Testability . 4/8 Characteristics vs Hallmarks . خاصية القابلية للفحص Research Methods — Transcript

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1. 0:00Hello everyone, today we will speak about the third part
2. 0:05that we are questioning if it is a characteristic or a hallmark.
3. 0:09Now we will speak about testability.
4. 0:12So what does it mean testability?
5. 0:14So let's read an example here from the books.
6. 0:17Testability is a property that applies to the hypotheses or hypothesis,
7. 0:22For sure, we can have it plural or singular.
8. 0:25So before getting to hypothesis or chapter or any other parts.
9. 0:29We can move to a bit easier point and I will stop here.
10. 0:34if after talking to a random selection of employees…
11. 0:38if after talking to a random selection of employees
12. 0:41and study of the previous research done in the area of organizational commitment.
13. 0:46What does it mean this sentence?
14. 0:49if after talking to a random selection of employees of the organization
15. 0:54and study of the previous research done in the area of organizational commitment.
16. 0:59What does the researcher do in this part?
17. 1:03What does the researcher do?
18. 1:06The researcher doesn't want you to get confused by the word “random”.
19. 1:10It is a sample It doesn’t mean here the word "random"
20. 1:14as mathematical-statistical random.
21. 1:16What it means here is a group without scientific accuracy?
22. 1:20So what is the group that we mentioned, and we called them previously
23. 1:24"Those who are related to the problem, stakeholder analysis."
24. 1:27In the episode when we were talking about the progress of the research,
25. 1:31The first progress in the research that we have done
26. 1:33and we have divided it into three episodes.
27. 1:36We talked in this part about that you can talk about "problem definition"
28. 1:39and the owner of interest and those who impact and get impacted by your problem.
29. 1:44So who are they in this part?
30. 1:46Because you are talking about commitment and specific organization
31. 1:49so they are the employees.
32. 1:50Random selection doesn't mean statistical random,
33. 1:52it means haphazard.
34. 1:54What does it mean haphazard?
35. 1:56It means without subjection to a specific methodology yet,
36. 1:58because we are still in the area of problem definition.
37. 2:00so what am I going to do?
38. 2:02So you talk with people that they are related to this problem
39. 2:05as employees or any other or even if the suppliers
40. 2:08or other customers like VIPs and so on.
41. 2:12Here, we are speaking about as if we put underline in this part,
42. 2:15so we can say that he is talking about the stakeholder’s analysis,
43. 2:19and the other step so we will leave the problem definition
44. 2:24and stakeholder analysis inside the problem definition
45. 2:27and then we will move to the study of the previous research.
46. 2:31When do we study the previous research that is related to our phenomena.
47. 2:35This is our phenomenon (organizational commitment).
48. 2:37So when do we study scientific about our problem,
49. 2:41after finishing our problem definition so it is in the literature review.
50. 2:45So study of the previous research done in the area of such and such
51. 2:48(for example the phenomena that we are studying).
52. 2:50it means that the researcher has finished the problem definition
53. 2:52and then moved to the next step to make a literature review.
54. 2:56Great, what we can do as this is the third step,
55. 3:00the manager or the researcher starts to develop certain hypotheses or hypothesis.
56. 3:07So this is accurately the definition of Testability.
57. 3:09Developing a certain hypothesis on how employee commitment can be enhanced.
58. 3:14if you develop a hypothetical statement on how employee commitment
59. 3:20that is for you "employee commitment phenomena”
60. 3:23how to develop it and enhance it and understand it or to increase it or reduce it.
61. 3:27This is the researcher concern,
62. 3:29At that time this is exactly the definition of "Testability".
63. 3:33So what does it mean Testability in Arabic?
64. 3:35Does it mean to check/test?
65. 3:37No, to check it means to just test,
66. 3:39Testability means the capability to test.
67. 3:43Now we can see differently and go to another slide.
68. 3:48in our own slides to present it step by step and not to get confused.
69. 3:53In this part we are talking about testability
70. 3:56and now we're moving with the steps all the time,
71. 4:00and we have the steps of scientific research.
72. 4:03I move from here in order to see it clearly.
73. 4:05Testability is not equal to test, please take care.
74. 4:10Test means that I have data and I am examining it.
75. 4:13When do I collect data, it is after research design.
76. 4:16Data collection and then analysis as if this part is the analysis.
77. 4:20Testability means the research that can be tested/examined.
78. 4:28So what are the signs, components that it can be examined.
79. 4:32It is this part: the definition is exactly as it is here
80. 4:36that you develop the hypothesis
81. 4:38(This is the closest translation for hypothesis in Arabic).
82. 4:42Hypothesis Not assumptions.
83. 4:46So this scientific hypothesis consist of
84. 4:49according the definition of a specific problem
85. 4:52that we used before if you remember, in the Research Progress 1.
86. 4:559th elements and we spoke with stakeholders and made the major questions, and minors
87. 5:00and we have written claims, designed conceptional models
88. 5:03and we assumed of the relation between the variables and the phenomena.
89. 5:07Ok, all of that was out of nothing just from our imagination!
90. 5:10No, it was supported by secondary information that came from the current situation and context
91. 5:15or the reality that we face now.
92. 5:16Furthermore, we have read the literature.
93. 5:20And we will explain how to read literature.
94. 5:22We collected, analyzed, evaluated, and selected.
95. 5:25You need to combine all of these elements together,
96. 5:27the way to combine these elements is to develop hypotheses.
97. 5:29This is exactly the definition of testability
98. 5:31develop certain hypotheses
99. 5:33it means we need to write a hypothetical statement,
100. 5:36what is the form of hypothetical statements or these statements.
101. 5:40This is an example of this hypothetical.
102. 5:42then can be tested, afterward we can test it
103. 5:46Ok, we go to the first example.
104. 5:48For instance, the researcher (You) might hypothesize that those employees
105. 5:57who perceive greater opportunities for participation
106. 6:01in this decision making will have a higher level of commitment.
107. 6:04What we've here until this point; this is a hypothetical statement.
108. 6:10the researcher might hypothesize,
109. 6:13what the researcher has done in his own hypothesis,
110. 6:16he is searching for the phenomena. where is the phenomenon in this example
111. 6:19the phenomena are the commitment, and he is looking to enhance it.
112. 6:23so where is the variable here?
113. 6:26it is the participation in decision-making, this is our variable.
114. 6:30Do you remember our research progress that was salary or meals?
115. 6:34then in our example here participation in decision-making,
116. 6:37and the phenomena is a commitment.
117. 6:40Who can tell me, what is the relation here?
118. 6:43Do we still have the variable? Yes, we do.
119. 6:45The second thing in the language of research.
120. 6:48I am reminding you about this episode.
121. 6:50The second thing after the variable does exist,
122. 6:53Has a relationship in the form of quantity and direction with other variable(s)
123. 6:56Has he mentioned how many hours for participation in decision-making? No.
124. 7:02Has he mentioned the amount of money that they will receive? No.
125. 7:06Has he mentioned a specific direction? Yes, he has mentioned direction.
126. 7:08When the employee receives greater opportunity
127. 7:12in decision-making then we'll have a higher level of commitment.
128. 7:16So the more this variable will increase so consequently the commitment will increase
129. 7:21accordingly and also vice versa.
130. 7:23So the direction is positive or negative,
131. 7:25it is positive as both of them are increasing together.
132. 7:27The fourth and last characteristic "significance".
133. 7:30Is there significance in this part? No, we don't have significance?
134. 7:33it wasn't mentioned any significance at all
135. 7:36What has he mentioned that there is a relation
136. 7:39that I cannot describe precisely,
137. 7:41it has more than one variable until now.
138. 7:44"Participation decision making" that is related and impacted on the commitment.
139. 7:48I couldn't say the quantitative part
140. 7:50but I could say the direction that both are positive together.
141. 7:52So how did he know that?
142. 7:54problem definition supported by literature.
143. 7:56so that we are waiting for you to develop this hypothesis… When?
144. 8:00After you will do both reads and write accurately about the problem
145. 8:05and also read and write about the previous research or from the literature review.
146. 8:09If we get back to our slide again.
147. 8:11So, test is different from testability.
148. 8:13because test is to develop a hypothetical statement
149. 8:16I'm sorry, testability is to develop hypothetical statement
150. 8:22but test when I gathered data to test it or examine it.
151. 8:26what does it mean to test it?
152. 8:28As it's written here in the books here.
153. 8:33then after having hypothetical statements can be tested, we can test it
154. 8:39by applying certain statistical tests.
155. 8:42We can do a statistical test that we want with all its types and alternatives.
156. 8:47It's mentioned here some various ideas.
157. 8:50like : this is the hypothesis, and this rest of the paragraph:
158. 8:53that can be tested with data collected.
159. 8:57For sure, I will not check the analysis before collecting the data.
160. 9:00One of the Example here, correlation analysis
161. 9:03that indicates Hypothesis is substantiated or not
162. 9:05or I will do T-Test, for example here.
163. 9:10or I will apply Chi-Square,
164. 9:12or many other examples like regression and Anova...etc.
165. 9:15that we speak about it later.
166. 9:17What is important is to differentiate between test and testability?
167. 9:22Here, we can find an example with an explanation.
168. 9:26Please focus when you talk about a hypothetical statement
169. 9:31is to differentiate between test and testability.
170. 9:34In the area of testability, we can see it in the research design,
171. 9:37the concept of the test we can see it in the analysis after collecting the data,
172. 9:41and both of them are totally different from each other.
173. 9:45so hypothetically statement where does it locate in the research design.
174. 9:49Now we've started talking about the research design
175. 9:52before we've learnt how to write a problem.
176. 9:55with search problem including 9 elements.
177. 9:58stakeholder analysis, major, minor questions, claims, conceptual models,
178. 10:03Now we have another addtional to the area of research design
179. 10:06after the literature review; we knew how to search and reach
180. 10:10and write a brief about the literature we've read.
181. 10:15Where is hypothetical statement located?
182. 10:17this is the first element that we understand inside the area of testability
183. 10:21or application of the conception of testability within the research design.
184. 10:24then the elements that we have now is so clear.
185. 10:28Problem definition that has claimed,
186. 10:32this claim says for example that the salary will increase
187. 10:35and will not impact productivity.
188. 10:38Here the example is simple,
189. 10:39It is the salary will not affect productivity.
190. 10:42How did I know that as a researcher? Did I just imagine and say that?
191. 10:46Or I just assume that without any investigation?
192. 10:48No, I did explain to you detailed problem definition,
193. 10:51and I told you within about the current situation
194. 10:54when I increased the salary
195. 10:56there was no positive relation, so this is an example of productivity.
196. 11:00so when I read literature so I found out that the science
197. 11:03is affirming what I'm saying.
198. 11:05It means science is supporting what I am saying.
199. 11:08So now you can develop and write hypothetical statements
200. 11:11in the area of research design.
201. 11:13Who did say that in science?
202. 11:15this person did say that, those who have written that
203. 11:18and did scientific research,
204. 11:20I write it in the area of the hypothetical statement.
205. 11:22That's why I don't want you to get confused.
206. 11:24what is the difference between claims
207. 11:26that exist in the area of problem definition
208. 11:28and conceptual model and between the hypothetical statement
209. 11:31and the theoretical framework that will learn them in the upcoming episodes.
210. 11:36Hypothetical statements and claims are anatomically similar.
211. 11:42What does it mean anatomically similar? that they have the same elements.
212. 11:45Variable, salary, phenomena they have the same elements.
213. 11:50and it is the same phenomena.
214. 11:52Does it have the same relation? Yes, it does.
215. 11:54So what is the difference?
216. 11:56the claim is just supported by the problem definition and current situation
217. 12:00supported by reality, data or accurately we can call it secondary information
218. 12:06From the resources that you already have, you claim this problem exist,
219. 12:10you claim this relation, so when we read literature
220. 12:14the difference is when we developed the writing even if it had the same components
221. 12:19but for sure it will not be similar for many other reasons.
222. 12:22it could be similar temporarily and when will you call it a hypothetical statement
223. 12:25and the area of research design
224. 12:27and why because it got impacted and supported by science.
225. 12:31it has been reviewed, checked and agreed by science
226. 12:39The whole difference in the components
227. 12:41No, there is no difference. So what is the difference?
228. 12:44that it does exist in the research design so that
229. 12:48it means that it could "testability" so now that I can collect data
230. 12:52about productivity or the phenomena for example the commitment and the salary.
231. 12:55and then I will see if this data is related to each other or not.
232. 12:58so what is the difference between this one and the claims?
233. 13:01this one is supported by scientific literature
234. 13:04Here is just supported by problem definition.
235. 13:07Then we will gather data about the productivity for the phenomena and salary
236. 13:12then we see in the phase of testing
237. 13:15if the correlation statistical does it support the relation or not.
238. 13:20whatever tools for testing:
239. 13:22Correlation, Chi-square, Te-Test, F-Test, or wherever
240. 13:24Any types of tests that you can use,
241. 13:27so that you can get the conclusion
242. 13:29and recommendation and further research.
243. 13:31So please we need to differentiate between testability and test.
244. 13:35Testability means a hypothetical statement and it is located in the research design.
245. 13:39Test means to collect data about the hypothetical statement
246. 13:43and you will do analysis about it in the area of analyzing.
247. 13:46What is the difference between hypothetical statement and claims?
248. 13:49Anatomically or structural, they are the same components.
249. 13:53but the difference is the claims are supported by 9 elements and stakeholder analysis
250. 14:01but hypothetically statement is supported by science that was examined/tested
251. 14:06and has been scientifically proved.
252. 14:10Thank you and until next episode.