SEMANTICS-16: Sense Relations (Homonymy vs Polysemy) — Transcript

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1. 0:04hello and welcome back to a new lecture
2. 0:07on semantics in previous lectures we
3. 0:09discussed levels of semantic analysis so
4. 0:14we said that there are three main levels
5. 0:15that we were interested in the first was
6. 0:17the word level then the sentence level
7. 0:19and the utterance level under the word
8. 0:22level we said there were two main
9. 0:23branches the first was reference and the
10. 0:26second was sense now the branch of the
11. 0:28branch of semantics that study sense is
12. 0:31called lexical semantics we have already
13. 0:34spoken in great detail about reference
14. 0:36now we begin with going into the details
15. 0:39of sense and sense relations so what are
16. 0:43sense relations if you recall back from
17. 0:46our semiotic triangle who said that if
18. 0:48we say the word dog the linguistic
19. 0:50expression that this word actually means
20. 0:53a certain concept of dog or a sense of
21. 0:59dog we've also seen in previous lectures
22. 1:02a few theories that discuss the nature
23. 1:05of this concept if we recall those were
24. 1:09the image theory the classical theory
25. 1:11the causal theory and the prototype
26. 1:13theory now imagine that the same concept
27. 1:16here along with all the other thousands
28. 1:19of concepts we have in our mind are just
29. 1:23scattered there randomly in our minds do
30. 1:26you think there would be easy to access
31. 1:27if these access these concepts whenever
32. 1:30we needed them of course not
33. 1:31there has to be some kind of relation
34. 1:34some kind of network that connects all
35. 1:38these senses together I notice that I'm
36. 1:40saying senses and not words because as
37. 1:44we will see in a minute a word may have
38. 1:47multiple senses a sense may also have
39. 1:50multiple words take for example the word
40. 1:52bank the word bank can mean the side of
41. 1:56a river or can mean at money vaults so
42. 1:59in this case one word bank has multiple
43. 2:03senses on the flip side more than one
44. 2:06word like dad and father may have the
45. 2:10same exact sense
46. 2:12in our mind in other words they have the
47. 2:15same exact meaning or they are connected
48. 2:18to the same exact concept in our minds
49. 2:21therefore it's very important to
50. 2:23understand how these sense relations
51. 2:26work how they are organized so basically
52. 2:29we're asking how is the lexicon
53. 2:33structured now the lexicon is our mental
54. 2:36dictionary are they stored in forms of
55. 2:40words or senses or both what relations
56. 2:44exist between them if any this is the
57. 2:47topic that we call sense relations so
58. 2:51let's begin we can divide up the main
59. 2:53sense relations that we are going to
60. 2:54talk about in this class into four main
61. 2:58categories number one hamana me and
62. 3:00polysemy number two semantic similarity
63. 3:04or sonata me number three
64. 3:08semantic opposition and number four
65. 3:11taxonomic or hierarchical relations
66. 3:15let's begin with the first one
67. 3:17amana me and listening let's begin with
68. 3:20a general difference between amana me
69. 3:22and polysemy the major difference
70. 3:25between the two is that in hamana me the
71. 3:28senses are unrelated but in polysemy the
72. 3:34senses are related now that we got that
73. 3:38major different societal focus with time
74. 3:40being on amana me now hamana me we said
75. 3:43that these senses are on related so what
76. 3:48is related what is related in amana me
77. 3:50could be either the sound or the
78. 3:54orthography orthography just means the
79. 3:57spelling used or the letters used so
80. 4:00orthography is a word that means writing
81. 4:03how we write the word so if we have two
82. 4:05words that are unrelated in senses but
83. 4:09sound exactly the same
84. 4:10we call this homophony if you notice
85. 4:14here phone or pony has to do with sounds
86. 4:17now if you have two senses that are
87. 4:20unrelated
88. 4:22but look exactly the same can we call
89. 4:24that holography what if you have two
90. 4:27words with unrelated senton unrelated
91. 4:30senses that sound the same and they're
92. 4:33spelled exactly the same could that ever
93. 4:36happen well yes it can
94. 4:38let's call those types cure hamana me an
95. 4:41example is the one we just mentioned
96. 4:43Bank us call this Bank number one and
97. 4:46Bank number two Bank number one can have
98. 4:49to do with money
99. 4:50Thank You number two can have to do with
100. 4:52the river these words are pronounced the
101. 4:55same and their orthography is exactly
102. 4:58the same B a and K B a and K I'll call
103. 5:02these a case of hamana me how about a
104. 5:05case where the sounds are the same but
105. 5:08the orthography is different take the
106. 5:10word ring and the word ring now notice
107. 5:14that the census first of all are
108. 5:18unrelated ring here means to twist
109. 5:21something until it extracts all of the
110. 5:23water that's in it while ringed here's
111. 5:25something you wear on your finger this
112. 5:27sound is exactly the same the
113. 5:30orthography is different and so these
114. 5:32two are examples of homophony
115. 5:35now how about two words with the same
116. 5:38exact spelling but different sound
117. 5:40take for example house as a noun and
118. 5:45house as a verb the orthography or the
119. 5:50way the word is written is exactly the
120. 5:52same the senses are unrelated house is a
121. 5:56place house is a action the sounds
122. 6:03differ this is house and this is
123. 6:05pronounced house these would be cases of
124. 6:10Lomography another case of homography
125. 6:13articulates the adjective articulate the
126. 6:17verb same orthography different
127. 6:19pronunciation this is articulate the
128. 6:22stress on this level and this is
129. 6:25articulate with secondary stress on
130. 6:28the last syllable now that we've gotten
131. 6:31hamana me down with its two sub-branches
132. 6:34homophony and holography
133. 6:35what about polysemy now we mentioned
134. 6:38earlier that polysemy differs from amana
135. 6:41me in general and that the Census and
136. 6:44polysemy are related okay let's see an
137. 6:49example take the word magazine
138. 6:52how many senses are there for the word
139. 6:54magazine well one sense is something you
140. 6:58read another sense is a cartridge for
141. 7:02bullets for a gun okay but you said that
142. 7:05the senses in policy may have to be
143. 7:07related how are these two related well
144. 7:10sometimes you have to go back to the
145. 7:12etymology of the word magazine comes
146. 7:15from the Arabic word magazine or
147. 7:18magazine what this word originally means
148. 7:21in Arabic is to store something to save
149. 7:26it somewhere like storage so what does
150. 7:29this have to do with a magazine that you
151. 7:32read well in a magazine that you read
152. 7:35the essential idea of the meaning was
153. 7:38that you are pouring information into
154. 7:42one book like they in this case magazine
155. 7:48meaning a cartridge for bullets you are
156. 7:51storing bullets in this case now you
157. 7:54have two related senses so then to
158. 7:59summarize hamana me and polysemy in
159. 8:02hamana me the senses are unrelated but
160. 8:07in polysemy senses are related and they
161. 8:10are related senses of the same
162. 8:13phonological word by this if you recall
163. 8:17our example of magazine call it magazine
164. 8:19one and magazine - they sound exactly
165. 8:22the same now back to hamana me if they
166. 8:25sound exactly the same
167. 8:28some senses are unrelated in they sound
168. 8:30exactly the same we called that our
169. 8:33muffiny if the senses are unrelated but
170. 8:35their orthography is the same we call
171. 8:38them Homo Brophy so in a sense you can
172. 8:41see a
173. 8:42small little similarity between
174. 8:44homophony and polysemy they both involve
175. 8:48having the same phonological word the
176. 8:50difference is that here the senses are
177. 8:54unrelated but here the senses are
178. 8:56related and that does it for Hamato me
179. 8:59and polysemy in the next video we'll
180. 9:02discuss semantic similarity and semantic
181. 9:04opposition stay tuned
182. 9:07you
183. 9:08[Music]