrocution tone
594. 17:51electrocution tonal execution
595. 17:53well over time the rat's going to learn
596. 17:55to make an association and form a memory
597. 17:58that the tone is going to lead to
598. 17:59something bad right an aversive stimulus
599. 18:01and over time the the tone is will
600. 18:04become the conditioned stimulus
601. 18:06and the there we go the tone which will
602. 18:09lead
603. 18:10to a conditioned response of fear
604. 18:13right now if you're like oh i gotta
605. 18:15remember my pavlovian classical
606. 18:16conditioning terms right unconditioned
607. 18:18stimulus unconditional response
608. 18:20this is a nice way to review it right
609. 18:22that is fear conditioning it happens
610. 18:23with humans too
611. 18:25we form associations and we remember it
612. 18:27lead to some traumatic events
613. 18:29and that's going to trigger our response
614. 18:31as well okay
615. 18:32all right now the last function i'm not
616. 18:35going to go too deep in this but it is
617. 18:36important to note
618. 18:37there's a lot of current research to
619. 18:39show that your amygdala
620. 18:41just doesn't deal with fear right in
621. 18:43negative things
622. 18:44but it actually could deal with positive
623. 18:46emotions as well
624. 18:48you might be thinking what positive
625. 18:50emotions
626. 18:52so there's a lot of current research to
627. 18:54show that the amygdala
628. 18:56is not just about fear it's about the
629. 18:58intensity of the emotion
630. 18:59in other words yes it does respond to
631. 19:01fear but that's because it's a very
632. 19:03intense emotion
633. 19:04and we find is that your middle will
634. 19:06also fire some action potentials
635. 19:08if the emotion is very positive like
636. 19:10something really good happened to you
637. 19:12right you won an award you got a really
638. 19:13good grade
639. 19:14um you won the lottery or something
640. 19:16really really big happened
641. 19:18we find your amygdala is also going to
642. 19:19respond to that as well
643. 19:21so i'm not going to go to be too deep
644. 19:22into it but it is important to know that
645. 19:24there is research coming out
646. 19:26that it does play a role in positive
647. 19:28emotion so
648. 19:29i guess the big takeaway is that the
649. 19:30amygdala is not just about fear
650. 19:32it's the intensity of emotions as well
651. 19:35whether positive
652. 19:36or whether they're negative
653. 19:39all right guys i want to thank you for
654. 19:40watching the psych explained video i
655. 19:42really hope you took something away
656. 19:43once again don't forget to like the
657. 19:45video subscribe and leave your comments
658. 19:47below
659. 19:47until next time