South Korea’s AI Bubble Just Popped — Transcript
Full transcript
- 0:00So, just 3 weeks ago, South Korea had
- 0:02the best-performing stock market in the
- 0:04world.
- 0:06The stock market is something called the
- 0:08KOSPI, and it's gone up almost 200% in
- 0:11the last 12 months.
- 0:13Compared to other stock markets like the
- 0:15US's S&P 500, which only made 24%, South
- 0:19Korea was just on another level.
- 0:21At one point this year, one of their
- 0:24companies, Samsung, was up over 500% and
- 0:27SK Hynix was up over 1,000%.
- 0:31That's basically a 10x on your money,
- 0:34which is just unheard of. Now, here in
- 0:36the US, our equivalent of the stock
- 0:39market is something called the S&P 500,
- 0:42represented by ETFs like this one, VOO.
- 0:45And inside of this ETF, the top 10
- 0:48companies represent 36% of this index,
- 0:53which historically is a very high
- 0:56concentration.
- 0:57But for South Korea's KOSPI, just two
- 1:01companies alone, Samsung and SK Hynix,
- 1:04represent over 56%
- 1:08of their whole stock market. And that's
- 1:11all mostly thanks to regular people, or
- 1:15retail investors, that have just
- 1:17borrowed money to invest into the stock
- 1:19market. And that's roughly 14 million
- 1:23retail investors. They've put their
- 1:25savings and a huge amount of borrowed
- 1:27money into those two stocks.
- 1:30And then,
- 1:31in just 21 days,
- 1:33everything started to collapse. The
- 1:36KOSPI dropped 25%,
- 1:38and because of that, 1.2 million
- 1:41accounts, which works out to be one in
- 1:44every 30 people in the country, got hit
- 1:47with something called margin call
- 1:48thresholds. This is what happens when a
- 1:51stock goes down far enough to trigger
- 1:53the loan on the borrowed money to
- 1:54liquidate, or basically be forced to
- 1:57sell off their stock investment, even if
- 2:00it's at a loss.
- 2:02And that's why over 3 trillion won in
- 2:04investments were liquidated, which means
- 2:07they were automatically sold by brokers
- 2:10while Korean investors couldn't do
- 2:12anything about it.
- 2:13>> So, I mean some massive massive
- 2:14correction followed. So, could that
- 2:16happen in the US? Yes.
- 2:18>> 320,000
- 2:20accounts were just wiped out, some of
- 2:22them overnight. It got so bad that the
- 2:25president of South Korea held an
- 2:27emergency intervention for their stock
- 2:29market.
- 2:30Now, you might be thinking, "Okay, well,
- 2:31that's unfortunate for South Korea.
- 2:33That's kind of their problem and it
- 2:35doesn't affect me."
- 2:36But, South Korea is doing the exact same
- 2:40thing as the United States, right?
- 2:42They're both running the same version of
- 2:44the same technique, but Korea's just
- 2:46doing a faster, smaller version of the
- 2:49same leverage mechanism the US is.
- 2:52Which means what happened to South
- 2:54Korea, and what is happening to their
- 2:56stock market right now as you're
- 2:58watching this video, might actually be a
- 3:01preview of what's about to come to the
- 3:03US. So, in today's video, I want to show
- 3:06you exactly what's happening and how
- 3:08this could affect investors here in the
- 3:10US. So, with that said, let's get into
- 3:12it. Hi, my name is Andre Jik. Hope
- 3:14you're doing well. Come for the finance
- 3:16and stay for South Korea's market crash.
- 3:19So, let me explain what's happening
- 3:20first and how it's all kind of happening
- 3:23in parallel to the United States. So, in
- 3:26South Korea, there's about 51 million
- 3:28people. 14 million of them, or one in
- 3:32four, are what's called retail
- 3:34investors. Now, they call themselves
- 3:36ants because individually, one ant is
- 3:39small and they don't matter, but 14
- 3:41million ants working together,
- 3:43well, they can move the whole market.
- 3:45Make sense.
- 3:46After last year, that's exactly what
- 3:48they've been doing.
- 3:49Why?
- 3:50It's because South Korea has a cultural
- 3:53expectation that by a certain age,
- 3:56you're supposed to have a good job,
- 3:58you're supposed to own a home, you're
- 3:59supposed to start a family.
- 4:01And the problem is housing in South
- 4:03Korea has become so expensive that for a
- 4:06lot of young people, owning a home
- 4:08stopped being a realistic goal.
- 4:10>> In South Korea, there's an expectation
- 4:12that at certain age you want to have a
- 4:14good job, you want to own a house, and
- 4:16then you want to start a family. Young
- 4:19people who feel like they're out of to
- 4:22own a house are starting to invest in
- 4:24stocks so they can start to build
- 4:27wealth.
- 4:31>> So a whole generation was like, okay,
- 4:33well if I can't build wealth through
- 4:35owning a house,
- 4:36the stock market is the only thing I can
- 4:38do. And one of their biggest finance
- 4:40influencers actually said that their
- 4:42last chance to build wealth is the stock
- 4:44market, and if they don't succeed,
- 4:46they're just going to get left behind.
- 4:47So about 14 million people also think
- 4:50this way, which is why they don't just
- 4:52invest, they go all in with leverage.
- 4:56This is where people take out personal
- 4:57loans to buy stocks. They borrow against
- 5:00their salaries, and a huge number of
- 5:02them
- 5:03didn't even buy regular stocks. They buy
- 5:05what are called leveraged ETFs. Now, a
- 5:09leveraged ETF is a mutual fund that
- 5:12multiplies the effects of whatever's
- 5:15happening in the stock market. For
- 5:17example, a 2x fund means if the stock
- 5:20market goes up 1%, you make 2%. A 3x
- 5:25fund means you make 3%, which sounds
- 5:28amazing. But the catch is that it also
- 5:30works exactly the same in reverse,
- 5:33right? There was one investor in a
- 5:34documentary about this who wouldn't even
- 5:36show her face on camera because her
- 5:38family didn't know how much leverage she
- 5:40was using. Her portfolio was worth over
- 5:43$650,000, and she was up 150%,
- 5:47and her biggest holdings were these
- 5:49leveraged ETFs.
- 5:51At the peak, Koreans invested about 10
- 5:54trillion won into leveraged funds
- 5:56betting on just one company.
- 5:59It got so bad, even South Korea's
- 6:02government that allowed them this said,
- 6:05"Ah, we should probably not have done
- 6:06that, right?"
- 6:08And what all these people were investing
- 6:09in were basically these two stocks,
- 6:12Samsung and SK Hynix. These two
- 6:14companies make up more than half of the
- 6:17whole Korean stock market, the KOSPI.
- 6:19Remember that for context, the US's S&P
- 6:22500 has 500 companies. Korea's index
- 6:26technically also has hundreds, too, but
- 6:28in practice,
- 6:30over half of that stock market is made
- 6:32up of just those two stocks. So,
- 6:34basically, the Korean stock market kind
- 6:36of trades like a volatile penny stock.
- 6:38Now, okay, hold on. Why did those two
- 6:42stocks go up so much? And why they went
- 6:44up is because of AI and memory, because
- 6:47AI data centers need a lot of memory
- 6:49chips, which are basically specialized
- 6:51semiconductors that store and feed
- 6:53information to AI processors. And the
- 6:56two companies that dominate that market
- 6:59are Samsung and SK Hynix.
- 7:02This is where the US stock market comes
- 7:05in.
- 7:05Companies like Microsoft, Google,
- 7:07Amazon, Meta, they have spent $376
- 7:11billion on AI infrastructure in 2025.
- 7:14And this year in 2026, they're on track
- 7:16to spend 725
- 7:19billion.
- 7:20And a huge chunk of that money has gone
- 7:22straight into South Korea.
- 7:24So, all of these retail investors are
- 7:27not just betting on Korean companies.
- 7:30Korea as a country is betting on
- 7:33American AI spending, cuz that's what's
- 7:36holding up the world's stock market.
- 7:38That is how, by July, we had the most
- 7:42concentrated major stock market in the
- 7:44world held up by leveraged retail
- 7:47investors betting on one trade
- 7:49continuing forever. That's what
- 7:51happened. And now this is sort of
- 7:52starting to go in the other direction
- 7:55where people are losing a lot of money.
- 7:58Okay, so then the question is well, what
- 8:01actually popped it? What's forcing all
- 8:03these people to sell off their stocks?
- 8:06And the answer is
- 8:08we did, the United States. Here is how.
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- 9:11let's get back to it. So here's how the
- 9:13US has sort of popped the bubble in
- 9:14Korea.
- 9:15In late June, chip stocks in the US
- 9:18started selling off. That's because
- 9:20investors were getting nervous ahead of
- 9:22earnings from a very important company
- 9:24for the AI story, which is Micron. That
- 9:27is America's biggest chip maker and it's
- 9:30also a competitor to Samsung and SK
- 9:32Hynix. And when US memory stocks started
- 9:35going down,
- 9:37the same thing started to happen in
- 9:38Korea, except way harder. Right,
- 9:40remember the KOSPI is not a diversified
- 9:42market. It's a two-stock stock market.
- 9:45So, in one session, the KOSPI dropped
- 9:48something like 4.6%.
- 9:50And then a week later, Samsung and SK
- 9:52Hynix both went down more than 9% in
- 9:54just one day.
- 9:56And then came the day that Koreans are
- 9:58now calling Black Tuesday, which is
- 10:00where the KOSPI went down more than 10%
- 10:03in just a day.
- 10:05And that is one of the worst drops in
- 10:06the whole history of the Korean stock
- 10:09market.
- 10:10For context, a 10% one-day drop in the
- 10:13US stock market, that would be the third
- 10:16worst day in American history, only
- 10:18behind 1987 and the Great Depression.
- 10:22Now, in a normal market, when there's a
- 10:24sell-off,
- 10:26the drop usually ends when the seller
- 10:29stops selling. Make sense, right? But
- 10:32this one did not stop there, because
- 10:35when a stock market is built on borrowed
- 10:37money, aka leverage,
- 10:40nobody needs to sell. The selling
- 10:42happens automatically.
- 10:44How?
- 10:45Well, it's because when you buy stocks
- 10:47with borrowed money, and those stocks go
- 10:50down to a certain price level,
- 10:52your broker sends you a margin call,
- 10:54which is basically where they say, "Hey,
- 10:56deposit more cash by tomorrow morning,
- 10:58or we sell all your stocks for you."
- 11:00And if you don't have the money, the
- 11:02broker sells your shares at whatever
- 11:04price.
- 11:05Okay, they don't wait for a better price
- 11:07in the market. They do not care that
- 11:08you're down 40%. They just do it. Now,
- 11:11all of this forced selling pushes the
- 11:13stock prices down even more, which
- 11:16triggers more margin calls for the next
- 11:18group of investors who maybe got in a
- 11:20little earlier, which pushes the price
- 11:22down even more, right? Which triggers
- 11:25more margin calls. You get the idea.
- 11:27It's a doom loop.
- 11:29Now, under normal conditions, about 2%
- 11:31of Korean margin accounts get force
- 11:33liquidated. But during this crash, that
- 11:36number went higher than 10%, which is
- 11:38about five times the normal rate. And
- 11:40that is also because
- 11:42all of these leveraged ETFs made
- 11:45everything so much worse.
- 11:47Because if you're holding a 3x leveraged
- 11:50fund on
- 11:52a company like SK Hynix, for example,
- 11:54and the stock drops 10% in a day,
- 11:57well, you just lost 30%. Right? But it's
- 12:00even worse than that.
- 12:02Because of how these funds work, they
- 12:04have to rebalance every day, which means
- 12:07at the end of a big down day, the fund
- 12:10has to sell into a falling market to
- 12:13maintain its leverage ratio.
- 12:15So, retail investors were getting
- 12:18liquidated and the funds were force
- 12:21selling on top of them, right? And every
- 12:24sale made the next sale more and more
- 12:26likely.
- 12:28And this didn't even stay inside of
- 12:30Korea, because over the next two days,
- 12:33more than 600 billion dollars got erased
- 12:35from Asian markets.
- 12:37Japan went down more than 4%. Taiwan
- 12:39went down, Hong Kong, China. At one
- 12:43point, the only thing that stopped the
- 12:45Kospi from going down even more
- 12:48was that the market was literally closed
- 12:50for a national holiday.
- 12:52It got so bad that the president, who by
- 12:55the way was the same person who spent a
- 12:57year encouraging people to get into the
- 12:58stock market,
- 13:00they called an emergency meeting to try
- 13:01to stabilize the market.
- 13:04But the truth is
- 13:06is that even right now, the leverage is
- 13:08still there.
- 13:10So, that's what's happening in South
- 13:11Korea. But now I want to show you how
- 13:13all of this could end just as badly for
- 13:17the US stock market as well. And how
- 13:18this could end badly for the US is
- 13:20because of how much margin debt our
- 13:23stock market has. And here it is. This
- 13:26is all the borrowed money Americans are
- 13:29using to buy stocks measured as a
- 13:31percentage of the whole US economy. So,
- 13:34look at the little red arrows on this
- 13:36chart. Every single one of them marks a
- 13:38moment in history. For example, in June
- 13:411968, that was right before the market
- 13:44lost a third of its value. December 1972
- 13:48was right before the 1973 crash. August
- 13:521987
- 13:54was 2 months before Black Monday, the
- 13:56worst day in stock market history. Then
- 13:59March 2000, the exact month the dot-com
- 14:02bubble peaked. Then July 2007,
- 14:06that was months before the financial
- 14:08crisis. January 2018, August 2021, both
- 14:13followed by pretty big corrections. So,
- 14:16every time US margin debt went to an
- 14:18extreme, a crash happened almost right
- 14:21after, every single time.
- 14:24Now, look at where we are today.
- 14:27As of June 2026, US margin debt just hit
- 14:30roughly 4 and 1/2% of GDP. That is the
- 14:34highest level ever recorded in American
- 14:37history. This is higher than the dot-com
- 14:40bubble, higher than 2007, higher than
- 14:43even the 2021 meme stock everything
- 14:46bubble, and it's higher by a lot.
- 14:49This June number, by the way, was
- 14:50released this past week. The US
- 14:53basically printed the biggest margin
- 14:56debt reading of all time.
- 14:59But it gets even worse because that
- 15:01number is actually lower than what
- 15:04reality really is.
- 15:06And that's because the official margin
- 15:09data only tracks one kind of borrowing,
- 15:12which is traditional margin loans at
- 15:15brokerage accounts.
- 15:16What it doesn't show us
- 15:18are leveraged ETFs,
- 15:20options, portfolio margin, private
- 15:23credit,
- 15:25all the modern new ways that people take
- 15:28on leverage, right? Which doesn't
- 15:30actually show up in the official
- 15:32statistics, so I couldn't show you them
- 15:33here. So, those leveraged ETFs that blew
- 15:36up Korean investors,
- 15:38they're the same ETFs we have. They're
- 15:41doing the same things with hundreds of
- 15:43billions of dollars in them, including
- 15:462x funds on single stocks like Nvidia
- 15:48and Tesla. We have zero-day options
- 15:51where people gamble on what the stock
- 15:54market does in the next 6 hours. They're
- 15:56all trading at record volumes.
- 15:59The stock market has turned into a
- 16:01literal casino at this point.
- 16:04So, this chart actually shows the floor
- 16:07of how much leverage might be in the
- 16:08system.
- 16:10In reality, there's probably a lot more.
- 16:14Now, also think about what's actually
- 16:16holding up the US stock market right
- 16:18now.
- 16:19The top 10 stocks are 36% of the S&P
- 16:22500. And almost all of them are making
- 16:26the same bet. That bet is on AI.
- 16:30Nvidia sells the chips, Microsoft, Meta,
- 16:33and Google buy the chips, Micron
- 16:36supplies the memory,
- 16:38and they pass all this money back and
- 16:40forth to each other, which is
- 16:41artificially boosting their earnings,
- 16:43which makes this whole growth story
- 16:46believable.
- 16:47But, what's really propping up the whole
- 16:50stock market right now is AI spending.
- 16:53It's companies like Microsoft, Google,
- 16:55Amazon, and Meta spending 3/4 of a
- 16:59trillion dollars a year,
- 17:01which happens to be the revenue of
- 17:03Nvidia, of Micron, and of the whole AI
- 17:06trade, right? One company's spending is
- 17:10another company's earnings. It's kind of
- 17:12a loop. Right? Jim Chanos, the guy who
- 17:14called Enron, said that the returns on
- 17:16all this spending are already going
- 17:18down.
- 17:19>> But basically, it's gone from as a group
- 17:2240%
- 17:24a year and a half ago to about 20%
- 17:26today.
- 17:27And and if the spend keeps up at this
- 17:31kind of rate, it's going to be moving
- 17:33toward 10%. And then you're going to
- 17:35have real issues.
- 17:36>> A year and a half ago, hyperscalers were
- 17:38earning about 40 cents of operating
- 17:40income on every incremental dollar they
- 17:43invested.
- 17:44Today, it's about 20 cents.
- 17:46And it's going towards 10.
- 17:48At some point, if not already,
- 17:51some CEO of a trillion-dollar company
- 17:54will ask,
- 17:55"Does it make sense for our company
- 17:58to pay this much for AI if we're only
- 18:01making a couple billion dollars on it?"
- 18:04For the US, right, it's OpenAI and
- 18:06Anthropic. They're the AI story, and
- 18:09they still lose tens of billions of
- 18:12dollars a year.
- 18:13But they make up 70 to 80%
- 18:17of all the AI compute demand.
- 18:20So, the whole pyramid structure kind of
- 18:23looks like this.
- 18:24Unprofitable AI companies justify
- 18:27hyperscaler spending, right? Justifies
- 18:30chip earnings, justifies the stock
- 18:33market, which is being bought with
- 18:35record amounts of borrowed money. Right?
- 18:38That's the whole
- 18:39structure.
- 18:40And where it starts to look like this
- 18:42could be the beginning of the end,
- 18:45is companies are now flooding the market
- 18:46with new IPOs.
- 18:48In 2026,
- 18:50IPOs have come to market at over 12% of
- 18:53GDP in post-IPO market cap.
- 18:57Now, the previous record was the peak of
- 18:59the dot-com bubble at just 5%.
- 19:03We're at more than double the 1999
- 19:06level.
- 19:07Now, historically, when companies create
- 19:10this many IPOs,
- 19:12That usually means insiders think that
- 19:15prices are as good as they're ever going
- 19:17to get for a really long time. Which is
- 19:21why they're selling to us, to the retail
- 19:24people.
- 19:25So then the question is, well, is there
- 19:27some kind of a warning sign that we can
- 19:29watch for to know when the bubble might
- 19:32really pop? And as it turns out, there
- 19:34is one number we can look at right now,
- 19:36and that number is capital expenditures
- 19:39of specifically four companies,
- 19:42Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Meta.
- 19:44That is it. That is the one number
- 19:47that's holding up the whole global stock
- 19:49market. Now, think about it like this.
- 19:52The whole Korean stock market crashed
- 19:55because investors got nervous that
- 19:56memory spending might slow down.
- 19:59Not that it did slow down, just that it
- 20:01might. Now, imagine what happens when
- 20:04one of these four major companies, on an
- 20:06earnings call, actually says, "We're
- 20:09reducing our AI capital expenditures."
- 20:11Right? That that would be really bad.
- 20:13Because the only reason these companies
- 20:16have been spending this insane amount of
- 20:18money
- 20:19is only because the stock market keeps
- 20:22rewarding them for it. Every time their
- 20:24CapEx spending goes up,
- 20:26their stock goes up as well.
- 20:29And that's starting to change. Right?
- 20:30They're saying that the first
- 20:31hyperscaler to cut back on AI spending
- 20:35will be rewarded by the market because
- 20:38investors are getting tired of just
- 20:41investing money with no returns on AI
- 20:45income. Right? And when saying that
- 20:47they're lowering their spending and the
- 20:49market is rewarding them for it, instead
- 20:51of punishing,
- 20:52like that is when this unwind could
- 20:54start to happen.
- 20:56Now, this has actually happened before.
- 20:58In the year 2000, Coca-Cola needed
- 21:0110,000 routers from Cisco.
- 21:03By 2001, they needed only 2,000.
- 21:07They just cut back on their orders and
- 21:09because of that, Cisco's earnings
- 21:11collapsed and the NASDAQ went down 78%.
- 21:16That is what a capex cut does to the
- 21:18suppliers. Now, if Microsoft cut AI
- 21:22spending by 20% for example,
- 21:24Microsoft might be fine, but Nvidia's
- 21:27revenue, Microsoft's revenue, Samsung
- 21:29and SK Hynix's revenue, right? It's not
- 21:32their spending cut, but that would be
- 21:35their earnings collapse.
- 21:37Jim Chanos thinks that we could get that
- 21:39moment soon. His words are sometime in
- 21:43late 2026 or 2027. We're going to get a
- 21:47>> point in late '26, '27 where, you know,
- 21:51people are going to start putting pencil
- 21:53to paper besides us and say, "Wait a
- 21:55minute. Does this next trillion dollars
- 21:57make sense?" Make sense if you're only
- 21:59going to earn 50 billion on it?
- 22:01We could earn that on treasuries.
- 22:04>> Maybe it's when Shrek 5 comes out. I
- 22:05don't know. Every Shrek movie seems to
- 22:08coincide with the market reaching a
- 22:09peak. Shrek 1 for example in May 2001,
- 22:12that was the top of the dot-com bubble.
- 22:14Shrek 2 May 2004, post-war correction.
- 22:17Shrek 3 May 2007, pre-subprime crisis.
- 22:21Shrek 4 May 2010, flash crash. Shrek 5
- 22:25scheduled to be released June 2027.
- 22:27Obviously, that's a joke and it's my way
- 22:28of saying no one knows what's going to
- 22:30happen and the dates don't perfectly
- 22:31line up, but it could happen and it
- 22:33would be so ironic because it kind of
- 22:35lines up with what Jim Chanos is saying
- 22:37about when the bubble might pop. Now,
- 22:40either way though, there's two scenarios
- 22:43that could happen. Scenario number one
- 22:46is
- 22:46Korea stays contained to just Korea.
- 22:50Memory prices stay the same,
- 22:52hyperscalers keep spending through 2027,
- 22:55and the KOSPI eventually recovers. Some
- 22:58analysts genuinely believe that the AI
- 23:00AI has another 6 to 12 months of growth
- 23:02and that is very possible.
- 23:04Scenario number two is Korea was just a
- 23:07warning. All right, it is the first
- 23:09domino.
- 23:10And the moment one hyperscaler cuts back
- 23:13on CapEx, they cut back on spending,
- 23:16that's when this leveraged US market
- 23:19that is the most leveraged in US
- 23:20history, that's when we'll get to find
- 23:23out what happens when a 4 and 1/2% of
- 23:26GDP in margin debt starts to unwind.
- 23:29And we kind of just got a preview of
- 23:30what that could look like because Korea
- 23:32just showed us, which is margin calls,
- 23:35it is forced selling and the doom loop
- 23:37and government intervention. For now,
- 23:40the analysts in the market are telling
- 23:42us that they have the utmost confidence
- 23:44that AI will continue to grow and that
- 23:46this is
- 23:47definitely not a bubble.
- 23:49But there was a tweet I saw that sort of
- 23:51compared all this to April 1912.
- 23:54As reports were coming in that the
- 23:55Titanic was in trouble,
- 23:57the vice president of the company that
- 23:59owned it said, "We have absolute
- 24:00confidence in the Titanic. We believe
- 24:02the boat is unsinkable."
- 24:04He said that after it hit the iceberg
- 24:06and it was already sinking. And that's
- 24:08how these things tend to go. 14 million
- 24:11Korean investors also had absolute
- 24:12confidence that 3 weeks ago the market
- 24:15would continue going up.
- 24:17Now, this is not financial advice and
- 24:19I'm not telling anyone to not invest
- 24:20their money,
- 24:21but I want you to know that this is
- 24:23what's happening and to be really
- 24:25careful with leverage and debt,
- 24:27especially at a time like this. Now, in
- 24:30the future, I think AI will probably
- 24:32change our lives for the better and
- 24:34there will be companies worth tens of
- 24:36trillions of dollars, right? But for
- 24:39now, investors are paying
- 24:42future prices in the present time, as
- 24:45though these companies have already
- 24:47accomplished all the things they
- 24:49promised us.
- 24:51Now, if you'd like to see more of my
- 24:52thoughts about the economy as well as
- 24:53updates on my own investments from time
- 24:55to time, those videos live in the
- 24:56premium member section where I post a
- 24:58day early and I post my extra thoughts.
- 24:59If that is valuable to you, the link is
- 25:01down below. I'd love to get to know your
- 25:02thoughts. As always, I hope you have a
- 25:04wonderful rest of your day. Smash the
- 25:05like button. Subscribe if you haven't
- 25:07already. I'll see you next time. Take
- 25:08care.
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