🥇 REPAROS ANATÓMICOS ÓSEOS - Detalles, diferencias. — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:00hi how are things? Welcome to a new anatomical video on this channel easy anatomy
2. 0:04by Juan José Sánchez, today I bring you a very particular video. It is a video that needed to be made, which
3. 0:11is the video of the bone anatomical details. What difference do those reservations or bone anatomical
4. 0:17details have? ? How do I know when a structure is an apophysis? For example
5. 0:22, when is it a groove? When is it a tubercle? When is it a condyle? When is it a trochlea? When is it a fossa
6. 0:26? When is it a foramen? When can I call it a foramen? , it is a video
7. 0:32that is quite difficult to get information in anatomical texts and you search on the internet
8. 0:38and there is a lot, a lot of information, however many of them contradict each other, that is why
9. 0:44I decided to create this video to bring us a little closer to the knowledge of the osseous system
10. 0:51. Very well, with respect to the details of the anatomical details, in the bone surfaces we are going
11. 0:59to divide it into three large groups, we are going to talk first about the elevations, that is, those
12. 1:04details are, let's say, protrusions of the bone, then we are going to talk about the depressions, the depressions
13. 1:13are then going to be those anatomical repairs that are more like excavations on the bones
14. 1:19and finally we are going to talk about the holes that they are going to make and practically the gaps that
15. 1:25the bone surfaces are going to have. Let's start then by first talking about the elevations, for this
16. 1:32we are going to talk about a group of elevations that are articular, that is, bony prominences
17. 1:38through which the bone articulates with other bones and we are going to talk about some eminences that
18. 1:44are not articular, I am going to tell you throughout the video which are articular,
19. 1:49which are non-articular, we start first with the condyle, for that purpose well here I show you a
20. 1:55posterior view of the distal or lower epiphysis of the femur so you can see what a condyle is like. , the
21. 2:01femur has 2 condyles in its distal epiphysis, the condyles then we are going to define them as
22. 2:06elevations, that is, all elevations are convexities, that is important, so this is
23. 2:12a convexity, it is an eminence, it is an elevation that protects of a bone and that it is articular
24. 2:19it is always to articulate with another bone and it is important to know that they always had a rounded shape, in
25. 2:25fact here we see the anterior part of a humerus, of the distal epiphysis of a humerus and we see how in
26. 2:30the lateral part that the condyle would be found, what we call the humeral condyle, the
27. 2:36occipital bone also has similar structures that we call occipital condyles but they are always
28. 2:42for articulation if generally the joints that derive from them are condylar type joints
29. 2:47, also called ellipsoidal joints. Very well, then we are going to talk
30. 2:53about the trochlea. I will take advantage of this same image of the humerus because the humerus has many
31. 2:57anatomical objections, it almost serves to explain the majority of the anatomical objections, so
32. 3:01in the distal epiphysis of the humerus in the medial part it has a structure in trochlea shape,
33. 3:06there is no other way to call it, a trochlea in Greek is a pulley, so if you see it is
34. 3:11like an hourglass really lying in that particular shape that it has, that is a trochlea,
35. 3:17this same image is the same humerus but seen from the back, the same distal epiphysis
36. 3:23but seen from behind and see then that there is a structure that has the same shape as a trochlea,
37. 3:29it is what we call a trochlea, it is a structure that is an elevation, that is, it is a convexity,
38. 3:34it has that narrowness in the middle which is what gives it the shape of a trochlea and it is articular it is
39. 3:39to articulate with other bones, so this trochlea as you can see it here is particular,
40. 3:45we find it in the humerus also at the level of the orbit bone, there is also a type of trochla
41. 3:51and we will also find it a lot in the phalangeal bones, they are found a lot in the
42. 3:56phalanx of the fingers, in the phalanges of the feet, at their ends they also have trochlea which
43. 4:01are these particular bony elevations which almost always allow a hinge type movement
44. 4:07, in fact the joints that form the trochleae are trochlear or
45. 4:12hinge joints, that's where the name comes from. So far we have two articular eminences,
46. 4:17let's talk about the head, the head generally responds to the most prominent portion or part.
47. 4:25of a bone, generally long bones, although there are short bones that can also
48. 4:30have a head, so notice here this would be the humerus, this is its head, see here
49. 4:37the femur this is its head, see that the most prominent part and here for For example, the head of the radius,
50. 4:43then you see that it is very particular in long bones, so this head generally has
51. 4:48the shape of a sphere, sometimes it is three-quarters of a sphere, sometimes even a third of a sphere
52. 4:55or sometimes it is not so much the shape of a sphere. sphere, but more or less the rounded shape, these heads
53. 5:00are also generally articular in most cases, the problem with this topic is that
54. 5:06you will not find a text that, let's say, shows you all the structures, anatomical issues,
55. 5:11practically They have to search one by one and in few places there are comparisons, so
56. 5:18the heads are like this, generally after a head comes a narrowness that joins it to the rest
57. 5:23of the body of the bone which is what we call the neck, so this would be the neck of the humerus,
58. 5:28this is, for example, the neck of the femur and this would be the neck of the radius, well literally
59. 5:35in a let's say an individual then the head which comes in a narrowness that is the neck that
60. 5:41we compare with the neck or the cervical region of a person. Well, now let's talk about branches,
61. 5:47what is a branch? A branch is nothing more than a prominence, prominence, that is, that comes out
62. 5:52from the main part of the bone. Here, the easiest way for you to understand it, let's say,
63. 5:58is to see this jaw, formerly called the lower jaw, how it has this prominence that comes out. of
64. 6:03its main portion, which is the body of the maxilla of the mandible, which are called the maxillary branches,
65. 6:10this is what these prominences call it, maxillary branches, also, for example, the temporal bone
66. 6:15, there is a branch that is the zygomatic branch, some call it the apophysis. zygomatic that also meets
67. 6:21this criterion to be called a branch. very well here, for example, I put
68. 6:28this temporal bone and see this prominence that can be called a branch, but some
69. 6:33call it an apophysis, I will take advantage of this same image then to talk to you about the apophyses,
70. 6:38this is a highly discussed term in medicine, it is a term that Nowadays it should not be used, I
71. 6:43put them here because the new anatomical terminology is difficult, it says that we should not call the
72. 6:48structures apophysis but rather processes, the current name is process and that is due first of all to the fact
73. 6:53that apophysis is a word of origin Greek, with Greek roots and in anatomy it must be Latin,
74. 7:00it must be in Latin terms and second, what is it best for you to call the processes,
75. 7:07in theory an apophysis is a prominent part of a bone, okay? Generally this apophysis has a
76. 7:14wider base, that is, they are wider than they are tall and these prominences can be articular, as
77. 7:21for example, see this: the zygomatic process of the temporalis is articular because it articulates
78. 7:25with the zygomatic bone, but for example the mastoid process and The styloid processes
79. 7:30of the same temporal are apophyses but they are not really articular, they really respond
80. 7:37to these ligamentous or muscular tractions, that is, muscles and ligaments are inserted there and
81. 7:43when the child is born these apophysis are not so prominent, halfway The muscle begins
82. 7:48to contract and stimulates the perostium of this area, which means that as there is stimulation
83. 7:54of that periosteum there is bone growth in those places, in fact the word apophysis
84. 7:59is growth, well in the distance then a distant growth and let's say the root, the
85. 8:06central part of the bone, then I already explained to you the mechanism by which the apophyses grow,
86. 8:11another thing is that the apophyses are not unique to bones because you will see that there are structures that
87. 8:16are not bone that we can also call apophysis, which I insist that current anatomical terminology
88. 8:21insists on stopping its use, the term apophysis is no longer in use and changing it to
89. 8:29the term process. very well here, for example, coracoid process, see that it is not articular in
90. 8:35this case but that ligaments such as the coracoacromial, such as the coracohumeral and also muscles such as the short head of the biceps brachii are inserted
91. 8:41, such as the same pectoralis minor muscle for example;
92. 8:47Now we move on to the crests, the crests are nothing more than bony eminences that are usually
93. 8:53elongated, they can be curved, they can be straight but they are narrow, they are narrow and we always
94. 8:59find them on the bone edges, here for example I put the iliac crest which is quite wide
95. 9:05however there are other crests for example the trochin crest, of the greater trochiter and that they
96. 9:12look elongated or are somewhat wide and that is what differentiates it from the next structure which
97. 9:21is the line, a line of an elongated structure that can also be straight, can be curved or
98. 9:27can even be tortuous, serpentine like They call it that way, so those lines are
99. 9:34like ridges but much finer, it is a minimum elevation that the bone has, here I give
100. 9:40an example the back of the femur this would be the spiral line, here is the pectin line,
101. 9:44the rough line, there is a line for example in the lower jaw that is the amyloid line,
102. 9:50this one that I am pointing out here is the rough line for example, here the occipital has
103. 9:55the upper curved line, the occipital see that it is a minimal elevation unlike
104. 10:01the crests and here the lower curved line of the occipital. Very well, now we move on to the spines,
105. 10:08spines are structures that are actually wider than they are tall but their edge is generally
106. 10:15either sharp or blunt, but the tip is always sharp, we have the example of the
107. 10:22coxal bone, which has many spines, for example here the anterior superior iliac spine,
108. 10:26anterior inferior iliac spine, the ischiatic spine as the same sciatic spine, the pubic spine here
109. 10:33in the anterior part, see that everything is more or less strong, sharp and here for example
110. 10:38We can see the posterior superior iliac spine, we also find these spines a lot at
111. 10:44the base of the skull and several structures such as the sphenoid spine, which are structures that are
112. 10:49like that, they are sharp, they are sharp; Then we talk about the tubercle, this tubercle is very confused
113. 10:54with the tuberosity but in the strict sense of the word tubercles are bony eminences
114. 10:59that are reliefs that come out very little from the bone, that is, they are not so discordant with the bone
115. 11:06as such but rather the bone begins to rise like a little mountain but not abruptly but rather a
116. 11:10minimal elevation and generally they are small and wide structures, okay? That is a tubercle that
117. 11:17characterizes them is that they are small structures, for example this is the lesser tubercle of the humerus
118. 11:21called trochin and this is the greater tubercle, although some authors call it tuberosity,
119. 11:25that is also why I tell you that there are many discordances but In the strict sense
120. 11:29that is a tubercle, it does not protrude so much from the bone surface, it does not create so much contrast,
121. 11:36okay? Here, for example, we see the tubercle of the third adductor, which is a tubercle that is
122. 11:41found above the medial epicondyle of in this case the femur. The epicondyles are also
123. 11:49structures, elevations that are above the condyles but that are not articular like
124. 11:54the condyle. , the condyle is articular, for example these are the femoral condyles, but
125. 11:58ligaments are inserted there and muscles are inserted, they are simply born from muscular traction,
126. 12:03they are not so prominent to provide physical support but they do more or less understand that they are salience,
127. 12:08that comes out above the condyles; then the tuberosity, the tuberosity is characterized
128. 12:13first in that its width and length diameters are more or less similar, they are rough structures
129. 12:18and are not so prominent from the bone, here I give the example of the ischial tuberosity,
130. 12:23although it is the same tuberosity sciatica and here, for example, the tuberosity of the tibia, which is
131. 12:31also a not so high prominence but is rough, we are also going to see that the
132. 12:36radius in its anterior part also has a tuberosity. We are going to talk now about
133. 12:41the depressions that are a little shorter, but first they do not go away from the video
134. 12:46[Music]. I invite you to subscribe here in the lower right corner by clicking [Music]
135. 13:02and don't forget to like the video.
136. 13:07It is important then that you subscribe to the channel below where you see that it says subscribe,
137. 13:12click on it and you are automatically subscribed to the channel and you can access the more than 180
138. 13:18anatomical videos that are in it. Let's talk then about the next part of the
139. 13:23anatomical objections, this is the second time he recorded this, the first time I finished the video and it didn't have audio like that
140. 13:30Good thing it fills me with courage to finish it, let's talk about depressions that would be like the
141. 13:36opposite of eminences, of salience, because a depression instead of being convex like
142. 13:42prominence is, rather it is concave, it is a depression that It practically has the bone, an excavation,
143. 13:48let's start first talking about the graves, when we say a bone, okay? It is a fossa, a
144. 13:56fossa is nothing more than a cavity, some authors describe that it is a cavity wide in extension,
145. 14:01however when we go into practice and see the so-called fossae in the bones,
146. 14:06for example we see here in the anterior part of The distal epiphysis of the humerus laterally, which
147. 14:12is the radial fossa, immediately the coronoid fossa, are cavities that in this
148. 14:17case are for fitting specific bones. It also happens in the posterior part of the
149. 14:23humerus that we have the large olecranon fossa or olecranon fossa that It is a structure to
150. 14:29fit part of the ulna into the extension; Now when, for example, we see in the
151. 14:36posterior part of the scapula the supraspinatus fossa and the infraspinatus fossa we know that they are quite
152. 14:43wide in extension and in this case these fossae are simply for muscular origin,
153. 14:48there are several muscles that originate at the levels of that fossa, also in the anterior part of
154. 14:52the scapula we would have the sub scapular fossa so it does not always have a function, let's say articulating
155. 14:58or gluing surfaces together, but the fossae can have quite varied functions,
156. 15:06sometimes they simply house nervous structures or vascular structures but more or
157. 15:12less they understand that the concept of a depression is quite broad, here we also take the opportunity to
158. 15:17see this protrusion, this eminence that would be the spine of the scapula that complies with the concept
159. 15:22of spine because it has a fairly pointed edge, in this case It's a pretty sharp edge.
160. 15:29Now we are going to talk about the groove, when do we talk about a groove? It is enough or worth it that we have
161. 15:36to differentiate between the sulcus and the canal because when we do, I am going to show you in
162. 15:43several frontal cuts, when we see a sulcus, a frontal cut, a coronal short,
163. 15:47we see that it is a relatively deep excavation but that It is rounded, let's put it this way, these grooves
164. 15:54are generally housed in vascular structures, nervous structures or tendon structures,
165. 16:00we see the example here in this posterior view, this would be the distal epiphysis of the humerus,
166. 16:06we see that between the epitrochlea and the trochlea or the olecranon towards the side, if there is a groove,
167. 16:13this groove is occupied by the ulnar nerve, in fact it is called the groove of the ulnar nerve or
168. 16:18current anatomical terminology calls it the epitrochleolecranial groove which is found at this level,
169. 16:25also another characteristic groove is the one we find at the level of the parietals. where
170. 16:33the grooves that form the middle meningeal artery are found, also many take advantage of
171. 16:39the groove in the superior sagittal sinus, which is a groove that runs along the entire parietal, the entire
172. 16:46frontal, and we can even find that groove at the level of the occipital bone but they more or less
173. 16:52understand that it is a rounded excavation; When we talk about a canal, look at this frontal cut of a
174. 16:58canal, see that it is not as deep as the groove but rather wide, okay? but nevertheless
175. 17:04it continues with the concept of depression because it is an excavation, these channels also generally
176. 17:10occupy vascular structures, for example this channel that is in the back of the humerus,
177. 17:16which is the channel for the radial nerve, see that it is quite wide, it specifically houses the radial nerve,
178. 17:22if we go to the inner part we see that these channels are sometimes called slides,
179. 17:27for example here between the trochin and the greater trochiter, between the two of them, there is a channel of the famous
180. 17:35bicipital canal or bicipital slide in which the tendon of the the long head of the
181. 17:42biceps brachii muscle; Now groove is the third one that we have to differentiate, remember that the groove
182. 17:48was rounded, the channel was a little wider and here the groove is a V shape, that is a
183. 17:55sharper shape let's say more beveled whose edges are actually a little bit more sharp or sharper,
184. 18:03in fact you touch it and you will feel that it is a little sharper those edges this difference between
185. 18:08The channel and groove groove is found a lot in the O'rahilly, just like with those three images that
186. 18:13I showed you, now where do we find grooves? classically, for example, you see in the
187. 18:18medial part of the mastoid process of the temporalis, the famous digastric groove, important because
188. 18:25in that digastric groove is where the posterior belly of the digastric muscle originates, other
189. 18:32grooves that we also find in the body, for example at the level From the maxilla we also find
190. 18:40a maxillary groove, ok? which also has that shape that is like an excavation is like
191. 18:46if they grabbed it and hit it with a knife, they hit it with an axe, in fact that's what
192. 18:51the O'rahilly of anatomy says with those exact words. Very well, what is a notch? A notch is a
193. 18:57structure, it is an excavation, it is generally on the edges of the bones but not exclusively and
194. 19:03has the shape of a U or a V or a V as some countries call it, so that
195. 19:09is to say, it is a concavity, for example. For example, here in the manubrium of the sternum, see that there is a concavity
196. 19:15upwards that would then be the notch of the sternum, to the sides we would have the
197. 19:20notch of the clavicle because that level is where it is inserted or articulated with the clavicle,
198. 19:27but see that it has that shape In fact, we look for the coxal bone and we see the sciatic notch,
199. 19:33see the greater sciatic notch and the lesser sciatic notch, see that it has the shape of a U,
200. 19:39it is upside down but it complies with the shapes of the notch that is why we are going to call it that ;
201. 19:44then we go to the sinuses, the sinuses are generally open structures that are found in
202. 19:54the bones called tires, they are cavities within it, for example here we see the
203. 19:59frontal sinus, here we see the sphenoid sinus, the upper jaw also has sinuses, the ethmoid
204. 20:05has sinuses; There is also a concept of cells, which are slightly smaller sinuses that
205. 20:11we find in the cavities and antrums, which are larger sinuses, that is, larger than the sinuses
206. 20:16and that generally have a small entrance. For example, the mastoid has a cell and has antrum,
207. 20:22bone the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Now veneers, well the veneers are simply
208. 20:31minimal depressions, sometimes they are flat, sometimes they are slightly excavated, concave that serve
209. 20:38for the joints, for example here we see the costal facet that has the vertebral body
210. 20:42for the head of the rib, we see here and below and we even see the transverse process that has
211. 20:47an articular facet also for the rib, that would be a facet or it is flat and slightly
212. 20:53excavated but they are articular. Fissures, we also get these fissures under the
213. 21:00general name of clefts, a fissure is like a groove, a slit that is formed by the apposition
214. 21:06of two bones or by two parts of the same bone, vascular structures, tendons, nervous structures, can pass through there
215. 21:11. The clearest example at the level of the orbit, remember that this
216. 21:16is medial and that this is lateral and this would be the superior orbital fissure and the
217. 21:22inferior orbital fissure, see how they are channels, they are really wrinkles, that's what it says in the book, a roughness,
218. 21:31see that it does not have a shape like the others and then we would have what is the immediate meatus, it has two
219. 21:37actions in anatomy the bone point of view, for example here we would have the nasal meatus,
220. 21:43middle nasal meatus and here the inferior nasal meatus which are the spaces that are between the turbinates
221. 21:49or nasal conchae, but these meatuses or these areas also have orifices that open
222. 21:55at the level of those spaces, so the meatus is really that area where
223. 22:00a duct is opening, it can also be the most external part of a duct. This example here,
224. 22:06that the exit of the external auditory canal is what we call the acoustic meatus, that from the
225. 22:11bone point of view, obviously any other non-bony canal, for example in the urinary tract,
226. 22:16also has a urinary meatus that has nothing to do with the bone but it is a concept
227. 22:20that has several exceptions from the morphological point of view, not only the bone meaning,
228. 22:27but that more or less so that you understand it, some authors also call it hiatuses.
229. 22:36ah, don't excuse the hiatus, it was another, the only meaning there is is meatus, make sure I didn't say
230. 22:43the hiatuses. Very well, with respect to the holes that would be the third and last part of this video,
231. 22:49well these holes are called holes, the foramina that we classically find at
232. 22:54the base of the skull, which are those holes through which structures emerge from the skull, for example
233. 22:59This would be the foramen magnum because the spinal cord emerges, we would have the foramen ovale,
234. 23:04the anterior lacerated foramen, the precondylar foramen, the posterior lacerated foramen, they are simply
235. 23:09holes but they do not make excavations in the bone, they do not make very long excavations in
236. 23:15the bone because if The hole made a prolonged excavation would become a
237. 23:21conduit, this is the one that is the hiatus that I was confusing, a conduit is an excavation,
238. 23:26it can be like a tunnel, if for example you see this rod and it is going through the bone,
239. 23:33this It cannot be considered a foramen or hole because it is passing through the bone,
240. 23:37there is a duct, there is a tunnel, like the example of the same auditory canal as one, the
241. 23:43outermost part is the meatus but it is a duct that crosses the temporal bone, the difference is
242. 23:49between a duct and between a hole. This was the entire video then of anatomical objections,
243. 23:56I hope you liked it, don't forget to subscribe to the channel, like the video if you liked it and you can
244. 24:02follow me on Instagram at @juan_sanchez1315 see you in the next anatomical videos