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Resolving mystery of Quantum mechanics for kids: How to make Quantum concepts clear in a few minutes — Transcript

by Anirban Bandyopadhyay · 2,378 words · 363 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:01Quantum is always mysterious to us and
0:06even though we say a lot of thing from
0:08outside uh that we understand the basics
0:11of quantum mechanics basically many of
0:14us don't the reason is the contradictory
0:18principles and today I'm going to
0:20clarify for the kids who want to
0:23understand and then realize quantum
0:27mechanics in the most scientific way
0:30possible. Uh first thing that you have
0:33to remember about quantum mechanics is
0:36that it has nothing to do with reality.
0:40So there is something mysterious, some
0:42mysterious unknown universe which
0:45contributes to the system. But one thing
0:49you have to remember very very well.
0:52Quantum mechanics though it says that
0:55tunneling means at one point the
0:57particle would disappear or system would
0:59disappear and reappear at other
1:02place there is always a path
1:07involved for a quantum system evolution.
1:11So going from one place to another
1:13should not be mixed with this evolution
1:17of a system. So when the temporal
1:19evolution of a system happens then a
1:22system crosses a path and then comes
1:25back to the initial state. If the loop
1:27is not complete there is no
1:30transformation. So quantum a system with
1:34time means there will be a loop a closed
1:37path that you have to keep it in your
1:39mind even if it is written in the
1:42textbook or not doesn't matter because
1:44it will help you to understand that when
1:47uh the system traverses a path and comes
1:50back then it acquires a phase depending
1:53on the path or the loop. There are
1:56several cases gauge potentials and many
1:58examples where you find explicit uh uh
2:02application of this particular concept
2:04that it comes back and acquires a phase
2:07you can say that punch was the first
2:09person um uh in 1955 to say like this.
2:14So coming back and uh complete a path
2:18you get something but where you get this
2:22you get this from hyperspace not higher
2:25dimension hyper dimension not uh some
2:29nonlinear effect no linear effect no
2:32nonlinear effect no real effect no
2:35higher dimension hyper dimension
2:39uh uh length peach uh length area
2:43volume. These are real dimensions. You
2:46can really feel them. Even in quantum
2:49mechanics when different cubits are
2:51radially oriented in different different
2:54directions, that radial orientation
2:56concept is absolutely
2:59classical. So when you say that I want
3:03to build
3:04a 360 cubit quantum computer, that means
3:07360 by 360 is equal to 1°ree to 1°ree
3:10solid angle. you have to have radial
3:12vectors oriented around it and then you
3:15have to add the correlation function. So
3:19orientation with classical is important.
3:21Listen to this very very
3:25carefully.
3:26Uh classical orthogonality is a
3:32must. Hm. Classically the condition that
3:35you need for quantum system to for
3:39realize realizing a quantum system that
3:42is a must that is a preliminary basic
3:45criteria that you have to meet. For an
3:47example many people don't understand the
3:50difference
3:52between orthogonal and
3:54united. So orthogonal is oagar O is
3:57equal to identity. Okay. So like real
4:01valute and could be say length and
4:05angles real vectors are are kind of
4:08preserved but when you go to quantum you
4:11find u dagger u is equal to i. So
4:14basically inner product or probability
4:16amplitudes um and and the dynamics is
4:20reversial reverse reversible dynamics
4:24not in the real space but in the uh
4:27hilbert space. Hbert space means
4:28imaginary phase spheres where all
4:30possible values are there astronomical
4:32number of values are there. So so if you
4:35think uh you want to create a say
4:38unitary transformation or or
4:41unitary system uh or a tensor which is a
4:46system that is following the unitarity
4:48then if you think that it will not be
4:50orthogonal then then that's a stupidity.
4:54So if you go from analog of a a system
4:58from classical classical to quantum that
5:02particular preservation is a must in
5:04addition to that you will have
5:06correlation and other kind of
5:07preservations that you have to maintain.
5:09So
5:11quantum means you go to the hyperspace
5:15that is imaginary that has nothing to do
5:18with linearity
5:20nonlinearity log space um anything that
5:24is real uh higher dimensions all the
5:27concepts are real nothing hyper
5:29dimension that means a i iota i² equal
5:33to minus1 why i is
5:36so I mean quantum mechanics people Why
5:38they love it? Because I square equal to
5:40minus 1. That means imaginary squared is
5:42equal
5:43to plus. So if you have a x-axis reality
5:47and yaxis imaginary then you can cross
5:50and come back to the minus one. So I
5:52square minus 1. So this is this is why I
5:56is simply a tool. It is not given by the
6:00universe that okay I am giving you I and
6:03from today onwards I will give you show
6:06you the path towards the quantum. No,
6:08no, no, no. I is simply a tool we have
6:11imagined for the sake of our purpose to
6:15take a value from hyperspace whenever
6:17there is a evolution of the system. A
6:19system point moves through a path and
6:21comes back and accurates a geometric
6:23phase depending as a function of the
6:26path because dynamic phase doesn't
6:28depend on the path. It just is a
6:30function of time. So, so when you have
6:33this path dependence and you and you get
6:35the value then it is is quantum. So, uh
6:39so where you are getting this value if
6:41you say you are getting it because you
6:43move through the path then you are
6:45making a blunder. So see these
6:49difference you are saying you are
6:51teaching we are teaching the kid that
6:54look if you pass through the path and
6:56you come here because of the function of
6:59the path you are acquiring a phase and
7:02this phase is a geometric phase because
7:04it is a function of the path because I'm
7:07taking a path
7:09integral then always remember this path
7:13is not a real path where you walk I
7:17repeat this path is not in the real
7:20space. It is in the imaginary phase
7:22spheres where the motion happens and it
7:25comes back over there. You can consider
7:28something like this. You have a sphere
7:31and you make a hole on on it and that's
7:34a singularity region and you embed a
7:36small sphere over there. Now this sphere
7:39the guest sphere and the host sphere
7:40they can interact by the host sphere
7:43projects from imaginary space. I cut
7:46something to the guest and the guest
7:50projects something to the host by IH
7:53cut. So that is how they communicate
7:56with each other and when I'm saying that
7:58it comes by a path and then reaches the
8:01initial position then what is happening
8:04is you are moving through that
8:06hyperspace that embedded sphere you are
8:08going there taking the turn and you're
8:09coming
8:10back. So that is a kind of uh thing.
8:14Then there is some rel some some people
8:18say oh it is
8:20not they don't commute uh they don't
8:23they're not
8:25commuting what is that if there are a
8:28and b two variables position and
8:30momentum and you are able to measure
8:32position and after that you measure
8:34momentum it's fine they you do it 100
8:37times they give the same value but if
8:39you something happens that you measure
8:41the position and then you measure the
8:42momentum
8:43And you find that because you measure
8:45the position, momentum has changed. And
8:49therefore if you measure the momentum,
8:51position has changed. Um uh then
8:57uh ordering of measurement effects uh
9:02then you say that they are not commuting
9:04they are
9:05quantum. Here nobody explains to you one
9:09very interesting feature that is um uh
9:14when uh you are measuring first A and
9:17then B because of A B is changed we
9:21could stop over there and we could say
9:24in classical you measure A and after
9:27that you measure B if you knew the
9:30earlier the values B's value has not I
9:32mean doesn't change because of
9:34measurement of A Or we could say you
9:37measure B and then A is changed. Uh that
9:41is uh because you measured momentum and
9:45now you are measuring position. First
9:47you measuring position and then
9:48momentum. Uh either of the case is
9:52quantum.
9:55No, this is important. If you want to
9:58understand quantum mechanics, learn this
10:01particular feature very very well.
10:06It's not written in the book. That's why
10:08I'm saying. So when they say that I
10:11measure A and then I measure B
10:15uh and if I measure B first and then
10:18measure A then there is um uh they are
10:26different H that is important that's
10:30that's where the reality breaks down
10:32otherwise if I measure A and that
10:35changes B
10:37uh or I measure B that changes A that
10:41this event is classical. You can explain
10:44it with
10:45coupling. But when you A measure A and
10:49then B and measure B and A that means a
10:52real function cannot predict what is
10:57happening. Earlier when I explained
10:59quantum mechanics I said 10 variables
11:01are there and if I change one of them
11:04nine of them changes in a different way
11:05and you can I can choose any of the 10
11:08and the rest of the lines will will
11:10change in a different way then a real
11:13function cannot explain what is
11:15happening over there cannot be any logic
11:18cannot be any
11:20algorithm and that will ensure that
11:25there is quantum so it's been non on
11:28commute. What is mean? Uh commute means
11:31a b a comma b and then you put a third
11:34bracket and is equal
11:36to zero something like that. You me a
11:39and then a
11:41b. So a minus ba is equal to z something
11:45like this. And in case of quantum a
11:48minus ba a minus ba is what?
11:53AB minus VA is the
11:55contribution of the
11:58hyperspace that is over there in the
12:01imaginary world because of their
12:03relationship of projected hyperspace
12:06connected with the hyperspace or
12:08imaginary world. They pass through that
12:10imaginary world as if there is a sphere
12:12and then singularity and then there is
12:14another one. So you have to pass through
12:16that because you pass through that an
12:18additional contribution comes. So it is
12:22not uh just measuring B after A and
12:27measuring A after B. It is the
12:30difference of those two measurements
12:33which is the effective
12:35contribution. So it means not it is not
12:38about a physical coupling that if you
12:40measure one and then measure one A it
12:43changes B so you would do the
12:45measurement. No, it is that even if you
12:49do the measurement of B and then
12:52A, that nonlinearity, that
12:56asymmetry is not
12:59important. Even if you neutralize
13:01asymmetry, even if you neutralize
13:03nonlinearity, even if you neutralize all
13:06higher dimension to
13:08hyper to
13:10uh logarithmic space or or special
13:14contraction or whatever you do unless
13:17until you have a undefined situation
13:20where you embed a hyperspace which can
13:24contribute to the reality, you cannot
13:27realize quantum. So what we learn today?
13:31We learn that uh quantum mechanics u and
13:37has something to do with an imaginary
13:40universe that is there and system wants
13:45to evolve
13:47um and return has to return loop must be
13:51there and otherwise you cannot find
13:53transformation. So transformation coming
13:56from the hyperspace unless until that
13:59contribution of the hyperspace is
14:01measured you can never say a system is
14:04quantum. So something has to come from
14:07the
14:07hyperspace and then uh uh you have to
14:12root out all possibilities of three
14:15different things linear coupling
14:19nonlinear coupling or logarithmic
14:21coupling uh fractal coupling or whatever
14:25and if you have a higher dimensional
14:28coupling when you neutralize all
14:31possibilities one by one and even after
14:35that you find that some contribution is
14:38still there, some correlation is still
14:42there. That is quantum. Now you can have
14:45a bells inequality and many other kind
14:48of inequalities are there. All different
14:50protocols you can even yourself you can
14:53invent a new protocol. Nobody is
14:56stopping you. It is that how sincere you
14:59are. So we have created our own protocol
15:02to make to test quantum in a much more
15:06efficient and advanced way. So that the
15:10I mean in many case for an example
15:13wagner function there should be a
15:14negative probability. There should
15:16always be a negative probability
15:18negative probability negative features
15:21always negative is not right. So there
15:25are other things also. What other
15:27things? So no no quantum is very
15:29difficult. There are other things other
15:31things. This other thing means you
15:36just rule out all possible real
15:39relationship linear nonlinear fractal
15:46uh logarithmic or any any real function
15:49any hard dimensional uh transformations
15:52any kind of
15:54transformations any kind of invariance
15:56that you apply everything you do in the
15:59in the in the real real term in In the
16:01real world still there is an additional
16:05factor that is
16:07contributing and when you get that that
16:10is quantum. That's why in experiment
16:13proving that there is quantum can never
16:17be one experiment. It will be series of
16:20experiments. If if one person does one
16:23experiment no two three four and you
16:26have to say step by step. I have ruled
16:30out nonlinear interaction. I have ruled
16:32out linear coupling. I have ruled out
16:34logarithmic or or space invariant
16:37relationship. Logarithm log plot means
16:39always space invariant relationship or
16:42topological invariance that kind of
16:43relationship if it is over there. So
16:46that you have to go through then high
16:47dimensional relationship everything when
16:50you neutralize and still you are getting
16:52it then you say there could be quantum
16:56mechanical effect over there. So that is
16:59uh in the honest sense else you can just
17:03do a classical measurement. I hope that
17:06uh with this I have been able to to make
17:10you clear what is uh quantum and why it
17:14is mysterious, why it is difficult to to
17:18prove something is quantum and nearly uh
17:20nearly impossible and somebody can come
17:22up with some argument to prove that it
17:25is not truly quantum.
17:28So, so, so this is uh for the kids. I
17:32hope that uh young kids who are learning
17:34quantum mechanics have uh enjoyed this.

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