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The Entire History of England — Transcript

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0:02[Music]
0:10[Music]
0:16England is one of the four nations that
0:18make up the modern United Kingdom
0:20alongside Wales Scotland and Northern
0:24Ireland being by far the largest in
0:27terms of land mass and population
0:29England has for centuries been the most
0:31powerful and developed Nation within the
0:33British Isles having exerted its
0:35influence over its immediate neighbors
0:38through economic and Military
0:40might however it may come as a surprise
0:43to know that for much of its early
0:44history England itself was influenced by
0:47many other neighboring cultures and
0:49languages from as far back as
0:51prehistoric times England has played
0:54host to successive waves of migration
0:56and Conquest which over the subsequent
0:58Millennia and centuries
1:00have coalesced into a unique mixture of
1:02language culture and Heritage that is
1:05unlike anywhere else in the world but
1:08how did this relatively small nation go
1:10on to mold not only the future Destiny
1:13of the British Isles but also shape much
1:15of the modern world in which we live
1:18today this is the history of
1:23England the nation of England has been
1:25shaped by countless political upheavals
1:27Wars and invasions over the past several
1:30Centuries with perhaps the most iconic
1:32and defining of these being World War II
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2:32miss out the land that would one day
2:35become the nation of England looked very
2:37different to the first humans who
2:38settled there during the prehistoric
2:40Stone Age back then the wider British
2:43Isles weren't even Islands at all but
2:45were instead connected to Continental
2:47Europe by a land bridge as the last
2:50glacial period came to an end around
2:5211,000 years ago the melting ice sheets
2:55caused the sea levels to rise which
2:57subsequently flooded the low-lying land
2:59bridge called doggerland thereby
3:02permanently cutting Britain off from
3:04Europe despite being separated from the
3:07Continental Mainland communication and
3:09cultural exchanges continued to occur
3:12between the peoples of Europe and those
3:13inhabiting what would eventually become
3:15England the practice of farming which
3:18originated in the Middle East was
3:19introduced around 4,000 BC and the first
3:23permanent settlements which possessed
3:25Monumental tombs and ceremonial Stone
3:27circles such as Stonehenge were also so
3:29built around this time as the Stone Age
3:33turned into the Bronze Age England for
3:35the most part remained alike to the rest
3:37of Britain and indeed the rest of Europe
3:40similar cultural and linguistic
3:42practices were introduced as a result of
3:44successive waves of migration from the
3:45continent which eventually morphed into
3:48the Celtic culture which had become
3:50widespread over much of Western Europe
3:52by the 12th century
3:54BC life for the Celtic peoples of
3:56England continued in much the same way
3:58for the next several Cent centuries that
4:00was until the year 55 BC when an
4:03invasion Force unlike any seen before
4:06landed on the southern coast the Roman
4:08Republic which would soon become the
4:10Roman Empire was the uncontested
4:12superpower of the ancient world having
4:15expanded across the Mediterranean as
4:17well as more recently further northwards
4:18into what is now modern France the Roman
4:21general who had led the recent conquest
4:23of what was then termed ghoul was none
4:25other than Julius Caesar whose Ambitions
4:28soon turned to Conquering the the lands
4:30across the English Channel Caesar's
4:32initial Invasion achieved little more
4:35than Landing his army on the coast and
4:37so a second largest scale Invasion
4:39followed the next year in 54 BC this
4:43Invasion saw Roman Legions Advance as
4:45far as the Northern Bank of the river
4:47temps despite this relative success the
4:50Romans could not establish a permanent
4:52foothold on the island during this time
4:55and so withdrew back across the channel
4:57the Romans nevertheless remained
4:59convinced that the island could and
5:01should be conquered and so almost a
5:04century later the Roman Emperor Claudius
5:06ordered that a properly planned and
5:08maintained Invasion attempt be carried
5:10out in the year 43 ad over the following
5:14decades Rome's Legions Advanced across
5:16the land and brought almost all of what
5:18is now England under Roman rule founding
5:21many settlements like London Chester and
5:24York in the process although Rome's
5:27Authority was occasionally challenged by
5:29local revolts such as the one led by
5:31Queen budika in 60 AD England remained
5:34an integral part of the Roman Empire for
5:37the next several centuries and had its
5:39northernmost border fixed in place with
5:41the construction of Hadrian's
5:43Wall like all empires in history however
5:46Rome's rise and fall was inevitable and
5:49by the beginning of the fth century its
5:51power and influence had been
5:52significantly reduced the last Roman
5:55Legions were withdrawn from England in
5:57the year 407 to defend the more valuable
6:00parts of the Empire on the continent
6:02which were being threatened by numerous
6:04migrating Barbarian tribes a handful of
6:07these tribes soon turned their attention
6:09towards England which set in motion a
6:11series of events that would establish
6:13and ultimately shape the very language
6:16culture and history of the English
6:18people these Germanic tribes
6:21collectively referred to in history as
6:22the Anglo saxin first migrated to
6:25England sometime during the 4th Century
6:27probably serving as mercenaries in the
6:29Roman army however by the mid fifth
6:32century a significant number of these
6:34peoples had settled in the Eastern
6:36portion of the country the precise
6:38nature of this process is still a matter
6:40of debate amongst historians with some
6:43advocating for a large scale Invasion
6:45and violent displacement of the Native
6:47Celtic population While others argue for
6:49a more peaceful and gradual process of
6:52acculturation in either case the
6:55Anglo-Saxons replace the Romano British
6:57language culture and people with their
6:59own Germanic customs and ways of life
7:02the language that they introduced would
7:04one day evolve into the English language
7:06that we speak today although the
7:09Anglo-Saxons were United in tongue
7:11culture and religion they were
7:13politically separate having established
7:15their own independent kingdoms across
7:17the land by the 7th Century the native
7:20Britains had withdrawn themselves to the
7:22Far Western parts of the island such as
7:24Wales and Cornwall leaving the seven
7:27Anglo-Saxon Petty kingdoms of East Ang
7:29Anglia Essex Kent Sussex meria North
7:33Umbria and Wessex to form the basis of a
7:35distinct but as yet disunited English
7:38Nation over time the Anglo-Saxons
7:41converted from their old Germanic Pagan
7:43beliefs to Christianity and set about
7:46consolidating power for themselves Often
7:49by fighting one another as well as the
7:50neighboring British kingdoms to the west
7:52and PS to the north by the late 8th
7:55Century the feuding Anglo-Saxons had
7:58Amalgamated into four larger kingdoms
8:00North Umbria meria East Anglia and
8:03Wessex however the very survival of
8:06anglo-saxon England would soon be called
8:09into question when fleets of longboats
8:11suddenly began to appear off the
8:13coastline in the late 8th Century the
8:16Viking age in England is widely attested
8:18to have begun with the well documented
8:20raid on the North umbrian Monastery of
8:22lindes fan in the year
8:25793 although other smaller raids had
8:27been carried out in England before this
8:29time as well as in other parts of the
8:31British Isles what began as sporadic
8:34attacks on isolated treasure Laden
8:36monasteries continued well into the
8:38following Century but in the year
8:40865 however the Vikings adopted a change
8:43in strategy from Hit and Run raiding to
8:46one of conquest and occupation late that
8:49year a vast Viking Army landed in
8:51southeast England with the intention of
8:54taking the land of the four Anglo-Saxon
8:56kingdoms for themselves this great
8:59heathen Army as the Anglo-Saxon
9:01Chronicle referred to the Viking Force
9:03first marched northwards and took
9:05control of the kingdom of North Umbria
9:06in 867 followed by East Anglia in 869
9:10and then meria in 874 leaving only the
9:14kingdom of wessix as the last
9:15independent Anglo-Saxon
9:18Kingdom led by King Alfred wesix had
9:21thus far evaded the marauding Vikings
9:24either by fighting them in battle or
9:25paying them off however by 878 the
9:29Vikings had overrun the greater parts of
9:31wessix and forced Alfred into hiding
9:34with the threat to his kingdom and the
9:36future of England hanging in the balance
9:38King Alfred was able to muster an army
9:40for a last stand against the Vikings at
9:43the Battle of Edington in May of that
9:45year ultimately proving Victorious King
9:47Alfred earned himself the epithet of the
9:50Great by successfully driving the
9:52Vikings back eastwards to the lands
9:54which remained under their own rule of
9:56Dane law with Anglo-Saxon do now
9:59restored the kings of wesex gradually
10:02began to reconquer the remaining English
10:04lands under Viking occupation Alfred's
10:07grandson ethelon successfully conquered
10:10the kingdom of York in 927 and adopted
10:13the title King of the English for the
10:15first time the emergence of a now
10:18unified and Powerful Kingdom of England
10:20greatly alarmed the neighboring rulers
10:22within the British is who subsequently
10:24formed an alliance of Vikings and Scots
10:27to challenge ethon's dominance in the in
10:29the year
10:30934 the resulting Battle of brunen bur
10:33one of the most decisive ever fought in
10:35the history of the British Isles saw
10:37ethon's Army win the day and secure the
10:40independence and supremacy of England
10:42which was to last for the best part of a
10:45century by the dawning of the New
10:47Millennium however England's Kings had
10:49become complacent and the threat posed
10:52by marauding Danish Vikings had
10:54reemerged over the following decades the
10:56Throne of England passed between
10:58Anglo-Saxon and danish rulers and at one
11:01point the kingdom was ruled as part of
11:03the wider Scandinavian North Sea empire
11:06under King gut by the year 1042 the
11:09house of wesix had been restored to the
11:11throne under King Edward the Confessor
11:14however his failure to produce an air
11:17meant the future of England was once
11:19again thrown into question by numerous
11:21competing claims to be his
11:24successor when Edward died in 1066 the
11:27powerful English nobleman Harold
11:29godwinson took to the throne much to the
11:32outrage of Duke William of Normandy King
11:34Harold had Radder of Norway and King
11:36Swain II of Denmark who all asserted
11:39claims to the throne themselves the
11:42events of the year 1066 would
11:44undoubtedly be the most pivotal in
11:46English History and would irreversibly
11:48change the very Fabric and nature of the
11:51country the Battle of Stanford Bridge
11:54fought in September of that year saw
11:56King Harold godwinson defeat an invasion
11:58Force led by his Norwegian counterpart
12:02however just a few weeks later his
12:04exhausted Army was forced to make a long
12:07rapid March South to face another
12:09Invasion Force led by dukee William the
12:12Battle of Hastings which was fought on
12:14the 14th of October 1066 is perhaps the
12:17most infamous date in English history
12:20with King Harold being killed in action
12:22supposedly by taking an arrow to the eye
12:25the end result was the extinguishment of
12:27the Anglo-Saxon line of Kings and its
12:29replacement with the new Norman French
12:31Dynasty which was established by William
12:34who had himself crowned as the new king
12:36of England on Christmas day of that
12:39year the Norman Conquest brought about a
12:41profound change to the governance of
12:43England after fighting off countless
12:45English revolts and asserting dominance
12:47over the neighboring Kingdoms in Wales
12:49and Scotland King William I commissioned
12:52the Doomsday Book to survey the land
12:55people and monetary value of his kingdom
12:58the completed work showed that
13:00practically the entire Anglo-Saxon
13:02nobility had been replaced with Normans
13:05who had introduced French as the
13:06language of the ruling aristocratic
13:09Elite from this point onwards England's
13:11future would be irrevocably intertwined
13:14with that of France as many of England's
13:16Lords now also held feudal lands across
13:19the channel the Norman Dynasty lasted
13:22only about 80 years in England when yet
13:25another succession crisis triggered open
13:27civil war between Henry First's
13:29legitimate successor Empress Matilda and
13:32the favored candidate chosen by the
13:34nobility Steven of blis the result was
13:37that Steven ruled as king until his
13:40death in 1154 and was to be succeeded by
13:42Matilda's son Henry II as a descendant
13:46of both the noble houses of Normandy and
13:48plantagenet as well as through a
13:50subsequent marriage to Elanor of
13:51aquatain Henry II ruled not only over
13:55England and parts of Wales and Ireland
13:57but also over an enormous sthe of
13:59Western France under what would later be
14:02termed the Anin
14:04Empire England was ruled by the
14:06plantagenet Kings for most of the
14:08medieval period but experienced a great
14:10deal of mixed fortunes the late 12th
14:13century through the mid- 13th centuries
14:15for example was marked by calamities and
14:18political turmoil as their territories
14:20on the continent were greatly reduced
14:22owing to conflict with the kingdom of
14:24France the resulting Fallout amongst the
14:27powerful English Barons led to a uction
14:29in the king's absolute power with the
14:31signing of Magna cataa in 1215 by King
14:34John despite these measures civil war
14:38between the king and the Barons
14:40continued throughout much of the century
14:42and only came to an end with the
14:43accession of king Edward the first to
14:45the throne in
14:471272 Edward strengthened the power of
14:50His government with the opening of the
14:51first Parliament and significantly
14:53expanded the English influence within
14:55the British Isles by conquering Wales
14:58and attempting to do the same same to
15:00Scotland as the 14th century dawned
15:03England continued to engage in
15:04expansionist wars with its neighbors
15:07particularly against France which began
15:09the long and protracted series of
15:11conflicts collectively referred to as
15:13the Hundred Years War during the reign
15:16of king Edward III England achieved
15:18great success at the battles of pry and
15:21poier however military actions soon came
15:24to a halt as an altogether different and
15:27more deadly enemy was about to land on
15:29England's Shores the black death which
15:32originated in Asia and spread throughout
15:34Europe during the second half of the
15:361340s arrived in England aboard a ship
15:39that had sailed from English controlled
15:41gany in
15:431348 within less than 2 years the plague
15:46had spread over the entire country and
15:48is estimated to have killed as much as
15:50half of the
15:52population not only did this reduce the
15:54Manpower for England's armies but it
15:56also led to dramatic socioeconomic
15:58change changes within the country itself
16:01the surviving peasantry faced ever
16:03increasing taxes to pay for the costly
16:05Wars and were not being paid high enough
16:07wages for their labor which was now in
16:10even greater demand these tensions
16:13eventually boiled over into the peasants
16:15Revolt of 1381 which saw widespread
16:18disturbances across the country but were
16:20most concentrated in the Southeast where
16:23Rebels marched on London and killed many
16:25government officials whom they blamed
16:27for causing their grievances
16:30order was eventually restored but the
16:32situation in England remained volatile
16:35the unpopular King Richard II was
16:38deposed in 1399 by his cousin who became
16:41King Henry IV further crises and revolts
16:45plagued his Reign but they were
16:46successfully put down largely due to the
16:49military actions of his son and
16:51successor Henry V who ascended the
16:53throne in
16:541413 under King Henry V England
16:57witnessed some of the most most defining
16:59events in its history such as the
17:02renewal of the Hundred Years War with
17:03France and the stunning Victory gained
17:05at the Battle of aenor in 1415 which
17:09thereafter became enshrined in English
17:11Legend however Henry's untimely death in
17:151422 initiated a reversal in England's
17:18fortunes his infant son Henry V 6
17:21inherited the throne but his Reign was
17:23marked by overall defeats of France in
17:26the ongoing conflict culminating in the
17:28English being driven out of virtually
17:30the entire territory by
17:331453 Henry the 6 position worsened in
17:36the following years with discontent
17:38among the feuding nobility sparking
17:40another civil war in
17:421455 named the wars of the Roses in
17:45reference to the emblems of the two
17:47branches of the plantagenet dynasty the
17:50white rose of York and the red rose of
17:52Lancaster the fighting continued
17:54radically for the next 30 years until
17:57Henry chuda the last last surviving male
17:59of the lancastrian line returned from
18:02Exile in France and defeated the yorkist
18:04King Richard III at the Battle of
18:06Bosworth field in
18:081485 England then transitioned into a
18:12period of relative peace owing to the
18:14houses of Lancaster and York uniting
18:17under King Henry II's marriage to
18:19Elizabeth of York which ushered in the
18:21establishment of the chuda dynasty the
18:24war ravaged economy was gradually
18:26rebuilt and the enlightened idea which
18:29had emerged during the Renaissance in
18:30Italy made their way into English
18:33society when Henry viith died in 1509 he
18:37was succeeded by his son Henry VII whose
18:40Reign started off promisingly but later
18:42descended into tyranny and became one of
18:45the most disruptive in all of English
18:47History this was largely caused by his
18:49desire for a male Heir his first
18:52marriage to Catherine of aragan produced
18:54only one surviving daughter Mary after
18:57his grounds for divorce for rejected by
18:59the pope Henry decided to split England
19:02away from the Catholic church and
19:03establish his own Protestant Church of
19:06England this caused a great deal of
19:08religious upheaval within the country
19:10and would later give rise to a period of
19:12sectarianism which would last for the
19:14best part of 100 years Henry's
19:17subsequent marriages and hopes for a
19:19series of male successes fared little
19:21better his second wife and berin was
19:24executed after producing only one
19:26daughter named Elizabeth his third third
19:28wife Jane Seymour died from
19:30complications after giving birth to a
19:32son named Edward his fourth marriage to
19:35an of cleaves ended in divorce his fifth
19:38wife Katherine Howard was executed for
19:41being unfaithful and his sixth and final
19:44wife Katherine par was the only one to
19:46survive with her reputation and head
19:48intact owing to Henry himself dying in
19:531547 succeeded by his only son Edward v
19:566 England became radically more
19:58Protestant under his rule although it
20:01was to be shortlived for Edward died of
20:03tuberculosis in
20:051553 he was in turn succeeded by his
20:07Half Sister Mary who was married to King
20:10Philip II of Spain and was a devout
20:12Catholic Mary's reign as Queen witnessed
20:15the fall of the last English outpost on
20:17the continent C to the French in 1558
20:21but her Reign was mostly defined by
20:24attempts to reverse the recent
20:25Protestant Reformation in England by
20:27severely persecuting
20:29any adherence to the faith some 280
20:32people were burned at the stake under
20:34her oppressive rule earning her the
20:36epithet of Bloody Mary despite being
20:39married she too failed to produce an
20:41heir and so upon her death in 1558 the
20:44Throne of England passed to her half
20:46sister
20:47Elizabeth under Queen Elizabeth the
20:50England entered a golden age of
20:52prosperity the Protestant Church of
20:54England was reestablished and some
20:57degree of religious tolerance was GR
20:58granted towards Catholics the
21:00instruments of the state were greatly
21:02strengthened through new laws and proper
21:05Administration which consequently led to
21:07the population of the country growing
21:08significantly reaching some 5 million
21:11people by the early 17th century
21:14Elizabeth and England also saw an
21:16increase in the art and literature with
21:18the likes of William Shakespeare
21:19producing some of the nation's most
21:21famous works and plays which remained
21:23popular to this very day there was also
21:26a significant upshift in England's
21:28economic and accompanying military might
21:30during this time largely brought about
21:33by the expansion of English commercial
21:35interests in the Americas and Asia
21:37figures such as Sir Walter rally and Sir
21:40Francis Drake pioneered England's
21:42emergence as a powerful Maritime Nation
21:45leading expeditions to newly discovered
21:47parts of the world and successfully
21:49defending England in its most desperate
21:51hour of need against the Spanish Armada
21:54in
21:551588 nevertheless Elizabeth the died
21:59childless in 16003 and so the throne
22:02passed to her closest male Protestant
22:04relative King James I 6 of Scotland of
22:07the House of Stewart who subsequently
22:10became King James I of England through
22:12the union of the
22:14crowns despite being the king of both
22:17Nations and ruling over virtually the
22:19entire island of Britain the two
22:21kingdoms remained separate from one
22:23another James's early Reign faced many
22:25challenges the most notable being the
22:27Gunpowder Plot of 16005 which saw
22:30discontent English Catholics attempts to
22:32blow up the king during the state
22:34opening of parliament it was also during
22:37this time that the first permanent
22:39English colonies were established in
22:41places like America and India which
22:44would go on to form the basis for the
22:45British Empire in centuries to come the
22:49latter part of King James's Reign was
22:51marked by increasing tensions with
22:53Parliament over governance of the
22:54country these issues however would come
22:57to a dramatic head during the reign of
22:59his son Charles
23:01I disagreements over power religious
23:04Affairs and governance within the
23:06kingdom coupled with King Charles I's
23:08refusal to cooperate with Parliament led
23:11to Growing discontent between the two
23:13centers of power in England eventually
23:16in 1642 armed conflicts broke out with
23:19the English Civil War being fought
23:21between the forces loyal to the king
23:23called royalists and the parliamentarian
23:26forces called Roundheads
23:28pitched battles such as those fought at
23:30Edge Hill Maron Moore and nby were
23:33pivotal in determining the war's outcome
23:36which ultimately ended in Victory for
23:37the parliamentarian New Model Army under
23:40the leadership of Oliver Cromwell for
23:42his role in allowing the country to
23:44descend into a chaotic state of Civil
23:47War King Charles I was executed in 1649
23:51and England briefly became a republic
23:53with Cromwell as its
23:55leader the monarchy was eventually
23:57restored in 1660 however with King
24:00Charles II returning to London albeit
24:03with his power significantly reduced the
24:06country was still in a fragile state
24:08after the Civil War and two events which
24:10struck London in the mid 1660s the Great
24:13Plague of 1665 and the great fire of
24:171666 did great damage to the nation's
24:20capital Charles II's Reign ended with
24:23his death in 1685 and was succeeded by
24:26his brother James II
24:29however this quickly ignited another
24:31political Ferrari within the kingdom
24:33owing to James being a devout Catholic
24:36and rumors that he wished for England to
24:38return to the old Faith various
24:41political factions quickly pressed for
24:43his Protestant daughter Mary and her
24:45Dutch husband Prince William of Orange
24:47to replace him in what became known as
24:49the Glorious
24:50Revolution William landed with an
24:52invasion force on England's South Coast
24:55in November 1688 but did not wish to
24:57seek an open battle believing that James
25:00II's regime would collapse on its own
25:03this duly happened and James fled to
25:06France leaving the throne vacant for
25:08William and Mary to assume the role of
25:10king and queen under joint
25:13rule despite James's seeming abdication
25:16he did have some support in Ireland and
25:18so decided to launch a military campaign
25:20there with the hope of restoring him to
25:22the throne James was nevertheless
25:25defeated by the forces of King William
25:27III in battle and was forced to flee to
25:30France once again the continuation of
25:33the Catholic House of Stewart in Exile
25:35however would continue to threaten
25:37England's political establishment well
25:39into the next
25:40Century England returned to relative
25:43peace under the rule of William and Mary
25:45for they both accepted the Bill of
25:47Rights in 1689 which significantly
25:50reduced the power of the crown by
25:52recognizing the authority and
25:54sovereignty of parliament during the
25:56reign of Queen Anne who inherited the
25:58throne from her sister Mary the English
26:00and Scottish parliaments were formerly
26:02merged into one thereby creating the
26:05Parliament and Kingdom of Great Britain
26:07through the acts of Union in
26:091707 Queen Anne was the last of the
26:12Stewart Dynasty to sit on the throne and
26:14owing to a recently introduced law that
26:17allowed only Protestants to become
26:18Regent upon her death the crown passed
26:21to her distant second cousin the German
26:24Prince George of
26:25Hanover from that point onwards the
26:28history of England would no longer be
26:30that of a separate Sovereign Nation but
26:32rather that of one of the four nations
26:34that made up the United Kingdom England
26:38and for that matter Britain under the
26:40hanovarian kings of the 18th century
26:43transitioned into becoming a modern
26:45nation state growing Commerce and
26:48mercantilism propelled the country into
26:50becoming the leading Global Maritime
26:52power of the age which was backed up by
26:55the military might of the royal Navy on
26:56the high seas Britain's colonies also
26:59increased in importance during this time
27:02however the loss of America during the
27:04war of independence significantly
27:06damaged the country's prestige on the
27:08world stage the only real domestic
27:11threat to the nation was posed by the
27:13descendants of the exiled House of
27:15Stewart Living in France who
27:17unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow
27:19the British government and Georgian
27:20monarchy on two separate occasions in
27:23what became known as the Jacoby
27:24rebellions of 1715 and 1745
27:29the 19th century would see Britain
27:31become the pre-eminent global superpower
27:34of the age thanks to the Innovations
27:36introduced by the Industrial Revolution
27:39these accelerated the nation's economic
27:41output and allowed for further expansion
27:43of the British Empire it would become
27:45the largest to have ever existed in the
27:48history of the world although the
27:50defining events of the following 20th
27:52century namely the first and second
27:55world wars would virtually bankrupt the
27:57nation and initiate the beginning of the
27:59end for Britain's dominance as a world
28:02power the past 2,000 years of history
28:05have undoubtedly left their mark on the
28:07Modern English Nation with its people
28:10being made up of the descendants of the
28:12various groups who arrived on its Shores
28:14over the centuries although the impacts
28:17of these events May no longer be all
28:19that visible to the modern eye their
28:21legacy is perhaps more noticeable in the
28:23Modern English language that we speak
28:26today whether it be the words borrowed
28:28from Latin introduced by the Romans the
28:31Germanic of the Anglo-Saxons the Old
28:33Norse of the Vikings or the French of
28:35the Normans England's language is a
28:38result of the constant Evolution and
28:40adaptability of its speakers which is
28:43perhaps why it has become the most
28:45spoken language in the world
28:48today many thanks again to call of War
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