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Python Full Course for free 🐍 — Transcript

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0:00hey what's going on everybody it's bro
0:02hope you're doing well
0:03and in this video i'm going to help you
0:04get started with python so
0:06sit back relax and enjoy the show
0:11if you wouldn't mind please like comment
0:13and subscribe
0:14one like equals one prayer for the
0:16youtube algorithm
0:18i'm gonna tell you why you need to learn
0:20python it's the easiest programming
0:22language to learn as well as being the
0:24most popular in the world right now
0:26and according to glassdoor the salary
0:28for new python developers in the united
0:31states is
0:3264 000 if any of this sounds good to you
0:35well then
0:36let's get started if you need to
0:37download python go to
0:39python.org downloads and click this
0:42yellow download python
0:44button open when done check add
0:47python 3.9 or another version to path
0:51install now and then give it a little
0:53bit it states here that setup was
0:56successful so let's close out of this
0:58our next step is to download an ide
1:00that's an acronym for
1:02integrated development environment think
1:04of it as
1:05software that helps us write other
1:07software one ide that i recommend
1:09is pycharm you can find it at
1:11jetbrains.com
1:13pycharm go to download if you would like
1:17to pay for a professional version you
1:19can click
1:19this download button but since i don't
1:21like to pay for things i'm going to use
1:23the free community version at this point
1:26we just have to follow the standard
1:28installation procedure
1:29click next you can pick a destination
1:32folder but i'll keep the default
1:34next if you would like a desktop
1:37shortcut
1:38then check this i would also recommend
1:40updating the
1:41path variable next
1:44install and then give it a minute or two
1:48then after finishing i have a desktop
1:50shortcut so i can just click on this to
1:52run pycharm
1:53let's create a new project name this
1:56project whatever you like i'm going to
1:58name this project
1:59hello world and i recommend not creating
2:03a
2:03main dot pi welcome script right now
2:05i'll show you how to do that manually
2:07and let's create
2:09if you need a python file to work with
2:12this is how to create one go to
2:14file new python file and i'm going to
2:17name
2:18this main and then click python file
2:23all right ladies and gentlemen we now
2:25have an empty python script that we can
2:27use to begin coding
2:28now if you checked this box create a
2:31main.pi welcome script and then created
2:33a new project
2:34then your main python file will probably
2:37look a little something like this but
2:38that's completely fine we can just
2:40delete this
2:41i don't know about you guys but the font
2:43is very small for me
2:45so let's change that we can change that
2:47by going to file
2:49settings editor font and you can
2:52increase the font size
2:54let's say 25 you can also change the
2:56font too
2:57what's a good one uh how about
3:01that then click apply and
3:04okay much better we can actually see
3:06something
3:07to run a python script just click the
3:09screen play button in the corner
3:11alternatively you can go to the run tab
3:13and then go to run
3:15okay so this box that appeared at the
3:17bottom this is referred to as a terminal
3:20window this will display
3:21any output that your program has and
3:23this line at the end
3:25process finished with exit code zero
3:27that just means that there were no
3:29errors in this program
3:30so currently this program doesn't do
3:32anything but let's change that let's
3:34print something
3:35let's print a message so to print a
3:37message to the terminal window
3:39type print and then add a set of
3:42parentheses
3:42and then you can type a message but it
3:44has to be within quotes
3:46either double quotes or single quotes it
3:48doesn't matter
3:49so let's think of a message i don't know
3:52i
3:53love pizza then let me run this
3:57and in my terminal window it says i love
4:00pizza
4:01to print another line just add another
4:03print statement
4:04print and then your message within
4:06quotes
4:08it's really good
4:13and well what do you know it printed i
4:16love pizza
4:17it's really good so ladies and gentlemen
4:19you just wrote your first python program
4:21by the way you can change the font as
4:24well as the font color of your terminal
4:26window by going to
4:27file settings then go to editor
4:31color scheme console font and console
4:34colors
4:34let's change the font let's say i would
4:38like
4:39whatever this font is then click apply
4:43let's change the font color too by going
4:45to console colors
4:47for any output you can click number two
4:51and select a color let's say i would
4:54like
4:54bright green that should be decent
4:59and for anything else let's say this
5:02will be a dark color so i can barely see
5:04it
5:05so then let's click apply and okay
5:08oh yeah that's much better well
5:10everybody that was your very first
5:12python program i'll post
5:14any useful links and timestamps for this
5:16video in the comments section down below
5:18but yeah welcome to coding with python
5:22hey you yeah i'm talking to you if you
5:25learned something new
5:26then help me help you in three easy
5:28steps
5:29by smashing that like button drop a
5:31comment down below
5:32and subscribe if you'd like to become a
5:34fellow bro
5:38[Music]
5:56hey what's going on everybody it's bro
5:59hope you're doing well and in this video
6:01i'm going to explain how
6:02variables work in python so sit back
6:05relax
6:06and enjoy the show
6:09if you find this video helpful please
6:11remember to like
6:12comment and subscribe your support will
6:15help keep this channel running
6:17all right let's do this a variable is a
6:20container for a value it behaves as the
6:22value that it contains
6:24it's much like in algebra lessons back
6:26in the day where we had to solve for
6:28whatever value
6:29x was and then we can reuse x and it
6:31behaved exactly as that value
6:34well with programming we can do that
6:35plus we can assign variables of
6:37different data types
6:38so they are not limited to just numbers
6:40we can assign whole words
6:42numbers and even these things called
6:44booleans which are either true or false
6:46but i'll get more in depth into data
6:48types a little bit later on in this
6:49video
6:50so let's create a variable and this is
6:51how to do so we need a unique name for
6:54this variable
6:54let's say name name equals some value
6:57now the first data type that we'll cover
6:59is strings a string
7:01is a series of characters so to create a
7:03string
7:04we can either use single quotes or
7:06double quotes in python
7:08and we can assign this a value of
7:10whatever your own name is
7:11so i will assign this variable name a
7:14value of bro
7:15now this variable will behave exactly as
7:18if it was
7:18this value this name and then we can
7:20reuse this variable for something
7:22so let's print whatever our name is
7:25print
7:26name and this will print whatever your
7:28name is to the console window
7:30now when you print your variable make
7:32sure you don't put it within quotes
7:34because what we're doing then is
7:36literally printing
7:37the word name as you can see here so
7:41if you need to use your variable for
7:42something make sure it's not within
7:44quotes
7:45now we can combine our string variable
7:48with another string so within our print
7:50statement let's print
7:52a string literal such as hello space
7:55plus name so we are combining strings
7:58and then we're printing the results to
7:59the console window so this will print
8:02hello bro now you can actually check the
8:05data type of a variable
8:06so i'm going to turn this line into a
8:08comment so what you'll do
8:10is take the name of the variable
8:12surround this with a set of parentheses
8:14and then precede the set of parentheses
8:16with the type
8:17function and this will print the data
8:20type of this variable to the console
8:21window
8:22and you can see that it says class str
8:25short for string
8:26a string is a series of characters a
8:28name is a good example of a string
8:30a series of characters so that is how to
8:32check the data type
8:34of a variable just use the type function
8:37now you can actually combine variables
8:39together as long as they're of the same
8:41data type so let's change our name to
8:44maybe first name and we'll create a
8:45second variable called lastname
8:47now a common naming convention with
8:49variables if it has
8:51two words separate each word with an
8:53underscore
8:54it's not necessary but it's common
8:56practice for python and honestly i
8:58sometimes forget about that but don't
8:59tell anybody
9:00so let's create another variable called
9:02last name last
9:03name equals whatever your last name is
9:07and then let's create a third variable
9:09called full name
9:10full underscore name and let's combine
9:14first name plus last
9:18name and let us display full name
9:22along with hello plus full name
9:25now these two names were combined
9:26together to create a whole
9:28new variable actually what i think i'll
9:30do is add a space
9:32within my variable so i'm doing a bunch
9:35of string concatenation i'm combining
9:37the variable first name plus a space
9:39character plus
9:40last name so the result is hello
9:43whatever your first name and last name
9:44is
9:45so that is a variable of the string data
9:48type it is a series of characters
9:51now with strings we cannot normally use
9:53these for any sort of math
9:55that's where the next data type comes in
9:57for the time being i just turned all of
9:59these lines into comments and we are
10:00going to move on to the int
10:02data type short for integer this time
10:04let's create a variable called
10:06age and we will assign this a value of
10:08whatever your age is
10:09let's just say that i'm 21 now when you
10:12assign
10:12a value of the int data type make sure
10:15that it is
10:16not within quotes because then
10:18technically it would be a string then
10:19and you can see that the color scheme
10:21for this number actually changed
10:23so if this was a string we would treat
10:25it different
10:26than an int data type because with
10:28strings we cannot normally use them for
10:30any sort of math
10:31so we now have a variable called edge
10:34and we can actually
10:35increase or decrease or do whatever we
10:38want with the edge
10:38let's increase our age by one let's say
10:41it's our birthday to do so we would say
10:42age
10:43equals age plus one and then let's print
10:46our edge to the console window
10:48print edge and you can see that it says
10:51i am 22.
10:52now there's a shorthand way of writing
10:53this what you'll do is type
10:55age plus equals one so that's kind of
10:58like a shortcut and this would work the
11:00same too
11:01now let's print the data type of our
11:03inch variable because we can within a
11:05print statement i will print the edge
11:07and add my edge variable to this type
11:10function and this will print the data
11:13type of my edge variable to the console
11:15window
11:15and i will turn this line into a comment
11:17just so that it doesn't get in the way
11:19now if i were to print the data type of
11:21my age variable
11:23as you can see it is of the int data
11:25type short for integer
11:27it only stores a whole integer number
11:30now what if this was a string so what
11:33i'm going to do
11:34is surround my value within a set of
11:36quotes
11:37and i will turn this line into a comment
11:39so that it does not get in the way
11:41you can see that the data type of my age
11:43variable is now
11:44a string and with strings we cannot
11:46normally use them for any sort of math
11:48so let's attempt to increase our age
11:50variable by one
11:52and we ran into an error a type air can
11:54only concatenate string
11:56to string not end now the point being is
11:59that
12:00it's important to use the appropriate
12:02data type because
12:03with strings we cannot normally use them
12:05for any sort of math you'll want to use
12:06a data type of a numeric value
12:09an int or a float which we'll discuss a
12:11little bit later now here's a situation
12:13to consider
12:13what if we would like to display our
12:15edge variable along with a string
12:17literal much like what we did with this
12:19line involving a string literal such as
12:22hello
12:22plus the user's full name so let's
12:25attempt to do so and this is not going
12:26to work and i'll explain why
12:28so within our print statement let's say
12:30something such as
12:31your age is plus
12:35edge now we're going to run into a type
12:38error
12:38that's because we attempted to use
12:40string concatenation with a string
12:42literal
12:43and a variable of a different data type
12:46a variable of the
12:47int data type in order to display our
12:50edge along with the string we would need
12:52to convert our edge variable to the
12:54string
12:55data type and one way in which we can do
12:57that is by type casting
12:59and we'll cover this more in the next
13:00video so we're going to surround
13:02our age variable that is of the in data
13:05type with a set of parentheses
13:07and precede this with str short for
13:09string and this will convert our
13:11variable
13:12to a string that will allow us to
13:13display it with another string
13:15now if we were to run this program this
13:17way this will now display
13:19your age is and in this case 22 so if
13:22you need to display a variable of a
13:24different data type
13:26along with the string you would just
13:27need to use a stringcast to convert that
13:29data type to a string
13:31but we'll cover this more in the next
13:32video on typecasting
13:34so that is the int data type it stores a
13:37whole integer number and the next data
13:40type is the
13:41float data type and i'm going to turn
13:43these lines into comments and we can
13:44move on
13:45now the float data type is a numeric
13:47value that can store
13:48a number that includes a decimal portion
13:52an int data type cannot store a decimal
13:54portion that's why it's in
13:56short for integer it only stores a whole
13:58number this time let's say we have a
14:00height
14:00and i will assign this a perfectly
14:02normal height of maybe 250.5
14:06centimeters so this decimal portion is
14:08important
14:09that's indicating that this is a
14:11floating point number a float for short
14:13so let's print our height to the console
14:15window print
14:17height and this will print whatever my
14:19height is and now
14:20let's check the type of our height using
14:23the type function
14:25so within a print statement i'm going to
14:27add my height
14:28surround this with another set of
14:30parentheses and precede this
14:32with the type function and the data type
14:35of my variable height is a float short
14:38for a floating point number
14:39a numeric value that contains a decimal
14:42portion
14:42and now for practice let's print our
14:44height along with a string
14:46literal so let's create a string literal
14:48such as
14:50your height is
14:53plus height but guess what we're going
14:55to do some type casting
14:56so surround height with a set of
14:58parentheses and precede this with
15:00str so that we convert height to a
15:03string so that we can use
15:04string concatenation within this print
15:06statement and this will print the
15:07message
15:08your height is 250.5 actually let's add
15:12centimeters to the end so
15:14plus cm
15:17and there we go and that is what a
15:19floating point number is
15:20float for short it is a numeric value
15:22that contains a decimal portion
15:25now the last data type that we're going
15:26to cover is the boolean
15:28data type it is a variable that can only
15:30store true
15:31or false let's say we have a variable
15:34called human
15:35if we were to assign this a boolean
15:37value this would be either true or
15:40false and we can print whatever this
15:42value is let's print whatever
15:44human is and this will display false now
15:47the reason that you may want to use
15:49booleans instead of strings even though
15:51you can still store
15:52a string representation of the word
15:54false or true
15:56is that these are very useful when we
15:58get to if statements
15:59we can check to see if some statement is
16:01true so that is a good use of
16:04boolean values now let's check the data
16:07type of
16:08my human variable so let's print
16:11type human and this will print to the
16:15console window
16:16bool short for boolean now make sure
16:18you're not putting this within quotes
16:20because then it's technically a string
16:22and they behave differently
16:23now the data type is a string and you
16:26may have noticed as well that the font
16:27color has changed between
16:29strings and boolean values so that's
16:31another good indicator
16:32now what if you need to display your
16:35value along with a string using string
16:37concatenation
16:38well guess what we're going to typecast
16:39again so let's print something
16:44r u a human
16:48so we need to use string concatenation
16:50so i will convert
16:52my boolean variable of human to a string
16:55and i have been programmed to inform you
16:58that
16:59yes i am in fact a human that is true
17:01well everyone
17:02that is the basics of variables it is a
17:05container for a value and they behave
17:07as the value that they contain there are
17:09four basic data types
17:11strings which store a series of
17:13characters inc
17:14which store a whole integer floats which
17:18are floating point numbers a numeric
17:20value with a decimal
17:21and booleans which only store true or
17:24false
17:25and they're very useful with if
17:27statements so that is it for variables
17:29if you would like a copy of all this
17:31code i will copy and paste all of this
17:33to the comments section down below
17:35but yeah that is how variables work in
17:37python
17:38hey people what's going on it's bro hope
17:41you're doing well
17:41and in this video i'm going to explain
17:43multiple assignment in python so
17:45sit back relax and enjoy the show
17:50well then since you clicked on this
17:52video i should probably explain what
17:53multiple assignment is
17:55now multiple assignment allows us to
17:57assign multiple variables
17:59at the same time using one line of code
18:02here's an example of us
18:03using standard assignment let's say we
18:05have a variable
18:06name and i will set this to a value of
18:09my name but you can use your name for
18:11this example
18:12let's say edge equals 21 and how about a
18:15variable called
18:16attractive i think i'm going to set this
18:19to true
18:20okay so we have a bunch of variables and
18:22then we can print
18:23the value of these variables with some
18:25print statements
18:26so let's print name age and attractive
18:30so we have name age attractive
18:34and as you would expect this prints bro
18:3721 and true
18:38now another way in which we could write
18:40the same code is to use
18:42multiple assignment and this allows us
18:44to assign multiple variables
18:46at the same time using one line of code
18:48so i'm going to turn
18:50all of these lines into comments and
18:52this time
18:53we will only use one line of code but to
18:55do this we're going to list all of our
18:57variables
18:58separated with a comma so that would be
19:00name
19:01comma edge comma attractive
19:05and we will set them equal to those
19:08values
19:08but in the same order separated by
19:10commas so that would be
19:12bro comma 21 comma true
19:15and this would do the same thing only
19:17using one line of code
19:19here's another example let's say we have
19:21four variables
19:22spongebob patrick sandy and squidward
19:25and
19:25let's pretend that they're all around
19:27maybe 30 years old
19:28at least it seems like they're around 30
19:30years old but i could be wrong
19:31i'm not too familiar with spongebob lore
19:34so let's set them all equal to 30.
19:36now we could write this using four lines
19:39of code or
19:40we could use multiple assignment to
19:42write the same thing
19:43using one line of code so if all of
19:45these variables
19:46are all equal to the same value there's
19:49a little bit of different syntax here
19:51so let's begin with the first variable
19:53of spongebob
19:54equals patrick
19:59equals sandy equals
20:02squidward then we're going to set them
20:06all equal to 30 and
20:09this should work just fine using only
20:11one line of code
20:12well everybody that's pretty much it for
20:14multiple assignment it allows us to
20:15assign
20:16multiple variables at the same time
20:18using one line of code
20:20i will post all of this code in the
20:22comments section down below
20:23and well yeah that's how multiple
20:25assignment works in python
20:27hey what's going on everybody it's bro
20:29hope you're doing well
20:30and in this video i'm going to
20:31demonstrate some useful string methods
20:33in python so
20:34sit back relax and enjoy the show
20:39all right let's do this in this video
20:42i'm going to be explaining and
20:43demonstrating
20:44a few useful methods available to us for
20:47strings
20:47now let's create a variable called name
20:49for this example and you can use your
20:51own name if you want
20:52so we now have a variable called name
20:54and for my first example
20:56let's print the length of our name
20:59variable
21:00so to do that we can surround our name
21:03variable with the length method and this
21:05will print
21:06and return how long the length of our
21:09string is
21:09and for me the length of my name
21:11variable is three
21:13for three characters if i were to
21:15increase the size of my name
21:17well then that's going to change to a so
21:19that is
21:20the length method and i'm just going to
21:22turn this line into a comment
21:24and let's move on so next we have the
21:26find method
21:27i just copy and pasted print name so i
21:30can reuse it
21:31name dot and actually if you have
21:33intellisense setup
21:34if you add dot after your variable
21:37you'll get a suggestion or a few
21:39suggestions of
21:40different methods and other features
21:42that you have access to so
21:44let's find find which is
21:48uh screw this i'll just type find find
21:51then we can find the first index of
21:54where this character is
21:55let's say i would like to find where
21:57capital b is
21:58well that is at index zero because
22:01computers always start with zero
22:03so this first character would be zero
22:05then r
22:06would be one and then o would be
22:10two for this example all right so that
22:12is how to find a character
22:14within a string moving on so let's
22:17capitalize our name and i should
22:19probably make this lowercase
22:23so name dot capitalize
22:26and this will make my name capitalized
22:29but if there's any spaces
22:31and then additional words it's not going
22:33to capitalize that
22:34only the first letter and your string
22:37next we have upper this will make your
22:40string all uppercase
22:42name upper and now
22:45it is uppercase guess what's next
22:49lower name dot lower
22:52and i should probably make this capital
22:54again
22:57and everything is lowercase
23:00we're making some good progress today
23:02next we have
23:04is digit this will return true or false
23:07depending on if our string is a digit
23:11which it's not so this will print false
23:14if i changed my string to a bunch of
23:15numbers like 1 2
23:173 then this will return true let's
23:19change that back
23:20and move on next we have
23:25is alpha
23:28are these alphabetical characters
23:33oh make sure you add the parentheses
23:35afterwards my bad
23:37false because we added a space within
23:41here
23:42now it's true so you can use is alpha to
23:46check to see
23:46if your string contains only letters
23:49alphabetical letters
23:51next we have count
23:55we can count how many characters are
23:57within our string
23:58i would like to count how many o's are
24:00in here and this should return
24:02two that's right okay we're almost at
24:06the end
24:07we can replace characters within our
24:09string
24:10so we use the replace method
24:13and we pass in two arguments the
24:16character we would like to
24:18replace and the character we would like
24:20to replace our character with
24:21i would like to change all o's to a's
24:24and now
24:25my name is brock hod oh you guys are
24:28gonna like this next one
24:29this isn't technically a method but it's
24:31a really neat feature
24:33so one thing that we can do that's
24:34available to us with python is that we
24:36can display a string
24:38multiple times by multiplying that
24:40string by a given number
24:42so let's say i would like to display my
24:44name three times i can just take my
24:46string variable
24:47then add times three and this will print
24:49my name
24:50three times bro bro bro like i said not
24:53technically
24:54a method but it's a useful feature that
24:56you might be interested in that's
24:57related
24:58all right everybody so that is a few
25:01useful methods available to us for
25:02strings if you would like a copy of all
25:04this code
25:05i will post this in the comments section
25:07down below but yeah those are
25:09a few useful methods available to us for
25:12strings
25:13hey what's going on everybody it's you
25:14bro hope you're doing well and in this
25:16video i'm going to teach you guys all
25:18about typecasting in python so
25:19sit back relax and enjoy the show
25:24all right welcome back everybody i have
25:26a super quick video for you guys today
25:28on the subject of typecasting now
25:30typecasting is the ability to convert
25:32the data type of a value to another data
25:35type
25:35here's an example that i've written
25:36already i'm just going to paste it
25:38i have three variables for this example
25:41x y
25:42and z x contains one this is a whole
25:45integer
25:46into for short y contains two point zero
25:48this is a floating point number
25:50float four short you can tell it's a
25:52float because it ends with a decimal
25:53portion
25:54and z contains a string of three a
25:57string
25:58is a series of characters and you can
26:00tell it's a string because it's
26:01surrounded with a set of quotes
26:03and remember with strings we cannot
26:05normally perform math on strings
26:08so i have three print statements for x y
26:11and z and as you would expect they
26:13contain the values of
26:14one two point zero and three now let's
26:17begin by converting both y
26:18and z to the integer data type via
26:21typecasting in order to perform
26:23typecasting
26:24on a value or variable type that value
26:27or variable and surround this with a set
26:28of parentheses whoops i missed and then
26:32pre-save this
26:32with the data type you'd like to convert
26:34this value or variable to
26:36i would like to convert y to an integer
26:39and then you can use this for whatever
26:40you need
26:41so i'm going to replace y within my
26:43print statement
26:44with y after we typecast it as
26:47an integer and this will display 1 2
26:50not 2.0 it's the whole integer
26:54of 2 and then 3. so this is not a
26:57permanent change
26:58if you need to make this as a permanent
27:00change to y
27:02you'd have to reassign it so let's say y
27:05equals y and then we're going to
27:07typecast y
27:09so let's round this with a set of
27:10parentheses and precede this with the
27:12data type we'd like to convert
27:14y2 so now y is a whole
27:17integer and then we will print y without
27:20typecast this time and our result is
27:23one two three now z z is storing a
27:27string and with strings we cannot
27:29normally perform any math on strings
27:31for example within my print statement i
27:33will state z
27:35times three you would think that the
27:37result would be nine right
27:39well you're wrong it's going to print
27:41three three times
27:42if you need to convert a string to a int
27:46or a float you would just have to
27:47typecast it so this time let's type cast
27:50z as an integer z
27:53int and we will type cast z as an
27:56integer so then if we have z times three
28:00the result is now 9 instead of 333
28:04so that's the basic formula for type
28:06casting now let's convert these to
28:08floating point numbers but let's include
28:11x as well because
28:12x is feeling left out so let's convert x
28:14to
28:15a floating point number so float
28:17parenthesis and we will surround
28:19this with x and display x
28:22and actually let's convert y and z to
28:26floats as well because why not
28:29the results are now 1.0 2.0 and 9.0
28:33remember that we multiplied z times
28:35three
28:36and then if we need to convert these
28:38values to a string
28:41we would use the string cast
28:46so the results now are 1 2.0
28:49and 333 now you might be thinking to
28:52yourself
28:53when would you need to convert an
28:55integer or a float to a string
28:57here's a situation let's say within our
28:59print statements we need to print
29:02these variables along with another
29:04string so within our print statement
29:06let's say x is plus
29:09x we would like to display these
29:11together
29:12and let me copy this and do the same
29:14thing for y
29:15we'll say y is plus y
29:18you cannot normally display a string
29:21along with an integer
29:22or a float because we're using some
29:24string concatenation
29:26so this will result in a compilation
29:28error can only concatenate
29:30string not int to string so that's a
29:33situation
29:34in which you might need to use
29:36typecasting to convert an
29:38integer or float to a string so let's
29:40display
29:41x and y as strings via typecasting
29:45so we'll surround x and y with a set of
29:47parentheses and precede this with the
29:49data type we'd like to convert these
29:50values to
29:51we would like to convert x and y to both
29:53strings and now this will compile and
29:55run
29:56just fine well everybody that's the
29:58basics of typecasting
30:00if you would like a copy of all my code
30:02i will post everything in the comments
30:03down below
30:04if you found this video helpful don't be
30:06afraid to help me out by smashing that
30:08like button
30:09drop a comment down below and subscribe
30:11if you'd like to become a fellow bro
30:14hey what's going on everybody it's bro
30:16hope you're doing well
30:17and in this video i'm going to teach you
30:18guys how we can accept some user input
30:20in python so sit
30:22back relax and enjoy the show
30:26ladies and gentlemen this is where the
30:27fun begins in this video i'm going to
30:30explain how we can accept some user
30:31input in python
30:32and we do so by using the input function
30:35and then we type in our input to the
30:37console window
30:38but it would probably be good practice
30:40to let the user know what we want them
30:41to type in exactly
30:43so let's ask for somebody's name within
30:45quotes inside the input function i'm
30:47going to type
30:48what is your name and now
30:52our program will wait for us to enter in
30:54some user input
30:55so you can use your own name for this
30:57example i'm going to type bro
30:58now to submit some user input you just
31:00type or press
31:02enter now you can see that my process
31:04finished with exit code zero that means
31:06the program is done running
31:08so we should probably do something with
31:09this value we can actually assign it to
31:11a variable so we can use it elsewhere in
31:13our program
31:14so to do so we precede input with
31:17a variable like name works name equals
31:20input
31:20and when we accept some user input we
31:22will assign it to this variable that we
31:24called them
31:25and now we can do something with it so
31:27let's print a message
31:28involving our name variable that we have
31:31so how about
31:32hello plus name
31:35now when i run this program we can
31:37accept some user input
31:38and then do something with that input
31:40such as display message that says
31:42hello bro and then you can type in
31:44whatever you want for your name
31:45let's say i'm dude what is your name
31:48dude hello dude
31:49now this next part is very important
31:51when we accept user input it is always
31:54of the string
31:55data type a series of characters what if
31:58we need to accept a number
32:00well you can but you can't normally
32:01perform any math on it because it's of
32:04the string data type
32:05we would need to cast it as either of
32:07the integer data type
32:09or of the float data type so here's an
32:11example of why we can't perform any math
32:14on a string let's say we have a variable
32:16called
32:17edge age equals input and let's
32:20ask how old somebody is how old
32:23are you now i will add one to somebody's
32:28age let's pretend it's their birthday
32:30age equals age plus one this will add
32:32one to their age
32:33now let's try and run this what is your
32:35name bro
32:37how old are you let's say that i'm 21.
32:40okay we ran into an error a type error
32:42can only concatenate string to string
32:46with what i mentioned previously we
32:47cannot normally use
32:49strings for any sort of mathematical
32:51equation or operation
32:53we'll want to cast it to the integer or
32:55the float
32:56data type so let's cast our user input
32:59to the integer data type and we will
33:01surround our user input with a cast
33:04surround your input with a set of
33:06parenthesis and precede this with
33:08int and now we can use this user input
33:11in a mathematical operation
33:13so let's try it even though this won't
33:15display age yet so
33:16what is your name bro 21 and our program
33:20finished with
33:20an x a code of zero there were no
33:22problems now let's attempt to display
33:24this edge
33:25so i will print
33:28u r plus
33:31age plus years
33:35old we're doing some string
33:36concatenation here
33:38what is your name bro how old are you 21
33:42all right we ran into a type error again
33:44can only concatenate string to string
33:47you cannot normally display a variable
33:50of the integer data type
33:52along with strings because we're doing
33:54string concatenation we're adding
33:55strings together
33:57we would need to convert this variable
33:59back to the string
34:00data type so we can cast it we'll
34:02surround
34:03our edge variable with a cast now this
34:05is what's going to happen we will accept
34:07some user input it will be of the string
34:09data type and then we will
34:10immediately cast it to be of the integer
34:13data type so that we can treat it
34:15as a number instead of a character and
34:17then if we need to display this
34:19edge we will need to convert it back to
34:21a string so that we can use
34:23some string concatenation and display
34:25all of these strings together
34:27and now let's try this theory so what is
34:29your name bro
34:30how old are you let's say i'm 21 hello
34:33bro you
34:34are 22 years old here's a situation what
34:36if we enter
34:37a number that contains a decimal portion
34:39so let's try this again
34:41let's say i'm 21.5 years old
34:44well now we ran into a different issue a
34:47value error
34:48invalid literal for int with base 10
34:51that means if we cast a string as an
34:54integer
34:54it can only be a whole number a portion
34:57that does not contain
34:58a decimal and that is where the float
35:01data type would come in
35:02it is a data type that can contain a
35:05decimal portion
35:06for this example let's create a third
35:09variable called height and we will ask
35:11for somebody's height
35:12input we'll create a prompt that says
35:16how tall are you
35:21and we will cast this to be of the float
35:24data type
35:25so that our string our user input
35:28can contain a decimal portion and then
35:31we can treat it as a number instead of a
35:33series of characters
35:34and i think i will delete this line we
35:36won't really need it anymore
35:38and then let's print their height along
35:40with a message
35:42u r plus then
35:45height but we need to cast this back to
35:47being a string
35:50so we'll surround our height with a cast
35:54plus let's say cm
35:57tall all right let's test this
36:00what is your name bro how old are you
36:03let's say i'm 21 how tall are you let's
36:06pretend that i'm 250.5 centimeters tall
36:12i'm adding the 0.5 just to test to see
36:14if this will accept a floating point
36:15number
36:17hello bro you are 21 years old you are
36:21250.5 centimeters tall
36:23not really all right everybody so that
36:25is the basics of
36:26user input in python normally with user
36:29input it will give you
36:30a value of the string data type if you
36:33need to use that value for any sort of
36:35math
36:36you'll probably need to cast it to be of
36:38the integer or the float data
36:40type so if you would like a copy of this
36:42code i will post this in the comment
36:44section down below
36:45but yeah that's how to accept user input
36:47in python
36:49hey what's going on everybody it's bro
36:52hope you're doing well and in this video
36:53i'm going to demonstrate a few useful
36:55functions related to numbers in python
36:57so
36:58sit back relax and enjoy the show
37:03okay let's begin in this video i'm going
37:05to be demonstrating a bunch of useful
37:07functions related to numbers
37:09and a bunch of these functions are
37:11located within the math
37:13module now let's create a variable for
37:15this example let's say
37:17pi equals 3.14 just the first few digits
37:21of pi is fine for this example
37:23and now here's a bunch of useful
37:25functions that you guys would probably
37:26be interested in
37:28the first is round round is a built-in
37:30function and all we do is type round
37:32then add a set of parenthesis and then
37:35we can pass in
37:36a value or a variable as an argument and
37:39the round function
37:40will round that number for us so pi
37:43rounded to the nearest whole integer
37:45is you guessed it three now we can round
37:48a number up
37:49by using the seal function of the math
37:51class seal
37:52short for ceiling so let's print
37:55our result and in order to access this
37:58function within the math module
38:00we would type the name of the module dot
38:02and here's a bunch of functions that we
38:04have access to
38:05so we are looking for seal and it's
38:07actually at the top here for me
38:08and at seal we'll round a number up to
38:11the nearest whole integer
38:12so pi rounded up is four
38:16then on the flip side we can round a
38:18number down by using
38:19floor and that is also located within
38:21the math module
38:22so let's type math dot floor and
38:25pi rounded down would be three
38:29up next i have the absolute value
38:32function but it's abs
38:33for short abs will give you the absolute
38:36value of a number
38:38so the absolute value of pi actually
38:40let's make this negative 3.14
38:42the absolute value will tell you how far
38:45a number
38:46is away from zero so if you pass in a
38:48negative number
38:49it will give you a positive number so
38:52that is
38:52abs short for absolute value next we
38:55have
38:56the pow function pow will raise
38:59a base number to a power let's raise
39:03pi to the power of two so we pass in
39:06two arguments a base and an exponent
39:09pi to the power of two is nine point
39:11eight
39:12and some change so that is the pow
39:15function
39:16next we have square root
39:20so this is located within the math
39:22module we'll type
39:24math dot s q r
39:27t short for square root and the square
39:29root of pi
39:31is let's find out oh i guess we can't
39:34pass in pi
39:35uh let's round a different number like
39:38420
39:39oh i guess that's because i made pi
39:41negative okay so the square root of 420
39:43is
39:4420.4 and some change so that is the
39:47square
39:47root function all right we have two left
39:50we have the max function
39:52the max function will find the largest
39:54of a varying amount
39:56of values so let's create three
39:58variables for this example
40:00let's say x equals one y equals two
40:03and z equals three we can use the max
40:07function to find
40:08the largest of these values so within a
40:10print statement
40:11let's use the max function and pass in
40:15all of the different values or variables
40:17that you would like to compare
40:18so i would like to find the largest
40:21value between
40:22x y and z and the result in this example
40:26is three now the min function will find
40:29the lowest
40:30so min and then pass in your values or
40:34variables
40:35so i would like to find the minimum
40:36value between x
40:38y and z and in this case it is one
40:42well everybody those are a few useful
40:45functions that you guys might be
40:46interested in
40:47if you guys would like a copy of this
40:49code i will post this in the comments
40:50section down below
40:52but yeah those are a few useful
40:54functions related to numbers
40:56in python hey what's going on everybody
41:00it's bro hope you're doing well and in
41:02this video i'm going to explain string
41:04slicing in python so sit back
41:06relax and enjoy the show
41:10all right then let's talk about slicing
41:12slicing can be used to create a
41:14substring by extracting elements from
41:16another string
41:17the same principle can also be applied
41:19to different collections as well
41:21but in this video we're going to be
41:22focusing on slicing strings
41:24now to slice a string we can either use
41:27the indexing operator
41:29which is a set of square brackets or by
41:31use of the slice function
41:33to create a slice object this is a
41:35little more complex
41:36we'll discuss the slice function near
41:38the end of this video
41:39so with slicing there are three optional
41:43arguments
41:43three fields that we can fill in
41:45depending on where
41:46and how we want to slice our string a
41:49starting index
41:50a stopping index and a step let's begin
41:53with the starting index
41:54now for this example let's say we have a
41:57string
41:58variable called name and this will store
42:00a value of whatever your
42:02own full name is yes i legally change my
42:04name to bro code you can use your own
42:06name for this if you want
42:07so what i would like to do is to create
42:09a substring
42:10based off a sliced portion of my full
42:13name
42:14so what i would like to do is create a
42:16substring based off of just the first
42:18part of my name just bro
42:20so let's begin by creating a substring
42:23maybe i'll call this first
42:26name equals now to slice a string
42:30type in a string or the name of a
42:33variable that contains your string
42:34and follow this with the indexing
42:36operator and like i said we'll discuss
42:38the slice function a little bit later so
42:41we need
42:42a starting index and a stopping index
42:45but we'll begin with the starting index
42:47where do we want to begin
42:49our slice so computers they always start
42:51with zero
42:52so the first character in your string
42:54will have an index
42:56of zero i would like my slice to begin
42:58at index 0
42:59so i'll list that for the starting
43:01position the starting index
43:03so let's test this just to be sure it
43:05works i'll just print
43:07first name and let's see if this prints
43:10capital b
43:11which it does so following that same
43:13pattern the next character
43:15within my string would have an index of
43:18one that would be
43:19r then the next index two would be
43:22o and three should be an empty space
43:26all right so that is the starting index
43:29within string slicing if we would like
43:31to slice an entire portion of our string
43:34not just one letter we need a stopping
43:37index as well
43:38and both of these fields are separated
43:40with a colon
43:41so let's say i would like to slice the
43:43first three characters of my string
43:46so this would have an index of zero one
43:50two and this isn't going to work as you
43:52would imagine and i'll explain
43:54why so you would think that indexes
43:570 through 2 would give us three letters
43:59right but it only gives us two
44:01so this first index is inclusive
44:05the stopping index is exclusive so if i
44:08want the first
44:09three characters the first three letters
44:12in the string
44:12i would need the starting index to be
44:15zero
44:16and the stopping index to be three and
44:18now this should print
44:19my first name and not anything else
44:22there is a shorthand way of writing this
44:24too
44:24so if you were to leave this first index
44:27blank
44:28for start well python is going to assume
44:30that this is zero
44:31the beginning of your string so this
44:34would be
44:35no different than what we had previously
44:37just having colon
44:38three now let's try and create a
44:41separate substring
44:42for a last name so last
44:45name name now we need a
44:49starting index and a stopping index so
44:52we need the starting index at least so
44:54this would be
44:56zero one two three four
44:59four colon and where do we want this to
45:01stop
45:02zero one two three four five
45:05six seven and remember that this is
45:08exclusive
45:09so we're going to place eight here and
45:11now i would like to display
45:13last name and this should just display
45:16code
45:16and a shortcut is that if you were to
45:19leave
45:20stop blank but you still have that colon
45:22this is a shorthand way of writing
45:24i would like every character starting at
45:27index four
45:28and everything after until the end so
45:30there would be no change to this
45:32as well you can write it either way okay
45:34so we still have to discuss
45:36step step is an optional field that we
45:38can set a value to
45:40so step is how much we're increasing our
45:42index by
45:43between starting and stopping so it is
45:46entirely possible
45:48to create a substring that will count
45:50only
45:51every second character after the first
45:53normally step is one by default
45:55but if we were to set that to two we're
45:57going to count only
45:58every second character so let's try this
46:01maybe i'll create a new
46:02variable called funky name because i
46:05really don't know what else to call this
46:06for this example
46:07let's say funky name equals name and i'm
46:10going to count
46:11only every second character including
46:14the first
46:14so the indexes would be zero colon
46:18eight for my example but if you're using
46:20your own name that's probably going to
46:21be something different
46:23so the default first step is one and if
46:26i were to display funky name as it
46:28is currently this will just display my
46:30full name
46:31but if we set step to two this will only
46:33display
46:34every second character including the
46:36first so funky name is now
46:38for me at least b o c d now if step
46:42was three this will print only every
46:44third character including the first
46:46where it's b space d a shorthand way of
46:50writing this
46:50is that you could leave start and stop
46:53empty but the important thing is to have
46:55these two colons
46:57python is going to assume that if you
46:59leave your starting index
47:00empty you're referring to index 0 the
47:03beginning
47:04if your second index your stopping index
47:06is empty
47:07python will assume this will be the very
47:10end of your string
47:11so just having two colons and then step
47:13three would be
47:14no different than what we had previously
47:16or this next part i'm going to explain
47:19how we can reverse a string in python so
47:22let's create a new substring variable
47:24called
47:24reversed name equals name i would like
47:27to use the entire string
47:29so i can just use two colons python will
47:32fill in the rest
47:33so for the step this is going to be
47:35negative one
47:36it's kind of like we're counting
47:38backwards and we're going to create
47:40a new sub string based off my name but
47:43in reverse
47:44so if i were to print my reversed name
47:47this is now
47:48edok orb i think that's how you
47:50pronounce it
47:51so that's how to reverse a string in
47:53python using slicing
47:55now let's move on to part two of this
47:57video i'm going to be explaining the
47:59slice function and we can use the slice
48:01function to create a slice
48:03object which is actually reusable so
48:05that's somewhat convenient
48:07let's take a different scenario this
48:08time let's say we have a website url
48:11website equals http colon2forwardslashes
48:16google.com but use whatever website you
48:18want what i would like to do for this
48:20program
48:20is remove and create a substring based
48:23off the website name
48:24and not anything else i would like to
48:27exclude the http portion as well as the
48:30dot-com portion
48:31of this website url so let's break it
48:34down step by step
48:35our first step is to create a slice
48:37object so i will name the slice object
48:40as slice
48:40slice equals and i will invoke the slice
48:43function
48:44so within the parentheses of the slice
48:46function we can add up to
48:48three values a start a stop and a step
48:52exactly the same as what we did with
48:53indexing however with the slice function
48:56we separate each of these values with a
48:59comma
48:59instead of a colon but it works the same
49:01way so we would like
49:03our substring to begin where the name of
49:05the website begins
49:06so we would like our start to be zero
49:10one two three four five six seven
49:13so i will pass in seven for where my
49:15substring will begin
49:17and now each value within the slice
49:19function will be separated with
49:21a comma instead of a colon like what we
49:23did with the indexing operator
49:25now for the stop index that's going to
49:28be a little bit tricky
49:29and let me explain why one issue that
49:31we're going to run into
49:32is that not all website names are
49:34consistent with their length they can
49:36really vary
49:37so it is not possible for us to use the
49:40same stopping index
49:41for each of these website urls so one
49:44way in which we can account for that
49:46is to use what is called a negative
49:48index each character within a string
49:51has a positive index as well as a
49:53negative index
49:54and a negative index works almost
49:57exactly the same way
49:58except the character most on the right
50:01begins with a negative index
50:03of minus one and the character on the
50:06left
50:06of that would be negative two negative
50:09three and negative four
50:10it's as if you're counting backwards so
50:12with indexing we can use some
50:14combination of
50:15positive and negative indexing so i
50:18would like
50:19my substring to end where this dot is so
50:22this would have
50:23a index of minus one minus two
50:26minus three minus four and remember that
50:28this is exclusive
50:30so i would like my slice to begin at
50:32index seven
50:34and a negative index of four for the
50:37stopping position
50:38so that will give me just the website
50:40name and remove
50:41the http portion as well as the dot com
50:44portion of my website url
50:47and now we have a slice object and we
50:49can reuse this
50:50so to apply your slice object type in
50:53the name your string
50:54index operator and place your slice
50:57right within here
50:58and let's print this so print
51:01our website and apply the slice to it
51:03and now this should give us
51:05just the website name and now let's test
51:07this with maybe another website
51:09i'll rename this as website one and
51:11let's create website2
51:14and let's try a different website name
51:17for goodmeasure
51:18so let's try wikipedia so we can reuse
51:22our slice object
51:23and we will apply our slice to website
51:26two this time
51:27and this should remove the url portions
51:30http as well as
51:32com all right everybody so that is
51:34slicing strings
51:36in python you can either use the
51:38indexing operator
51:39or the slice function to create a slice
51:42object
51:43if you would like a copy of all this
51:44code i will post all of this in the
51:46comments section down below
51:48but yeah that is how string slicing
51:50works in python
51:52hey what's going on people it's you bro
51:54hope you're doing well and in this video
51:56i'm going to explain
51:57if statements else if statements and
51:59else statements and python so
52:01sit back relax and enjoy the show
52:06all right people let's talk about if
52:08statements an if statement is a block of
52:10code
52:11that will execute only if its condition
52:13is true
52:14it's a very basic form of decision
52:16making with programming
52:18for this example let's create a prompt
52:21where we will ask a user
52:22for their age and depending on what
52:24their age is we will print a response
52:26so let's say age equals input and then
52:29we will add a prompt
52:30how old are you now this will return a
52:33string
52:33so we should probably cast this as an
52:36integer data type
52:37so we now have a variable called age
52:39where we will accept some user input
52:42let's check somebody's age with a
52:43variety of if statements
52:45so let's check to see if somebody's age
52:47is greater than or equal to 18
52:49so to create an if statement type if and
52:51then some sort of condition
52:53if age is greater than or equal to 18
52:56to finish this if statement add a colon
52:58at the end
52:59now pay attention to this if i move down
53:01to the next line you'll notice that my
53:03cursor is now
53:04indented any indented code underneath an
53:07if statement is the block of code for
53:10that if statement
53:11so if this condition is true we will
53:13execute some
53:14block of code if it's false we'll skip
53:17over it so if somebody's age is greater
53:19than or equal to 18
53:20let's print you are an
53:24adult and let's try this program how old
53:27are you
53:28let's say i'm 21 so my condition when we
53:31get to the if statement
53:32is going to check to see if this
53:33condition is true if it is true we're
53:35going to
53:36execute this block of code if it's not
53:38we skip over it
53:39so how old are you let's say i'm 21 i'm
53:42going to hit enter
53:43and my if statement is true so we
53:45execute this block of code which prints
53:48you are an adult so what if this
53:49condition is false
53:51let's say i'm 12. well then we're just
53:53going to skip over this block of code
53:54and continue on with the rest of the
53:56program
53:56if you would like your program to take
53:58some other course of action
54:00if this condition is false we can add an
54:02else
54:03statement so after the if statement add
54:06else
54:06make sure you get the indentation right
54:08you don't want this within the block of
54:10code for the if statement
54:11so if this condition is false we can
54:14take
54:15some other course of action so if
54:17somebody's age
54:18is less than 18 let's print
54:22you are a child
54:26so let's try this again i'm going to
54:28enter that i
54:29am 12 years old not really but let's
54:31just pretend i am
54:33so this will now print you are a child
54:35if
54:36this condition is false perform this
54:38block of code for the else statement
54:40so with if statements we can check more
54:43than one condition before reaching the
54:45else statement by using an
54:46else if statement and we add that after
54:50an if statement so it's shortened to e l
54:53i f for else if so let's check to see if
54:56somebody's age
54:57is less than zero for some reason
55:00so let's print
55:03you haven't been born yet
55:08so with if statements we start at the
55:11top we first check
55:12the if statement if this is false we
55:14move down to the next
55:15statement to check then we check our
55:18else if statement
55:19if this is also false then we resort to
55:21the else statement
55:23the else statement is sort of like a
55:25last resort if all conditions
55:27evaluate to be false then we execute the
55:30else statement
55:31so let's try this how old are you let's
55:33say i'm negative
55:341 years old you haven't been born yet
55:38so with if statements we always begin
55:40with an if statement and we check
55:42that condition if that condition
55:44evaluates to be false
55:46then we will skip this block of code and
55:48move down to the else if statement
55:50if there is one it's optional if this
55:53condition
55:54is also false then we will use our else
55:56statement as a last resort
55:58if there is one if there is no else
56:00statement then we just skip over all of
56:02this then and continue on with the rest
56:04of the program
56:05so you can add more than one else if
56:07statement so let's check something else
56:10let's check to see else if age
56:14is equal to 100 so if you need to check
56:17to see
56:18if a value is equal to a particular
56:21value
56:21make sure you use double equal signs
56:24this is the comparison
56:25operator for equality if you use just
56:29one equal sign that's the assignment
56:31operator and
56:32python thinks you're attempting to set
56:34age equal to 100
56:35so if you want to check to see if age is
56:38equal to 100
56:39then use double equals so let's check to
56:42see if somebody's age is
56:44equal to 100 so let's print
56:48you are a century
56:52old now pay attention to this if i were
56:54to run this program
56:56how old are you let's say i'm 100. so
56:59this is printing you are an adult that's
57:02because we first check
57:03our if statement and well we're 100
57:06years old and 100
57:07is greater than or equal to 18. so we
57:10print
57:10this block of code we execute this block
57:12of code and then we skip
57:14everything else even though age is equal
57:17to 100 within
57:19our else if statement so the order of
57:22your if statements
57:23does matter so let's change this around
57:25let's add this
57:26to the very beginning and this will be
57:30our
57:30if statement and we will set age
57:33is greater than or equal to 18 to be an
57:35else if statement
57:36so we're first going to check to see if
57:38age is equal to 100
57:40if not we will check to see if age is
57:43greater than or equal to 18
57:45and we just follow that order so let's
57:47try this again how old are you
57:48i am 100 years old you are
57:52a century old so we first check our if
57:54statement
57:55if this condition is true we will
57:57execute this block of code
57:59if it's false we just go down the order
58:01till we reach our else statement
58:03well everybody that is the basics of if
58:06statements we have if statements
58:08else if statements and else statements
58:10so if you would like a copy of this code
58:12i will post this in the comments down
58:14below
58:15but yeah that is how if statements work
58:17in python
58:19hey what's going on everybody it's bro
58:21hope you're doing well in this video i'm
58:23going to explain
58:24logical operators in python so sit back
58:26relax
58:27and enjoy the show
58:30all right everybody let's talk about
58:32logical operators
58:33these are used to check if two or more
58:36conditional statements
58:37are true so we'll be discussing the and
58:40as well as the or
58:41logical operators there's also a third
58:44one called
58:44not but that works a little bit
58:46different and i'll explain why
58:48so let's create a program to demonstrate
58:50this let's create a program
58:51where we will ask somebody for the
58:53temperature outside and then depending
58:55on the temperature if it falls within a
58:56certain range
58:57we will print a message so we'll need to
58:59use and as well as or logical operators
59:01to do this
59:02so here i have a prompt temp for
59:04temperature equals input what is the
59:06temperature outside
59:08so i'm going to cast this as an integer
59:10data type
59:11so what if we want to check to see if
59:13our temperature is within a certain
59:15range
59:16we can use the and logical operator to
59:19check
59:19two or more conditional statements this
59:21is how we might do that
59:23let's check if temp
59:26is greater than or equal to zero zero
59:28degrees celsius
59:30and we can check another condition too
59:32if temp
59:34is less than or equal to 30 degrees
59:36celsius
59:38so we need to add a colon at the end to
59:40finish this if statement
59:42and let me just fix some of the spacing
59:44okay so
59:46with the and logical operator in order
59:48for this entire condition to be true
59:51both conditions must be true this needs
59:53to be true
59:54and this needs to be true so if our
59:57temperature
59:57is equal to or above 0 as well
1:00:01as being less than or equal to 30 that
1:00:04means our temperature
1:00:05falls within a certain range so let's
1:00:07print a message
1:00:08such as the temperature
1:00:12is good today
1:00:16print go
1:00:19outside all right let's try it
1:00:23so what is the temperature outside let's
1:00:25say it's 20 degrees celsius
1:00:27well the temperature is good today go
1:00:30outside
1:00:30this condition is true 20 is greater
1:00:33than or equal to zero
1:00:34and temperature is less than or equal to
1:00:3730.
1:00:38let's try a different temperature like
1:00:40negative 20 degrees celsius so it's
1:00:42really freaking cold outside right now
1:00:44as you can see nothing happened because
1:00:46our first condition
1:00:48was false our temperature is not greater
1:00:50than or equal to zero
1:00:52but our temperature is less than or
1:00:54equal to 30 so
1:00:56our second condition is true but our
1:00:58first condition was false
1:00:59and in order for this entire statement
1:01:01to be true since we're using the and
1:01:03logical operator
1:01:04both conditions must be true in order
1:01:06for this statement
1:01:07to be true now let's discuss the or
1:01:10logical operator
1:01:11we can check to see if our temperature
1:01:13is below
1:01:14or above a certain range so let's write
1:01:16else if
1:01:17temp is less than zero or
1:01:21temp is greater than 30. so that means
1:01:25it's going to be either
1:01:26very cold outside or very hot outside so
1:01:29let's print a message
1:01:31the temperature
1:01:35is bad today
1:01:39print stay
1:01:44inside all right let's try this again
1:01:49what is the temperature outside it is
1:01:50negative 20 degrees outside
1:01:53the temperature is bad today stay inside
1:01:55so with the
1:01:56orological operator as long as one of
1:01:59these conditions
1:02:00is true then the entire statement is
1:02:02true it doesn't matter if one of them is
1:02:04false as long as one of them is true
1:02:05then the entire statement
1:02:07is true last but not least we have the
1:02:09not logical operator this works a little
1:02:11bit different from the
1:02:12and as well as the or logical operator
1:02:14because we can check
1:02:16one or more conditional statements
1:02:18instead of two or more conditional
1:02:20statements
1:02:21so what the not logical operator will do
1:02:23is that it'll take
1:02:24a conditional statement if it's true
1:02:26it's going to flip it to false
1:02:28if it's normally false it's going to
1:02:29flip it to true so for this example we
1:02:31have another way in which we could write
1:02:33this
1:02:34although it's a little more complex so
1:02:36if our statement
1:02:37is true what we can do is that we can
1:02:39flip it to false using the
1:02:41not logical operator if it's normally
1:02:43false we can change it to true
1:02:45so what we'll do is surround one or more
1:02:47conditional statements with a set of
1:02:48parentheses
1:02:49and precede everything within the
1:02:51parentheses with the not
1:02:52logical operator so if the statement is
1:02:55normally true
1:02:56it's going to become false using the not
1:02:58logical operator
1:02:59if it's normally false it's going to be
1:03:01true then let's do the same with the
1:03:03else if statement
1:03:04so surround one or more conditional
1:03:06statements with the not
1:03:08logical operator so now these roles are
1:03:10going to be kind of reversed so let's
1:03:12try this again what is the temperature
1:03:13outside it is negative 20 degrees
1:03:15outside
1:03:16the temperature is good today go outside
1:03:18so what we should probably do
1:03:19is kind of reverse these rolls so i'm
1:03:22just going to swap
1:03:23everything within these if statements
1:03:25with each other
1:03:27and now this should work the same as it
1:03:29did before but we just wrote it a little
1:03:30bit different
1:03:31what is the temperature outside it is 15
1:03:34degrees outside
1:03:3515 degrees celsius the temperature is
1:03:37good today go outside
1:03:38so with the not logical operator you can
1:03:41surround one
1:03:42or more conditional statements with the
1:03:44not logical operator and what this will
1:03:46do
1:03:47is flip it from being false to true or
1:03:49from true to false
1:03:50well everybody that's the basics of
1:03:52logical operators in python if you would
1:03:55like a copy of all this code i will post
1:03:57this in the comments
1:03:58down below but yeah that's the basics of
1:04:00logical operators
1:04:02in python hey what's going on everybody
1:04:05it's bro hope you're doing well and in
1:04:07this video i'm going to explain while
1:04:08loops in python so sit back
1:04:10relax and enjoy the show
1:04:15so while loops a while loop is a
1:04:17statement that will execute its block of
1:04:19code
1:04:20as long as its condition remains true
1:04:23later on in this video for this example
1:04:25we're going to create
1:04:26a program where we will prompt a user to
1:04:28enter their name
1:04:29if they attempt to skip that prompt then
1:04:31we will continually ask the user to
1:04:33enter their name
1:04:34and they can't continue on with the rest
1:04:36of the program until they do so the key
1:04:37thing to keep in mind with while loops
1:04:39is that you'll want some way to
1:04:41eventually escape the while loop if you
1:04:42don't have any way to escape the while
1:04:44loop that's referred to as an
1:04:46infinite loop so let's create an example
1:04:48of an infinite loop because it's fun
1:04:50so to create a while loop type while and
1:04:52then some sort of condition
1:04:53so for our condition let's say while one
1:04:55is equal to one
1:04:56so this will always be true now what do
1:04:59we want to do
1:05:00when we execute this block of code let's
1:05:02print something
1:05:03print help i'm
1:05:06stuck in a loop all right so let's try
1:05:10this
1:05:10while one is equal to one print this
1:05:13statement
1:05:15and we will just continue on and on
1:05:17within this while loop because we have
1:05:19no way to escape this while loop
1:05:21so now let's use this concept and write
1:05:24a program where we will prompt a user to
1:05:26type in their name
1:05:27if they don't type in anything then we
1:05:29will continue to prompt them to type in
1:05:31at least something
1:05:32so let's say name is equal to
1:05:35and then to just keep this blank we'll
1:05:36just set this to a set of quotes
1:05:39and then let's write a while loop here
1:05:41while name
1:05:43and let's check the length of name if
1:05:45the length
1:05:46of our name is equal
1:05:49to zero then we will ask the user to
1:05:52type in their name
1:05:53name equals input
1:05:57enter your name
1:06:00so then once we escape the while loop
1:06:02let's print something
1:06:04print hello plus
1:06:07name whoops hello plus name
1:06:10alright so when i run this we are giving
1:06:12the user a way to escape the while loop
1:06:14they have to type in something for their
1:06:16name
1:06:16as long as the length of my name is
1:06:19equal to zero
1:06:20keep on printing this prompt enter your
1:06:23name
1:06:23so i'm just going to hit enter a bunch
1:06:25of times enter your name
1:06:26no enter your name no enter your name no
1:06:30so we are stuck within this loop until
1:06:32we enter something for our name
1:06:34so this time let me type in a name then
1:06:36hit enter
1:06:37so therefore our condition is now false
1:06:39the length
1:06:40of my name is now one two three so
1:06:43three is not equal to zero therefore our
1:06:46while statement our while loop is false
1:06:48and we continue on with the rest of the
1:06:49program there are a few variations in
1:06:51which you could write the same program
1:06:53so
1:06:54let's write this a different way what we
1:06:55could do is say
1:06:57name is equal to none while
1:07:00not name and this will pretty much do
1:07:03the same thing it's just another way of
1:07:05writing this
1:07:06well everybody that's the basics of
1:07:08while loops a while loop is a statement
1:07:10that will execute
1:07:11its block of code as long as its
1:07:13condition remains true
1:07:15for our example we asked the user to
1:07:17type in their name
1:07:18if they were to leave it empty or blank
1:07:20we would keep on asking the user to type
1:07:22in their name
1:07:23so if you would like a copy of this code
1:07:25i will post this in the comments section
1:07:26down below
1:07:27but yeah that's the basics of while
1:07:29loops in python
1:07:31hey what's going on everybody it's bro
1:07:33hope you're doing well and in this video
1:07:35i'm going to explain for loops in python
1:07:37and at the end of this video we're going
1:07:38to create a countdown timer so
1:07:40sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:07:45all right guys and gals let's talk about
1:07:47for loops a for loop is a statement that
1:07:49will execute its block of code a
1:07:52limited amount of times it's similar but
1:07:54different from a while loop because a
1:07:56while loop
1:07:57could iterate an unlimited or infinite
1:08:00amount of times depending on the
1:08:02condition a for loop
1:08:04will only iterate a limited amount of
1:08:06times and before we start executing
1:08:08its block of code we already know how
1:08:10many times we're going to repeat this
1:08:11block of code
1:08:12so for this example let's create a for
1:08:14loop that will simply count it to 10
1:08:16and then we'll create a few more
1:08:17sophisticated examples
1:08:19so to create a for loop that will count
1:08:20up to 10 this is what we'll type
1:08:22four and then we need some sort of
1:08:24counter people usually either write
1:08:26index or they shorten it to just i i for
1:08:29index
1:08:30four i in and we can set a range range
1:08:34ten so we will execute this for loop ten
1:08:36times
1:08:37and to finish this for loop just add a
1:08:39colon at the end
1:08:40so the next line or lines will be
1:08:43indented so that's the block of code for
1:08:45the for loop
1:08:46what do we want to do during each
1:08:47iteration let's just print what
1:08:49i is and let's take a look to see what
1:08:51would happen
1:08:52so we executed this for loop ten times
1:08:55except with computers computers always
1:08:57start with zero
1:08:58so when we said four i in range ten
1:09:00we're counting numbers
1:09:02zero through nine so it's as if this
1:09:04number
1:09:05is exclusive so there's two ways we can
1:09:07change this we could say range ten
1:09:09plus one or what i would do is say print
1:09:12i
1:09:12plus one so this will give us numbers
1:09:15one
1:09:15through ten so that's a for loop it will
1:09:18execute a limited amount of times
1:09:20this time let's count a range between
1:09:22two numbers
1:09:23not necessarily 0 to 10 but something
1:09:25else so let's say 4i
1:09:27in range maybe the numbers 50 through
1:09:31100
1:09:31so within my range function i will pass
1:09:34in two numbers
1:09:35the first number will be the starting
1:09:37point and the second number is the
1:09:38ending point
1:09:39this first number is inclusive and the
1:09:41second number is exclusive
1:09:43so let's print this print whatever i is
1:09:46so this will count
1:09:4850 through 99 actually if you wanted to
1:09:51include this last number since it's
1:09:53exclusive what we could do is just add
1:09:55one to the end so this would give
1:09:56us 50 through 100 except that
1:10:00this will iterate 51 times since we're
1:10:02counting 50.
1:10:04so you just have to pay attention to
1:10:05your range and the numbers that it's
1:10:06counting now one thing that you can do
1:10:08with the range function is that you can
1:10:10add a third argument and this will
1:10:12function as the step
1:10:13how much you want to count up or down by
1:10:15so this time let's count up by two
1:10:17so i'll add comma two we're passing in a
1:10:20third argument this time
1:10:22so this program will now count up by two
1:10:24starting at fifty and go all the way
1:10:27to one hundred a benefit of for loops is
1:10:30that we can iterate through anything
1:10:32that is considered
1:10:33iterable this could include a string the
1:10:35letters in a string
1:10:36or any sort of collection so this time
1:10:39let's create a for loop that will
1:10:40iterate
1:10:41once through each letter in maybe a name
1:10:44so for
1:10:44i in and let's type a name here type in
1:10:47whatever your first name and last name
1:10:49is
1:10:50and then we will print whatever i is
1:10:53for i in whatever your name is print
1:10:56each letter
1:10:57in the string so when i run this each
1:11:00letter
1:11:01within my name will be printed to a new
1:11:03line
1:11:04all right people for my last trick we're
1:11:06going to create a program
1:11:07where we will simulate a countdown
1:11:09starting at 10 and count down to zero
1:11:11and then maybe once we reach zero we can
1:11:13print something such as
1:11:15happy new year so to create this program
1:11:17we'll need an import so at the top
1:11:19we're going to import the time module
1:11:21because we'll be waiting
1:11:22one second after each iteration of this
1:11:24for loop
1:11:25so to create this program let's say four
1:11:27you could say i but you can really write
1:11:29anything here and
1:11:30to demonstrate that let's say four
1:11:32seconds four seconds
1:11:35in range so the starting point is going
1:11:38to be ten
1:11:38the ending point will be zero and we'll
1:11:41add a step
1:11:42what do we want to count up or down by
1:11:44let's set this to negative one so this
1:11:46will be a countdown
1:11:47starting at ten and ending at zero so
1:11:49after each iteration
1:11:51let's print whatever i is or in this
1:11:54case
1:11:55seconds and then we can sleep have our
1:11:58thread sleep
1:11:58for a number of seconds too so after we
1:12:01print seconds
1:12:03type time dot sleep and pass in
1:12:06how long you want to sleep for i would
1:12:08like to sleep for one second
1:12:10and then at the end let's print happy
1:12:12new year make sure this isn't within the
1:12:14for loop
1:12:15print happy new year and well
1:12:18that's it let's test this so we'll begin
1:12:21at 10 and count down to zero and you can
1:12:23see that my thread that is running this
1:12:25program
1:12:25is sleeping for one second after each
1:12:28iteration of this for loop
1:12:29then once we reach zero it will display
1:12:32happy new year
1:12:33well everybody that's the basics of for
1:12:35loops a for loop is a statement
1:12:37that will execute its block of code a
1:12:40limited amount of times
1:12:41it's different from a while loop because
1:12:43a while loop could execute
1:12:45an infinite or unlimited amount of times
1:12:47with for loops they execute limited
1:12:50amounts of times
1:12:51and before we enter the for loop we
1:12:53already know how many times we're going
1:12:54to iterate this for loop
1:12:56if you'd like a copy of all this code i
1:12:58will post this in the comments down
1:12:59below
1:13:00but yeah that's how for loops work in
1:13:02python
1:13:04hey what's going on everybody it's you
1:13:06bro hope you're doing well and in this
1:13:07video i'm going to explain nested loops
1:13:09in python so
1:13:10sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:13:15hey all you people let's talk about
1:13:17nested loops a nested loop is a general
1:13:19concept of having
1:13:20one loop inside of another loop and
1:13:22that's really it it doesn't matter if
1:13:24it's a for loop or a while loop
1:13:26so the inner loop will finish all of its
1:13:28iterations
1:13:29before we finish one iteration of the
1:13:31outer loop
1:13:32and to best demonstrate this we're going
1:13:34to create a program where we will draw a
1:13:36rectangle made out of a certain symbol
1:13:38that we choose
1:13:39we need to set a width and a height and
1:13:41to best do this we'll need to use a
1:13:43nested loop we'll create a few prompts
1:13:45one for rows
1:13:46columns and a symbol that we want to
1:13:48make a rectangle of
1:13:49so let's begin with rows rows equals
1:13:52input how many
1:13:56rows and we'll need to cast this as an
1:14:00integer data type
1:14:01because we're working with numbers okay
1:14:04let's do the same thing for columns
1:14:08so replace rows with columns for this
1:14:10next line
1:14:12input how many columns
1:14:15and we'll create a symbol variable
1:14:18symbol
1:14:18equals input and this we don't have to
1:14:21cast
1:14:23enter a symbol to
1:14:26use now it's time for the nested loops
1:14:29we're going to create an outer for loop
1:14:31as well as an inner for loop
1:14:33the outer for loop will be in charge of
1:14:35the rows the inner for loop will be in
1:14:37charge of the columns
1:14:38so let's begin by creating our outer
1:14:41loop so
1:14:42we'll write 4 i in range
1:14:46rows we would like our outer for loop to
1:14:49iterate as many times
1:14:50as we have rows and we're going to
1:14:52create an inner for loop that will
1:14:54iterate as many times as we have columns
1:14:56so within the block of code for the
1:14:58outer for loop we're going to create
1:15:00another for loop
1:15:01this time it'll be four and a common
1:15:04convention
1:15:05for inner loops is to write j as an
1:15:07index because
1:15:09j comes after i i guess so for j
1:15:12in range columns
1:15:18so our inner for loop will iterate for
1:15:21as many times
1:15:22as we have columns all we'll do within
1:15:24the
1:15:25inner for loop is print our symbol that
1:15:27we have
1:15:28except we'll have one issue using a
1:15:31print statement
1:15:32after we use the print statement we will
1:15:34enter a new line character and move down
1:15:36to the next line
1:15:37we can actually prevent that by adding
1:15:39comma
1:15:40and equals quotes so after using a print
1:15:45statement
1:15:45this will prevent our cursor from moving
1:15:47down to the next line
1:15:49so pay attention to the indentation too
1:15:52so there's kind of two levels of
1:15:53indentation
1:15:54we're currently within the inner for
1:15:56loop so that's pretty much it for the
1:15:58inner for loop now we're going to
1:16:00print a new line once we exit the inner
1:16:02for loop
1:16:03and you can see that the indentation is
1:16:05on
1:16:07this line right here we're within the
1:16:08outer for loop now
1:16:10and that's pretty much it so let's try
1:16:12this program
1:16:13how many rows let's say five rows how
1:16:16many columns perhaps six
1:16:19what symbol do we want to use let's say
1:16:21the dollar sign
1:16:22and let's try it there we go there's our
1:16:25rectangle
1:16:26so we have let's see six columns one
1:16:30two three four five six and five rows
1:16:32one
1:16:33two three four five in summary
1:16:36a nested loop is really just this
1:16:38concept of having
1:16:39one loop inside of another loop it
1:16:41doesn't matter if it's a while loop or a
1:16:43for a loop it's really situational
1:16:45the inner loop will finish all of its
1:16:47iterations before finishing
1:16:49one iteration of the outer loop so what
1:16:51we did to demonstrate that is that we
1:16:53had
1:16:54the outer loop in charge the rows and an
1:16:56inner loop in charge of the columns for
1:16:58our rectangle program
1:16:59so if you would like a copy of this
1:17:01program i will post this in the comment
1:17:03section down below
1:17:04but yeah that's the basics of nested
1:17:06loops in python
1:17:09hey what's going on everybody it's bro
1:17:11hope you're doing well
1:17:12and in this video i'm going to explain
1:17:14loop control statements in python
1:17:16so sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:17:21all right ladies and gentlemen let's
1:17:23talk about loop control statements
1:17:24these are used to change a loop's
1:17:26execution from its normal sequence
1:17:29and there are three we're going to
1:17:30discuss break continue
1:17:32and pass let's begin with break break is
1:17:35used to terminate the loop entirely
1:17:37now here's a good example of where a
1:17:39break would be useful
1:17:40let's say while true we're going to
1:17:43continually ask
1:17:44for somebody's name if they don't type
1:17:46in anything then we'll continue the
1:17:48while loop over and over again
1:17:49so let's say name equals input
1:17:55enter your name now
1:17:58if name does not equal
1:18:02a set of quotes that means they don't
1:18:04type in anything then
1:18:05we will break and break out of this
1:18:08while loop and let's test it
1:18:10enter your name nah i don't think so i'm
1:18:12too lazy to enter my name
1:18:14all right i can see that i'm not going
1:18:15to escape this while loop so i'm going
1:18:17to type in my name because i give up
1:18:19and hit enter therefore i will break and
1:18:22exit out of this while loop
1:18:23so a break is used to terminate the loop
1:18:26entirely when it's encountered
1:18:28next we have continue continue skips to
1:18:30the next iteration of the loop
1:18:32now let's say we have a phone number
1:18:35phone
1:18:35underscore number and i will set the
1:18:38sequel to
1:18:39let's say a random phone number
1:18:40including dashes 123-456-7890
1:18:45what i would like to do is to display
1:18:47this number within the console window
1:18:49without these dashes
1:18:51this is how to do that using a continue
1:18:53control statement
1:18:54for i in phone number
1:19:00so for each character within our string
1:19:03of phone number
1:19:04what we'll do is check to see if we
1:19:06encounter a dash character
1:19:08if i i is our index is
1:19:11equal to a dash then we want to
1:19:15continue and skip over this iteration of
1:19:18the loop
1:19:19so continue
1:19:23then i would like to print
1:19:26whatever our indexes whatever character
1:19:29we're working on
1:19:30so if i were to run this as it is it's
1:19:32going to print each digit
1:19:34on a new line so with print statements
1:19:37they will add a new line character to
1:19:39the end of your string
1:19:40and you can actually change that by
1:19:42adding to the end comma
1:19:44end equals and then a set of quotes so
1:19:47this will print my phone number without
1:19:49any dashes
1:19:50one two three four five six seven eight
1:19:51nine zero so that's a use of
1:19:54the continue control statement it skips
1:19:56to the next iteration of the loop
1:19:58last but not least we have pass pass
1:20:01does nothing
1:20:01it acts as a placeholder let's say that
1:20:04i would like to print the numbers
1:20:051 through 20 using a for loop for i
1:20:09in range 1 through 21 and remember that
1:20:13the second digit is
1:20:14exclusive so this will iterate once
1:20:16through the digits of 1
1:20:18through 20. let's pretend that i'm
1:20:20highly superstitious and i don't want to
1:20:22print
1:20:22the number 13 because 13 is considered
1:20:24an unlucky number
1:20:26if i is equal to 13
1:20:29what we'll do is pass and pass acts as a
1:20:31placeholder and it won't do anything
1:20:34else print
1:20:37i that's one i there we go
1:20:40this will print the numbers 1 through 20
1:20:42and skip 13 because we used
1:20:44the past control statement which does
1:20:47nothing it acts as a placeholder
1:20:49so everybody those are loop control
1:20:51statements they change
1:20:52a loop's execution from its normal
1:20:54sequence we have break
1:20:56continue and pass so if you would like a
1:20:59copy of all this code
1:21:00i will post all of this in the comments
1:21:01section down below but yeah those are a
1:21:03few
1:21:04loop control statements in python what's
1:21:07going on everybody
1:21:08it's bro hope you're doing well and in
1:21:10this video i'm going to explain
1:21:12lists in python so sit back relax
1:21:15and enjoy the show
1:21:19all right ladies and gentlemen let's get
1:21:21down to business i got to explain
1:21:23lists to you all now a list is used to
1:21:25store
1:21:26multiple items within a single variable
1:21:29for example let's say we have a variable
1:21:32called food
1:21:33and i will store a string value of pizza
1:21:36because i like pizza
1:21:37what we could do is that we can store
1:21:40multiple items within this
1:21:42variable by turning this variable into a
1:21:44list
1:21:45and in order to do so we're going to
1:21:47surround all of the values that we would
1:21:49like to add
1:21:50to our list with a set of square
1:21:52brackets
1:21:53and boom there you have it we now have a
1:21:56list called food it is no longer
1:21:58a variable so what we could do is add
1:22:01multiple items to this list of food so
1:22:04let's add some other food items that we
1:22:06might like
1:22:07let's see i also like maybe some
1:22:09hamburgers
1:22:11and a hot dog
1:22:15and maybe some spaghetti i think i
1:22:18smelled spaghetti right
1:22:19okay so we now have a list called food
1:22:22now what happens if we attempt to print
1:22:25this list of food
1:22:26so print food so this will
1:22:30print all of the elements found in this
1:22:34list
1:22:34each item in a list is referred to as an
1:22:37element
1:22:38if we need to access a certain element
1:22:41of
1:22:41this list we have to list the index so
1:22:44next to our list we'll add a set of
1:22:46square brackets again
1:22:47and we need to list the numbered index
1:22:49of the element that we're trying to
1:22:51access
1:22:52now computers they always start with
1:22:53zero so the first
1:22:55element in our list would be element
1:22:58number zero
1:22:59the next one would be one two and three
1:23:02so if we need to access element zero
1:23:06which is in the first position we would
1:23:07say food square brackets
1:23:10and then within here list the index so
1:23:12the first position
1:23:13is zero and this will now print the
1:23:15first element of our list
1:23:17which is pizza let's attempt to access
1:23:19some of these other elements
1:23:20so the element at index one would be
1:23:24you guessed it hamburger two
1:23:28would be hot dog and three would be
1:23:30spaghetti
1:23:31now what happens if we attempt to access
1:23:34the element at index four
1:23:36well currently that's out of range
1:23:38because we did not assign
1:23:40a value so we're experiencing an error
1:23:42an index
1:23:43out of range error but if i were to add
1:23:46another element
1:23:47let's say pudding alright well then
1:23:51the element at index 4 would be putting
1:23:54then
1:23:55one important concept with lists is that
1:23:57you can always
1:23:58update and change the elements found
1:24:00within a list
1:24:01later on in the program after you
1:24:03declare one so let's say we would like
1:24:05to
1:24:05immediately change one of these elements
1:24:08let's say
1:24:09food at index zero i want to
1:24:12replace with maybe sushi because sushi
1:24:15is great
1:24:16so if i were to print the element at
1:24:18index
1:24:190 this would no longer be pizza because
1:24:22we updated element 0 to be
1:24:25sushi then and this prints sushi now if
1:24:28you need to display
1:24:29all of the elements found within a list
1:24:31you can easily do so with a standard for
1:24:34loop
1:24:34what we'll do is say for x in
1:24:38the name of our list which is food
1:24:41print x and let me turn this line into a
1:24:45comment
1:24:46all right so this for loop will print
1:24:49all of the elements found within our
1:24:51list
1:24:51of food and the results are sushi
1:24:55hamburger hot dog spaghetti and pudding
1:24:57all right people for this next portion
1:24:59i'm going to demonstrate a few useful
1:25:01functions of
1:25:02lists and to access some of these
1:25:04functions type the name of your list
1:25:06dot and there's a bunch to choose from
1:25:08here let's begin with
1:25:10event we can add an element to this list
1:25:12let's say at the end i would like to add
1:25:14ice cream so then if i were to display
1:25:17my list we now have ice cream at the end
1:25:20because we appended
1:25:22this value to my list of food so let's
1:25:24go over a few others
1:25:26so we can also remove a value food
1:25:29dot remove let's say i would like to
1:25:32remove
1:25:32hotdog so i'm going to type that within
1:25:36my function and this will remove hotdog
1:25:39and that is no longer here
1:25:42next we can pop food.pop
1:25:46pop will remove the last element so this
1:25:50will remove
1:25:52pudding
1:25:54we can insert a value at a given index
1:25:57food dot insert we need to list an index
1:26:01let's say zero that would be the first
1:26:03position technically that's where pizza
1:26:05is currently
1:26:06and i would like to add cake
1:26:10and at index 0 we now have cake
1:26:14so next up we have sort
1:26:17food dot sort this will sort a list
1:26:20alphabetically
1:26:22so in the first position we have
1:26:24hamburger hot dog pudding spaghetti
1:26:26then sushi we can also clear a list
1:26:31food dot clear and this will remove
1:26:34all of the elements of a list so this
1:26:37will not print anything because we
1:26:39cleared the list
1:26:40well everyone in conclusion a list is
1:26:42really just a variable that can store
1:26:45multiple values think of it that way so
1:26:48if you would like a copy
1:26:50of all the code that we have written
1:26:51here today i will post all of this in
1:26:53the comments down below
1:26:54but yeah that's how lists work in python
1:26:58how's it going everybody it's bro hope
1:27:00you're doing well
1:27:01and in this video i'm going to explain
1:27:022d lists in python so sit back
1:27:05relax and enjoy the show
1:27:10i have a super quick video for you all
1:27:12today on
1:27:132d lists also referred to as
1:27:15multi-dimensional lists
1:27:17all it is is a list of separate lists
1:27:20so let's begin by creating a few
1:27:22separate lists let's say we have a list
1:27:24called drinks and let's assign a few
1:27:27values
1:27:28let's say we have coffee as well
1:27:32as soda and maybe some tea
1:27:35all right so we currently have one list
1:27:37let's make maybe two more let's make a
1:27:39list called
1:27:40dinner and maybe in here we'll place
1:27:44pizza then hamburger
1:27:50and hot dog okay
1:27:53then let's create one more for this
1:27:55example let's say dessert
1:27:59and maybe we'll add two items
1:28:02they all don't need the same amount of
1:28:03items or elements so we have cake
1:28:06and ice cream
1:28:09all right so we have three lists one
1:28:12called drinks
1:28:13dinner and dessert so what we can do is
1:28:16add
1:28:16all of these lists to one list
1:28:19and let's create a list called food food
1:28:22equals and for each of these elements
1:28:24we're going to place
1:28:25our lists so we have drinks dinner
1:28:29and dessert check this out what if i
1:28:32were to
1:28:33print my 2d list of food
1:28:36so what ends up happening is that this
1:28:38will print all of the elements
1:28:40found within each individual list and
1:28:42they're all grouped together
1:28:44so this first portion is my drinks list
1:28:48which contains coffee soda tea this next
1:28:51element
1:28:51is my dinner list which contains pizza
1:28:54hamburger hot dog and the last element
1:28:57dessert contains cake and ice cream if i
1:29:00need to access
1:29:02just one of these lists i will add an
1:29:04index
1:29:05after my food 2d list and
1:29:08set an index number so index zero is
1:29:11referring to my first
1:29:13list of drinks and this will display all
1:29:15of the elements found within my first
1:29:17list
1:29:18and if i need just one of these elements
1:29:21i will add
1:29:22a second set of square brackets and list
1:29:24the index of the item that i'm trying to
1:29:27access
1:29:27so this very first item coffee would be
1:29:31index zero and then index zero again so
1:29:33we need
1:29:34two sets of square brackets and if i
1:29:36were to print this
1:29:37this will display coffee so if i go down
1:29:40the list
1:29:40the next element would be soda
1:29:44and then t if i were to change the index
1:29:47within
1:29:47this first set of square brackets well
1:29:50now we're working with
1:29:51a different list this time we're working
1:29:53with our dinner list
1:29:54so the element at index 1
1:29:58index 2 that would be our dinner list
1:30:01and this will display the element of hot
1:30:03dog
1:30:04if i change this to the next list which
1:30:06would be dessert
1:30:08well we're going to receive an index out
1:30:10of range error because
1:30:11we only have two values within this list
1:30:14cake and ice cream there is no element
1:30:18at index 2 because we only added two
1:30:21elements
1:30:22to this list of dessert all right
1:30:24everybody so that
1:30:26is 2d lists also referred to as
1:30:29multi-dimensional lists
1:30:30it's a list of separate lists if you
1:30:33need to access
1:30:34one of the elements within your 2d list
1:30:36you need
1:30:37two sets of square brackets so if you
1:30:40would like a copy of this code
1:30:41i will post this in the comments down
1:30:43below but yeah that's how
1:30:442d lists work in python hey what's going
1:30:48on people
1:30:48it's you bro hope you're doing well and
1:30:50in this video i'm going to explain
1:30:51tuples in python so
1:30:53sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:30:58so tuples they are collections which are
1:31:01ordered
1:31:01and unchangeable they're very similar to
1:31:03lists but they're ordered
1:31:05and we can't change them they're useful
1:31:07for grouping together related data
1:31:09let's say we would like to create some
1:31:10sort of student record
1:31:12so we can create a tuple to take care of
1:31:14that for us so let's say we would like
1:31:16to create a tuple called student
1:31:18the process of creating a tuple is very
1:31:20similar to lists
1:31:22but instead of using a set of square
1:31:24brackets to place all of the values
1:31:26within
1:31:26we're going to use a set of parentheses
1:31:29and now we can add a bunch of values
1:31:31related to this collection of student
1:31:33so let's add some student information
1:31:35let's say that this student's name is
1:31:37bro
1:31:38let's give him an age as well as a
1:31:40gender
1:31:41all right so there you have it we now
1:31:43have a tuple called student
1:31:45and let's take a look at some of the
1:31:46functions related to tuples
1:31:48and you can access them by typing
1:31:49student dot
1:31:51and then there are a few here not as
1:31:53many as lists we have count and we have
1:31:55index
1:31:56so we can find the count of how many
1:31:58times a value appears
1:32:00let's count how many times the value of
1:32:03bro appears
1:32:04so we'll need to put this within a print
1:32:06statement so we can actually see it
1:32:08so bro appears
1:32:12one time within this tuple there is also
1:32:14an index method as well
1:32:16so type the name of your tuple dot
1:32:19and we will use the index method we can
1:32:22find the index of a certain value
1:32:24let's say we would like to find the
1:32:26index of mail
1:32:27and then i will just print this to the
1:32:29console window
1:32:31so the index of the value mail would be
1:32:34at two zero one
1:32:37two that's it for the methods available
1:32:40to tuples
1:32:41a few tricks that you can do with tuples
1:32:42is that you can display
1:32:44all of the contents within a tuple using
1:32:47a for loop
1:32:48let's say 4x in student
1:32:51we will print x so
1:32:55this will iterate once through all the
1:32:57values found within our tuple
1:32:59of student and we can also check to see
1:33:02if a certain value
1:33:03exists within our tuple using an if
1:33:05statement let's say if
1:33:07bro in student
1:33:11if this is true then what do we want to
1:33:13do let's say
1:33:14print bro is here
1:33:17all right so since bro is within here
1:33:21this will be true and this will print
1:33:23our
1:33:24statement of bro is here all right
1:33:27everybody like i said this is a super
1:33:29quick video on tuples
1:33:31they're very similar to lists except
1:33:34they are ordered and unchangeable if
1:33:36you'd like a copy of all this code i
1:33:38will post all of this in the comments
1:33:39down below
1:33:40and don't forget to smash that like
1:33:42button drop a comment down below
1:33:44and subscribe if you'd like to become a
1:33:46fellow bro
1:33:47hey what's going on everybody it's you
1:33:49bro hope you're doing well
1:33:51and in this video i'm going to explain
1:33:52what a set is in python so
1:33:55sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:34:00a set is a collection which is unordered
1:34:03as well as being
1:34:04unindexed they do not allow any
1:34:06duplicate values
1:34:07for example let's create a set of
1:34:10silverware
1:34:10so in order to create a set we need a
1:34:12name for this set
1:34:14let's call it utensils equals
1:34:17and in order to create a set we need to
1:34:19surround all values with a set
1:34:21of curly braces now let's add a few
1:34:23utensils
1:34:24to the set called utensils let's add a
1:34:27fork
1:34:29a spoon and maybe a knife and that
1:34:32should be good
1:34:33and let's display all of the values for
1:34:36x in utensils
1:34:41print x now with sets
1:34:44they're different from lists because
1:34:46they're unordered as well as being
1:34:48unindexed
1:34:49if i were to print all of the elements
1:34:51in utensils
1:34:52they might not necessarily be in the
1:34:54same order in which we placed them
1:34:56for example when we printed all of the
1:34:59elements found within utensils
1:35:00first we had a knife a fork and then a
1:35:03spoon if i were to run this again
1:35:05they might be in a different order kind
1:35:07of like that
1:35:08so a set is actually faster than a list
1:35:11if you need to check to see if something
1:35:14is within a set compared to a list and
1:35:16they do not allow any duplicate values
1:35:19let me add a bunch of knives and let's
1:35:21see what happens
1:35:22so i'll have a total of three knives but
1:35:26when we print all of the elements
1:35:28of the set only one knife appears so
1:35:30here's a few useful methods of sets
1:35:34the first method is that we can add an
1:35:36item to our set
1:35:37so type in the name of the set in this
1:35:40case it's utensils dot and here's a
1:35:42bunch of methods that you can use
1:35:44i am looking for add and we can add an
1:35:47element to the set
1:35:48i would like to add a napkin
1:35:52and then if we were to print the set we
1:35:54do have a napkin
1:35:56within the set we can also remove an
1:35:58element
1:35:59utensils dot remove
1:36:02and i would like to remove the fork
1:36:08and now our fork is gone we can also
1:36:11clear
1:36:12utensils dot clear
1:36:16and all the elements within our set
1:36:18should be gone
1:36:20so let me turn these lines into a
1:36:22comment
1:36:23all right for this next example we'll
1:36:25need a second set
1:36:26let's create a second set called dishes
1:36:30and then we need a set of curly braces
1:36:33and
1:36:33let's add a bowl
1:36:36a plate and a cup
1:36:40our next method is that we're going to
1:36:43add one set to another by using the
1:36:45update method
1:36:46let's say we would like to add our
1:36:48dishes set to our utensil set
1:36:51so let's type utensils dot and use the
1:36:54update method
1:36:54and within this method we will pass in
1:36:57the set that we would like to add
1:36:59so utensils update dishes this will add
1:37:02all of the elements found within dishes
1:37:04to our utensil set and you can see that
1:37:07when we print our utensils
1:37:08we have a bowl a plate and a cup in here
1:37:12as well
1:37:12and then if i were to switch these
1:37:14around let's say dishes
1:37:16update utensils and then i will
1:37:20print everything found within dishes now
1:37:23there's a fork a spoon
1:37:25and a knife in here as well we can also
1:37:28join
1:37:28two sets together and create a new set
1:37:31entirely
1:37:32so let's create a set called dinner
1:37:34table like we're setting up a dinner
1:37:36table and we need a fork a spoon a knife
1:37:39a bowl a plate and a cup
1:37:40so we have a dinner table set
1:37:44we're going to set the sequel to either
1:37:46utensils
1:37:48dot union
1:37:51dishes or we could do dishes
1:37:54union utensils either way would work and
1:37:57let's display all the elements found
1:37:59within dinner table
1:38:00and we should now have elements from
1:38:02both sets utensils
1:38:04and dishes as well there are also some
1:38:07methods in which we can compare
1:38:09the similarities as well as the
1:38:11differences between
1:38:12the elements found within two sets let's
1:38:14say i would like to check to see
1:38:16what utensils has that dishes doesn't
1:38:19and for this example i think i'll add a
1:38:21knife
1:38:22to my dishes set just so that they have
1:38:24at least one thing in common
1:38:26so i would like to see what utensils has
1:38:29that dishes doesn't so we can do so
1:38:31using the
1:38:32difference method and i will print the
1:38:35results with a print statement
1:38:36so i'm going to compare utensils against
1:38:40dishes utensils
1:38:45dishes and this will print what utensils
1:38:48has
1:38:49that dishes doesn't which is a fork as
1:38:52well as a spoon
1:38:54and we can reverse the rolls too we
1:38:56could say dishes difference
1:38:58utensils what do dishes have that
1:39:01utensils doesn't
1:39:02and dishes has a cup a bowl and a plate
1:39:06they both have knives so that's why
1:39:08knife isn't appearing
1:39:10we can also check to see if there's
1:39:12anything that they have in common
1:39:13using the intersection method so i'll
1:39:16turn this line into a comment
1:39:20we'll print utensils
1:39:23dot intersection
1:39:27dishes and this will return whatever
1:39:30element that they have in common
1:39:32which is a knife all right everybody in
1:39:35conclusion a set
1:39:36is a collection which is unordered as
1:39:39well as being
1:39:40unindexed they do not allow any
1:39:42duplicate values
1:39:43and you can do things like compare two
1:39:45sets see if there's anything that they
1:39:47have in common any differences
1:39:49and we can add or remove elements to a
1:39:51set if you'd like a copy of all this
1:39:53code i will post all of this in the
1:39:55comments down below
1:39:56don't be afraid to smash that like
1:39:58button drop a comment down below
1:40:00and subscribe if you'd like to become a
1:40:02fellow bro hey what's going on everybody
1:40:05it's you bro hope you're doing well and
1:40:06in this video i'm going to explain
1:40:08how dictionaries work in python so sit
1:40:11back
1:40:11relax and enjoy the show
1:40:15all right let's get down to business a
1:40:17dictionary is a
1:40:19changeable unordered collection of
1:40:22unique key value pairs they're fast
1:40:25because they use hashing
1:40:27and they allow us to access a value
1:40:29quickly
1:40:30now to create a dictionary it's very
1:40:32similar to creating a
1:40:33set based on the last video except we're
1:40:36going to store
1:40:36unique key value pairs let's create a
1:40:39dictionary
1:40:40of countries and their capitals we can
1:40:43store those
1:40:44as key value pairs so let's call this
1:40:46dictionary
1:40:48capitals capitals equals then we need a
1:40:51set of curly braces much like what we
1:40:53use
1:40:53with sets now we need a key
1:40:56and a value let's say we have the usa as
1:40:59a key
1:41:00and the capital of the usa would be
1:41:03washington dc
1:41:04so in order to associate a value with
1:41:06the key we'll follow the key with a
1:41:08colon
1:41:09and then add some value and the data
1:41:11type really doesn't matter but
1:41:12in this case we're just using strings so
1:41:14the capital of the usa
1:41:16would be washington dc
1:41:19and to add another key value pair we'll
1:41:21separate each with a comma
1:41:23and let's add a few others for good
1:41:25measure so let's say we have india next
1:41:28as a key and the value would be
1:41:31new delhi and we'll add two more
1:41:35let's say we have china
1:41:38and the capital of china is beijing
1:41:41and lastly let's add russia
1:41:46and the capital of russia is moscow
1:41:49and there you have it ladies and
1:41:51gentlemen we now have a dictionary
1:41:53called capitals
1:41:54that has unique key value pairs so
1:41:57remember with
1:41:58dictionaries they are unordered in order
1:42:00to access one of these values
1:42:02instead of using a numbered index we're
1:42:04going to use the associated key with
1:42:06that value
1:42:07here's an example let's say i would like
1:42:09to print the capital
1:42:10of russia so i need to use this key of
1:42:14russia
1:42:14so in order to do this type in the name
1:42:16of the dictionary
1:42:18followed by a set of straight brackets
1:42:20and then instead of an
1:42:21index number like 0 or 1 2 3
1:42:25i'm going to use the key so i would like
1:42:27to print
1:42:28the value that's stored or associated
1:42:31with the key
1:42:31of russia so when i run this this will
1:42:35print
1:42:36that value which is moscow so this isn't
1:42:39always safe
1:42:40let's say we have a key that doesn't
1:42:41exist like germany
1:42:43germany is not currently within my
1:42:44dictionary so if i were to run this
1:42:47well then my program is going to
1:42:49encounter an error
1:42:51and this will interrupt the normal flow
1:42:52of my program
1:42:54a much safer way to access a key
1:42:57to check to see if it's there or not is
1:42:59to use the get method
1:43:01of dictionaries so i'm going to turn
1:43:03this line into a comment and let's try
1:43:04this again but this time we'll use the
1:43:06get method
1:43:07so type in the name of the dictionary
1:43:09dot get
1:43:12and list the key that you want to use
1:43:15so i would like to see if germany
1:43:18is within my dictionary currently there
1:43:21isn't so this will return
1:43:23none and we will not encounter an error
1:43:25so this is a much
1:43:26safer way of checking to see if there is
1:43:28a key within your dictionary
1:43:30here's a few other useful methods there
1:43:32is a method to print only the keys
1:43:35so we type in the name of the dictionary
1:43:38capitals
1:43:39and here's a listing of all of the
1:43:41methods that we have access to
1:43:42i'm looking for the keys method and this
1:43:45will print
1:43:46only the keys and not the values we can
1:43:49also print
1:43:50just the values and not the keys so type
1:43:53in the name of the dictionary again
1:43:55capitals dot values
1:43:59and this will print only the values or
1:44:02you could print everything
1:44:03both the keys and the values and you do
1:44:06so by using
1:44:07the items method capitals
1:44:10dot items
1:44:15and this will print your entire
1:44:16dictionary one other way in which we can
1:44:18display
1:44:19all of the key value pairs in a
1:44:21dictionary is to use a for loop
1:44:23so at the end let's create a for loop
1:44:25for
1:44:26key comma value in
1:44:30capitals dot items
1:44:33this is going to iterate once for each
1:44:36key value pair
1:44:37in my dictionary for each key value in
1:44:40capitals
1:44:40dot items print
1:44:44key comma value
1:44:47and this will print my entire dictionary
1:44:50a feature of dictionaries
1:44:51is that they are mutable that means we
1:44:54can change them or alter them
1:44:55after the program is already running so
1:44:58one way in which we can do that
1:44:59is to use the update method of
1:45:01dictionaries
1:45:02so let's add germany as a key and give
1:45:06it a value
1:45:06of berlin so type in the name of the
1:45:09dictionary capitals
1:45:11and we'll use the update method and
1:45:13within the parentheses of this method
1:45:15we'll add a set of curly braces and now
1:45:18we can add a new
1:45:19key value pair so let's add germany
1:45:23and a value of berlin so if i were to
1:45:27run this and display
1:45:28all of the key value pairs found within
1:45:30my dictionary we now have
1:45:32germany as a key and berlin as its value
1:45:35not only can you use the update method
1:45:38to add a new
1:45:39key value pair but you can update an
1:45:41existing one let's say we would like to
1:45:43change the
1:45:44capital of usa so capitals
1:45:47dot update parentheses curly braces
1:45:51list the key usa colon
1:45:54and then we can give the usa a new value
1:45:57let's pretend that the united states
1:45:59government has decided to relocate
1:46:01their capital to las vegas
1:46:05so this will now update our key of usa
1:46:08with a new value and if i were to print
1:46:11all of the key value pairs found within
1:46:14my dictionary of capitals the usa has a
1:46:16new value
1:46:17of las vegas so the last two methods i'm
1:46:21going to cover are both pop
1:46:22and clear you can use the pop method to
1:46:25remove
1:46:25a key value pair so capitals
1:46:29dot pop parentheses and list the key
1:46:32of the key value pair that you would
1:46:34like to remove so let's say we would
1:46:36like to remove china
1:46:37so we'll list that key and then when we
1:46:39use the pop method
1:46:41that will remove this key value pair
1:46:44from my dictionary
1:46:45and then of course we have clear as well
1:46:47which will just remove everything
1:46:49capitals dot clear
1:46:52and this will clear my dictionary all
1:46:55right everybody
1:46:56so in conclusion a dictionary is a
1:46:58changeable
1:46:59unordered collection of unique key value
1:47:02pairs
1:47:03they're fast because they use hashing
1:47:05and they allow us to access a value
1:47:07quickly
1:47:08well that's the basics of dictionaries
1:47:10in python
1:47:11if you would like a copy of all this
1:47:13code i will post all of this in the
1:47:15comments down below
1:47:16but yeah that's how dictionaries work in
1:47:18python
1:47:20hey what's going on everybody it's bro
1:47:22hope you're doing well and in this video
1:47:24i'm going to teach you guys all about
1:47:25the index
1:47:26operator in python so sit back relax
1:47:29and enjoy the show
1:47:32all right people let's begin i'm going
1:47:34to be explaining the index operator
1:47:36which is represented by
1:47:38a set of square brackets now they give
1:47:41access
1:47:41to a sequences elements they include but
1:47:44are not limited to
1:47:46strings lists and tuples for this
1:47:48example we're going to be working with
1:47:50strings because strings are easy to work
1:47:52with
1:47:52let's say we have a name and name equals
1:47:55whatever your first
1:47:56and last name is we can use the index
1:47:58operator to access
1:48:00an element of the sequence our string
1:48:03so let's check to see if the first
1:48:05letter in our name
1:48:07is lowercase and i should probably
1:48:09change that to lowercase for this
1:48:11example
1:48:11so within an if statement if name and we
1:48:14can add a set
1:48:16of square brackets after our sequence
1:48:19which is a string and we can check
1:48:22a given element of our sequence let's
1:48:25check to see
1:48:26if the first letter is lowercase
1:48:29now with computers they always start at
1:48:31zero if you need to access the first
1:48:33element
1:48:33in a sequence that would be index zero
1:48:36and then the next sequence well the next
1:48:38element in the sequence would be one
1:48:40then two then you followed that pattern
1:48:42so i would like to check to see if
1:48:44name at index zero that would be the
1:48:47first character
1:48:48is lowercase so there is a method to
1:48:51check that
1:48:52dot is lower this will return
1:48:55true or false if the first letter is
1:48:58lowercase
1:48:59then our if statement is going to be
1:49:00resolved to true
1:49:03and what i could do is that i can
1:49:06perhaps change it
1:49:07to uppercase then so let's reassign
1:49:10name to equal name dot
1:49:14and there is a capitalize function here
1:49:17and then let's print our name print
1:49:21name so when we run this
1:49:24the first letter in my name is now
1:49:27capitalized
1:49:28so if you need to access an element
1:49:30within a sequence a string or
1:49:32list or a tuple you would add a set
1:49:36of square brackets afterwards and then
1:49:38you list an integer
1:49:39of the element that you're trying to
1:49:41access so here's a few other examples
1:49:43i'm going to turn
1:49:44this as well as this into a comment
1:49:47and let's say we would like to create
1:49:49some substrings and we can do so
1:49:51using our index operator so i would like
1:49:54to
1:49:54create a substring from the first part
1:49:57of my name
1:49:57so what i'll do is create a new variable
1:50:00first
1:50:01name equals name index operator
1:50:05so you can specify a range for an index
1:50:08operator
1:50:09so you would set the starting position
1:50:12on the left hand side followed by a
1:50:14colon and then your ending position
1:50:16so i would like the substring to begin
1:50:18at index 0 and
1:50:19end at 3 so that would be 0 colon
1:50:22then three all right and then i would
1:50:25like to make this all
1:50:26uppercase for some reason and then let's
1:50:29print my first name
1:50:33so with the index operator we specified
1:50:35a range
1:50:36we would like to access elements 0
1:50:39through
1:50:393. turn them up your case and assign
1:50:42them to a new
1:50:42variable of first name here's a shortcut
1:50:45that you might find useful
1:50:46if the index for your range begins with
1:50:49zero you can actually delete that you
1:50:50don't even necessarily need that zero
1:50:52now we just have a colon three and this
1:50:55would work the same as it did before
1:50:57so that's a useful shortcut and we're
1:50:59going to bring it up later if we need to
1:51:00access the last element in a sequence
1:51:03this time let's create a
1:51:05substring of last name so last
1:51:09name equals name index operator
1:51:13this time i would like to access the
1:51:16element at index let's see 0 1
1:51:202 3 4. all right so i'm going to say
1:51:24for colon and we're not really sure
1:51:27where our name our last name is going to
1:51:29end
1:51:30so what you could do is just say colon
1:51:32and then leave
1:51:33the next index blank so that will be
1:51:36the index beginning at four and
1:51:38everything afterwards
1:51:40and let's say two lower to make this all
1:51:42lowercase for some reason
1:51:44so let's print our last name print
1:51:48last name so this should
1:51:52take everything starting at index 4
1:51:56and after that and turn it into its own
1:51:58substring of last name
1:52:01now you can access the last element in a
1:52:03sequence by using what's called
1:52:05negative indexing so let's add
1:52:08a exclamation point to the end of our
1:52:11name so let's say
1:52:13we have a new variable called last
1:52:16character and i would like to store
1:52:21the last character in my name to this
1:52:23new
1:52:24variable this new substring so to access
1:52:27the last
1:52:27element in a sequence within the index
1:52:31operator we can use
1:52:32negative indexing so the last element
1:52:35would be
1:52:36negative one all right and then let's
1:52:38print
1:52:39whatever our last character is so this
1:52:42should print an exclamation point
1:52:45yep which did so then if this was
1:52:48negative 2
1:52:48that would be the second to last element
1:52:51in a sequence
1:52:52so now that would be e because e is in
1:52:55the second to last
1:52:56element in my sequence all right
1:52:59everybody so that's the basics of the
1:53:01index operator
1:53:02you can add a set of square brackets
1:53:04after a string
1:53:05a list or a tuple and then list an
1:53:08integer or a range
1:53:10of the elements that you're trying to
1:53:11access so if you would like a copy of
1:53:13all this code i will post everything in
1:53:15the comments down below
1:53:16don't be afraid to help me out and smash
1:53:18that like button drop a comment down
1:53:20below
1:53:20and subscribe if you'd like to become a
1:53:22fellow bro
1:53:24hey what's going on everybody it's you
1:53:26bro hope you're doing well
1:53:27and in this video i'm going to explain
1:53:28how functions work in python so
1:53:31sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:53:36if you find this video helpful please
1:53:37remember to like
1:53:39comment and subscribe your support will
1:53:41help keep this channel running
1:53:43okay let's do this thing a function
1:53:46is a block of code which is executed
1:53:49only when it is called
1:53:50this process is also known as invoking a
1:53:53function
1:53:54with programming we try not to repeat
1:53:56code if we don't have to
1:53:57that's why functions are useful because
1:53:59our function can perform
1:54:01some specific task for us some block of
1:54:03code for us
1:54:04whenever it is called so we only need to
1:54:06write that block of code
1:54:08once and if we need to repeat it we just
1:54:10call this function one more time
1:54:12so let's define and create a function
1:54:13we'll create a function called hello
1:54:15and in order to define a function we'll
1:54:17type def
1:54:19and then a unique function name so let's
1:54:21call this function hello
1:54:23and with functions they always end with
1:54:25a set of parentheses
1:54:26and lastly to finish defining this
1:54:29function we'll add
1:54:30a colon at the end so if you go down to
1:54:33the next line
1:54:33take notice that my cursor is now
1:54:36indented
1:54:37any code underneath a function that is
1:54:39indented
1:54:40belongs to that specific function and
1:54:42will only execute
1:54:44whenever that function is called so for
1:54:47now we need to type in something
1:54:48if you don't know what you want your
1:54:50function to do you can always type pass
1:54:52for now
1:54:52but let's print something print the word
1:54:56hello and in order to call this function
1:55:00all we need to do within our program is
1:55:02type the name of the function which is
1:55:04hello
1:55:05and then add a set of parentheses
1:55:07because functions always end with a set
1:55:09of parentheses
1:55:10so what this will do is execute my
1:55:13function
1:55:13once and perform this block of code
1:55:15whenever it is called
1:55:17if i were to remove this well our
1:55:19program currently isn't going to do
1:55:21anything
1:55:21because functions only execute their
1:55:24block of code
1:55:25only when it is called so this time
1:55:27let's print the word
1:55:28hello three times so i will call this
1:55:31function
1:55:32three separate times hello hello hello
1:55:35so when i run this our hello function
1:55:38will be called
1:55:39three separate times now with functions
1:55:41they are not limited to just one line
1:55:44this is an entire block of code so maybe
1:55:46we can do something else too
1:55:48let's print have a nice
1:55:52day now if i were to run this my hello
1:55:55function is going to execute
1:55:56this entire block of code three separate
1:55:59times hello
1:56:00have a nice day now an important feature
1:56:03of functions
1:56:04is that we can send our function some
1:56:06information
1:56:07and our function can do something with
1:56:08that information that it receives
1:56:10let's say this time i would like to
1:56:11print hello plus somebody's name
1:56:14currently name is an unresolved
1:56:16reference what we can do
1:56:17when we call this function is send our
1:56:19function some information
1:56:21this can be a value a variable a
1:56:23collection
1:56:24all sorts of different things so if you
1:56:26need to send your function some
1:56:27information
1:56:28within the parentheses when you call
1:56:30that function just list the data that
1:56:32you want to send your function
1:56:34so let's say i would like to send my
1:56:36function a string
1:56:37value of bro whatever your first name is
1:56:40when you send information
1:56:41to a function these are called arguments
1:56:45they are the information that you're
1:56:46sending to a function
1:56:48and when you define that function you
1:56:50need a matching
1:56:52set of what is known as parameters
1:56:55so our hello function is going to
1:56:57receive one argument a string value
1:57:00we need a matching number of parameters
1:57:03currently this isn't going to work you
1:57:05can see here that hello
1:57:06takes zero positional arguments but one
1:57:09was given
1:57:10our function needs a matching number of
1:57:13parameters
1:57:14so think of it this way when we receive
1:57:17this value
1:57:17we're going to give a nickname to this
1:57:20value
1:57:21so when we receive the string value what
1:57:24do we want to call it
1:57:25well let's call it name so in order to
1:57:27add parameters
1:57:29to your function just list the
1:57:31parameters within
1:57:32the parentheses of that function and
1:57:35well this should work now
1:57:36we have a matching set of arguments and
1:57:40parameters when we call the hello
1:57:42function this time we are sending
1:57:44one argument over and when our hello
1:57:46function
1:57:47receives this argument we're going to
1:57:49give it a temporary nickname of
1:57:52name or you can call this whatever you
1:57:53want to and then we can use
1:57:55this value for whatever we want within
1:57:58our function
1:57:58now if we were to run this this will
1:58:00print hello bro
1:58:02have a nice day now i can send maybe a
1:58:04different value
1:58:05let's say hello and then i will send a
1:58:09string value of dude
1:58:11hello dude have a nice day so this isn't
1:58:14limited to
1:58:15just values we can send variables to
1:58:18let's say we have a
1:58:19variable called name equals
1:58:23bro and this time i'm going to send
1:58:26this variable over hello and then send
1:58:30name so these don't need to be the
1:58:34exact same let's say this is
1:58:37my name and i'm going to send
1:58:40my name over and i will temporarily give
1:58:45this value a nickname of just name
1:58:48and then i can use this variable for
1:58:50something hello bro
1:58:52have a nice day now with arguments you
1:58:55can send
1:58:55more than one value over let's say this
1:58:58time i would like to send
1:58:59two values over so let's send pro
1:59:02maybe for a first name and code for a
1:59:05second name but
1:59:06you can use your first name and last
1:59:08name so this isn't going to work because
1:59:10we do not have a matching set
1:59:13of arguments and parameters we're
1:59:15sending
1:59:16two arguments over but our function is
1:59:19only designed
1:59:20to accept one argument because we have
1:59:23one parameter so let's rename
1:59:26name as first name and we need
1:59:30two parameters this time so what are we
1:59:32going to call
1:59:33this value when we receive it let's call
1:59:35this last name
1:59:38so this time we are going to receive two
1:59:40values
1:59:42they will be nicknamed first name and
1:59:44last name so this time
1:59:45let's print hello first name
1:59:48maybe i'll add a space plus
1:59:52last name and this is now valid
1:59:56hello bro code have a nice day with
1:59:59arguments
1:59:59you can mix and match the data types
2:00:02that you're sending
2:00:03as arguments so currently we're sending
2:00:05two
2:00:06string values as arguments this time
2:00:08let's send an integer value
2:00:10let's say we would like to send an edge
2:00:13over to our hello function
2:00:15so i'll just send maybe the value of 21.
2:00:18so currently this isn't going to work
2:00:20because the hello function takes two
2:00:22positional arguments
2:00:23but three were given when we call this
2:00:26hello function we're sending
2:00:27this argument over but our function
2:00:30doesn't know what to do with this
2:00:31argument
2:00:32so we need a matching parameter for this
2:00:34value that it receives
2:00:36so let's call this value maybe edge as a
2:00:39temporary nickname
2:00:40and then we can do something with this
2:00:42value when we receive it
2:00:43so let's print an additional message
2:00:47perhaps u r plus
2:00:50age plus years
2:00:54old so if you need to display an
2:00:57integer or number along with the string
2:00:59you do need to convert it to a string
2:01:01so let's just cast our edge as a string
2:01:04when we display this
2:01:06so this should work now we now have a
2:01:08matching number
2:01:09of arguments and parameters so this will
2:01:13display
2:01:14hello bro code you are 21 years old have
2:01:16a nice day
2:01:17so ladies and gentlemen in conclusion a
2:01:20function
2:01:20is a block of code which is executed
2:01:23only when it is called
2:01:24if i were to remove this function call
2:01:27well then
2:01:28our program is just going to completely
2:01:30ignore this function and
2:01:31this block of code would not be executed
2:01:34when we call this function we can pass
2:01:36information known as arguments but we
2:01:39need a
2:01:40matching number of parameters set up to
2:01:42receive
2:01:43these arguments there are a few advanced
2:01:46features of parameters but
2:01:48i'll hopefully get to that in future
2:01:50videos we'll just stick with the basics
2:01:51for now of functions
2:01:53so that's the basics of functions if you
2:01:55would like a copy of this code
2:01:57i will post this in the comments down
2:01:59below but yeah that is how functions
2:02:01work in python hey what's going on
2:02:04everybody it's you bro hope you're doing
2:02:06well
2:02:06and in this video i'm going to explain
2:02:08the return statement in python so
2:02:10sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:02:15all right people let's begin the return
2:02:18statement is used within functions
2:02:19to send python values or objects back to
2:02:23the caller
2:02:23these values or objects are known as the
2:02:26function's
2:02:26return value so do you know how with
2:02:29functions we can pass
2:02:30arguments to a function and then our
2:02:32function can do something with those
2:02:34arguments
2:02:34well not only that but our function can
2:02:36pass some value or
2:02:38object back to the caller so what we'll
2:02:41do for this example is create
2:02:43a function that will simply multiply two
2:02:45numbers together
2:02:46and return the result back to the caller
2:02:49so let's define
2:02:50a function called multiply and we'll set
2:02:52up two parameters for this function
2:02:54let's say number one and number two
2:02:58and what we'll do is say result
2:03:01equals number one times number two
2:03:05and then at the end we can return
2:03:07something what do we want to return
2:03:08let's return whatever the result is now
2:03:11when we call this function we will pass
2:03:13in two values as arguments let's say we
2:03:16would like to multiply
2:03:17six times eight so when we run this well
2:03:20we can't actually see anything
2:03:22when we return the result after
2:03:24multiplying numbers
2:03:25one and two it's going to return the
2:03:27result back to the caller
2:03:29in order to see the value that is
2:03:31returned back to the caller
2:03:32one way in which we can do this is to
2:03:35print
2:03:35the value that is returned within a
2:03:38print statement
2:03:39so what we'll do is print the value that
2:03:41is returned after calling the multiply
2:03:44function
2:03:44so 6 times 8 is really great 6 times 8
2:03:47is 48
2:03:48now one other thing that we can do is
2:03:51store the returned value within a
2:03:53variable
2:03:54so let's say x equals multiply
2:03:586 times 8 and then we will print
2:04:00whatever x is
2:04:02so the result is still the same of 48
2:04:05now with the return value there is
2:04:07another way in which we could write this
2:04:09that uses
2:04:10less lines of code so we'll delete this
2:04:12first line and instead of returning
2:04:14a variable called result what we'll do
2:04:16is just return
2:04:18number one times number two and this
2:04:20would work the same as it does before
2:04:23but it's written in less lines of code
2:04:25so that's another way in which you could
2:04:26write this
2:04:27all right everybody so that is the
2:04:29return statement functions can send
2:04:31python values or objects back to the
2:04:34caller
2:04:34these values or objects are known as the
2:04:36functions return
2:04:38value you can either print this value
2:04:40directly to the console window
2:04:42or you can store it within a variable or
2:04:44some other location
2:04:46and well ladies and gentlemen that is
2:04:48how the return statement works in python
2:04:51what's going on everybody it's bro hope
2:04:53you're doing well
2:04:54and in this video i'm going to explain
2:04:56keyword arguments in python so
2:04:58sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:05:02all right everybody let's discuss
2:05:05keyword arguments
2:05:06these are arguments that are preceded by
2:05:09an identifier when we pass them to a
2:05:11function
2:05:12the order of the arguments doesn't
2:05:14matter unlike positional arguments
2:05:16which do matter and we've been working
2:05:18with positional arguments already
2:05:20and python knows the names of the
2:05:21arguments that our function receives
2:05:24when we use keyword arguments here's an
2:05:26example of us
2:05:27using positional arguments and then i'll
2:05:29demonstrate the benefits of
2:05:30keyword arguments let's say we have a
2:05:32function called hello
2:05:34that accepts three arguments a first
2:05:36name a middle name and a last name
2:05:38and the output will be hello first name
2:05:40middle name last name
2:05:41so if i were to run this this will
2:05:43display hello bro
2:05:45dude code so we're using positional
2:05:47arguments
2:05:48the order of the arguments does matter
2:05:50what do you think's gonna happen if i
2:05:52were to replace some of these values
2:05:54let's say i will swap the first argument
2:05:56with the
2:05:57third argument so let's try it again
2:06:01hello code dude bro so obviously the
2:06:04order of the arguments matters
2:06:05and now if we were to use keyword
2:06:07arguments then the order of the
2:06:09arguments
2:06:10doesn't matter but with each argument we
2:06:12need to precede each argument with
2:06:15a unique identifier and that identifier
2:06:18is the name of the parameter we want to
2:06:20associate each argument with
2:06:22so for my intended last name i will use
2:06:25an identifier of
2:06:26last to match this parameter so
2:06:29dude will be middle middle equals dude
2:06:32and bro
2:06:33will be first even though they're not in
2:06:35the correct order so let's try this
2:06:36again
2:06:37and my output is hello bro dude code
2:06:40so that's all about keyword arguments
2:06:43they are arguments
2:06:44preceded with an identifier when we pass
2:06:46them to a function
2:06:48the order of the arguments doesn't
2:06:49matter unlike positional arguments
2:06:51which do matter and then python knows
2:06:53the names of the arguments
2:06:54that our function receives when we use
2:06:56keyword arguments
2:06:58so that's it for keyword arguments if
2:07:00you would like a copy of this code
2:07:02i will post this in the comment section
2:07:03down below but yeah that's how keyword
2:07:06arguments
2:07:06work in python hey what's going on
2:07:10everybody it's you bro hope you're doing
2:07:12well and in this video i'm going to
2:07:13explain
2:07:14nested function calls in python so sit
2:07:16back
2:07:17relax and enjoy the show
2:07:21all right people nested function calls
2:07:24these are function calls
2:07:25inside of other function calls and this
2:07:27is possible because
2:07:29certain functions will return a value
2:07:31and we can immediately use that value as
2:07:33an argument for the next function
2:07:35so here's an example let's say that we
2:07:37have the small program
2:07:39where we will ask a user to type in a
2:07:41whole positive number
2:07:43and let's say i don't let's say i type
2:07:45in negative 3.14
2:07:47and then i'm storing that value within a
2:07:50variable
2:07:50named num what i'm going to do is
2:07:52convert that number
2:07:54to a floating point number because
2:07:55currently it's a string when you accept
2:07:57user input
2:07:58i will find the absolute value of num
2:08:01and then round it to the nearest whole
2:08:03number
2:08:03and then print the value so we can
2:08:05actually do this using less lines of
2:08:07code with nested function calls
2:08:09so let's start with the first function
2:08:11which will be accepting some user input
2:08:13the input function so this will be in
2:08:16the very center
2:08:17of our nested function calls and then
2:08:19the next function we would like to apply
2:08:21to
2:08:22the variable that is returned the value
2:08:24that is returned
2:08:25we will pass in as an argument to our
2:08:27next function of casting
2:08:29this data type to a float so we'll
2:08:31surround
2:08:32our function with another function and
2:08:34use
2:08:35the float function and then we'll just
2:08:38keep on adding layers to this
2:08:39so we have the absolute value function
2:08:42next
2:08:42so we'll add another layer and we have
2:08:45the round function
2:08:47so we'll add a layer to that and
2:08:50lastly we're going to print and that'll
2:08:52be the outermost layer
2:08:55so this program will do the exact same
2:08:57thing
2:08:58let's say negative 3.14 except we've
2:09:01written this with
2:09:02one line of code so basically we start
2:09:05with the innermost function and resolve
2:09:07that first
2:09:08whatever value is returned we use as an
2:09:10argument to the next outermost function
2:09:13and in this case it would be float then
2:09:15we resolve that then move on to absolute
2:09:18value then round and then print
2:09:20so it's just another way of writing code
2:09:22that takes up less
2:09:23lines but this is more of an extreme
2:09:25example you probably won't see
2:09:27like four or five nested functions well
2:09:29everybody those are nested function
2:09:31calls
2:09:32if you would like a copy of this code i
2:09:34will post all of this to the comment
2:09:35section down below
2:09:36but yeah those are nested function calls
2:09:39in python
2:09:40hey what's going on people it's your bro
2:09:42hope you're doing well and in this video
2:09:44i'm going to show you how variable scope
2:09:46works in python so
2:09:47sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:09:52all right let's do a thing people let's
2:09:54discuss the scope of a variable
2:09:56now the scope of a variable is the
2:09:58region that a variable
2:10:00is recognized a variable is only
2:10:02available from inside the region
2:10:05that it is created let's say that we
2:10:06have a function and i just gave this
2:10:08function a name of display name
2:10:10i created a variable inside of this
2:10:12function named name
2:10:14and you can assign this a value of
2:10:16whatever your name is
2:10:17preferably a last name for this example
2:10:19and what i'll do is just print
2:10:21whatever my name is so this variable is
2:10:24known to have
2:10:25a local scope because it's declared
2:10:28inside of a function
2:10:29and a variable is only recognized inside
2:10:32of the region
2:10:33that it is created this variable of name
2:10:36since it's created inside
2:10:37of this function it is known as a local
2:10:40variable
2:10:41that has a local scope it's only
2:10:44available
2:10:44inside of this function that it's
2:10:46created now let's attempt to access this
2:10:49variable from
2:10:50outside of our function so i'm going to
2:10:52print my
2:10:53name variable but we'll have an issue
2:10:55though
2:10:56so name name is not defined so
2:10:59local variables are declared inside of a
2:11:02function
2:11:03and they have a local scope they are
2:11:05only
2:11:06available inside of this function in
2:11:07which they're created
2:11:09on the other hand a global variable is a
2:11:12variable that is declared
2:11:14outside of any function but within your
2:11:16module that you're working with
2:11:17a global variable is known to have a
2:11:20global scope
2:11:21they are available inside and outside of
2:11:23any functions
2:11:24now if i was to print my name variable
2:11:27this is going to print
2:11:29bro or whatever your first name is and
2:11:31it is entirely possible to have both
2:11:33a global and local version of the same
2:11:35named variable
2:11:37so we have both a global version of name
2:11:39as well as a local version of name
2:11:42if i was to print my name variable from
2:11:45outside of this function
2:11:46it's going to print my global version
2:11:48however if i print
2:11:50my version of name inside of that
2:11:52function in which it's created
2:11:54we're going to first use the local
2:11:56version before the
2:11:57global version of name and let's try
2:11:59that so i'm going to call
2:12:01my display name function
2:12:04and this will print my last name
2:12:08code and then my first name of bro so it
2:12:11is possible to have a global
2:12:12and local version of the same named
2:12:15variable
2:12:16now if i was to remove this line where
2:12:18we declare a local version
2:12:20of name well then the next best
2:12:22available name to us would be
2:12:24the global version of name so if you use
2:12:26a variable inside of a function
2:12:28you'll first use a local version of that
2:12:31variable
2:12:32if it's available if not you'll use a
2:12:34global version instead
2:12:36and python will follow this rule known
2:12:38as the legb
2:12:40rule you use any local variables first
2:12:42then
2:12:43enclosed variables then global and then
2:12:45any built-in variables in that order
2:12:48so that's the main difference between
2:12:50local scope and
2:12:51global scope the scope of a variable is
2:12:54the region in which it's available
2:12:56and it's limited to the region in which
2:12:58it's created a local scope
2:13:00is available only inside of the function
2:13:02in which that variable is created
2:13:04a global scoped variable is a variable
2:13:07that is available
2:13:08inside and outside of any functions but
2:13:10within your module that you're working
2:13:12with
2:13:13so that's variable scope in python if
2:13:15you would like a copy of this code i
2:13:17will post this code to the comment
2:13:18section down below
2:13:19and well yeah that's how variable scope
2:13:22works in python
2:13:24hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:13:26hope you're doing well
2:13:27and in this video i'm going to explain
2:13:29the arcs parameter in python so sit back
2:13:32relax and enjoy the show
2:13:36all right guys and gals let's talk about
2:13:38args
2:13:39now args is a parameter that will pack
2:13:42all arguments into a tuple
2:13:44it's useful so that a function can
2:13:45accept a varying amount of arguments
2:13:48here's an example of why it would be
2:13:50useful let's say we have a function
2:13:52called add that will accept two numbers
2:13:54as arguments
2:13:55and add them together and return the sum
2:13:57so this works as intended right as long
2:13:59as we pass in
2:14:00only two numbers but what if we need to
2:14:02pass in three numbers as arguments
2:14:04well we can no longer use this add
2:14:06function because we have two parameters
2:14:08set up
2:14:08but we're passing in three arguments you
2:14:10can see here within my console window
2:14:12that we have a type error
2:14:14add takes two positional arguments but
2:14:16three were given
2:14:17and one way in which we can solve this
2:14:19issue is to use this
2:14:20args parameter so what we're going to do
2:14:22is replace all of our parameters
2:14:24with asterisk args and actually
2:14:27the args portion isn't as important as
2:14:30the asterisk
2:14:31args is short for arguments and you can
2:14:32really name this whatever you want just
2:14:34be sure that you have this asterisk
2:14:36because with this asterisk we're doing a
2:14:38form of packing
2:14:39what we're doing is passing all of these
2:14:41arguments and packing them
2:14:43into a tuple so let's rewrite this
2:14:45program so let's say maybe sum
2:14:47equals zero and then we will need to
2:14:51iterate through all of the items within
2:14:53our tuple because
2:14:54tuples are iterable so let's say for i
2:14:57in args what we'll do is say sum
2:15:00plus equals whatever i is and at the end
2:15:03when we escape the for loop we will
2:15:05return
2:15:06our sum so let's try it again and see if
2:15:08it works
2:15:09well would you look at that it works
2:15:11let's pass in a few other arguments for
2:15:13good measure
2:15:14let's pass in six arguments this time
2:15:16all right look at that
2:15:17this does in fact work so you can
2:15:19actually name this whatever you want the
2:15:20important thing is to have this asterisk
2:15:23so let's rename this as i don't know
2:15:25stuff
2:15:26and let's try this again yep
2:15:29it still works with tuples they are
2:15:32ordered
2:15:32and unchangeable let's attempt to edit
2:15:34one of these values
2:15:36so let's say stuff at
2:15:39index zero is equal to
2:15:42zero and let's try and change it so you
2:15:45can see that tuple object does not
2:15:47support
2:15:48item assignment if you need to change
2:15:50one of the values
2:15:51within your tuple after you pack all of
2:15:54these arguments
2:15:55you might need to convert this to a
2:15:56different collection one way in which we
2:15:58can do that is to cast it
2:16:00let's say stuff equals and we'll cast
2:16:03our tuple as a list because a list
2:16:06can be changeable it's mutable so let's
2:16:09attempt this again we'll cast
2:16:11our tuple as a list and then edit one of
2:16:13the values
2:16:14and then add all the values together so
2:16:16to change one of the values
2:16:18say the name your collection stuff in
2:16:20this case let's say at index zero
2:16:22this now equals zero so now if we were
2:16:25to add all these items together
2:16:26they should equal 20. there we go so
2:16:29yeah that's basically the args parameter
2:16:32the name isn't as important as the
2:16:34asterisk because you can really name it
2:16:36whatever you want
2:16:37a common convention is to just name this
2:16:39args it's a parameter that will pack
2:16:41all arguments into a tuple it's useful
2:16:44so that a function can accept
2:16:46a varying amount of arguments well that
2:16:48is all about args
2:16:50if you would like a copy of this code i
2:16:51will post this in the comments section
2:16:53down below
2:16:54but yeah that is how the args parameter
2:16:56works in python
2:16:58hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:17:00hope you're doing well and in this video
2:17:02i'm going to be explaining quarks
2:17:04in python so sit back relax
2:17:07and enjoy the show
2:17:10all right everybody let's talk about
2:17:12quarkx now this is a parameter that will
2:17:14pack
2:17:15all arguments into a dictionary it's
2:17:17useful so that a function can accept a
2:17:20varying amount of keyword arguments it's
2:17:22identical
2:17:23to args except with args args will
2:17:26accept a varying amount of positional
2:17:28arguments
2:17:29and pack them into a tuple with quarks
2:17:31this will accept a varying amount of
2:17:33keyword arguments
2:17:34and pack them into a dictionary so
2:17:36here's an example of why this would be
2:17:38useful
2:17:38let's say we have a function called
2:17:40hello that accepts two keyword arguments
2:17:43a first name
2:17:44and a last name all this will do is
2:17:46output hello
2:17:47your first name and last name but what
2:17:49if somebody has more than two names
2:17:51let's say somebody has a middle name
2:17:53and for this example i'll just say my
2:17:54middle name is dude
2:17:56so if i were to run this well this hello
2:17:59function is no longer going to work
2:18:01as you can see in the console window we
2:18:03have a type error
2:18:04the hello function got an unexpected
2:18:06keyword argument middle
2:18:08one way in which we can solve this we
2:18:10can use this quark's
2:18:11parameter so we can accept a varying
2:18:14amount
2:18:15of keyword arguments so what we'll do is
2:18:17replace
2:18:18our parameters with two asterisks then
2:18:21quarks now if i would like the same
2:18:23output as i had before i'm going to need
2:18:25to change a few things around
2:18:26in order to access a value within a
2:18:29dictionary you type the name of the
2:18:30dictionary
2:18:31square brackets and then within quotes
2:18:34list your key
2:18:36so i would like to access the value at
2:18:38this key of first
2:18:40and let's repeat the process for last
2:18:42name
2:18:44so the key is going to be last we'll
2:18:46access this value
2:18:48at this key and this should work the
2:18:50same as it did before
2:18:52now let's take this a step further let's
2:18:54say we would like to display
2:18:55somebody's full name based on the amount
2:18:58of keyword arguments that they pass into
2:19:00this function
2:19:01well there's a few different ways in
2:19:02which we could do this one easy way is
2:19:05that we could write our program like
2:19:06this
2:19:08let's print the word hello
2:19:11and we will need to iterate once through
2:19:14each key value pair within this
2:19:16dictionary
2:19:17and we can use a for loop to do that so
2:19:19to iterate
2:19:20once through each key value pair in your
2:19:22dictionary
2:19:23we'll type for key value
2:19:26in the name of our dictionary quarks in
2:19:28this case
2:19:29dot items and then we will print
2:19:33each value
2:19:37so there's one more thing that we need
2:19:38to do this kind of works as intended but
2:19:40it's going to
2:19:41print each value including our word
2:19:44hello
2:19:44on a new line so with a standard print
2:19:48statement
2:19:48this will print a new line character
2:19:50after each print statement as if we're
2:19:52hitting enter
2:19:53we can actually change that so after
2:19:56your string
2:19:56add and equals and we can replace that
2:19:59new line character with something else
2:20:01maybe a space
2:20:02and let's do the same thing for our for
2:20:04loop so value
2:20:06comma end and then just add space now
2:20:08this will print
2:20:09all of your names on the same line hello
2:20:12bro
2:20:13dude code and now we can pass in a
2:20:15varying amount of keyword arguments
2:20:17based on how long our name is
2:20:19perhaps we have like a title title
2:20:22equals
2:20:23mr and we can print that as well
2:20:26hello mr bro dude code here's a fun
2:20:30fact of the day you don't necessarily
2:20:31need to name this parameter as quarks
2:20:34the important thing is to have
2:20:35these double asterisks that precede it
2:20:37quarks is just a
2:20:39common naming convention it's short for
2:20:41keyword arguments
2:20:42you could name this as something else
2:20:44perhaps something more descriptive like
2:20:45names since we're passing in a bunch of
2:20:47names so the name of our dictionary
2:20:49is now names and this would work the
2:20:52same as it did before
2:20:53the important thing is to have these
2:20:55double asterisks that precede the name
2:20:57of your dictionary
2:20:58but quarks is the common naming
2:21:00convention
2:21:01well everybody that's all about quarkx
2:21:03it's a parameter that will pack
2:21:05a varying amount of keyword arguments
2:21:07into a
2:21:08dictionary if you would like a copy of
2:21:10all this code i will post
2:21:12this in the comments section down below
2:21:13but yeah that is how quarkx
2:21:15works in python hey what's going on
2:21:18everybody
2:21:19it's your bro hope you're doing well and
2:21:20in this video i'm going to teach you
2:21:22guys all about the format method
2:21:23in python so sit back relax and enjoy
2:21:27the show
2:21:29okay ladies and gentlemen let's begin
2:21:32the format method
2:21:33is a method available to strings it's
2:21:35optional and it gives users
2:21:37more control when displaying output to
2:21:40best demonstrate this i'm going to use a
2:21:42line
2:21:42from a popular nursery rhyme titled hey
2:21:45diddle diddle because well
2:21:47you know i'm a mature adult like that
2:21:49i'll be printing
2:21:50this line to my console window the cow
2:21:53jumped over
2:21:54the moon let's do so using a standard
2:21:56print statement
2:21:57and then i'll show you the benefits of
2:21:59using the format method later
2:22:01for this example i have two variables a
2:22:04variable called animal and i'm going to
2:22:05store
2:22:06a string of cow and item and i'll be
2:22:09storing an item name
2:22:10which is moon when we compile and run
2:22:12this as you would expect
2:22:14the output is the cow jumped over the
2:22:16moon
2:22:17there's a more elegant way of writing
2:22:19this line of code
2:22:20and that is by using the format method
2:22:22available to strings
2:22:24i'm going to turn this line into a
2:22:26comment and we're instead
2:22:27going to produce the same output but use
2:22:29the format method
2:22:31instead so we need a standard print
2:22:33statement like usual
2:22:34and then a string that we would like to
2:22:36format so
2:22:37we're going to write the same thing but
2:22:39in place of the variables we're going to
2:22:41add a placeholder
2:22:42the instead of the variable name or
2:22:45value name i'm going to add
2:22:47a set of curly braces so that functions
2:22:50as a placeholder
2:22:51for a value or a variable the
2:22:55this should be cow jumped over
2:22:59the and i'm going to insert another
2:23:01placeholder
2:23:02now this is a string we can format the
2:23:04string by following
2:23:06this string with dot format parenthesis
2:23:10and within the parentheses of the format
2:23:12method we can insert
2:23:14some values or variables let's begin
2:23:16with some
2:23:17values i would like to insert cow
2:23:20as well as moon so this will produce
2:23:23the same output but it's written a
2:23:26little more elegantly
2:23:27we can also replace these with variables
2:23:30because
2:23:31they store these values so i'm going to
2:23:33replace cow
2:23:34with animal and moon with item
2:23:37and this will create the same output as
2:23:40it did before
2:23:41these curly braces are what's known as
2:23:43format fields
2:23:44they function as a placeholder for a
2:23:46value or
2:23:47a variable and they work in order the
2:23:50first format field will insert the first
2:23:52value
2:23:53at this location if you have another set
2:23:56or more sets of this format field you'll
2:23:59insert
2:24:00the next value that's listed within the
2:24:02format method
2:24:03so if we were to switch these around
2:24:06we'll switch the position of animal with
2:24:08item
2:24:09well then the first format field is
2:24:12going to insert
2:24:13our item and the second format field
2:24:15will insert our animal
2:24:17this time the moon jumped over the cow
2:24:20an additional way of inserting values at
2:24:22a given place holder would be to use
2:24:24what's referred to as a
2:24:26positional argument
2:24:29within these format fields we will list
2:24:32the index of the value that we would
2:24:33like to insert at this location
2:24:36if you need to insert the first value
2:24:38well that has an index
2:24:40of zero because computers always start
2:24:41with zero and following that pattern
2:24:44the next index would be one if you had
2:24:47let's say three values that you need to
2:24:49insert if you had another placeholder
2:24:51that would be two then so you would just
2:24:53follow that pattern
2:24:54so there's going to be no visible change
2:24:57but what we could do
2:24:58is reverse the positional arguments of
2:25:01these placeholders
2:25:02so what do you think would happen if i
2:25:04switched one with zero at these
2:25:06locations
2:25:07well this format field is going to
2:25:09insert the value found at index
2:25:11one this first value is index zero and
2:25:14the second one
2:25:15is index one so now the roles are
2:25:17reversed this time the moon
2:25:19jumped over the cow our last way of
2:25:22inserting some values at a given format
2:25:25field would be to use what's referred to
2:25:27as a
2:25:27keyword argument within
2:25:31the format method we're going to list
2:25:33some keyword argument pairs
2:25:35we need a keyword name followed by a
2:25:37value
2:25:38so let's say animal is going to be the
2:25:40keyword we're going to say equals
2:25:42some value animal equals cow and
2:25:45item equals moon and you may have
2:25:48noticed that the color of your text
2:25:50might have changed
2:25:51so we no longer need these variables
2:25:53actually um but i'm going to comment out
2:25:55these two print statements because we
2:25:57will get an error then
2:25:58so these are in keyword argument pairs
2:26:02and within our format field instead of
2:26:04keeping these empty
2:26:06or using an index we can use the keyword
2:26:08name at my first format field i'm going
2:26:10to insert my keyword
2:26:12of animal and at my second format field
2:26:15i would like to insert
2:26:17the item keyword so the result is going
2:26:20to be
2:26:20the cow jumped over the moon so let's
2:26:22reverse these now
2:26:23we'll place our item keyword here and
2:26:26then at the second format field we will
2:26:28insert
2:26:28our animal and this time the moon
2:26:32jumped over the cow here's an important
2:26:33concept that i'd like to bring to your
2:26:35attention
2:26:35with these values found within the
2:26:37format method you can actually reuse
2:26:39some of these
2:26:40more than once so let's say we would
2:26:42like to state
2:26:43the animal jumped over the animal we're
2:26:46going to use
2:26:46this animal keyword twice and our output
2:26:49is going to be
2:26:50the cow jumped over the cow if we're
2:26:52doing the same thing with positional
2:26:54arguments
2:26:55we can reuse the same index this time
2:26:58let's say
2:26:59that the moon jumped over the moon so
2:27:02our item has an
2:27:03index of one so within our first format
2:27:06field we'll state
2:27:08the index will be one and our second
2:27:10format field will also be one
2:27:12so our output's going to be the moon
2:27:14jumped over the moon
2:27:16all right let's take things up a level
2:27:17there's an even more elegant way in
2:27:19which we could write all of this
2:27:21what we'll do is store our string that
2:27:23we would like to format
2:27:25within a variable let's turn this line
2:27:27into a comment and let's create a
2:27:29variable called
2:27:30text text equals the string that we
2:27:32would like to format
2:27:33which is the format field
2:27:37jumped over the format field
2:27:41and if we need to format this variable
2:27:44we can just call the format method on it
2:27:47so within a print statement let's say
2:27:50text dot and then use the format method
2:27:54and pass
2:27:54in the values that we would like to
2:27:56insert at these placeholders
2:27:58so we're going to insert animal as well
2:28:02as item so our result as you would
2:28:05imagine
2:28:05is the cow jumped over the moon this
2:28:08next section i'm going to explain how we
2:28:10can add some padding
2:28:11to a string when we display it using the
2:28:13format method
2:28:14let's say we have a name variable and
2:28:16assign this a value of whatever your
2:28:18name is
2:28:19so i would like to display my name along
2:28:21with the custom message
2:28:22let's say hello my name
2:28:25is and then i'll use a format field here
2:28:28so let's follow this string by using the
2:28:30format method
2:28:31and i would like to insert my name at
2:28:33this location
2:28:34so currently this will display hello my
2:28:37name is bro
2:28:38or whatever else your name is so we can
2:28:40add some padding
2:28:41either before our name after or we can
2:28:44add some padding to the left and the
2:28:46right hand side
2:28:47of our value that we have so what we'll
2:28:49do to begin
2:28:51is let's add some padding to the right
2:28:53hand side of
2:28:54our name that we have so within our
2:28:56format field if we need to add some
2:28:58padding
2:28:59within the format field add a colon and
2:29:01then the amount of space you would like
2:29:03to allocate
2:29:04to displaying your value so let's say 10
2:29:07so i'm going to allocate 10 spaces worth
2:29:10of room
2:29:11to display my name you can't really see
2:29:13it right now but let's take a look
2:29:15so i can't move my cursor past this line
2:29:18at the end of my name
2:29:20but with my second line i have all of
2:29:22this room to work with
2:29:23so if i were to change my string that i
2:29:25have let's say
2:29:28nice to meet you well then
2:29:31all of this padding that i have is going
2:29:32to be more evident
2:29:34so we can add a number preceding with a
2:29:38colon to add some padding
2:29:40to a value and then you can left align
2:29:42this right align it or center align it
2:29:45so what i'll do is copy this line that i
2:29:47have
2:29:48if you need to left align it you use the
2:29:51less than sign
2:29:52but there's going to be no visible
2:29:53change because that's already the
2:29:55default
2:29:56if you need to write a line precede your
2:29:59number with a greater than sign
2:30:01so your value is going to be right
2:30:04aligned
2:30:05if you need to center this value then
2:30:07use
2:30:08the carrot so this will center align
2:30:11your value within the padding that you
2:30:14have allotted
2:30:15one question that you might have for me
2:30:16and i'll try and answer that now because
2:30:18it's relevant what if we need to add a
2:30:20positional argument or a
2:30:22keyword argument to our format field if
2:30:24there's already some text within here
2:30:26so what you would do before the colon
2:30:28you would just precede the colon
2:30:30with either your positional argument or
2:30:32your keyword argument
2:30:34followed by colon and then whatever you
2:30:36want to add afterwards to format
2:30:38your value that you have alright ladies
2:30:40and gentlemen we are near the end and i
2:30:42promise that this is the last section
2:30:44how can we format some numbers let's say
2:30:46we have a
2:30:47number variable and this will equal the
2:30:50first few digits of pi
2:30:523.14159 let's pretend that we would like
2:30:55to
2:30:56display only the first two digits after
2:30:59the decimal so we can do so using the
2:31:02format method
2:31:03let's print the number
2:31:06pi is and then i'll use a format field
2:31:09here
2:31:10and we will call the format method and
2:31:12insert our
2:31:13number that we have so if i need to
2:31:17display only the first two digits after
2:31:20the decimal
2:31:21within the format field i will add
2:31:24colon dot to f
2:31:28f is for floating point numbers that's
2:31:30anything with a decimal portion
2:31:32so the result is that this will display
2:31:35only the first
2:31:36two digits after my decimal because we
2:31:39placed two within
2:31:41the format field so if this was three
2:31:44point three f this would display three
2:31:47digits
2:31:47after the decimal portion oh and
2:31:50apparently this will round your number
2:31:51so that's something that you should keep
2:31:53in mind
2:31:53so this time let's change our number to
2:31:55something larger like
2:31:561000 and i will copy this line and make
2:31:59a few changes
2:32:00let's say the number is
2:32:04and i would like to add a comma at the
2:32:06thousands place
2:32:07so after the colon within the format
2:32:09field i will add a comma
2:32:11so this will automatically add a comma
2:32:13to all 1000s places
2:32:15another cool thing that you can do is
2:32:17that you can display your number as
2:32:19binary so within the format field add
2:32:21colon b
2:32:22this will display a binary
2:32:25representation of your number
2:32:27you can do the same thing with octal by
2:32:30adding colon
2:32:31o so our number is now being displayed
2:32:34as an octal number
2:32:35and you can do the same thing with
2:32:37hexadecimal lowercase x
2:32:39for lowercase or uppercase x for all
2:32:42uppercase
2:32:42so my number 1000 is now in hexadecimal
2:32:46and lastly we can display this number
2:32:49in scientific notation using either
2:32:53lowercase e for lowercase or capital e
2:32:55for uppercase
2:32:56and mynumber 1000 is now in scientific
2:33:00notation
2:33:01all right everybody so that's a few
2:33:03things that you can do with the format
2:33:05method it's an optional method that
2:33:07gives users
2:33:08more control when displaying output if
2:33:10you would like a copy of all the code
2:33:12that we've written here today i will
2:33:13post everything in the comments down
2:33:15below
2:33:16don't be afraid to smash that like
2:33:17button drop a comment down below and
2:33:20subscribe if you'd like to become a
2:33:21fellow bro
2:33:22hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:33:24hope you're doing well and in this video
2:33:26i'm going to explain a few useful
2:33:27methods of the random module
2:33:29so sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:33:34okay people in this video i'm going to
2:33:36explain how we can generate some random
2:33:38numbers
2:33:39as well as a few other useful methods of
2:33:41the random module
2:33:43now we're not going to be creating true
2:33:45random numbers but something called
2:33:47pseudorandom numbers which are fairly
2:33:49darn close so the first step
2:33:51is to import the random module at the
2:33:53top import
2:33:54random we now have access to everything
2:33:57that the random module has to offer
2:33:59let's begin by generating a random
2:34:01number between one and six
2:34:02like we're rolling a dice so what i'm
2:34:04going to do is say x
2:34:06equals random dot rand
2:34:10and we can generate a random integer
2:34:12between a certain range
2:34:13if i want one through six i will state
2:34:16one
2:34:17comma six and then we can generate a
2:34:19random number between one and six like
2:34:21we're rolling a dice
2:34:22so if i were to print the value of x
2:34:26then we will get a random number between
2:34:27one and six for example i just got a one
2:34:30a two a three and a six all right
2:34:33we can also generate a random floating
2:34:35point number two
2:34:37let's say y equals random dot
2:34:40random so this will give us a random
2:34:43number between
2:34:440 and 1. this time i'm going to print
2:34:47y so we have 0.49 and some change
2:34:520.145 and 0.858
2:34:56we can also generate a random choice
2:34:58from a list or other collection
2:35:00let's say we're playing a game of rock
2:35:02paper scissors so let's create a list
2:35:04i'll just call this my list equals
2:35:08square brackets and we will have three
2:35:10choices
2:35:11rock paper and
2:35:14scissors
2:35:18so let's say z
2:35:21will be the random string that we
2:35:24generate
2:35:25z equals random dot
2:35:28choice and we will pass in my list
2:35:33and let's print z so this will generate
2:35:36a
2:35:37random choice from my list called my
2:35:40list
2:35:40so we got scissors paper and
2:35:43rock we can also use the shuffle method
2:35:46of the random module to
2:35:47shuffle a list or other collection let's
2:35:50say we're working with a deck of cards
2:35:52cards equals let's say one
2:35:56through nine
2:36:00and we have a jack a queen
2:36:04a king and an ace this won't be a full
2:36:08deck of cards it'll just be one suit
2:36:10so we can actually shuffle this list by
2:36:13using the shuffle method
2:36:14random dot shuffle what do we want to
2:36:18shuffle
2:36:18we want to shuffle our cards and i will
2:36:22display
2:36:23my cards with a print statement so the
2:36:26shuffle method will shuffle a list or
2:36:28other collection for you
2:36:29well everybody that's a few useful
2:36:31methods of the random module
2:36:33if you would like a copy of all this
2:36:34code i will post this in the comments
2:36:36down below
2:36:37don't be afraid to smash that like
2:36:39button drop a comment down below
2:36:40and subscribe if you'd like to become a
2:36:42fellow bro hey what's going on everybody
2:36:45it's
2:36:45bro hope you're doing well and in this
2:36:47video i'm going to explain exception
2:36:49handling in python
2:36:50so sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:36:55well everyone let's talk about
2:36:57exceptions an exception is an event
2:36:59detected
2:37:00during execution that interrupts the
2:37:02normal flow of a program
2:37:04here's a program that i've written and
2:37:06we're intentionally going to cause an
2:37:07exception
2:37:08so this program that i've written we
2:37:10will accept a numerator and a
2:37:12denominator from the user
2:37:13we'll divide the numerator by the
2:37:15denominator we'll get a result
2:37:17and print the result so what if i were
2:37:19to divide a number such as 5
2:37:21divided by 0 which we cannot
2:37:23mathematically do
2:37:24well this will cause an exception an
2:37:26event detected
2:37:27during execution that interrupts the
2:37:30flow of a program
2:37:31so our program was interrupted and
2:37:33within our console window we have this
2:37:35traceback message
2:37:36which states what went wrong and a name
2:37:39for this exception that occurred
2:37:41this specific exception that occurred is
2:37:43a zero division error
2:37:44so this video is all about handling
2:37:47these exceptions so they do not
2:37:48interrupt the normal flow of a program
2:37:51now a very basic form of exception
2:37:53handling
2:37:53is to surround any code that is
2:37:55considered dangerous as in it might
2:37:57cause an exception
2:37:58within a try block anytime you accept
2:38:01user input would be a good indicator too
2:38:03so this code is considered dangerous
2:38:05because we don't know what the user is
2:38:06going to type in
2:38:07so we will try all of this code if an
2:38:10exception occurs
2:38:11we can catch it and handle it so to do
2:38:13that
2:38:14we'll add an accept block accept and
2:38:16then we will catch
2:38:18exception normally having this block by
2:38:21itself
2:38:21isn't considered good practice but i'll
2:38:23explain why later so
2:38:25this accept exception block will catch
2:38:27all sorts of different exceptions
2:38:29and it will prevent our program from
2:38:31being interrupted and we can do
2:38:32something else entirely such as print a
2:38:34message
2:38:35something went wrong so let's try this
2:38:39again
2:38:40we will divide five by zero which we
2:38:42cannot do
2:38:43we no longer have that traceback message
2:38:45within our console window
2:38:46we caught the exception and we did
2:38:48something else we printed
2:38:50something went wrong like i said before
2:38:53it's not considered good practice to
2:38:55have a single
2:38:56accept block that will handle all
2:38:58exceptions it's much better to first
2:39:00handle specific exceptions when they
2:39:02occur
2:39:02and we can do so by writing additional
2:39:05accept blocks
2:39:06so let's create an additional accept
2:39:08block that will catch
2:39:10any zero division error exceptions
2:39:13that occurs when somebody attempts to
2:39:14divide by zero so if
2:39:16this exception occurs how do we want to
2:39:18handle it let's just print the message
2:39:20let's print you can't divide
2:39:24by zero idiot
2:39:27and let's try this again so five divided
2:39:30by zero
2:39:31you can't divide by zero idiot here's
2:39:33another one i'm going to turn
2:39:35this accept block into a comment so we
2:39:38can take a look at something
2:39:39what if i divide by something that's not
2:39:41a number like we take
2:39:425 and divide it by the word pizza well
2:39:45pizza is not a number
2:39:46and we ran into a value error exception
2:39:50so we should probably handle this too so
2:39:52let's create another accept block that
2:39:54will handle that
2:39:55accept value error
2:39:59and how do we want to handle this let's
2:40:02print something
2:40:03enter only numbers
2:40:06please okay let's try this again and see
2:40:10if
2:40:10this exception is caught five divided by
2:40:13the word
2:40:14pizza enter only numbers please
2:40:17not only that but you can also add the
2:40:20accept exception block at the very end
2:40:23just in case there's something you won't
2:40:24anticipate
2:40:25but it's always considered good practice
2:40:27to first catch any specific exceptions
2:40:30and let the user know exactly what went
2:40:31wrong an additional way in which we can
2:40:34handle these exceptions
2:40:35is that we could display the exception
2:40:38that occurs although it is completely
2:40:39optional
2:40:40so to do that what we'll do is that
2:40:42after each of these accept block
2:40:44definitions
2:40:45let's add as e so we're calling the
2:40:48exception as
2:40:49e that's just standard practice although
2:40:50it's not necessary
2:40:52so let's do that for each of these
2:40:54except blocks
2:40:55and then we can print whatever e is so
2:40:58let's add that
2:40:59to each of these blocks so
2:41:02it should now look something like this
2:41:04so when we encounter an exception
2:41:06we can display what exception occurred
2:41:09too as well
2:41:10so let's divide five by pizza invalid
2:41:13literal for int with base 10 pizza
2:41:16enter only numbers please so like i said
2:41:19this
2:41:20is an additional way in which you could
2:41:21handle an exception although it's
2:41:23entirely optional
2:41:24another thing that you can do is that
2:41:26you can add an else statement
2:41:28to the end of your accept blocks so
2:41:30what's happening here is that we're
2:41:32going to
2:41:32try all of this code if an exception
2:41:35happens
2:41:36then catch it and handle it if not then
2:41:38do something else
2:41:40so why don't we print our result only if
2:41:42there are no
2:41:43exceptions that occur so if there are no
2:41:46exceptions we will execute
2:41:48this else statement if not then we won't
2:41:51so
2:41:51let's divide five by an actual number
2:41:53this time like
2:41:54two so there are no exceptions that
2:41:57occurred so
2:41:58we executed this else statement whatever
2:42:00code is within
2:42:01our else block and this printed the
2:42:03result of 2.5
2:42:05but if an exception were to occur like
2:42:07we divide 5 by
2:42:080 then we will catch our exception and
2:42:11handle it
2:42:12and we do not execute whatever block of
2:42:15code is within
2:42:16our else statement there is one other
2:42:18clause that you should be aware of that
2:42:20is the
2:42:20final clause this is always at the end
2:42:22how this works
2:42:23is that whether or not we catch an
2:42:25exception we will always execute any
2:42:28code
2:42:28that is within the block of code for our
2:42:30final clause
2:42:32so this is a good opportunity if you
2:42:34open files
2:42:35to close them within the finally block
2:42:38but
2:42:38we haven't dealt with opening files yet
2:42:40so we won't do that
2:42:41all we'll do is just print something
2:42:43print this
2:42:45will always execute so
2:42:48whether or not we encounter an exception
2:42:50this finally block will always execute
2:42:52at the end
2:42:53so let's try this again so this time
2:42:55let's cause an exception
2:42:56let's divide five by zero you can't
2:42:59divide by
2:43:00zero this will always execute and this
2:43:02time let's take this seriously and
2:43:04divide
2:43:04five by another number such as three so
2:43:07this will give us a result
2:43:09and like i said the finally clause the
2:43:11code within the finally clause will
2:43:13always execute
2:43:14but we won't really be working with this
2:43:16until we get to the section on file
2:43:18handling
2:43:19well everybody those are exceptions in
2:43:21python they are events detected
2:43:24during execution that interrupt the flow
2:43:26of a program
2:43:27and we can handle these exceptions by
2:43:29using try and accept blocks
2:43:31so if you would like a copy of all this
2:43:33code i will post all of this in the
2:43:34comments down below
2:43:36but yeah that is how exceptions work in
2:43:38python
2:43:40hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:43:42hope you're doing well
2:43:43and in this video we're going to be
2:43:45covering some basic file detection using
2:43:47python so
2:43:48sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:43:53welcome ladies and gentlemen to the
2:43:55beginning of a mini series involving
2:43:57doing stuff with files using python and
2:43:59in this video we're going to be doing
2:44:00some basic
2:44:01file detection and in order to do so i
2:44:04recommend
2:44:04importing the os module it's already
2:44:07included with the standard python
2:44:08library
2:44:09all you need to do is import it all
2:44:11we'll be doing is checking to see if a
2:44:13file
2:44:14exists someplace on our computer so
2:44:16we'll probably need a file to work with
2:44:17what i'm going to do is go to my desktop
2:44:20for convenience
2:44:21and just create a new text document i
2:44:23will call this test.txt
2:44:25now i probably need the file location so
2:44:28i'm going to copy that
2:44:30and then we can use this so let's create
2:44:32a variable called path
2:44:34that will include the path to the file
2:44:36that i would like to detect
2:44:38so that was test.txt now if you have
2:44:41backslashes in your file path you'll
2:44:44probably need
2:44:45double backslashes because that's the
2:44:47escape sequence for a backslash within a
2:44:49string
2:44:50so we now have this variable path that
2:44:53we can work with
2:44:54now i would like to check to see if this
2:44:56location
2:44:57exists on my computer so if os
2:45:00dot path dot exists and you can see that
2:45:04we can pass in
2:45:05our path as an argument so i will pass
2:45:07in my path
2:45:08and if this returns true if that
2:45:10location exists i will print
2:45:14that location exists
2:45:18so this will not tell me if this is a
2:45:21file or not
2:45:22we'll be covering that later else
2:45:25let's print that location
2:45:29doesn't exist
2:45:32all right so if this location exists
2:45:35this will return true
2:45:37if not this will execute our else
2:45:39statement
2:45:40that location exists so what if i were
2:45:43to delete this file
2:45:44and we run this program again that
2:45:46location doesn't exist
2:45:48now this won't tell you if the location
2:45:51you're dealing with
2:45:52is a file or not there is a separate
2:45:55function for that
2:45:56it is if os
2:45:59dot path dot is file
2:46:05what we'll do is pass in our path and
2:46:07print
2:46:09that is a file
2:46:12all right so let's create another file
2:46:16because i deleted the previous one
2:46:18test.txt it's in the same location let's
2:46:21run this again
2:46:22that location exists that is a file now
2:46:25what if this was a folder
2:46:27so i'm going to create a new folder i
2:46:29will call this folder
2:46:30i will delete my test document
2:46:34and let's change the location to folder
2:46:39that location exists but it is not a
2:46:41file you can check to see if a location
2:46:43is a directory
2:46:44so let's write an else if statement os
2:46:48dot path dot is directory and we will
2:46:52pass in our path
2:46:54and let's print that
2:46:57is a directory
2:47:01all right so we have our folder we're
2:47:03going to check to see
2:47:05if this location exists and if it's a
2:47:08file or
2:47:09a directory that location exists that is
2:47:12a directory
2:47:13well everyone that is the basics of file
2:47:15detection
2:47:16we'll be building upon this concept in
2:47:18future videos
2:47:19so if you would like a copy of this code
2:47:21i will post this in the comment section
2:47:23down below
2:47:24but yeah that is the basics of simple
2:47:26file detection using python
2:47:28hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:47:31hope you're doing well and in this video
2:47:32we're going to be reading a file in
2:47:34python so
2:47:35sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:47:40welcome back guys and gals in this video
2:47:42i'm going to explain how we can read the
2:47:44contents of a file using python
2:47:46so we'll probably need some sort of file
2:47:48to work with i created a plain text file
2:47:50called
2:47:51test.txt it's a plain text file and all
2:47:54this says
2:47:55is omg you can read this have a nice day
2:47:58like comment and subscribe so what i
2:48:01would like to do is to read
2:48:02the contents of that file line by line
2:48:04and print it to the console window
2:48:06and here's how and honestly we only need
2:48:08two lines of code to do this
2:48:10so what we'll do is type with open
2:48:13then within the open function list the
2:48:15name of your file
2:48:17or the file path this file of mine is
2:48:20within my project folder
2:48:21so i only need to list the file name if
2:48:24this was someplace else you'll probably
2:48:26need
2:48:27the file path so let's say this was on
2:48:30my desktop
2:48:31well i'll probably need to list the file
2:48:33path of where that file is located
2:48:35and i'll need to use double backslashes
2:48:38because that's the escape sequence for a
2:48:40backslash
2:48:41but since this file is within my project
2:48:43folder i only need to list the file name
2:48:45so with open then the name your file or
2:48:49the file path
2:48:50as file then what we're going to do
2:48:54is print file dot
2:48:58read and that is it so let's test it
2:49:02and it works omg you can read this have
2:49:05a nice day
2:49:06like comment and subscribe so this will
2:49:09actually
2:49:09close files automatically after opening
2:49:12them
2:49:12so that's kind of convenient and let's
2:49:14just test that theory
2:49:15so i'm going to print file dot
2:49:19closed if my file is in fact closed this
2:49:22will print
2:49:22true if it's still open this will print
2:49:24false
2:49:26so normally when you read a file it's
2:49:28normally open and you need to
2:49:29close it manually but if you write your
2:49:31program this way
2:49:32with open this will close the file
2:49:35automatically for you
2:49:36so using with open will close any files
2:49:39automatically for you
2:49:41after they've been opened however this
2:49:43does not catch
2:49:44and handle any exceptions that might
2:49:46occur like if we cannot locate this file
2:49:49so let's say that i mistyped the
2:49:51extension for this file
2:49:53let's say that i type in test.tx
2:49:56that's kind of funny because tx is the
2:49:58abbreviation for
2:49:59texas it's a texas file so this will
2:50:02cause
2:50:03a file not found error and this will
2:50:05interrupt the flow of our program and we
2:50:08would probably like to prevent that
2:50:09so what we could do is write a try and
2:50:12an accept block
2:50:13so we will try all of this code if we
2:50:15cannot find
2:50:16this file we can handle this exception
2:50:19file not found error
2:50:20so we'll place all of this code within
2:50:22the try block then
2:50:23if an exception happens we will catch
2:50:25that exception
2:50:26except we would like to catch any file
2:50:29not found air
2:50:30exceptions and let's handle this by
2:50:33printing
2:50:35that file was not found
2:50:40so if i were to run this again we will
2:50:42catch and handle this exception and this
2:50:44will not
2:50:45interrupt the normal flow of our program
2:50:48well everybody that's how to open and
2:50:50read
2:50:50a file in python if you'd like a copy of
2:50:53all this code i will post this in the
2:50:55comment section down below
2:50:56but yeah that's how to open and read a
2:50:58file using python
2:51:00hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:51:03hope you're doing well and in this video
2:51:04we're going to be writing files in
2:51:06python so sit back
2:51:07relax and enjoy the show
2:51:11so to begin it's kind of similar to the
2:51:13last video on reading files
2:51:15with open within the open function list
2:51:18the file name or the file path so what
2:51:21do you want to call this file
2:51:22i will call this file test dot txt
2:51:26now normally with the open function
2:51:28there is a mode
2:51:29and you can actually change that there's
2:51:31a second argument that you can pass in
2:51:33by default this is r for read but if you
2:51:36want to write a file this would be
2:51:38w so now we're going to write a file
2:51:41called
2:51:42test.txt so to finish with open
2:51:46as file what are we going to do file
2:51:49dot write and within the write function
2:51:52we can write some text
2:51:54so let's create a text variable and we
2:51:57will add a string
2:51:58so let's say text equals
2:52:03yo and if you need to go down to a new
2:52:06line
2:52:07be sure to use the new line character so
2:52:09after this new line character
2:52:11the text that comes after is going to be
2:52:13on the next line as if we're hitting
2:52:15enter
2:52:16so yo this is some
2:52:19text have
2:52:22a good one
2:52:26all right so after i run this program we
2:52:29should have
2:52:29a file a text file within our project
2:52:32folder that appears
2:52:34and it is right here and it says yo this
2:52:37is some text
2:52:38have a good one now this is in write
2:52:41mode
2:52:42if this text was something else it will
2:52:44actually
2:52:45overwrite your current file so if i were
2:52:47to change this to
2:52:49uh oh this text has
2:52:53been over written well then
2:52:56this will overwrite the text that we
2:52:59have
2:52:59uh oh this text has been overwritten so
2:53:02you can actually append a file by
2:53:04changing the mode
2:53:05to a for append so let me change this
2:53:08back
2:53:09we will rewrite this this will save over
2:53:12our current file
2:53:13now we can append some text so let's add
2:53:15maybe a new line
2:53:17uh have a nice
2:53:20day see ya so i would like to append
2:53:25some text to this file i'm going to
2:53:26change the mode to a
2:53:28for append and we can now append some
2:53:31text onto the end of this file
2:53:33well everybody that's how to write to a
2:53:35file and or append a file if you would
2:53:37like a copy of this code
2:53:38i will post this in the comment section
2:53:40down below but yeah that's how to
2:53:42write to and or append a file in python
2:53:46hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:53:48hope you're doing well
2:53:49and in this video we're going to be
2:53:50copying files in python so
2:53:52sit back relax and enjoy the show
2:53:57welcome back to another video regarding
2:53:59doing stuff with files using python and
2:54:01in this video we're going to be
2:54:02copying some files and in order to do so
2:54:05i recommend
2:54:06importing the shuttle module there's
2:54:08other ways of doing this too
2:54:10but i tend to like using the shuttle
2:54:11module now
2:54:13with this module there are three basic
2:54:15functions
2:54:16to copy a file starting at the top they
2:54:19are copy file
2:54:20copy and copy to so copy file is what
2:54:24we'll be working with
2:54:25this will copy the contents of a file
2:54:27copy
2:54:28will do everything that copy file does
2:54:31plus copy
2:54:32the permissions mode and the destination
2:54:34can be a directory
2:54:36and lastly copy 2 this will do
2:54:38everything
2:54:39that copy does plus it copies the
2:54:41metadata
2:54:42of that file including the files
2:54:44creation and modification times
2:54:46so depending on the project or the
2:54:48program you're working with
2:54:49you may need to use copy or copy too but
2:54:52in this video we're going to be using
2:54:54copy file just to copy the contents of a
2:54:56file
2:54:57now after you import the shuttle module
2:55:00this is all you need to do to copy a
2:55:01file
2:55:02shuttle dot then use the appropriate
2:55:05function that you need to copy your file
2:55:07we're going to be using copy file copy
2:55:10file and within this function there are
2:55:12two arguments
2:55:13a source and a destination so within my
2:55:17project folder i have a plain
2:55:19text file called test test.txt
2:55:22all this says is yo this is some text
2:55:25see ya what i would like to do is copy
2:55:27this file because it's cool
2:55:29now since this file is within my project
2:55:32folder i only have to list the file name
2:55:34otherwise if this is someplace else i
2:55:36would list the file path here
2:55:38so this file is test.txt
2:55:42this is the source file and now i need a
2:55:45destination
2:55:46so the second argument will be separated
2:55:48with the comma i'm going to list
2:55:50a destination so you can actually rename
2:55:53this to
2:55:53i would like to name this as copy.txt
2:55:57so the destination is my project folder
2:56:00so when i create a copy of this file
2:56:02test.txt
2:56:04this copy will appear in my project
2:56:06folder and say the same thing
2:56:07so after running this we now have a
2:56:11file named copy.txt that says the same
2:56:13thing
2:56:14as my test file and remember what i said
2:56:16you can copy
2:56:17this file to a different location on
2:56:19your computer so you could list the file
2:56:22path
2:56:22so this file path would go to my desktop
2:56:25and then when i run this
2:56:26this will copy my original file my
2:56:28source and then copy it to
2:56:30wherever my destination is oh and i
2:56:32almost forgot so if you need to use copy
2:56:34or copy 2
2:56:35the arguments are exactly the same so if
2:56:38you needed to use copy
2:56:40this would be a shuttle dot copy instead
2:56:42of copy file
2:56:43then copy 2 is shuttle dot copy 2.
2:56:46the arguments are exactly the same but
2:56:48each of these functions will copy
2:56:50different things depending on what you
2:56:52need for your own program or project
2:56:54all right everybody so that's the basics
2:56:56of copying files and
2:56:58python i will post this in the comment
2:57:00section down below
2:57:01but yeah that is how to copy files using
2:57:04python
2:57:05hey what's going on everybody it's bro
2:57:08hope you're doing well and in this video
2:57:09i'm going to explain how we can move
2:57:11files using python so sit back relax
2:57:15and enjoy the show
2:57:18welcome back everybody to another video
2:57:20regarding that thing that we do called
2:57:22programming and in this video we're
2:57:23going to be moving files using python
2:57:26and in order to do so i recommend
2:57:28importing the os module
2:57:30this is included with the standard
2:57:32python library all you need to do is
2:57:34import it
2:57:35and now let's create two variables a
2:57:37variable called source
2:57:38that will hold the location of where our
2:57:41source file is located
2:57:42as well as a variable called destination
2:57:45to function as well
2:57:46the destination now for this video i'm
2:57:49going
2:57:50to move a file within my project folder
2:57:52to my desktop
2:57:53so to do so i'm going to create a new
2:57:56file
2:57:57i will name this test.txt but take the
2:58:00liberty to name this whatever you want
2:58:02so i'm going to list the location of
2:58:05where
2:58:05my test file is located since this is
2:58:08within my project folder i only need
2:58:10the file name if this was someplace else
2:58:12on your computer you would probably need
2:58:14the file path
2:58:15and now where would i like to move this
2:58:16file to i would like to move this file
2:58:19to my desktop
2:58:20so i just need the file path so i'm
2:58:22going to go to my desktop
2:58:24right click go to properties i'm going
2:58:27to copy
2:58:28this location and paste it within my
2:58:30destination
2:58:31and i will add slash desktop
2:58:34slash test.txt you can also rename this
2:58:38too if you want i will just keep it the
2:58:40same
2:58:40now if you have single backslashes
2:58:43you'll likely need to change these
2:58:45to double backslashes because that is
2:58:47the escape sequence
2:58:49to print a backslash within a string so
2:58:52we have a
2:58:52source location as well as a destination
2:58:55location
2:58:56now we can begin i would recommend
2:58:58writing our code within a try and accept
2:59:00block to
2:59:01handle any exceptions so i would like to
2:59:03handle any file
2:59:05not found error exceptions just in case
2:59:08our program cannot locate our source
2:59:10file so let's print a message if that is
2:59:12the case
2:59:13perhaps source plus was not
2:59:17found now within our try block let's
2:59:20check to see if there is already a file
2:59:22at this destination
2:59:23because i would not like to save over it
2:59:25if there's already a file there
2:59:27so let's do some basic file detection if
2:59:30os
2:59:31dot path dot exists
2:59:35and i will pass in my destination as an
2:59:37argument to the exists
2:59:39function so if there is already a file
2:59:42here i should probably let the user know
2:59:44print there is already a
2:59:47file there else
2:59:51we can replace our files honestly if you
2:59:53do not care about saving over any files
2:59:56you can omit this part so else os
2:59:59dot replace and we will pass
3:00:02in our source and our destination
3:00:06as arguments and let's print a message
3:00:09to the console window to let the user
3:00:11know
3:00:11that source plus was
3:00:16moved all right let's try this oh i
3:00:19accidentally deleted my
3:00:21file test.txt all right
3:00:24now this should disappear in three
3:00:27two one and it's gone
3:00:31test.txt was moved and it should now be
3:00:33on my desktop
3:00:35which it is now you can also use this to
3:00:37move a directory as well
3:00:39i'm going to create a new directory i
3:00:42will name this folder
3:00:44and i will change source to folder
3:00:47and the destination from test.txt to
3:00:50folder and now this should move my
3:00:53folder
3:00:55there is already a file there
3:00:59oh let's delete that okay
3:01:02folder was moved all right everybody so
3:01:05that is how
3:01:06to move a file and or directory using
3:01:08python
3:01:09if you would like a copy of this code i
3:01:11will post this in the comment section
3:01:13down below
3:01:14but yeah that is how to move a file and
3:01:17or directory
3:01:18using python hey what's going on
3:01:21everybody
3:01:21it's bro hope you're doing well and in
3:01:23this video i'm going to teach you guys
3:01:25how we can delete files using python so
3:01:27sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:01:32all right everybody so in this video
3:01:35we're going to be deleting files using
3:01:37python and in order to do so i recommend
3:01:39importing the os module
3:01:41this is already included with the
3:01:42standard python library all you need to
3:01:44do
3:01:45is import it and now we need a file to
3:01:47work with
3:01:48so let's right click on our projects
3:01:49folder and go to new
3:01:51file i will name this test.txt
3:01:54and we now have a file that we can work
3:01:56with but you know what i would like to
3:01:58delete this file because it's lame
3:02:00so let's do that in order to delete this
3:02:02file let's type os
3:02:03dot remove and we're going to list the
3:02:05file path here
3:02:07since this file is within my project
3:02:09folder i only need to list
3:02:10the file path test.txt if this was
3:02:14someplace else on my computer i would
3:02:16probably need the file path
3:02:17like that but since this file is within
3:02:19my project folder i only need
3:02:21the file name another thing that you can
3:02:23do too at least what i like to do
3:02:25is that i like to pass in a variable
3:02:27called path i will make this a variable
3:02:29and assign it a
3:02:31string value of whatever the path to my
3:02:33file is
3:02:34so i will assign path the name to my
3:02:37file
3:02:38test.txt now when i run this this will
3:02:40delete my file
3:02:42test.txt and you can see that it's no
3:02:44longer there
3:02:45now what if we attempt to delete a file
3:02:47that doesn't exist
3:02:49well we'll encounter an exception so if
3:02:51you want
3:02:52this is optional we can do some
3:02:53exception handling so let's write
3:02:56the remove function within a try block
3:02:58and we will catch
3:02:59this exception file not found error and
3:03:02let's print something
3:03:04print that file was not found
3:03:08now if you attempt to delete a file that
3:03:10doesn't exist
3:03:11your program will not be interrupted and
3:03:13instead you'll print something
3:03:15that file was not found now this
3:03:18function
3:03:18does not remove empty folders this is
3:03:21how to do so
3:03:22and actually let's test that so let's
3:03:23create a new directory
3:03:25i'll call this empty underscore folder
3:03:29now i will attempt to delete this empty
3:03:31folder
3:03:32empty folder
3:03:36we encountered a permission error access
3:03:38is denied so let's create an accept
3:03:40block for that
3:03:41accept permission error
3:03:44print i don't know you do
3:03:48not have permission to
3:03:51delete that right to delete
3:03:55an empty folder there is a different
3:03:57function
3:03:58os dot rmdir
3:04:02short for remove directory we're going
3:04:04to list the file path
3:04:05and pass that in as an argument and
3:04:07let's create an else block as well
3:04:09because we can
3:04:10else if there are no exceptions let's
3:04:12print
3:04:14path plus was
3:04:17deleted all right so rmdir
3:04:20remove directory will delete an empty
3:04:23directory
3:04:24empty folder was deleted now this
3:04:27function
3:04:27will not delete a folder that contains
3:04:30files and let's try that
3:04:31so let's create a new directory i'll
3:04:34just call this folder
3:04:36and within this folder i will create a
3:04:38new file
3:04:40test.txt
3:04:43all right let's attempt to delete this
3:04:45folder i will probably need to change
3:04:46the file name
3:04:48let's change that to folder and we
3:04:51encountered an
3:04:52os error that directory is not empty so
3:04:55let's handle this exception we don't
3:04:56need to but i like to
3:04:58accept os air print
3:05:03you cannot delete that
3:05:06using that function
3:05:10okay to delete a folder that contains
3:05:13files
3:05:13we'll need the shuttle module import
3:05:17shuttle and the function that we're
3:05:19looking for is
3:05:20shuttle dot rm tree
3:05:24short for remove tree and we will pass
3:05:26in our path
3:05:27now be careful with this function it is
3:05:29considered dangerous
3:05:30because it will delete a directory and
3:05:32all files contained within
3:05:34so now we can delete a folder that
3:05:36contains files
3:05:38folder was deleted in conclusion these
3:05:41are
3:05:41three basic functions to delete a file
3:05:44or directory they
3:05:45are remove which deletes a file rmdir
3:05:49which is an abbreviation for remove
3:05:52directory
3:05:52which will delete an empty directory and
3:05:55lastly
3:05:56rmtree which is an abbreviation for
3:05:58remove tree
3:05:59and this is of the shuttle module and
3:06:01this will delete a directory containing
3:06:04files
3:06:04so if you would like a copy of all this
3:06:06code i will post this in the comments
3:06:08section down below
3:06:10but yeah that is how to delete files and
3:06:12or directories
3:06:13using python yo what's going on
3:06:16everybody it's you bro hope you're doing
3:06:18well
3:06:18and in today's video i'm going to be
3:06:20discussing modules in python so
3:06:22sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:06:27all right well welcome back we're
3:06:29talking about modules today
3:06:31a module is a file containing python
3:06:33code
3:06:34it may contain functions classes etc
3:06:37it's used with modular programming which
3:06:39is this concept of separating a program
3:06:42into useful different parts we're
3:06:44currently working within our main module
3:06:46and mine is named hello youtube this is
3:06:48how to create a separate module
3:06:50right click on your project folder go to
3:06:52new python file
3:06:54i think i'll create a module filled with
3:06:56maybe message functions
3:06:58so i'll call this messages and click
3:07:00python file
3:07:01all right we have two tabs one for our
3:07:03main module mine is called hello youtube
3:07:05and a separate module
3:07:06for messages and i can write whatever i
3:07:09want within here since we're using
3:07:10modular programming i'll place a bunch
3:07:12of useful functions within this module
3:07:15and i'll import them to the main module
3:07:17that we're currently working with
3:07:18let's define a function called hello all
3:07:21this will do is print
3:07:24hello have a nice
3:07:27day and i'll create a second function
3:07:30for good measure
3:07:30let's call this pie
3:07:35let's say bye have
3:07:38a wonderful time
3:07:42now if we would like access to this
3:07:44module we need to import it
3:07:46i will head back to my main module and
3:07:47at the top write this
3:07:49import then the name of the module and
3:07:52for this example we used the name of
3:07:54messages
3:07:54for our separate module and to use a
3:07:57function from that module
3:07:58type the name of the module dot and then
3:08:01the name of the function
3:08:02so messages.hello will call the hello
3:08:05function
3:08:06found within the messages module and i
3:08:08can also call the
3:08:09buy function as well messages dot bye
3:08:13and that will print bye have a wonderful
3:08:16time
3:08:16no it can be somewhat tedious to have to
3:08:18write the name the module followed by
3:08:20the function name what we could do to
3:08:22shorten things up
3:08:22is to give our messages module an alias
3:08:25also known as a nickname
3:08:27so at the top write import messages
3:08:30as and what sort of nickname should we
3:08:32give messages
3:08:33let's say msg for short so we'll replace
3:08:37messages with
3:08:38msg msg hello and msg buy
3:08:41and this would work the same and it
3:08:42involves less typing there's also an
3:08:45additional way of
3:08:46importing a module and it goes a little
3:08:47something like this from
3:08:49the name of the module import and then
3:08:52list all of the functions or classes you
3:08:54would like to import
3:08:55i would like to import hello comma buy
3:08:58and we no longer need the module name
3:09:00before calling one of these functions
3:09:02i can simply just call hello and vi
3:09:04directly another way in which this could
3:09:06be written is
3:09:06from messages import asterisk that means
3:09:09to
3:09:10import all and i actually would not
3:09:11recommend using this if you're working
3:09:13on a large program or something that
3:09:15contains
3:09:16many modules because you can run into a
3:09:18naming conflict
3:09:19because some of these modules may have
3:09:21the same named function names or
3:09:22variables
3:09:24so if you're working on a small program
3:09:25i really don't think it's a big deal but
3:09:27if you have multiple modules i would
3:09:28actually refrain from using import alt
3:09:31it's much safer to write the name of the
3:09:33module followed by the name of the
3:09:35function that you want to use
3:09:36now another cool thing is that python
3:09:38has a bunch of pre-written modules that
3:09:40you have access to if you would like a
3:09:41comprehensive list of them type help
3:09:44and pass in the word modules and within
3:09:46my console window this will populate a
3:09:48listing of all the modules available to
3:09:50us
3:09:51here they are let's see if math is in
3:09:53here yep
3:09:54there it is so yeah feel free to take a
3:09:56look through some of these modules
3:09:58because there are some fairly useful
3:09:59tools within some of these modules
3:10:01i suppose you can also go to python's
3:10:03official documentation and search for
3:10:05the python module index and here's a
3:10:08listing of all the different modules too
3:10:09they have access to
3:10:10well everyone those are modules they are
3:10:13files containing python code and they
3:10:15may contain functions classes etc
3:10:17if you would like a copy of all this
3:10:18code i will post all of this to the
3:10:20comments section down below
3:10:22but yeah those are modules in python i
3:10:25guess there's a module called pickle
3:10:26hey what's going on everybody it's bro
3:10:28hope you're doing well
3:10:29and in this video we're going to be
3:10:31creating a basic game of rock paper
3:10:33scissors in python so
3:10:34sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:10:39let's begin by importing the random
3:10:42module
3:10:42because we're going to need the computer
3:10:44to pick a random choice and we'll create
3:10:46a
3:10:46list of possible choices so we have
3:10:49three strings within here
3:10:51rock paper and scissors
3:10:57i think i spelled scissors wrong there
3:11:00we go
3:11:01okay and we will have our computer pick
3:11:04a
3:11:04random dot choice from our list
3:11:08of choices and let's test it by printing
3:11:12whatever the computer picks
3:11:16so the computer picked paper paper
3:11:19scissors
3:11:20and scissors okay what about the player
3:11:23choice
3:11:23let's say player equals
3:11:27input rock
3:11:31paper or
3:11:34scissors
3:11:38and let's print what the player has
3:11:40print
3:11:41player and let's print the computer too
3:11:47maybe i'll add a string before these so
3:11:49let's say
3:11:50computer call in space
3:11:54whatever the computer chooses and same
3:11:57thing with the player
3:11:59player all right
3:12:02let's see if this works rock paper or
3:12:06scissors let's say rock
3:12:07the computer picks paper and i pick rock
3:12:10so i would technically lose this round
3:12:12now what if the player doesn't pick rock
3:12:14paper or scissors what if they type in
3:12:16gun so we would like some way to prevent
3:12:19that
3:12:19so let's put our input for our player
3:12:22within a while loop
3:12:24while player
3:12:27not in choices
3:12:32so we're going to need to initialize
3:12:34player because right now it's an
3:12:36unresolved reference
3:12:38so let's say player equals none
3:12:42for the time being okay now let's test
3:12:45our choices
3:12:46our player choices rock paper or
3:12:48scissors i pick
3:12:49the gun and it's going to keep on asking
3:12:52me until i pick
3:12:53something from my list of choices so
3:12:56if i type in that still won't accept it
3:12:58now let's type in
3:12:59rock again there we go now what if
3:13:02somebody types in one of these choices
3:13:04either all caps or
3:13:05capitalized well that technically
3:13:07wouldn't be in choices because
3:13:09these strings are case sensitive so why
3:13:12don't we take our user input and make it
3:13:14lowercase
3:13:14and i'll just add on dot lower and use
3:13:17the lower method
3:13:18so therefore we can now type in any
3:13:22input that is either all caps or
3:13:24uppercase
3:13:25and then that will still be accepted
3:13:27because we're going to take our player
3:13:28input
3:13:29and then make it lower case so that it
3:13:30matches one of these choices
3:13:33okay let's work on the win conditions
3:13:34next so first
3:13:36let's check to see if we encountered a
3:13:39tie
3:13:39if player is equal to computer that
3:13:42means that
3:13:43we both chose the same thing so let's
3:13:46print whatever the computer picked
3:13:48what we picked and we will print
3:13:52tie now let's write an else
3:13:56if statement e l i
3:13:59f player equals
3:14:03rock so if we pick rock and then we will
3:14:06create
3:14:07a nested if statement if computer
3:14:11equals paper
3:14:15that means we lose so let's print
3:14:18everything we have here except we're
3:14:20going to change
3:14:21tie to you
3:14:25lose now if the computer picks
3:14:29let's say scissors then we win
3:14:33so scissors and you
3:14:37win okay then let's just repeat this
3:14:40process
3:14:41for scissors and paper
3:14:45so this will be another else if
3:14:47statement
3:14:48if we pick
3:14:53scissors and the computer picks
3:14:56rock then we lose if the computer picks
3:15:00paper then you win
3:15:04and lastly we have paper as the player
3:15:07choice
3:15:12so else if player equals paper
3:15:16and the computer picks scissors then we
3:15:20lose
3:15:21if the computer picks rock well then
3:15:23paper covers rock
3:15:25and we win now let's test it
3:15:29rock paper or scissors again i'll try
3:15:32and pick the gun
3:15:33which i can't let's take this seriously
3:15:35i will pick rock
3:15:36the computer picked rock so it's a tie
3:15:40i'm feeling like paper today oh it's
3:15:43another tie i guess
3:15:44and how about scissors okay
3:15:48so i win this round i picked uh scissors
3:15:50and the computer picked paper
3:15:51therefore i win let's try and lose this
3:15:54time
3:15:55just to verify it so i won again let's
3:15:58try rock again
3:16:00okay so i lost that round so we know
3:16:02that the win conditions are working now
3:16:04how about we add a feature where we will
3:16:06ask the player if they would like to
3:16:08play again
3:16:08play another round i think the best way
3:16:10to do that would be to write
3:16:12all of this code within a while loop so
3:16:14at the top
3:16:15let's write while true and we'll need to
3:16:18indent everything so that it's within
3:16:20the while loop so let's just indent
3:16:22everything here
3:16:39now at the bottom we will ask the user
3:16:41if they would like to play again and i
3:16:43will store this within a variable
3:16:45named play again play again equals input
3:16:49and the prompt will be play again
3:16:54yes slash no and depending on their
3:16:58input
3:16:58let's just make it all lower case
3:17:02if play again
3:17:06does not equal yes
3:17:09that means they would like to quit so
3:17:11let's use a break statement to break out
3:17:14of our while loop that we're in
3:17:17and at the end let's print by
3:17:20and pay attention to the indentation
3:17:23this input and
3:17:24this if statement should be within the
3:17:25while loop so they should have at least
3:17:27one indentation and our print statement
3:17:30here we'll just say bye
3:17:32and you can see that there is no
3:17:33indentation so that is outside of the
3:17:35while loop
3:17:36okay let's test this one last time
3:17:40rock paper scissors i'm going to pick
3:17:42the
3:17:43cannon okay that's not valid input how
3:17:46about rock
3:17:47okay the computer picks rock i pick rock
3:17:49so it's a tie do i want to play again
3:17:52i'm going to select actually yes all
3:17:54caps
3:17:55that should still be acceptable elbow
3:17:57paper this time
3:17:59it's a tie again man the computer is
3:18:01really good at this game
3:18:02i'd like to play again i'll pick
3:18:04scissors
3:18:06okay so i lose i would like to play
3:18:08again and i want to win this time
3:18:11okay computer pick scissors i pick rock
3:18:14you win do you want to play again
3:18:16nah and it will print
3:18:19bye well everybody that's a simple game
3:18:22of rock paper scissors i'll post all of
3:18:24this code to the comment section down
3:18:26below
3:18:26and well yeah that's a basic game of
3:18:29rock paper scissors in python
3:18:32hey what's going on everybody it's you
3:18:34bro hope you're doing well
3:18:36and in this video i'm going to show you
3:18:37guys how we can build a basic quiz game
3:18:39in python
3:18:40so sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:18:45to begin this project i think it would
3:18:47be wise for us to create a skeletal
3:18:48structure for how this program is going
3:18:50to operate
3:18:51and then we'll fill in the gaps later as
3:18:52we go along so to begin
3:18:54let's define all of the functions that
3:18:56we'll need we'll need four
3:18:58we'll create a function that is named
3:19:00new game
3:19:01whenever we call this function it will
3:19:02create a new quiz game for us
3:19:05and for the time being let's write pass
3:19:07just as a placeholder
3:19:08we'll have a total of four functions new
3:19:10game
3:19:12a function to check our answer
3:19:16a function to display our score
3:19:21and lastly a function to
3:19:24play again
3:19:30all right now i'm just going to add some
3:19:33comments here
3:19:34just to separate each of these functions
3:19:36that we have just so that it's a little
3:19:37bit easier to read
3:19:38although this part is not really
3:19:40necessary so i just want to separate
3:19:42each of these functions for some
3:19:44readability
3:19:47okay those are all the functions that
3:19:49we'll need what we'll need now
3:19:51is some sort of collection to hold all
3:19:53of the questions and answers that we
3:19:55have and i think a dictionary would be
3:19:57perfect for this
3:19:58so what i did is that i created a
3:20:00dictionary named questions
3:20:02a dictionary has key value pairs
3:20:05each key is a question that i would like
3:20:07to ask and each question
3:20:08has an associated value we'll have the
3:20:11user guess between
3:20:12answers of a b c or d so these would be
3:20:16all of the correct answers all of the
3:20:17values within this dictionary
3:20:19so here are some of the questions that i
3:20:20want to ask feel free to come up with
3:20:22your own questions
3:20:23if you would like you can copy the
3:20:25questions that i have they should be
3:20:26posted in the comment section
3:20:28down below so the questions that i'm
3:20:30going to ask are
3:20:31who created python what year was python
3:20:33created
3:20:34python is attributed to which comedy
3:20:36group and lastly is the earth round
3:20:38i couldn't think of a fourth question so
3:20:40i just threw in a random stupid question
3:20:43and the correct answers to all of these
3:20:45questions in order would be
3:20:46a b c and a but feel free to come up
3:20:50with your own
3:20:51well we have our questions but we'll
3:20:53need some sort of collection to hold all
3:20:55of the different possible answers
3:20:57to each of these questions and i think a
3:20:592d list would work perfect for this
3:21:02so i have a list of lists a list of
3:21:05tuples could work too i suppose
3:21:07so here are all of the answers for the
3:21:09first question
3:21:10and the correct answer is a i believe
3:21:13his name is
3:21:14guido van rossum hey if you're listening
3:21:16man i'm sorry if i'm mispronouncing your
3:21:18name i'm really trying here
3:21:20the second list corresponds to the
3:21:21second question
3:21:23what year was python created it was
3:21:24created in 1991
3:21:26at least according to wikipedia python
3:21:29is attributed to which comedy group
3:21:31the answer is c monty python like monty
3:21:34python and the holy grail
3:21:35good movie by the way and lastly is the
3:21:38earth round
3:21:39this is a highly debated topic but the
3:21:41answer is hey
3:21:42the earth is in fact round so i have a
3:21:45list of lists
3:21:47each list corresponds to a key value
3:21:49pair within my dictionary of questions
3:21:52and this is a lot to type if you want
3:21:54you can just copy the code that i posted
3:21:56in the comments down below
3:21:57just copy and paste and you'll have all
3:21:59of this or if you want you can pause the
3:22:01video and type it
3:22:02i don't care so now that you have your
3:22:04questions and your options we're ready
3:22:05to begin
3:22:06so the first thing that we'll do within
3:22:07our program is to call the
3:22:09new game function to begin a new game so
3:22:12after
3:22:12we have our questions and options
3:22:14created let's create a
3:22:16new game by calling the new game
3:22:19function
3:22:20now when we run this program we'll
3:22:22generate our dictionary of questions
3:22:24and our 2d list of different options for
3:22:27each question
3:22:28and then we will call the new game
3:22:29function to begin a new game
3:22:31so let's head to the new game function
3:22:33and fill in everything within our new
3:22:35game function
3:22:36so at the top let's declare a few things
3:22:39let's say we have
3:22:40a list named guesses and guesses will be
3:22:43an empty list for now
3:22:45i will declare a variable called correct
3:22:48guesses set it equal to zero because we
3:22:51haven't guessed anything yet
3:22:52and we will set a current question
3:22:55number
3:22:56and set the sequel to one to represent
3:22:58the first question
3:23:00okay now we need to display all of the
3:23:03questions within our dictionary of
3:23:05questions
3:23:06and we can use a for loop for that so
3:23:09for
3:23:10key in questions
3:23:14i'm going to print my key
3:23:20and let's just test this okay yeah
3:23:23here's all my questions
3:23:25i think what i'll do is actually print
3:23:28something to separate each question
3:23:30let's say one of these lines i think it
3:23:34would look better with them
3:23:36okay i'll print this line and then we'll
3:23:38move on to a question
3:23:40all right now after re-running this we
3:23:42have each question and i added just a
3:23:44line break between each of these to make
3:23:46it look kind of fancy
3:23:47now i need to display all of the
3:23:49different options for each question
3:23:51and we can do that with a nested for
3:23:54loop
3:23:55so if i were to write i in
3:23:59options print i
3:24:02let me show you what happens now with
3:24:05the way this for loop is written now
3:24:07it's going to display
3:24:08all of the different options available
3:24:10to us for the entire quiz game
3:24:12what i would like instead is to display
3:24:14only the first
3:24:16list for the first question and then the
3:24:18second list
3:24:19for the second question and follow that
3:24:21pattern so we're going to change our for
3:24:23loop around
3:24:244i in options and we'll set an index for
3:24:27options
3:24:28the index is going to be our question
3:24:30number
3:24:31minus one now remember what i said in
3:24:34previous videos where different
3:24:36collections including
3:24:37lists tuples etc the first element in a
3:24:40collection
3:24:41has an index of zero because computers
3:24:43always start with zero
3:24:44then the next element would therefore
3:24:46have an index of one
3:24:48then two three then you follow that
3:24:50pattern we're using this question number
3:24:52variable
3:24:53as some sort of counter and since we
3:24:55initially set this to one
3:24:57i'm just going to subtract one so that
3:24:59we effectively
3:25:00receive zero as the index and now we
3:25:03just need to increment our question
3:25:04number
3:25:05after each iteration so let's do that
3:25:08i will add that to the end here after we
3:25:11finish displaying all of the options
3:25:13let's increment question number by one
3:25:16by typing question num plus equals one
3:25:20and if i were to run this currently
3:25:23we'll display all of the different
3:25:24options for each question
3:25:26who created python here's all of the
3:25:28associated options
3:25:30what year is python created python is
3:25:32attributed to which comedy group
3:25:34and lastly is the earth round now it's
3:25:37time for some user input
3:25:38so i'm going to create a variable called
3:25:41guess
3:25:42and make sure you don't put it within
3:25:44your inner for loop it should be within
3:25:46the outer for loop
3:25:48guess equals input and i'll create a
3:25:51prompt
3:25:53enter a b
3:25:56c or d
3:26:00here's something to consider we would
3:26:02like the user to type in either capital
3:26:04a
3:26:04b c or d with strings they're case
3:26:07sensitive what if the user typed in
3:26:09one of these letters but lowercase if
3:26:12they're correct we would still like to
3:26:13give them their point
3:26:14why don't we take our guess and make it
3:26:16uppercase
3:26:17so guess equals guess and we can make
3:26:20this uppercase
3:26:21using the upper method of strings at the
3:26:24end of this game i'm going to compare
3:26:26our guesses to the correct answers so we
3:26:29have an empty
3:26:30list named guesses and i'm going to
3:26:33append our current guest that we're
3:26:34working on
3:26:35to our list of guesses so guesses
3:26:39dot append and we will append our
3:26:42guess this round now that we have our
3:26:45guess
3:26:46and we've appended our guess to our list
3:26:48of guesses
3:26:49let's check to see if it's the correct
3:26:51answer or not so we're just about to
3:26:53fill in
3:26:53this check answer function next
3:26:57so we are going to call this function
3:26:59and pass in a few items as arguments
3:27:02so let's use the check answer function
3:27:07and we'll pass in the key for the
3:27:10current question that we're on
3:27:12so the key is the correct answer so that
3:27:14would be
3:27:15our questions
3:27:18dot get key
3:27:23this would be the answer and we'll also
3:27:25pass in
3:27:26our guess and we are going to fill in
3:27:30the check answer function but we need to
3:27:32set up the parameters
3:27:34we're receiving effectively our answer
3:27:37as well as our guess so i'm going to
3:27:41name these as
3:27:42answer and guess and we are going to
3:27:45check to see if
3:27:46our answer is equal to our guess
3:27:50if answer is equal
3:27:53to guess let's print something
3:27:57print correct
3:28:03and i think we should give the user a
3:28:04point we'll have our check answer
3:28:06function return
3:28:08one for one point return one
3:28:12else if this is not the correct answer
3:28:15let's print
3:28:17wrong and we will return
3:28:20zero they do not get a point
3:28:24and since this is returning a value we
3:28:26should assign that
3:28:27so let's assign the point we may or may
3:28:30not receive
3:28:31to our variable of correct guesses which
3:28:33is initially set to zero
3:28:35so we'll type correct guesses plus
3:28:38equals check answer and check answer
3:28:41will return
3:28:42one if we scored a point or zero if we
3:28:44did not score a point and make sure you
3:28:46have
3:28:47plus equals because if you just set this
3:28:49to equals
3:28:50then we cannot score more than one point
3:28:52it will either be
3:28:53zero or one so we are effectively
3:28:56incrementing our correct
3:28:57guesses by one for each point that we
3:29:00score
3:29:01and now we're going to work on the
3:29:03display score
3:29:04function and we'll call that at the end
3:29:06after we finish all of our questions
3:29:08that we have
3:29:09so make sure that you do not write this
3:29:10within the for loop it should be outside
3:29:13of it
3:29:13because once we finish iterating through
3:29:16all of our questions we're going to
3:29:17display a final score
3:29:19so let's call the display score
3:29:22function and we'll need to pass in some
3:29:25arguments
3:29:26our correct guesses as well
3:29:29as our list of guesses
3:29:33okay let's head to the display score
3:29:36function
3:29:37so we have as parameters
3:29:40correct guesses as well as
3:29:45guesses i need to remove this pass i'm
3:29:48going to add
3:29:49one of these fancy lines in just to
3:29:51separate the questions
3:29:52from the results and i will print
3:29:56results
3:29:59and maybe another one of these lines
3:30:02okay
3:30:02so i need to print all of the answers
3:30:08answers
3:30:11and i do not want to end on a new line
3:30:14so i'm going to set
3:30:15end equal to nothing and i need to
3:30:19display all of the values within
3:30:22our dictionary all of the answers i will
3:30:25do that using
3:30:26a for loop for i
3:30:29in questions
3:30:33print questions
3:30:37dot get i
3:30:41and i do not want to end on a new line
3:30:44so i'm going to set
3:30:45end equal to nothing effectively
3:30:48and then i'll print a new line okay
3:30:50let's work on the guesses i think i'm
3:30:52just going to copy all this
3:30:53and make some changes i'll replace
3:30:56answers
3:30:57with guesses for
3:31:00i in guesses
3:31:04print i
3:31:07okay let's just be sure that
3:31:09everything's working we're not
3:31:10calculating a score
3:31:12quite yet so i'm just going to answer a
3:31:16then b c and d
3:31:19on second thought after printing each of
3:31:22these answers and guesses
3:31:23i'm going to add a space after each of
3:31:25these so
3:31:26within each of these four loops at the
3:31:28end i will add a space
3:31:30let me try that again a b
3:31:33c d okay not too bad
3:31:37now let's calculate the final score and
3:31:39we're still within our display score
3:31:41function
3:31:43let's set score equal to
3:31:46correct
3:31:49guesses divided by
3:31:53the length of our questions
3:31:58and let me add a set of parentheses
3:32:00around here
3:32:03then i'm going to multiply our score by
3:32:06100
3:32:08and if you don't want a decimal portion
3:32:12because we'll display a percentage we
3:32:14can cast this as an end
3:32:16okay that all looks good and we'll print
3:32:19the final score
3:32:21print your score
3:32:25is plus
3:32:29we need to cast our score to a string
3:32:31because we're using string concatenation
3:32:34plus i'll add a percent sign
3:32:38all right let's try it i'm intentionally
3:32:40going to get the last question wrong
3:32:42so we should have a 75 if we have four
3:32:45questions
3:32:46so that would be a b c
3:32:50is the earth round what's earth i'm
3:32:52gonna guess d
3:32:54answers a b c a your guess is a b c
3:32:57d your score is 75 okay let's test it
3:33:01but getting all wrong answers d d d
3:33:04d your score is zero percent
3:33:07congratulations
3:33:08and we'll test it one more time but get
3:33:10all the right answers
3:33:12we just want to be sure that we have 100
3:33:14that's a
3:33:15b c a your score is 100
3:33:20now the last thing that you can add is
3:33:22that we can play again if we want
3:33:24and i have a separate function for that
3:33:26if you would like to add this option
3:33:27here's how to do so
3:33:28let's remove that pass
3:33:32let's set a variable named response
3:33:34equal to
3:33:36some input do you
3:33:40want to play again
3:33:45let's ask for yes or no
3:33:50actually let me remove that okay
3:33:55and depending on the user's response it
3:33:56might be a lowercase so let's make it
3:33:58uppercase
3:33:59response equals response
3:34:02and use the upper method
3:34:07if response is equal to
3:34:10yes all caps if response is equal to yes
3:34:14then return true
3:34:18else we will return
3:34:22false and that is it for this function
3:34:25the last thing we need to do
3:34:26is to create a while loop that will
3:34:28continue to ask the player if they want
3:34:30to play again
3:34:31this will be after we call the new game
3:34:33function
3:34:34while play again
3:34:38and remember this will return either
3:34:40true or
3:34:41false depending on the user's response
3:34:44while
3:34:44play again new game
3:34:48and call the new game function to create
3:34:50a new game for us
3:34:52if we escape the while loop that means
3:34:54the user doesn't want to play again
3:34:56so let's print the message
3:34:59such as by e
3:35:02all right let's test it i'm going to get
3:35:06all of the correct answers this time a b
3:35:10c a all right your score is 100
3:35:14do you want to play again i'm going to
3:35:16type
3:35:17yes all right then we can play again
3:35:22d d d d your score is zero percent do
3:35:26you want to play again
3:35:27no i think i mastered this game
3:35:30bye all right everybody so that's how
3:35:33you can use python to create a simple
3:35:36quiz game
3:35:37i will post all of this code to the
3:35:38comment section down below
3:35:40but well yeah that's a basic quiz game
3:35:43in python for you all
3:35:46hey what's going on everybody it's bro
3:35:48hope you're doing well
3:35:49and in this video i'm going to explain
3:35:51object-oriented programming in python so
3:35:53sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:35:58welcome to today's topic on python
3:36:01object oriented programming
3:36:03also known as pop and in today's video
3:36:06we're going to be creating objects
3:36:07an object is an instance of a class by
3:36:10using programming we can create
3:36:12representations of real-life objects so
3:36:15look around you wherever you're sitting
3:36:16or standing right now you are surrounded
3:36:19by objects next to me i have a phone
3:36:21a television some snacks and i'm talking
3:36:24into a microphone
3:36:25point being we can use programming to
3:36:27mimic real world objects by assigning a
3:36:30combination of attributes
3:36:32what an object is or has and methods
3:36:35what an object can do now in order to
3:36:37create an object we'll need to create a
3:36:39class
3:36:40a class can function as a blueprint that
3:36:41will describe what attributes and
3:36:43methods
3:36:44that our distinct type of object will
3:36:46have you can either create your class
3:36:48within your main module
3:36:49or you could create a separate file
3:36:51dedicated solely for your class
3:36:53now to create a class we would type
3:36:55class and then the name of the object
3:36:57that we would like to create so today i
3:36:58would like to create some car objects
3:37:00because i like cars
3:37:02so we would type car and a common naming
3:37:04convention
3:37:05with class names is that they should be
3:37:07capital so car is going to have a
3:37:09capital c
3:37:10and for the time being we need to type
3:37:11in something i'll just type in pass as a
3:37:13placeholder
3:37:14so if you have a small program it may be
3:37:16better to write your class within your
3:37:18main
3:37:19module but if your class is fairly large
3:37:22you may want to consider placing your
3:37:24class within a separate module
3:37:26so if you were to take that route we
3:37:28would go to file
3:37:29new python file and we would name this
3:37:32car
3:37:32click python file and we would declare
3:37:35our class within
3:37:36the separate module so class car and for
3:37:39now i'll type in pass
3:37:40then we just need to import this class
3:37:42so within our main module we would type
3:37:44from the name of the module import the
3:37:47name of the class
3:37:48from car import car now objects can have
3:37:51some combination of attributes and
3:37:53methods attributes describe what an
3:37:55object is or has
3:37:56so what are a few attributes that cars
3:37:58might have they might have a make so
3:38:00let's create a few variables
3:38:02for the time being i'm just going to use
3:38:04none as a placeholder
3:38:06cars can have a model a year
3:38:10and a color
3:38:14now objects can also have methods what
3:38:16kinds of methods could cars perform
3:38:18perhaps a drive method and a stop method
3:38:20so let's define those
3:38:22def let's say drive and we'll have one
3:38:25argument
3:38:26self self refers to the object that is
3:38:28using this method
3:38:30now what do we want to do when we call
3:38:31this method
3:38:33let's say this car
3:38:36is driving let's create a stop method as
3:38:39well
3:38:40def stop
3:38:43and we will print this
3:38:46car is stopped we now have all of the
3:38:49different attributes and methods we
3:38:51would like our car objects to have but
3:38:53there is one more thing that we need
3:38:54it is a special method called the init
3:38:57method that will construct
3:38:58objects for us in other programming
3:39:00languages this is known as the
3:39:02constructor
3:39:03so we need a special method that will
3:39:05create objects for us
3:39:06so we need to define this method def and
3:39:08the syntax on this is somewhat strange
3:39:10it is
3:39:11two underscores init it's short for
3:39:14initialize
3:39:14200 scores again and then we need at
3:39:16least self as an argument
3:39:18and then we can actually assign our car
3:39:21objects unique variables so take all of
3:39:24these attributes that we have
3:39:26and we're going to place them within
3:39:27this init method now we can receive
3:39:30arguments
3:39:30when we create car objects but we need
3:39:33to pass them in
3:39:34as arguments to our init method so we
3:39:36need to set up some parameters
3:39:38let's say in order to create a car
3:39:39object we need a make
3:39:42a model a year and a color
3:39:45then when we receive these arguments we
3:39:47can actually assign them to
3:39:49each car's specific attributes but we
3:39:52need to precede each of these with self
3:39:54self is referring to the object that
3:39:56we're currently working on
3:39:57or creating so self.make self.model
3:40:01self.ear and self.color
3:40:05and then when we assign these we're
3:40:07going to say self.make
3:40:08equals whatever make that we receive
3:40:11when it's passed in as an argument
3:40:12self.model equals model and continue
3:40:15that pattern for year
3:40:17and color all right that is all we need
3:40:20for our class car we have a constructor
3:40:23we're assigning
3:40:24arguments that we receive to the
3:40:26attributes of our car object
3:40:28and we also have two methods one for
3:40:30drive and one for stop
3:40:32now we can start creating some car
3:40:33objects so going back to my main file
3:40:36here
3:40:36to create an object we need a unique
3:40:38name for it let's call this first car
3:40:40just car one
3:40:41equals the name of the class car then a
3:40:44set of parentheses
3:40:46now in order to construct a car object
3:40:48we need to pass in a matching
3:40:50set of arguments you can see here that
3:40:52we need to pass in a make a model a year
3:40:54and a color
3:40:55so what kind of car should we make let's
3:40:57say that the make is going to be
3:40:59chevy we need a model
3:41:03perhaps corvette a year
3:41:072021 is good and a color let's say blue
3:41:10alright now let's actually access some
3:41:13of these cars attributes
3:41:15and i should probably put this one in a
3:41:16print statement so print car ones
3:41:19make and this should print chevy
3:41:23then we can do the same thing for model
3:41:25year and color
3:41:26so let's change some of these around
3:41:29model
3:41:30year and color
3:41:35yep this object is a chevy corvette 2021
3:41:38and the color is blue
3:41:39and we should have two methods as well
3:41:41so car one
3:41:42i would like this car to use its drive
3:41:44method
3:41:46this car is driving and let's have this
3:41:48car use it stop method
3:41:50car one dot stop
3:41:55this car is stopped there's one thing
3:41:56that i should mention real quick because
3:41:58i forgot to mention it earlier
3:42:00so within our init method you can see
3:42:02that we need five
3:42:03arguments in order to construct a car
3:42:05object self
3:42:06make model year in color but when we
3:42:09pass in
3:42:10our arguments we're not passing in
3:42:12anything for self we only have
3:42:13four arguments here that's because with
3:42:16python we do not need to pass itself
3:42:18that's done automatically for us we're
3:42:20referring to the object that we're
3:42:22dealing with
3:42:23as you can see with our drive and stop
3:42:25method we need
3:42:26to pass in self in order to execute our
3:42:29method
3:42:30but when we call this method we do not
3:42:31need to do so so just remember with
3:42:34python with self we do not need to pass
3:42:36in anything for this argument that is
3:42:38all
3:42:38now the nice thing about this is that we
3:42:40can reuse this class
3:42:42as a blueprint to create more car
3:42:43objects we just call that
3:42:45init method that constructor so this
3:42:47time let's create a second car called
3:42:49car
3:42:492 and this will be a different kind of
3:42:51car
3:42:53what kinds of arguments should we pass
3:42:55it let's say this is a ford
3:42:58mustang the year will be 2022 and the
3:43:01color will be red
3:43:03all right let's check card to use
3:43:05attributes
3:43:08and let's have car 2 use its drive and
3:43:10stop method
3:43:12this is a ford mustang the year is 2022
3:43:15the color is red
3:43:15this car is driving and this car is
3:43:17stopped one other thing that we can do
3:43:19too
3:43:20is that within our methods here let's
3:43:22replace car with
3:43:23the name of the model that we're working
3:43:25with so this
3:43:27plus self dot model
3:43:31plus is driving now this self keyword
3:43:34think of it as you're replacing self
3:43:37with the name of the object that we're
3:43:39working on if car one
3:43:41is using its drive method replace itself
3:43:44with car one
3:43:45if this is car two that called this
3:43:47method then replace itself with car 2.
3:43:50think of it that way and let's do the
3:43:51same thing for stop
3:43:54this plus self dot model
3:43:58plus is stopped all right
3:44:01probably don't need these anymore so
3:44:03let's have car one
3:44:04use its drive and stop method this
3:44:07corvette is driving this corvette is
3:44:09stopped
3:44:09let's try this with car two this mustang
3:44:13is driving
3:44:13this mustang is stopped now you can have
3:44:16them do things independently too let's
3:44:18have car 1 use its drive method and car
3:44:202 uses stop method
3:44:22this corvette is driving and this
3:44:24mustang is stopped in conclusion
3:44:26a class can function as a blueprint to
3:44:28create objects
3:44:29we can assign attributes what describe
3:44:32an object is or
3:44:33has and methods what each object
3:44:36can do and then within our class we have
3:44:38a special method called the init method
3:44:41we can pass in some arguments and assign
3:44:44these arguments to each
3:44:45object's attributes and then we can
3:44:47reuse this class as if it was a
3:44:49blueprint
3:44:50so we can create more objects out of it
3:44:53so
3:44:53that is the basics of object oriented
3:44:56programming in python if you would like
3:44:58a copy of all this code i will post this
3:45:00in the comment section down below
3:45:01but yeah that's the basics of object
3:45:04oriented programming
3:45:05in python hey what's going on everybody
3:45:08it's bro hope you're doing well and in
3:45:10this video i'm going to explain
3:45:12the basics of class variables in python
3:45:14so sit back
3:45:15relax and enjoy the show
3:45:19here's a super quick video on the
3:45:21differences between class and instance
3:45:23variables
3:45:24for this example let's say we have two
3:45:26car objects
3:45:27named car one and car two and i'm just
3:45:29passing in a bunch of values to each of
3:45:31these car constructors
3:45:33now within my class car i have my init
3:45:36method
3:45:36also known as the constructor and what
3:45:38i'm doing is assigning all of these
3:45:40values
3:45:40to the variables found within my car
3:45:43constructor
3:45:44these variables declared inside the
3:45:46constructor
3:45:47are known as instance variables and each
3:45:50object
3:45:50can have their own unique values
3:45:53assigned to each
3:45:54of these variables now where a class
3:45:56variable is different
3:45:57is that a class variable is declared
3:46:00inside the class but outside of the
3:46:02constructor and what we can do
3:46:04is set some default values for some
3:46:06variables
3:46:07let's say we would like to add an
3:46:08additional variable let's say wheels
3:46:10wheels equals and we can set a default
3:46:13value
3:46:14for all instances of this class for each
3:46:16car object that we create
3:46:18so we set wheels to equal four this is
3:46:20an example of a class
3:46:22variable whenever we create a car object
3:46:25we can pass in a unique
3:46:26make model year in color but by default
3:46:29they will all have
3:46:30four wheels now if i was to print the
3:46:33amount of wheels
3:46:34that car 1 and car 2 have they will both
3:46:37have
3:46:38four wheels it's as if we're setting a
3:46:40default value
3:46:41if i change this to two wheels well then
3:46:43these cars have two wheels
3:46:45maybe their motorcycles or something now
3:46:47you can actually
3:46:48change these values each object will
3:46:50have their own
3:46:51copy of this variable but you can set it
3:46:53to a default value
3:46:54so let's say car one
3:46:58is a motorcycle car one dot wheels
3:47:01equals two so if i were to print car
3:47:04one's wheels along with card two
3:47:06car one will have two wheels but car two
3:47:09is still using that default amount of
3:47:11wheels which is four
3:47:12now there's another way in which you can
3:47:14access a class variable
3:47:16you don't necessarily need to create an
3:47:18object to do so you can just use the
3:47:19name of the class
3:47:20so what i'm going to do is turn all of
3:47:23these lines into comments
3:47:25and i will print the amount of wheels
3:47:28that our class has so type in the name
3:47:31of the class car with a capital c
3:47:33it should be the same name as your class
3:47:35name followed by the name of the class
3:47:37variable
3:47:38car dot wheels but make sure you spell
3:47:41it right
3:47:42all right so this will display four
3:47:44wheels
3:47:45now what if we decide to change the
3:47:47class variable
3:47:48through our class well that will affect
3:47:51all
3:47:51instances of our class so let's say car
3:47:55dot wheels equals two it's as if we
3:47:59change our mind and we have decided to
3:48:01create motorcycles instead of cars
3:48:03well if we were to change the wheels
3:48:06class variable through the use of our
3:48:08car class
3:48:09well then it's going to affect it for
3:48:11all instances of this class
3:48:13you can see that both car 1 and car 2
3:48:15now have two wheels
3:48:16when we just changed car 1's wheels it
3:48:19did not affect
3:48:20car 2 at all so that's the main
3:48:22difference between a class variable and
3:48:24an instance variable
3:48:25an instance variable is declared inside
3:48:27of constructor
3:48:28and they can be given unique values with
3:48:31class variables
3:48:32they are declared within a class but
3:48:34outside of the constructor
3:48:35and you can set a default value for all
3:48:38instances of this class
3:48:40for all unique objects that are created
3:48:42and then you can change those values
3:48:43later too
3:48:44so if you would like a copy of all this
3:48:46code i will post all of this in the
3:48:48comment section down below
3:48:49but yeah that is the basics of class
3:48:51variables
3:48:52in python hey what's going on everybody
3:48:56it's you bro hope you're doing well and
3:48:57in this video i'm going to explain
3:48:59inheritance in python so
3:49:01sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:49:06let's talk about irritants the term
3:49:08inherit means to receive derive or
3:49:10be left with and we can apply this
3:49:11concept to programming classes can
3:49:13inherit something
3:49:14usually attributes and methods from
3:49:16another class these classes can form
3:49:18parent-child relationships where a child
3:49:21will receive everything
3:49:22that the parent class has much like you
3:49:24inherit jeans from your parents
3:49:26and classes can have children and give
3:49:28whatever they own to their children
3:49:30and in today's video we'll be creating a
3:49:32parent class called animal
3:49:33and children of the animal class will
3:49:35inherit the common attributes and
3:49:37methods
3:49:37that all animals might have to kick off
3:49:39this video i think what we'll do
3:49:41is keep all of our classes within the
3:49:42same file just so that it's easier for
3:49:44us to read and understand
3:49:45let's begin by creating a class called
3:49:47animal so at the top
3:49:49type class animal and what are some
3:49:51attributes and methods that all animals
3:49:53should have
3:49:53let's say we have a class variable
3:49:55called alive and we'll set this to true
3:49:58if you're an animal you begin by being
3:50:00alive and what are some methods
3:50:02how about an eat and sleep method so
3:50:04let's define those
3:50:05def eat what are we gonna do when we
3:50:08call this method
3:50:09let's print something let's print this
3:50:12animal
3:50:12is eating let's also create a sleep
3:50:15method def
3:50:16sleep what are we gonna do when we call
3:50:18this method let's print something as
3:50:19well
3:50:20this animal is sleeping and we now have
3:50:24our animal class
3:50:25now let's create separate classes for
3:50:27specific types of animals let's say
3:50:30a class for rabbit a fish and a hawk so
3:50:32we can make
3:50:33objects of those classes so let's begin
3:50:36with a
3:50:36rabbit class class rabbit now to use
3:50:40inheritance
3:50:41with the class that you intend to be the
3:50:43child class after the class name add a
3:50:45set of parentheses
3:50:46and then pass in the name of the parent
3:50:48class in this case it's going to be
3:50:49animal
3:50:50so we will add that to the parentheses
3:50:53so now
3:50:54rabbit is the child class and animal is
3:50:56the parent class
3:50:57so the child class is going to inherit
3:51:00everything that the animal class has
3:51:02so for the time being i'm going to type
3:51:04pass so this rabbit class
3:51:05will have access to a class variable
3:51:07called alive
3:51:08and an eat and sleep method so let's
3:51:11define
3:51:12a fish and hawk class and i'm just going
3:51:14to copy what i have here and just change
3:51:16rabbit to fish and then do so again and
3:51:19change rabbit to
3:51:21hawk this is our family tree animal
3:51:24is the parent class and it has three
3:51:26children a rabbit class
3:51:27a fish class and a hot class and for the
3:51:29time being we're just going to write
3:51:31pass as a placeholder
3:51:32so i bet we can create objects from
3:51:35these classes
3:51:36so let's do so let's say we have an
3:51:37object called rabbit
3:51:39rabbit equals rabbit let's do the same
3:51:41thing for
3:51:42fish and hawk
3:51:47all right we now have three objects
3:51:50rabbit
3:51:50fish and hawk and let's take a look at
3:51:53their
3:51:53class variables i bet they have an alive
3:51:56variable let's check that so i would
3:51:58like to print
3:51:59rabbit dot oh would you look at that
3:52:02this rabbit class
3:52:03has a class variable called alive even
3:52:05though there's nothing within this class
3:52:07well that's because we used inheritance
3:52:09so each of these
3:52:10three children classes inherit
3:52:12everything from their parents
3:52:14all of these attributes and methods i
3:52:16bet they have eaten sleep functions as
3:52:18well so let's check that
3:52:19with fish let's have fish use its eat
3:52:22method
3:52:24and hawk will use its sleep method hawk
3:52:26dot sleep
3:52:29so the rabbit is alive the fish is
3:52:31eating and
3:52:32the hawk is sleeping now even though we
3:52:34have nothing written within each of
3:52:36these
3:52:36specific types of animal classes all of
3:52:39these animals have access to these
3:52:41attributes and methods because of
3:52:43inheritance
3:52:44and another benefit of inheritance is
3:52:46that we don't need to keep on
3:52:48copying and pasting this code for
3:52:50example let's say we were not using
3:52:51inheritance so we would not need an
3:52:53animal class
3:52:54we could write our code this way where
3:52:56we would just copy and paste everything
3:52:59underneath each of our classes so what
3:53:01if we need to make a change to one of
3:53:03these methods
3:53:04as in your boss says you know what let's
3:53:06change sleep to
3:53:07slumber okay well we would have to go to
3:53:10each of these classes and make the
3:53:11change manually
3:53:12it's not too bad if you have like three
3:53:14classes but what if you have hundreds
3:53:16that's going to take a lot of effort so
3:53:18wouldn't it be nice if we just
3:53:20list everything that each of these
3:53:21classes has in common
3:53:23and then have all of these classes
3:53:25inherit from
3:53:26one common class and then if you need to
3:53:28make any changes
3:53:29you can do so just within this class and
3:53:31this change will apply to
3:53:33all of the different child classes so
3:53:35that's another benefit of inheritance
3:53:37and not only does it make any changes
3:53:39easier but each class
3:53:40can have their own unique attributes and
3:53:42methods as well
3:53:43along with the attributes and methods
3:53:45that they inherit from their parents
3:53:47so for rabbit fish and hawk let's have
3:53:49each of these classes have
3:53:50their own unique method as well so for
3:53:53rabbit let's define
3:53:54a run method if you're a rabbit then you
3:53:57can run
3:53:57so let's print this rabbit
3:54:01is running and i'm just going to fix
3:54:04some of the spacing here
3:54:05all right if you're a fish then you can
3:54:08swim
3:54:09def swim let's print
3:54:13this fish is swimming
3:54:17and lastly we have hawk if you're a hawk
3:54:21then you can fly def fly
3:54:24let's print this hawk
3:54:28is flying like i said before not only
3:54:32do these specific types of animals have
3:54:35access to
3:54:35all of the attributes and methods that
3:54:37they inherit from their parents
3:54:39but they can have their own attributes
3:54:40and methods as well so let's test some
3:54:42of these methods
3:54:43so we have our rabbit fish and hawk
3:54:46objects
3:54:46let's have rabbit use its run method
3:54:51fish we'll use its swim method and hawk
3:54:54will use its fly method
3:54:59and here we go this rabbit is running
3:55:02this fish is swimming
3:55:03and this hawk is flying so in conclusion
3:55:06classes can have children the children
3:55:09classes will inherit everything that
3:55:11their parent class has
3:55:12all of the parents attributes and
3:55:14methods but not only that the children
3:55:16classes can implement
3:55:17their own unique attributes and methods
3:55:19as well
3:55:20so that is inheritance if you would like
3:55:22a copy of this code
3:55:23i will post all of this in the comment
3:55:25section down below but yeah that's the
3:55:27basics of inheritance using python
3:55:31yo what's going on everybody it's you
3:55:33bro hope you're doing well
3:55:34and in this video i'm going to explain
3:55:36how multi-level inheritance works in
3:55:38python so
3:55:39sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:55:43all right welcome back everybody let's
3:55:45talk about multi-level inheritance
3:55:47this is a concept where a derived class
3:55:50also known as a child class
3:55:52inherits from another derived class
3:55:54here's an example let's say
3:55:56we have a hierarchy of classes there
3:55:58will be three levels to this
3:56:00we'll create a family tree of living
3:56:02organisms
3:56:03so at the very top we're going to have a
3:56:05class called
3:56:06organism any class that inherits from
3:56:09the organism parent class
3:56:10will receive one attribute one variable
3:56:13named alive
3:56:14and this will be set to true so if you
3:56:16are an organism you begin by being alive
3:56:19now let's say we have a child class that
3:56:21will inherit from the organism parent
3:56:23class
3:56:24let's say animal class animal
3:56:27inherits from organism so any animal
3:56:30that we create
3:56:31will have this alive attribute set the
3:56:33true
3:56:34and all animals eat so let's define a
3:56:37function that does that
3:56:39at least i believe all animals eat let's
3:56:40pretend that they do
3:56:42so this animal is eating
3:56:46and now why stop there let's create a
3:56:48class for a specific type of animal
3:56:50i like dogs so let's create a dog class
3:56:53class dog
3:56:54inherits from the animal class
3:56:57and all dogs should be able to bark so
3:56:59let's create a function to do that
3:57:04and we'll print this dog
3:57:07is barking okay so what we just did here
3:57:10is
3:57:11multi-level inheritance we had a derived
3:57:15child class inherit from another child
3:57:17class
3:57:18so it's kind of like this dog class is
3:57:20the child animal class is the parent
3:57:22and then the parent of the parent class
3:57:25would be like
3:57:25a grandparent right and then if you
3:57:27added another layer on top of that to
3:57:29this hierarchy
3:57:30well then the parent of the grandparent
3:57:31would be like a great grandparent
3:57:33that's how i think of it at least now
3:57:35let's create a dog object just to verify
3:57:37that everything's working so let's call
3:57:38our dog
3:57:39dog and our dog object should have
3:57:42access to an attribute named alive
3:57:44and our dog object receives that
3:57:47attribute from the organism class
3:57:49and this will print true if i were to
3:57:51print whatever this attribute contains
3:57:53and our dog should be able to eat
3:57:55because it receives this method from the
3:57:57animal parent class
3:58:00and lastly our dog should be able to
3:58:02bark and that method is defined within
3:58:04its own class
3:58:07so that's how multi-level inheritance
3:58:09works it's a concept where a child class
3:58:12will inherit from another child class
3:58:14i like to think of it like a family tree
3:58:17where a child class will have a parent
3:58:20and the parent of that parent would be
3:58:22like a grandparent basically
3:58:24so if you would like a copy of this code
3:58:26i will post all of this to the comment
3:58:28section down below
3:58:29but yeah that is how multi-level
3:58:31inheritance works in python
3:58:33hey what's going on everybody it's you
3:58:35bro hope you're doing well and in this
3:58:36video i'm going to show you all how
3:58:38multiple inheritance works in python so
3:58:40sit back
3:58:41relax and enjoy the show
3:58:45all right people multiple inheritance
3:58:48multiple inheritance is the concept
3:58:50where a child class
3:58:52is derived from more than one parent
3:58:54class
3:58:55here's an example let's say that all of
3:58:57our children classes are going to be
3:58:58certain types of animals and we would
3:59:01like our animal classes
3:59:03to inherit from either the prepared
3:59:05class
3:59:06the predator parrot class or both
3:59:08depending on what type of animal it is
3:59:10because some animals in the animal
3:59:12kingdom can be both prey
3:59:14and predators and one example that comes
3:59:16to mind would be fish
3:59:17fish will eat smaller fish but also can
3:59:20get eaten by
3:59:21larger fish so here we have two classes
3:59:23prey and predator
3:59:25each has a dedicated method if a class
3:59:27inherits from
3:59:28the prey parent class they will have
3:59:30access to a flea method
3:59:32which will print this animal please if a
3:59:35class inherits from the predator parent
3:59:37class
3:59:37that class will have access to a hunt
3:59:39method that will print
3:59:41this animal is hunting and it's possible
3:59:43that some animals can do both
3:59:45they can both flee and hunt but they'll
3:59:47need to inherit
3:59:48both of these classes both prey and
3:59:50predator and that's where multiple
3:59:52inheritance comes in
3:59:53now let's create some classes based on
3:59:55certain types of animals
3:59:56let's say we have class rabbit and
3:59:59rabbit we'll inherit from the prey class
4:00:01because
4:00:02rabbits are typically prey and not
4:00:03predators but i don't know there could
4:00:05be some killer rabbits out there
4:00:07haven't run into any yet let's have
4:00:09class hawk inherit from the
4:00:12predator class and lastly fish
4:00:16and fish can be both prey and predators
4:00:18so they will inherit from both classes
4:00:20and we just separate each class with a
4:00:22comma so prey
4:00:24comma predator and it's as simple as
4:00:26that
4:00:27now let's create an object from each of
4:00:29these classes we have rabbit
4:00:31equals rabbit hawk
4:00:36equals hawk and fish
4:00:39equals fish now let's just verify
4:00:42all of the different methods that each
4:00:44of these objects inherited
4:00:46so our rabbit should have access to a
4:00:48flea method
4:00:49but no hunt method and let's just test
4:00:52that
4:00:53yep this animal flees and my hawk object
4:00:57should have access to a hunt method but
4:00:59no flea method
4:01:01this animal is hunting and lastly
4:01:04my fish object has access to both a flea
4:01:08and a hunt method and if you take a look
4:01:10on the right hand side of this pop-up
4:01:11window it shows the class that it
4:01:13inherited this method from
4:01:15so fleet comes from the parent class of
4:01:17prey and hunt comes from the apparent
4:01:19class of predator
4:01:21so my fish can both flee and hunt
4:01:24because it's typically considered both
4:01:26prey and predators
4:01:29this animal flees this animal is hunting
4:01:31so that's basically what multiple
4:01:33inheritance is
4:01:34it's a concept where a child class is
4:01:37derived from more than one parent class
4:01:40so that's basically multiple inheritance
4:01:42i'll post all of this code to the
4:01:43comment section down below
4:01:45and well yeah that's how multiple
4:01:47inheritance works
4:01:48in python hey what's going on everybody
4:01:51it's bro hope you're doing well
4:01:53and in this video i'm going to teach you
4:01:54guys about method overriding in python
4:01:56so
4:01:57sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:02:01here's a super quick video on method
4:02:03overriding i have two classes a class
4:02:06called animal and a class called rabbit
4:02:08rabbit inherits from the animal class
4:02:09therefore rabbit is the child class
4:02:11an animal is the parent class within the
4:02:13animal class there is one method a
4:02:15method called eat
4:02:16and when you call this method all this
4:02:18will do is print this animal is eating
4:02:21the rabbit class inherits from the
4:02:22animal class therefore
4:02:24rabbit has access to this eat method and
4:02:26if i were to create a rabbit object
4:02:28and this rabbit used its eat method well
4:02:31then this is going to print
4:02:32this animal is eating now method of
4:02:35writing is the ability of an object
4:02:37oriented programming language
4:02:38to allow a subclass also known as a
4:02:41child class
4:02:42to provide a specific implementation of
4:02:45a method
4:02:46that is already provided by one of its
4:02:48parents in this case we're going to
4:02:50override
4:02:50the eat method and what we can do is
4:02:52provide a more specific
4:02:54implementation for the rabbit class and
4:02:57now to override a method what we'll do
4:02:59is that within
4:02:59the child class we need to define a
4:03:02method with the same
4:03:03matching method signature that is the
4:03:05combination of a method's name
4:03:07plus its parameters both of these
4:03:09together are known as a
4:03:10method signature within the child class
4:03:13we will define
4:03:14and eat method with the same parameters
4:03:16def eat
4:03:17and in this case the only parameter is
4:03:19self just to keep this simple
4:03:21and what we'll do is that will provide a
4:03:23more specific
4:03:24implementation of the eat method
4:03:26specifically for rabbits
4:03:28so let's print something more closely
4:03:29associated with rabbits such as
4:03:32this rabbit is eating a
4:03:35carrot now if i were to run this program
4:03:37again
4:03:38we will instead use this implementation
4:03:40of the
4:03:41method instead of the one that it
4:03:42inherits from its parent class
4:03:44of animal basically speaking an object
4:03:47will use a method that is more closely
4:03:49associated with itself first before
4:03:51relying on a method that it may inherit
4:03:54from a parent class
4:03:55in this example we're using this version
4:03:57of the eat method
4:03:58specifically for rabbits instead of the
4:04:00version that we inherit from the parent
4:04:02class
4:04:03of animal that is the basics of method
4:04:05overriding i will post this code in the
4:04:07comment section down below
4:04:09and well yeah that's how to override a
4:04:11method using python
4:04:14hey what's going on everybody it's you
4:04:16bro hope you're doing well
4:04:17and in this video i'm going to teach you
4:04:18guys all about method chaining in python
4:04:21so
4:04:21sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:04:26all right everybody let's talk about
4:04:28method training method chaining is used
4:04:30to call
4:04:30multiple methods sequentially and each
4:04:33call performs an action on the same
4:04:35object
4:04:36and return self here's an example of how
4:04:38method chaining would be useful
4:04:40let's say we have a class named car car
4:04:43has
4:04:43four methods turn on drive break and
4:04:46turn off
4:04:47they will all just print a simple
4:04:48message beginning with turn on
4:04:50turn on what print you start the engine
4:04:53drive will print you drive the car
4:04:55brake will print you step on the brakes
4:04:56and turn off will print
4:04:58you turn off the engine let's say we
4:05:00have a car object
4:05:01car equals car and i would like my car
4:05:04object
4:05:04to use its turn on method immediately
4:05:07followed by
4:05:08the drive method with how we've been
4:05:10coding things previously we may write
4:05:12something such as
4:05:13the name of the object in this case car
4:05:15dot and then the method to use
4:05:17i would like my card to use the turn on
4:05:19method followed by
4:05:21car dot drive so currently this will
4:05:23take two lines of code
4:05:25but this will print you start the engine
4:05:27and you drive the car
4:05:29now with method training we can call
4:05:31multiple methods
4:05:32sequentially now the format on this is
4:05:34going to be a little bit different
4:05:36and if we were to write the same code
4:05:38using method chaining it might look a
4:05:39little something like this
4:05:40after the first method call we would add
4:05:43dot
4:05:44and then an additional method that we
4:05:46would like to call so for example
4:05:48after the turn on method we'll
4:05:50immediately call
4:05:51the drive method but there's one more
4:05:53thing that we need to add when we're
4:05:54using python to do method training
4:05:56so normally this by itself will not work
4:05:59when we call a method in python if there
4:06:01is nothing that is returned python will
4:06:03return
4:06:03none so as you can see here attribute
4:06:06error none type
4:06:07object has no attribute of drive so we
4:06:10need to return itself under each method
4:06:12that we're using method training with
4:06:14so let's add return self to each of
4:06:16these methods
4:06:17so let's do that for drive
4:06:20break and the turn off method and this
4:06:24should work now you start the engine
4:06:26you drive the car so think of it like
4:06:28this after we finish
4:06:30calling this method python is going to
4:06:32return self
4:06:33so it's going to return car so then
4:06:35we'll immediately use
4:06:37car.drive now here's another example
4:06:39let's say i would like to
4:06:41call the break method followed by the
4:06:43turn off method
4:06:44so that would be car dot break
4:06:47parentheses
4:06:48followed by dot turn
4:06:51off so this will print you step on the
4:06:55brakes
4:06:55you turn off the engine now here's an
4:06:57extreme example let's say we would like
4:06:59to call all four methods in order
4:07:01so that would be car dot
4:07:04turn on followed by dot drive
4:07:08dot break dot
4:07:11turn off so this will call
4:07:15all four methods in order starting with
4:07:17the leftmost method
4:07:19you start the engine you drive the car
4:07:21you step on the brakes
4:07:22you turn off the engine now if you have
4:07:25one long method chain like this
4:07:27it might become difficult to read after
4:07:28a while so what i would recommend
4:07:30if you're doing a lot of method chaining
4:07:32is that after each method call
4:07:34just hit enter to move each method call
4:07:36down to a new line
4:07:38so it'll look something like that and
4:07:40this backslash
4:07:41might be inserted this is a line
4:07:43continuation character
4:07:44so this is a little more readable but
4:07:47you know it still does the same thing
4:07:48basically
4:07:49all right everybody so that is method
4:07:51training it's used to call
4:07:53multiple methods sequentially and each
4:07:55call performs an
4:07:56action on the same object and returns
4:07:58self if you would like a copy of this
4:08:00code i will post all of this in the
4:08:02comments section down below but yeah
4:08:04that is how to do a method chaining in
4:08:06python
4:08:08hey what's going on everybody it's bro
4:08:10hope you're doing well
4:08:11and in this video i'm going to explain
4:08:13the super function in python so
4:08:15sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:08:20well then since you clicked on this
4:08:21video i should probably discuss
4:08:23the super function now the super
4:08:25function is used to give access
4:08:26to the methods of a parent class it
4:08:29returns a temporary object
4:08:32of a parent class when used here's an
4:08:34example of why the super function would
4:08:36be useful
4:08:37let's take this program that i've
4:08:38written there's three classes
4:08:40a class called rectangle which is the
4:08:43parent class
4:08:43to two children classes square and cube
4:08:47and all we're doing is creating a square
4:08:49object and a cube object
4:08:50but we need to pass in a length and a
4:08:53width for squares
4:08:54and a length width and height for cubes
4:08:57now with programming we don't like to
4:08:59repeat code we like to reuse code and if
4:09:01you take a look within my knit methods
4:09:04for both square and cube we're repeating
4:09:06self.length equals length
4:09:08and self.width equals width twice for
4:09:11our init methods
4:09:12so one thing that we can do any
4:09:14similarities between
4:09:16the square and cube class we can place
4:09:18within
4:09:19the rectangle class and then reuse this
4:09:21code so what i'm going to do
4:09:23is copy this indent method within our
4:09:26square class
4:09:27and paste it within our rectangle parent
4:09:29class
4:09:30and then in order to access this init
4:09:33method
4:09:33we can use the super function so we no
4:09:36longer need
4:09:37these two lines of code what i'm going
4:09:39to do is ask
4:09:40the rectangle class to use its init
4:09:42method so we're going to type
4:09:44super parentheses dot and then the name
4:09:48or the function of the parent class
4:09:49that we would like to use and i would
4:09:51like to use the init method
4:09:53but i need to send a length and a width
4:09:55because it requires that
4:09:56so let's send these so we're going to
4:09:58pass in our length and
4:10:00our width and now we can do the same
4:10:01thing for our cube init method
4:10:03so i will copy this line of code we no
4:10:06longer need these two lines of code
4:10:08because we will be reusing our init
4:10:10method within the parent class
4:10:12of rectangle but we'll still need to
4:10:14keep this line in to assign the height
4:10:16because that's a difference between our
4:10:19square and cube class
4:10:20and now we can just reuse this init
4:10:23method within
4:10:24the rectangle parent class now i'm
4:10:26thinking that we should probably test to
4:10:27see if
4:10:28length and width are assigned to these
4:10:30attributes and one way
4:10:31that i think would be fun would be to
4:10:33create an area method
4:10:35for squares and a volume method for
4:10:37cubes so let's define
4:10:38an area method within the square class
4:10:41def
4:10:42area and i would like to return self
4:10:46dot length times self
4:10:49dot width and we can create a volume
4:10:52method within cubes
4:10:54so let's do that def let's change this
4:10:57to volume
4:10:58we'll multiply it length times width
4:11:00times height
4:11:02but we need to type self dot pipe
4:11:05and we can call these methods to get the
4:11:07area
4:11:08of a square or the volume of a cube
4:11:11let's print
4:11:13square dot area
4:11:17and then cube dot
4:11:21volume so if our init method
4:11:25is actually being used we should have a
4:11:27length and the width
4:11:28assigned to these attributes and it
4:11:31looks like we do
4:11:33in conclusion the super function is used
4:11:35to give access to the methods of a
4:11:37parent class
4:11:38it returns a temporary object of a
4:11:40parent class when used in order to
4:11:43access
4:11:43the methods of the parent class also
4:11:46known as
4:11:46a super class and in this example within
4:11:49the init methods of both square and cube
4:11:52we immediately called the init method of
4:11:55the parent class
4:11:56to pass in some arguments that both of
4:11:58these classes
4:11:59have in common so if you would like a
4:12:01copy of this code i will post all of
4:12:03this in the comment section down below
4:12:05but yeah that is how the super function
4:12:07works in python
4:12:09hey what's going on everybody it's bro
4:12:11hope you're doing well
4:12:12and in this video i'm going to explain
4:12:14how abstract classes work in python so
4:12:17sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:12:21hey what's good everybody let's talk
4:12:23about abstract classes
4:12:25now abstract classes prevent a user from
4:12:27creating an object of that class
4:12:30think of an abstract class more as a
4:12:32template
4:12:33it's an idea it's not real it's like a
4:12:35ghost class basically
4:12:37plus an abstract class compels a user to
4:12:40override any abstract methods within a
4:12:42child class
4:12:44so it's also a form of checks and
4:12:45balances as well which we'll discuss
4:12:47later
4:12:48now here's a small program that i've
4:12:49written let's say we have
4:12:51three classes class vehicle car and
4:12:53motorcycle
4:12:54car and motorcycle are the children
4:12:57classes of the vehicle class
4:12:59now within this vehicle class we have a
4:13:01go method
4:13:02but i'm currently only defining it not
4:13:04actually implementing it so i'm just
4:13:05writing pass
4:13:06now within car and motorcycle we're
4:13:09overriding this method and creating our
4:13:10own implementation of the skull method
4:13:12that we inherit
4:13:13the go method for the car will print you
4:13:16drive the car
4:13:16and the go method for the motorcycle
4:13:18class will print you ride the motorcycle
4:13:20now currently i'm creating an object of
4:13:22each of these classes
4:13:24i have a generic vehicle object car
4:13:26object
4:13:27and motorcycle object now after running
4:13:29this program
4:13:30currently the go method within our
4:13:32vehicle class is not being implemented
4:13:34so this won't print anything but the go
4:13:36method within our car class will print
4:13:38you drive the car and the go method
4:13:41within our motorcycle class will print
4:13:43you ride the motorcycle with that being
4:13:45said let's pretend that we're coding the
4:13:47next
4:13:47need for speed game and we would like a
4:13:49user to create an object from a specific
4:13:52kind of vehicle whether it's a car from
4:13:54the car class or a motorcycle from the
4:13:56motorcycle class
4:13:57we would like to prevent a user from
4:13:59creating an object of the vehicle class
4:14:02because the vehicle class is too generic
4:14:04we do not have all of the
4:14:05implementations
4:14:06set up for a vehicle it would be like
4:14:09somebody unlocked the ghost car or the
4:14:11invisible car
4:14:12which doesn't actually exist and is
4:14:13missing a lot of features we need a user
4:14:16to create an object
4:14:17from a child class because these are
4:14:19fully fleshed out and one way in which
4:14:21we can prevent a user from creating an
4:14:23object of this class
4:14:25as well to turn this class into an
4:14:27abstract class
4:14:28which is what this video is all about go
4:14:30figure now the first step to creating an
4:14:32abstract class is that we'll need some
4:14:34imports
4:14:34so at the top of your program write this
4:14:37from
4:14:37abc abc is an acronym for abstract
4:14:41based class abc from abc
4:14:44import abc all capital comma
4:14:48abstract method all right
4:14:51now with our vehicle class the class
4:14:53that you intend to be the abstract class
4:14:56add us out of parentheses and our
4:14:58vehicle class
4:14:59will inherit from the abc class
4:15:02and now with any methods within your
4:15:04vehicle class you're going to add
4:15:05this decorator at the top at abstract
4:15:09method all right we should now be
4:15:12prevented from creating a
4:15:13vehicle object our vehicle class is now
4:15:16an abstract class
4:15:17and we cannot give it a physical form a
4:15:19physical manifestation
4:15:21and if we attempt to you can see here
4:15:22that we have a type error
4:15:24can't instantiate abstract class from
4:15:26vehicle with abstract methods
4:15:28go so an abstract class is a class which
4:15:31contains
4:15:32one or more abstract methods and an
4:15:35abstract method
4:15:36is a method that has a declaration but
4:15:38does not have an implementation
4:15:40now by definition an abstract class
4:15:43contains
4:15:44one or more abstract methods if i remove
4:15:47this one abstract method within our
4:15:49vehicle class
4:15:50well we could still create a vehicle
4:15:52object and i'm just going to turn this
4:15:54vehicle.go line into a comment because
4:15:56we don't have a go method anymore
4:15:58as you can see we can still create a
4:16:00vehicle object which we would like to
4:16:02prevent a user from doing
4:16:04so we need at least one abstract method
4:16:06within our vehicle class
4:16:08so i'm going to go ahead and add this go
4:16:10method back in
4:16:11an additional feature of abstract
4:16:13classes is that they compel
4:16:15a user to override any abstract methods
4:16:17within a child class
4:16:19a method that is abstract has a
4:16:21declaration but does not have
4:16:22an implementation so let's say that we
4:16:25create our vehicle class
4:16:26our abstract vehicle class and now we're
4:16:29creating
4:16:29the children classes of car and
4:16:31motorcycle and let's say i'm not paying
4:16:33attention and i forget to add a go
4:16:35method
4:16:36so if i just write pass within my
4:16:38motorcycle class i'm currently missing a
4:16:40go method within my motorcycle class
4:16:43well python is going to prevent me from
4:16:45running this because we have a type air
4:16:47can't instantiate abstract class vehicle
4:16:50with abstract methods of go
4:16:52so by inheriting from an abstract class
4:16:55it's a good form of checks and balances
4:16:57to be sure that your children classes
4:16:59are not missing
4:17:00any implementations of any methods that
4:17:02they inherit
4:17:04here's an additional way of thinking of
4:17:05this our vehicle class
4:17:07is telling its children if you're going
4:17:08to inherit from me then you need to
4:17:10override
4:17:11this abstract method of mine and if you
4:17:13don't well i'm not going to let you be
4:17:14instantiated
4:17:16so in order for us to create a cart and
4:17:18motorcycle class
4:17:19we need to override the go method that
4:17:22they inherit from its parent class of
4:17:23vehicle
4:17:24and provide its own implementation now
4:17:26let's say we create an additional method
4:17:29let's say we have
4:17:30a stop method so let's define that def
4:17:32stop
4:17:33for the time being i'll write pass and
4:17:35to make this an abstract method
4:17:37add this decorator at abstract
4:17:40method now car and motorcycle both need
4:17:44to
4:17:44implement that method of stop it's
4:17:46currently missing it
4:17:47as you can see here class car must
4:17:49implement all abstract methods
4:17:51and the same thing applies for a
4:17:52motorcycle as well so we need to
4:17:54override this method and provide its own
4:17:56implementation
4:17:58so let's remove that decorator and let's
4:18:01print something
4:18:02let's print this car is stopped
4:18:06and i'll do the same thing for
4:18:08motorcycle
4:18:10so def stop let's say
4:18:14this motorcycle
4:18:18is stopped and we'll call the stop
4:18:21method for each of these
4:18:22types of vehicles car dot stop
4:18:26and motorcycle dot stop
4:18:29all right and we can now create a car
4:18:32and motorcycle object
4:18:33because we are overriding both of these
4:18:36abstract methods found within the parent
4:18:38class of vehicle
4:18:39all right everybody so that's the basics
4:18:41of abstract classes
4:18:42it's a class which contains one or more
4:18:45abstract methods
4:18:46and an abstract method is a method that
4:18:48has a declaration
4:18:50but does not have an implementation and
4:18:52the benefits of using an abstract class
4:18:54is that they prevent a user from
4:18:56creating an object of that class
4:18:58plus it compels a user to override any
4:19:01abstract methods found within a child
4:19:02class
4:19:03so if you would like a copy of this code
4:19:05i will post all of this in the comments
4:19:07section down below
4:19:08but yeah that is how abstract classes
4:19:10work in python
4:19:12hey what's going on everybody it's you
4:19:14bro hope you're doing well
4:19:15and in this video i'm going to explain
4:19:17how we can pass objects as
4:19:18arguments so sit back relax and enjoy
4:19:22the show
4:19:24ladies and gentlemen in today's video
4:19:26i'm going to be demonstrating how we can
4:19:28pass
4:19:28objects as arguments for this example
4:19:31let's say we have a class
4:19:32car and there is one class variable
4:19:35called color
4:19:36color equals none what we'll be doing is
4:19:38calling a function that accepts an
4:19:40object as an argument as well as a color
4:19:43so let's create a function named change
4:19:46color now make sure when you define this
4:19:48function it's not within the cart class
4:19:50then technically this would be a method
4:19:52of the car class
4:19:53what we would like is a separate
4:19:55function outside of the car class
4:19:57now we need to set up some parameters we
4:19:59would like to accept a car object as
4:20:01well as a color
4:20:02so for the first parameter let's say a
4:20:05car and make sure this is in
4:20:06uppercase or capital because python
4:20:08doesn't like that argument names should
4:20:10be lowercase
4:20:11so when we pass in a car we will give it
4:20:13a nickname of car
4:20:15and we would also like to pass in a
4:20:17color so let's set up a parameter called
4:20:19color
4:20:19now when we pass in a car we will assign
4:20:22that car's color with whatever color
4:20:24that we receive so
4:20:26car dot color equals color
4:20:29and now let's create some car objects so
4:20:31let's say car one
4:20:33equals car car two equals car
4:20:36and car three equals cart currently if i
4:20:40were to print
4:20:40their colors this is what we'll see
4:20:43print car one
4:20:44dot color and repeat the steps for two
4:20:47and three
4:20:48and we're not calling this function yet
4:20:50so all of these colors should be set to
4:20:52none
4:20:53they are basically cars with no color
4:20:56they're i don't know iron or something
4:20:58whatever cars are made out of aluminum
4:21:00plastic stuff like that okay so now
4:21:02let's call this function
4:21:03change color perhaps right here so in
4:21:06order to call this function we need to
4:21:08pass in
4:21:09a car object as well as a color so let's
4:21:11pass in
4:21:12car one and a color perhaps red and
4:21:15we'll repeat the steps for two and three
4:21:17so let's say car two will be white
4:21:21and car 3 will be blue
4:21:24now after calling this function we have
4:21:27a car
4:21:28object and a color and we're assigning
4:21:30the color of our car to whatever color
4:21:32that we receive
4:21:33now these cars in order car 1 2 and 3
4:21:36are red white and blue now one thing
4:21:39that you should know
4:21:39is that the name of this parameter that
4:21:41accepts our object
4:21:42doesn't necessarily need the same name
4:21:45as the class name
4:21:46that created the object that we're
4:21:47passing in we could name this something
4:21:49else entirely perhaps
4:21:51vehicle you'll just want to be sure that
4:21:52this is at least descriptive
4:21:54of the kind of object that you would
4:21:55like to pass in and we're not limited to
4:21:58just passing in car objects we can pass
4:22:00in all sorts of objects
4:22:02but we need to pass in an object as well
4:22:04as a color
4:22:05so this time let's create a class called
4:22:07motorcycle
4:22:08class motorcycle and this class will
4:22:12also have a color set to none
4:22:14so what we're doing is actually reusing
4:22:16this function for all sorts of different
4:22:18kinds of vehicles
4:22:19now let's create a vehicle i'll just
4:22:21name this bike one for short
4:22:22bike one equals motorcycle now let's
4:22:26call the
4:22:27change color function and we can pass in
4:22:30an object as well as color this time we
4:22:33will pass in
4:22:34our bike object as well as a color i
4:22:37think
4:22:37black counts as a color and let's print
4:22:42bike once color
4:22:46and this should work we have red white
4:22:48blue and black
4:22:50in conclusion we can pass objects as
4:22:52arguments to a function
4:22:54much like what we've been doing with
4:22:55variables however the type of objects
4:22:58that we pass in may be limited based on
4:23:01the required attributes and methods
4:23:03that that given class or object might
4:23:05have and we'll get more into this on the
4:23:08next video on
4:23:09duct typing so if you would like a copy
4:23:11of all this code i will post all of this
4:23:13in the comment section down below
4:23:15but yeah that is how to pass objects as
4:23:17arguments
4:23:18using python hey what's going on
4:23:21everybody
4:23:21it's bro hope you're doing well and in
4:23:23this video i'm going to explain duck
4:23:25typing in python so
4:23:26sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:23:31i hope you all like ducks because that's
4:23:33the topic of this video
4:23:34duct typing is the concept where the
4:23:37class of an object is less important
4:23:39than the methods and or attributes that
4:23:41that class might have
4:23:43the class type is not checked if the
4:23:45minimum methods and or attributes
4:23:47are present it's based off of a popular
4:23:50phrase
4:23:50if it walks like a duck and it quacks
4:23:52like a duck then it must be a duck
4:23:54here's an example i have two classes
4:23:57class duck and class chicken
4:23:59both duck and chicken have walk and talk
4:24:01methods
4:24:02but they print something different with
4:24:04the duck class the walk method will
4:24:06print
4:24:06this duck is walking and the duck talk
4:24:09method will
4:24:10print this duck is quacking the chicken
4:24:12class
4:24:13has the same named methods walk and talk
4:24:15but they print something slightly
4:24:16different
4:24:17a slightly different variation the print
4:24:19method will print
4:24:20this chicken is walking and the talk
4:24:22method will print
4:24:23this chicken is clucking now let's say
4:24:25we have a third class a class
4:24:28called person
4:24:32now there is one method within our
4:24:34person class
4:24:35let's say we're attempting to catch a
4:24:37duck
4:24:39we'll pass in self and we need to pass
4:24:41in a
4:24:42duck object as an argument so let's type
4:24:45duck now within this method
4:24:48we'll have our duck use its walk method
4:24:53as well as its talk method duck.walk and
4:24:56duck.talk
4:24:58and then maybe we'll print something
4:25:02such as you caught the critter
4:25:07now let's create an object from each of
4:25:09these classes let's create a
4:25:10duck object duck equals duck
4:25:14a chicken object chicken equals chicken
4:25:17and lastly person person equals person
4:25:21now if we would like our person to use
4:25:23the catch method
4:25:24we need to pass in a duck as an argument
4:25:27so with our person let's type person
4:25:29dot catch and we need to send a duck
4:25:32object because that's a required
4:25:34parameter here
4:25:35so we're passing in our duck object that
4:25:37we created and as soon as we catch the
4:25:39duck
4:25:39it's going to use its walk and talk
4:25:41method and then we'll print
4:25:43you caught the critter so as you would
4:25:45expect this will print
4:25:46this duck is walking the stuck is
4:25:48quacking you caught the critter
4:25:50now with duct typing we can pass in
4:25:53a different type of object as long as it
4:25:56has
4:25:56the same methods and or attributes as
4:25:59our duck
4:26:00we could pass in a chicken because a
4:26:02chicken can also walk
4:26:03and talk so this time let's pass in our
4:26:06chicken
4:26:06as an argument and this will still work
4:26:09even though our parameter is set up to
4:26:10take a duck object
4:26:13this chicken is walking this chicken is
4:26:15clucking you caught the critter
4:26:17in layman's terms think of it like this
4:26:19python is examining this chicken object
4:26:21it's using its walk method it's using
4:26:23its talk method which are required
4:26:25and python is saying well that's close
4:26:27enough remember if it walks like a duck
4:26:29and it quacks like a duck
4:26:30then it must be a duck so duct typing is
4:26:33the concept where the class of an object
4:26:35is less important than the methods and
4:26:38or attributes that it might have
4:26:39the class type is not checked if the
4:26:41minimum methods and or attributes
4:26:44are present now let's say with our
4:26:46chicken object our chicken can no longer
4:26:48walk
4:26:50well we cannot pass in our chicken
4:26:51object anymore
4:26:53we have an attribute error chicken
4:26:55object has no attribute walk
4:26:57so python took a look at this chicken
4:26:59and noticed that it does not have a walk
4:27:01method
4:27:01well it's not walking like a duck but
4:27:03it's talking like a duck
4:27:05so it doesn't count as a duck because it
4:27:07doesn't have its walk method
4:27:08in conclusion the class type of an
4:27:10object is not as important as the
4:27:12methods and or attributes that that
4:27:14class might have when using
4:27:16duct typing the class type will not be
4:27:18checked if the minimum
4:27:19methods and or attributes are present
4:27:22since
4:27:22chickens can both walk and talk like
4:27:24ducks then
4:27:25they can be a substitute for ducks when
4:27:27we pass in our duck object to this
4:27:29method
4:27:30so if you would like a copy of this code
4:27:32i will post all of this in the comment
4:27:33section down below
4:27:35but yeah that is the basics of duct
4:27:37typing in python
4:27:38hey what's going on everybody it's you
4:27:40bro hope you're doing well
4:27:42and in this video i'm going to discuss
4:27:44the walrus operator in python
4:27:46so sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:27:51all right people i hope you like
4:27:52walruses because that's the topic of
4:27:54this video we'll be discussing
4:27:56the walrus operator also known as an
4:27:58assignment expression
4:28:00it's a colon followed by an equal sign
4:28:02and it kind of looks like a walrus on
4:28:04its side
4:28:05now this is a new feature for python 3.8
4:28:08what it does is that it assigns values
4:28:10to variables
4:28:11as part of a larger expression here's an
4:28:14example of why the walrus operator would
4:28:16be useful
4:28:16let's say we have a variable named happy
4:28:19happy
4:28:19equals true if you're not happy or
4:28:21you're feeling so so you can set this to
4:28:23false if you want
4:28:24so let's print the value contained
4:28:27within happy
4:28:28so this will print true to the console
4:28:30window
4:28:31now wouldn't it be cool if we could
4:28:33combine both of these
4:28:35statements together so we would want to
4:28:37say something such as
4:28:39happy equals true and then print it to
4:28:42the console window using one line of
4:28:44code
4:28:44well normally we can't do this using the
4:28:47standard assignment operator now one
4:28:49thing that we can do is use
4:28:50the walrus operator this assigns a value
4:28:53to a variable
4:28:54as part of a larger expression so this
4:28:56would technically
4:28:57be allowed if this assignment operator
4:29:00was instead
4:29:01an assignment expression the walrus
4:29:03operator happy
4:29:04walrus true and when they're all within
4:29:07a print statement
4:29:08we can assign a value to a variable and
4:29:11use it as a part of a larger expression
4:29:14so as you can see
4:29:15this new variable of happy was assigned
4:29:17and used in one expression
4:29:19now here's a more practical example of
4:29:22why the walrus operator would be useful
4:29:24let's say we have the smell program what
4:29:26this will do is consistently ask you
4:29:28what food you like and put it into a
4:29:30list called foods
4:29:32foods equals list while true food equals
4:29:35input what food do you like if food
4:29:38equals quit
4:29:39break then append our list of foods with
4:29:42this new food item that we have
4:29:44okay let's run this then so this while
4:29:47loop
4:29:47will continue as long as i don't type in
4:29:49quit and it will consistently ask me
4:29:51what food do i like and place that food
4:29:54item into a list
4:29:55named foods so let's begin what food do
4:29:58i like well i do like pizza
4:30:00i like sushi and i like ice cream
4:30:04and that should be enough for me i'm
4:30:06going to type in quit to exit this
4:30:07program
4:30:08now let's write the same program but
4:30:10instead use
4:30:11a walrus operator so that we can write
4:30:13this program using
4:30:15less lines of code now if i were to use
4:30:17the walrus operator this is how i would
4:30:19write the same program
4:30:20we would still need our list foods
4:30:22equals
4:30:23list now for my while loop it's going to
4:30:26look something like this
4:30:28while food walrus operator
4:30:32input what
4:30:36food do you like
4:30:40all right this is the assignment portion
4:30:42now we can use
4:30:43this assignment portion within a larger
4:30:46expression
4:30:47so let's also check to see if our input
4:30:50does not equal quit alright
4:30:54so then after each iteration of this
4:30:56while loop
4:30:57we will take our list foods dot
4:31:00append food and
4:31:04that is it so we have written the same
4:31:06program in about half the lines of code
4:31:08that we did previously so
4:31:10let's test it what food do you like
4:31:12pizza
4:31:13sushi ice cream
4:31:17and quit well everybody that is the
4:31:20basics of the walrus operator also known
4:31:22as an assignment
4:31:23expression it's a new feature for python
4:31:253.8
4:31:26and beyond so if this doesn't work for
4:31:28you i would check to see what version of
4:31:30python you're using first
4:31:31it assigns values to variables as part
4:31:34of a larger expression
4:31:36if you would like a copy of this code i
4:31:37will post all of this in the comment
4:31:39section down below
4:31:40but yeah that is how the walrus operator
4:31:42works in python
4:31:45hello what's going on everybody it's bro
4:31:47hope you're doing well and in this video
4:31:48i'm going to show you guys how we can
4:31:50assign a function to a variable in
4:31:52python
4:31:52so sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:31:57hey all in today's video i will show you
4:31:59all how we can assign a function to a
4:32:01variable
4:32:02this video will be a prerequisite for a
4:32:04few videos i have coming up regarding
4:32:06functions
4:32:06now let's say we have a function named
4:32:08hello and all we'll do is print the word
4:32:11hello
4:32:11and as you know to call this function
4:32:13you would type the name of the function
4:32:14followed by a set of parentheses and
4:32:16this will print the word
4:32:17hello the set of parenthesis that comes
4:32:19after a function's name
4:32:21is the portion that will call the
4:32:23function if you were to remove
4:32:24that set of parenthesis afterwards we
4:32:26would not in fact call that function
4:32:29now with python python will pretty much
4:32:31treat everything as objects
4:32:32including functions so there's something
4:32:34i want to show you guys
4:32:35if i was to print the name of my
4:32:37function hello
4:32:39what will be displayed is the memory
4:32:41address of this function
4:32:43this is the memory address of where this
4:32:45function is located within my computer's
4:32:47memory
4:32:48and it's in hexadecimal think of it like
4:32:50a street address such as
4:32:51one two three fake street this is the
4:32:53address of where this function is within
4:32:55my computer's memory
4:32:56and each time that i run this program
4:32:58this number can change as you can see
4:33:00here
4:33:01now one thing that we could do we could
4:33:02assign this address to a variable
4:33:04let's say hi equals hello and be sure
4:33:06that you're not adding that set of
4:33:08parentheses afterwards because
4:33:09then you would be calling the hello
4:33:11function and returning the result to
4:33:12high
4:33:13so high equals hello no parentheses
4:33:16and if i was to print hi well
4:33:20the address of hello and hi will be at
4:33:22the same memory address
4:33:23both of these numbers are the same now
4:33:26what do you imagine would happen
4:33:27if i was to call the high function after
4:33:30we assigned the memory address of hello
4:33:32to hi
4:33:33well then what we'll end up doing is
4:33:34calling the hello function
4:33:36even though we're listing that we would
4:33:38like to call the
4:33:39high function even though it doesn't
4:33:41exist so it's as if this hello function
4:33:43has two names
4:33:44you can either use hello or you can use
4:33:46hi and let me demonstrate that
4:33:49so you can call either hello hi or both
4:33:52for this example
4:33:53that's because we're assigning the
4:33:55memory address of hello to this variable
4:33:57of high
4:33:58so we could treat high as a function
4:33:59it's kind of like
4:34:01an alias where this function has two
4:34:03names now here's another demonstration
4:34:05let's say that we would like to assign
4:34:07our built-in print function to
4:34:10a variable so let's say maybe say
4:34:13say equals print and when i say print
4:34:16i'm referring to the print function and
4:34:18be sure you're not adding that set of
4:34:19parentheses afterwards
4:34:20now if i need to print something to the
4:34:22console window i can either use
4:34:24print like what we've previously been
4:34:26doing or i could use
4:34:28say because say has the same memory
4:34:30address let's say
4:34:32perhaps whoa i can't
4:34:35believe this works
4:34:39surprise face all right so
4:34:42we can call the print function by saying
4:34:44the word say
4:34:45say all of this text and this will print
4:34:48all of this text
4:34:49well say all of this text to the console
4:34:51window
4:34:52under normal circumstances i'm not sure
4:34:54why or when
4:34:55you would need to assign the print
4:34:57function to a variable but
4:34:58you can and well that's kind of cool so
4:35:00i thought i'd show you guys that
4:35:02so everybody that's how to assign a
4:35:04function to a variable
4:35:06like i said we'll be building upon this
4:35:07topic so you want to be sure that you
4:35:09understand this
4:35:10all right then well if you would like a
4:35:12copy of this code i will post all of
4:35:14this to the comments section down below
4:35:15but yeah that's how to assign a function
4:35:18to a variable
4:35:19in python hey uh what's going on
4:35:22everybody
4:35:22it's bro hope you're doing well and in
4:35:24today's video i'm going to explain
4:35:26higher order functions in python so
4:35:28sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:35:33all right ladies and gentlemen let's
4:35:34talk about higher order functions
4:35:36these are functions that do one of two
4:35:38things one they either accept a function
4:35:40as an argument
4:35:42or two they return a function as output
4:35:44and in python this is totally allowed
4:35:46because functions are also treated as
4:35:48objects
4:35:48i'll give you guys an example of both of
4:35:50these but let's begin with number one
4:35:52here's an example of number one let's
4:35:54say that i have two functions
4:35:55named loud and quiet both of these
4:35:57functions will accept a string as an
4:35:59argument
4:36:00loud will return that string all
4:36:02uppercase as if we're shouting something
4:36:05quiet we'll return that text i'll
4:36:06lowercase as if we're whispering
4:36:08something
4:36:09now i'm going to create a third function
4:36:11called hello
4:36:13and this will be the higher order
4:36:14function it accepts a function as an
4:36:17argument
4:36:17i'm not sure if we're going to be
4:36:19passing in loud or quiet
4:36:21whatever it is i'm going to give it a
4:36:22name of funk
4:36:24short for function each of these
4:36:26functions will return some text
4:36:28either all uppercase or lowercase i'm
4:36:30going to assign that to
4:36:32text text equals the name of our
4:36:34function we're not sure what it's going
4:36:36to be
4:36:37and i will pass in some text in order to
4:36:39call one of these functions
4:36:41i will pass in just the word hello
4:36:42that's capitalized
4:36:44and at the end i will print whatever
4:36:46text that we have
4:36:47in order to call this function of hello
4:36:49i need to pass in a function as an
4:36:51argument
4:36:51do i want to pass in loud or quiet do i
4:36:54want the
4:36:55loud variety of hello where all of the
4:36:57text will be uppercase
4:36:58or the quiet variety of flow where all
4:37:00the text will be lowercase
4:37:02i would like to pass in loud because i
4:37:05want to make my text all uppercase
4:37:08so i'm typing the name of the higher
4:37:10order function and passing in
4:37:12a function as an argument and the result
4:37:14is that the word hello will be printed
4:37:16to the console window
4:37:17all uppercase now here's a rundown of
4:37:19what just happened
4:37:20we're calling the hello function and
4:37:21we're passing in loud
4:37:23as an argument we're naming loud as
4:37:26funk while we're within this hello
4:37:28function
4:37:29text equals loud and we're sending a
4:37:33string of text
4:37:34that says hello we're returning that
4:37:37text all uppercase
4:37:38assigning it to a variable called text
4:37:41and printing that text
4:37:42to the console window now if i would
4:37:44like to
4:37:45use the quiet variety of hello then i'm
4:37:47going to pass in
4:37:48quiet as an argument so quiet will make
4:37:52all of this text
4:37:53lowercase alright people so that's
4:37:55example
4:37:56one of a higher order function a higher
4:37:58order function
4:37:59is a function that accepts a function as
4:38:02an argument
4:38:03this hello function is an example of a
4:38:05higher order function
4:38:06because we're accepting either loud or
4:38:09quiet as arguments
4:38:10all right people let's move on to the
4:38:12second part of this definition for
4:38:14higher order functions
4:38:15a higher order function is a function
4:38:17that returns a function
4:38:18i'm going to give a different example
4:38:20this time let's say we have a pair of
4:38:22nested functions the outer function will
4:38:24be named divisor
4:38:26and we will accept a number as an
4:38:28argument that we will call x
4:38:30a divisor is a number that is used to
4:38:32divide
4:38:33another number when using division and
4:38:35inside this function we have an inner
4:38:37function
4:38:38named dividend dividend is the number
4:38:41that's going to be divided
4:38:42and we will call the argument that is
4:38:44passed in y
4:38:45all we'll do is return y divided by x
4:38:49we're dividing the dividend by the
4:38:51divisor y
4:38:52divided by x now within the
4:38:55outer function but not within the inner
4:38:57function we're going to return
4:39:00our dividend function so a higher order
4:39:02function is a function that returns a
4:39:04function
4:39:05divisor is a higher order function
4:39:07because we're returning
4:39:09dividend now if i would like to access
4:39:11this nested
4:39:12dividend function i first need to call
4:39:14the outside
4:39:15divisor function and pass in a number as
4:39:18an argument to serve as the divisor
4:39:20the divisor function is going to return
4:39:22my dividend function which we can then
4:39:24assign to a variable
4:39:26so the variable i'm going to name divide
4:39:29divide equals and i need to call divisor
4:39:32and set a divisor let's say that i would
4:39:35like to divide all numbers
4:39:37by two so i will set x to be two
4:39:40and now for the dividend i will
4:39:44print call the
4:39:47divide variable and pass in a number as
4:39:50the dividend the number that's going to
4:39:52be divided
4:39:52and let's say i would like to divide 10
4:39:55by two
4:39:56and this will work as you can see we
4:39:58have five in the console window
4:40:00so let me explain what just happened
4:40:01here so our program
4:40:03begins here divisor and we're passing in
4:40:06two
4:40:07x will be two and it will stay that way
4:40:09until we finish this program or until we
4:40:12reassign x
4:40:13now x equals two we're skipping this
4:40:16function because we did not call it yet
4:40:18we're returning dividend and assigning
4:40:21it to a variable
4:40:22and we can call a variable if it has the
4:40:24memory address of a function
4:40:26which is what we're doing in this line
4:40:28now we're calling
4:40:29dividend and passing in 10 so y equals
4:40:3210
4:40:33and x still equals to we're returning 10
4:40:36divided by 2 and printing it to the
4:40:38console window
4:40:40well everyone in conclusion a higher
4:40:42order function
4:40:43is a function that either one accepts a
4:40:46function as an argument
4:40:47or two they return a function the format
4:40:51is a little bit strange and we're not
4:40:52quite used to it yet
4:40:53but in future videos we'll have more
4:40:55practice with high order functions
4:40:57if you would like a copy of all this
4:40:58code i will post all of this to the
4:41:00comment section down below
4:41:02but yeah that is how higher order
4:41:03functions work in python
4:41:06yo what's going on everybody it's bro
4:41:08hope you're doing well in today's video
4:41:10i'm going to explain
4:41:11lambda functions in python so sit back
4:41:14relax
4:41:15and enjoy the show all right
4:41:19ladies and gentlemen let's talk about
4:41:20lambda functions these are functions
4:41:22that are written in one line and use
4:41:24this lambda keyword
4:41:26they accept any number of arguments but
4:41:28they only have one expression
4:41:30think of it as a shortcut they're useful
4:41:32if you need a function for only one use
4:41:34or a short period of time
4:41:35and then you're just planning on
4:41:36throwing away that function afterwards
4:41:38here's the syntax for a lambda function
4:41:40you type lambda
4:41:42you add the parameters followed by a
4:41:44colon and then your expression
4:41:45let's say we have this function named
4:41:47double double accepts one argument that
4:41:49we will name
4:41:50x we're returning x times two
4:41:52effectively doubling it
4:41:54so if i need to call this function i
4:41:56would type double
4:41:57and then pass in a number as an argument
4:41:59so the result if i pass in 5 would be
4:42:0110. now let's write the same function
4:42:03but instead write it as a
4:42:04lambda function so let me turn these
4:42:07lines into comments
4:42:09now the first step is to type lambda
4:42:12then our parameters we only have one
4:42:14parameter and that is x
4:42:16colon and then our expression we would
4:42:18like to return x
4:42:19times two now this lambda function is
4:42:21going to return a function object and we
4:42:23can assign that much like what we do
4:42:25with variables
4:42:26let's say double equals lambda x colon
4:42:29x times two and in order to call this
4:42:32lambda function
4:42:33we're going to type double then a set of
4:42:35parentheses
4:42:36to call this function and then pass in
4:42:38our arguments
4:42:39so let's say that x equals 5 and then
4:42:42we're going to double it
4:42:43and the result is 10. so that's the
4:42:45syntax for a lambda function you type
4:42:47lambda
4:42:48your parameters colon and then your
4:42:50expression this time let's say that we
4:42:52have two parameters
4:42:53we have two numbers that we want to
4:42:55multiply by each other
4:42:56so let's say that this function will be
4:42:59called multiply
4:43:00multiply equals lambda
4:43:03x comma y because we have two parameters
4:43:07colon followed by our expression we
4:43:10would like to multiply
4:43:11x times y and that is it
4:43:14now in order to call multiply we need to
4:43:16pass in two arguments
4:43:18if i were to pass in just one well we'll
4:43:20have a type error
4:43:21so let's pass in five and maybe six and
4:43:24the result
4:43:24is thirty now let's try three parameters
4:43:28let's say we would like to add three
4:43:30numbers together
4:43:31let's say add lambda x
4:43:35comma y comma z so we have all of our
4:43:38parameters
4:43:38we have our colon here and then we need
4:43:41our expression
4:43:42x plus y plus z and
4:43:46let's add five six and seven together
4:43:49the result is 18. now let's try
4:43:52something a little more complex let's
4:43:54pass in some strings this time
4:43:56i'll create a function named full name
4:43:58full name
4:43:59equals lambda
4:44:02first name comma
4:44:06last name the expression is going to be
4:44:09first name plus perhaps a space
4:44:12plus last name now i need to pass in a
4:44:16first name and a last name
4:44:19full name and you can use your own name
4:44:22for this example if you want
4:44:23let's say bro comma code
4:44:29yep this will print your first name and
4:44:31your last name to the console window
4:44:33now let's take it a step further let's
4:44:34say we would like to check somebody's
4:44:36age once using a lambda function we
4:44:38would like to check to see if they're 18
4:44:40or older because they're signing up for
4:44:41something perhaps let's say a credit
4:44:43card
4:44:43so let's create a function object age
4:44:47check equals lambda we have one
4:44:50parameter
4:44:51somebody's edge colon and then our
4:44:53expression
4:44:55let's type true if age is greater than
4:44:59or equal to
4:45:0018 else
4:45:03false to call this age track function
4:45:07we need to pass in an age let's say the
4:45:10user is 12
4:45:11and they're trying to sign up for a
4:45:13credit card while this will return false
4:45:15let's say they're 18 now and this will
4:45:18return
4:45:19true so that's a lambda function it's a
4:45:22function
4:45:22that is written in one line using this
4:45:24lambda keyword
4:45:25they accept any number of arguments but
4:45:27they only have one expression
4:45:29think of it like a shortcut and they're
4:45:31useful if you need to use a function
4:45:32only once and then you're just planning
4:45:34on throwing it away afterwards
4:45:36so if you would like a copy of all this
4:45:37code i will post all of this to the
4:45:39comment section down below
4:45:40but yeah those are lambda functions in
4:45:43python
4:45:44hey what's going on everybody it's bro
4:45:46hope you're doing well
4:45:47and in this video i'm going to show you
4:45:49all how we can sort iterables in python
4:45:51so sit back
4:45:52relax and enjoy the show
4:45:57well well well welcome back everybody in
4:45:59this video i'm going to show you all how
4:46:00we can sort data using python we'll
4:46:02begin with the sort method which is used
4:46:04with lists and the sort function which
4:46:06is used with iterables and that would
4:46:07include lists let's start with something
4:46:09very basic and then we'll crank up the
4:46:11difficulty one step at a time
4:46:13i have a list named students and i have
4:46:15a bunch of student names within this
4:46:17list
4:46:17we have squidward sandy patrick
4:46:19spongebob mr krabs
4:46:21let's say that all of these students are
4:46:23taking a college course
4:46:25perhaps on marine biology what i would
4:46:27like to do is to sort this list in
4:46:28alphabetical order
4:46:29and to do that we have a method that is
4:46:31built in with lists
4:46:33so type the name of your list students
4:46:35dot
4:46:36sort and it's easy as that and to
4:46:38display this list i think i'll use a for
4:46:40loop
4:46:40for i in students
4:46:44print i
4:46:48and there you go that's how to sort a
4:46:50list starting with the top we have mr
4:46:52krabs
4:46:52then patrick sandy spongebob and
4:46:54squidward the sort method of lists can
4:46:57accept keyword arguments
4:46:58there are two optional keyword arguments
4:47:00that we can pass in we can pass
4:47:02in key and or reverse we'll cover key a
4:47:05little bit later
4:47:06if we set reverse to true then our list
4:47:09will be sorted by reverse alphabetical
4:47:12order beginning with
4:47:13squidward spongebob sandy patrick then
4:47:16mr krabs
4:47:17now the sort method does not work with
4:47:19other iterables it's a built-in method
4:47:21for lists
4:47:22if our list of students was instead
4:47:25let's say a tuple
4:47:26well then the sort method is not going
4:47:28to work you can see here that
4:47:30we have an attribute error tuple object
4:47:32has no attribute of sort
4:47:34that's where the sort function would
4:47:36come in because that's useful for other
4:47:38iterables
4:47:38you can also use this for a list 2 i
4:47:40suppose the sort function will return a
4:47:42sorted list so let's use the sort
4:47:45function this time
4:47:47and we'll assign the result to a list
4:47:50called sorted students
4:47:53equals sorted and then we need to pass
4:47:57in
4:47:57an iterable and we have the option of
4:47:59passing in a key
4:48:01and or reverse the iterable that we'll
4:48:03pass in as an argument is our tuple
4:48:06named
4:48:06students so this line will be sorted
4:48:09students
4:48:10equals sorted students sorted students
4:48:13is a list the sorted function will
4:48:14return a list but it accepts an iterable
4:48:17as an argument
4:48:18and to display this we should change 4i
4:48:20and students
4:48:21to 4i in sorted students and now
4:48:25this function will accept our iterable
4:48:27our tuple
4:48:28and create a sorted list and all of
4:48:30these are in alphabetical order
4:48:32and to reverse this we can pass in the
4:48:35keyword argument of
4:48:36reverse equals true and now our list is
4:48:39sorted in
4:48:40reverse alphabetical order all right
4:48:42we're gonna take it up a level
4:48:44welcome to level two sometimes data
4:48:46isn't always as simple here we have a
4:48:48list of tuples each tuple has a
4:48:51corresponding student record
4:48:53we have a name a letter grade for their
4:48:55college course
4:48:56and the student's age now how can we
4:48:58sort this
4:48:59list of tuples by either the student's
4:49:02name
4:49:03their grade or their age well that's
4:49:05where the key
4:49:06keyword argument's going to come in with
4:49:08sorting if you take a look at this list
4:49:10of tuples it somewhat resembles a
4:49:12spreadsheet there's rows and then
4:49:14there's columns
4:49:15the first column corresponds to student
4:49:17names the second column
4:49:19are grades and the third column are all
4:49:21the ages of the students
4:49:23so by default sorting by the first
4:49:25column is actually really easy that's
4:49:27the default
4:49:28so if we need to sort alphabetically
4:49:30that would be the same process
4:49:31as before we would type the name of the
4:49:33list students
4:49:35dot sort but if we were to print
4:49:38this iterable for i in students
4:49:42instead of just the individual student
4:49:44names we're going to get
4:49:45each tuple that we have so now all of
4:49:48these tuples are arranged in
4:49:50alphabetical order starting with
4:49:52the first column that we have which are
4:49:54all the student names
4:49:56now how can we sort these iterables by
4:49:58their second column
4:49:59for this case it would be student grades
4:50:01or even the third column which would be
4:50:03the student ages
4:50:04well that's where the key keyword
4:50:07argument's going to come in
4:50:08this is a keyword argument and we set
4:50:10key equal to a function that's going to
4:50:13return
4:50:13the index of that specific column that
4:50:16we have
4:50:17so let's say key equals grid grade is
4:50:20going to be a function object
4:50:22grade equals and we can easily use a
4:50:26lambda expression for this lambda
4:50:29let's say grades colon
4:50:32grades and we will set an index of one
4:50:36now the first index is zero that's the
4:50:39first
4:50:39column because computers always start
4:50:41with zero column two would have an index
4:50:44of one
4:50:44and then column three would have an
4:50:47index of two
4:50:48so grade equals lambda grids
4:50:51colon grids index one you can also
4:50:54rename these if you want
4:50:55so students dot sort we're setting the
4:50:58key
4:50:59equal to grade and grade is a function
4:51:01object
4:51:02via a lambda function and now all of
4:51:05these students
4:51:05will be sorted by their grades starting
4:51:08with sandy
4:51:09then spongebob mr krabs patrick then
4:51:11squidward
4:51:12if this needs to be in reverse order we
4:51:15can pass in that other keyword argument
4:51:16of reverse
4:51:17equals true and for practice if you
4:51:21wanted to sort all of this data by each
4:51:23student's age
4:51:24then we would change grade to let's say
4:51:26age age equals lambda
4:51:28we'll change grades to maybe ages colon
4:51:31ages and the index would then be two
4:51:34because the first column here is zero
4:51:37then one
4:51:38then two and change key to our function
4:51:41object
4:51:42of edge now each student is
4:51:45sorted numerically beginning with the
4:51:47smallest edge
4:51:48well the youngest person starting with
4:51:50spongebob sandy patrick squidward then
4:51:52mr krabs
4:51:53and like i said before if you want your
4:51:56data arranged in reverse order you can
4:51:58set
4:51:58that keyword argument of reverse to true
4:52:01within the sort method
4:52:02and all of our student data is sorted
4:52:05beginning with the eldest student which
4:52:07is mr krabs
4:52:08then squidward patrick sandy and then
4:52:10spongebob
4:52:11and for the last part of this video
4:52:13let's say that we're working with
4:52:14some other iterable let's say we have a
4:52:17tuple of tuples instead
4:52:19well we can no longer use this sort
4:52:21method because that only belongs to
4:52:23lists
4:52:24you can also use the sort function with
4:52:25lists and it will generate a new sorted
4:52:27list without changing the placement of
4:52:29the original
4:52:30so let's say we have a tuple of tuples
4:52:33and this will create a
4:52:34new sorted list let's call this list
4:52:37sorted
4:52:38students equals then we'll use the
4:52:41sorted function we need to pass in an
4:52:43iterable and we can pass in
4:52:46both a key and or the reverse keyword
4:52:48argument
4:52:49so the iterable would be students
4:52:53and let's set the key equal to edge
4:52:56and i will not reverse it we can keep it
4:52:58as it is but let's change
4:53:00for i in students to sorted students
4:53:04and that's how to use the sorted
4:53:06function to sort
4:53:07an iterable including a list well all
4:53:10right everyone
4:53:11that's how to sort iterables in python
4:53:13if you would like a copy of all this
4:53:15code i will post all of this to the
4:53:16comments section down below
4:53:18but yeah that's a basic way to sort
4:53:20iterables
4:53:21in python hey what's going on everybody
4:53:24it's your bro hope you're doing well in
4:53:26today's video i'm going to show you all
4:53:27how the map function works in python so
4:53:30sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:53:34what up everybody let's discuss the map
4:53:36function the map function will apply a
4:53:39function to each item in an interval
4:53:41that would include lists tuples things
4:53:43like that
4:53:44and the map function accepts two
4:53:46arguments are iterable
4:53:48as well as the function we would like to
4:53:50apply to each item within our iterable
4:53:52for example let's say that we have an
4:53:54online store to represent this i have
4:53:56a list of tuples named store each tuple
4:53:59within this list
4:54:01corresponds to an item for sale within
4:54:03our store
4:54:04there's shirts pants jackets and socks
4:54:06and each item has
4:54:07a price in us dollars let's say now what
4:54:10i would like to do is to convert all of
4:54:12the prices within my store
4:54:14to euros and currently the conversion
4:54:16rate as of the filming of this video is
4:54:18one us dollar to 0.82 euros
4:54:22so let's begin we can easily convert
4:54:24dollars to euros with a
4:54:25lambda function so let's say two euros
4:54:29equals lambda the parameter will be data
4:54:34colon and the next part's a little bit
4:54:36tricky within a set of parenthesis to
4:54:38represent a tuple
4:54:39we'll take data at index 0 that
4:54:42corresponds to the first column
4:54:45comma data at index 1.
4:54:49this represents the index of our prices
4:54:52we're going to take
4:54:52data at index 1 times 0.82
4:54:57and that's it the first column will be
4:54:59left untouched
4:55:00but the data in column 1 will be
4:55:03multiplied by 0.82
4:55:05now our map function is going to create
4:55:07a map object but we can easily cast that
4:55:10to a different type of iterable
4:55:12so let's say that store underscore
4:55:16euros equals map
4:55:19parenthesis and then we can pass in our
4:55:21function as well as our iterable
4:55:23our function is our two euros function
4:55:27comma and our iterable is our store
4:55:31and that is it now if you want to
4:55:33convert this map object to an iterable
4:55:36you can easily surround this with a cast
4:55:38i would like to convert this map object
4:55:40to a list
4:55:42and we will now have a new store named
4:55:44store
4:55:45euros which will have all of the
4:55:47different prices of our store in euros
4:55:49and to display this i'll use a for loop
4:55:52for i
4:55:52in store euros
4:55:56print i and
4:56:00let's try it yep that seems about right
4:56:03all of the prices in our store are now
4:56:05in euros
4:56:06let's pretend that these prices are
4:56:08already in euros and we would like to
4:56:10convert these
4:56:10to american dollars so we will use the
4:56:13same conversion rate but divide
4:56:15by 0.82 so let's create a separate
4:56:18lambda function
4:56:19two dollars equals
4:56:22i think i'll just copy this but we are
4:56:25going to divide
4:56:26the first index of data by 0.82
4:56:30and let's say store dollars to represent
4:56:34our store
4:56:35in dollars because we're pretending now
4:56:37that it's currently in euros
4:56:41and we will display 4i in store dollars
4:56:45so if all of these prices are in euros
4:56:48we are now converting them to american
4:56:50dollars
4:56:51but you may want to do some rounding as
4:56:52opposed to the nearest descent
4:56:54well everyone that is the map function
4:56:56it applies a function to
4:56:58each item in an iterable those include
4:57:00lists tuples
4:57:01the like you pass in your iterable and
4:57:04your function as an argument to the map
4:57:07function so if you would like a copy of
4:57:09all this code i will post all of this to
4:57:11the comment section down below
4:57:12but yeah that is how the map function
4:57:14works in python
4:57:17what's going on everybody it's you bro
4:57:19hope you're doing well and in today's
4:57:21video i'm going to show you all how the
4:57:22filter function works in python
4:57:24so sit back relax and enjoy the show
4:57:30all right all right let's discuss the
4:57:32filter function
4:57:33the filter function creates a collection
4:57:35of elements from an
4:57:36iterable for which a function returns
4:57:39true
4:57:40now what the heck does that mean let me
4:57:42explain let's say that we have a list of
4:57:44tuples named
4:57:45friends each tuple has the name of a
4:57:48friend as well as their age
4:57:49i just made up some ages for all of
4:57:51these friends what i would like to do is
4:57:53to create a
4:57:53separate list for all the friends that
4:57:55are 18 or older
4:57:57so let's say that we're all going out
4:57:59drinking and i would like to create a
4:58:01list of my drinking buddies
4:58:02because they're of drinking age i'm in
4:58:04the united states and the drinking age
4:58:06is currently 21
4:58:07but i think worldwide is 18 so let's go
4:58:09with 18 for this example since
4:58:11i have a worldwide audience all right
4:58:13now with this filter function
4:58:15we have to pass in our iterable as well
4:58:17as a function
4:58:18to get anybody's edge that is over 18.
4:58:21so let's begin by writing a
4:58:22lambda function for this expression here
4:58:24our filter function
4:58:26so let's say age equals lambda
4:58:30data will be the parameter colon data
4:58:34at index one so the first index
4:58:38the first column in this chart here
4:58:40would be zero for other names the next
4:58:42index of one would be all the ages
4:58:45data at index one is greater than
4:58:48or equal to eighteen and that is it
4:58:51that is our lambda function and now
4:58:53we're going to filter
4:58:55our iterable by this function of age so
4:58:57let's write
4:58:59filter pass in our function
4:59:02which is edge comma and our iterable
4:59:06friends now this filter function will
4:59:08return a filter
4:59:10object you can easily cast this i would
4:59:11like to cast
4:59:13my friends list back into a list
4:59:17and i will assign this to a new list
4:59:19let's say
4:59:20drinking buddies
4:59:24equals list filter age
4:59:27and friends and i should be able to
4:59:30print
4:59:30all of the friends that are 18 or older
4:59:33for i
4:59:34in drinking bodies
4:59:38print i
4:59:42and we have rachel monica chandler and
4:59:44ross
4:59:45well everyone that is the filter
4:59:47function it creates a collection of
4:59:49elements
4:59:50from an iterable for which a function
4:59:52returns true
4:59:53i like to think of it as the search
4:59:55results we're searching for any results
4:59:57that meet this criteria where age is
5:00:00greater than or equal to 18
5:00:02and then you can create a separate
5:00:03collection or other list if you want
5:00:05from the results
5:00:06but yeah that is how the filter function
5:00:08works in python
5:00:10yo what's going on everybody it's bro
5:00:12hope you're doing well
5:00:13and in today's video i'm going to show
5:00:15you how the reduce function works in
5:00:17python so
5:00:18sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:00:22well i suppose we're on the reduce
5:00:24function today the reduce function
5:00:26applies a function of our choosing
5:00:28to an iterable and reduces that iterable
5:00:31to a single cumulative value the way
5:00:34this works is that the reduce function
5:00:36performs our function
5:00:37on the first two elements of our
5:00:39iterable and repeats the process
5:00:41until only one value remains i kind of
5:00:44like to think of it like
5:00:45we're recycling elements within an
5:00:47iterable until a single
5:00:49value remains our finished product so
5:00:51how is this useful let's say that
5:00:53we're playing a game scramble and we
5:00:55have a bunch of different letters within
5:00:57an iterable
5:00:58a list is a type of iterable so i have a
5:01:01list named letters and we have all of
5:01:03the letters we need to spell the word
5:01:05what i would like to do is to reduce all
5:01:07of these individual elements into a
5:01:09single cumulative value until only one
5:01:12value remains so we can do that using
5:01:14the reduce function you can also do this
5:01:16with the for loop too there's multiple
5:01:18ways of doing this
5:01:19so using the reduce function we're going
5:01:21to import
5:01:23func tools and now let's say we have
5:01:28our cumulative value stored within a
5:01:30variable named word
5:01:32word equals func tools dot reduce
5:01:36now the reduce function has two
5:01:38arguments the function we would like to
5:01:40apply
5:01:41to the first two elements and then our
5:01:43iterable
5:01:44the interval is easy that is just
5:01:45letters so let's put that in
5:01:48letters and for the function we can
5:01:50easily write a lambda function for this
5:01:52lambda and now this function needs two
5:01:55parameters
5:01:56let's say x and y now what kind of
5:02:00function do we want to perform on the
5:02:02first two elements of our iterable
5:02:04let's combine them together so let's say
5:02:07x
5:02:07plus y and now
5:02:10let's print our single cumulative value
5:02:14of word so this should print
5:02:18the word hello i'm fairly confident that
5:02:21the word hello is worth like
5:02:2220 points in scrabble now let me explain
5:02:24what happened step by
5:02:26step our reduce function applies our
5:02:28function
5:02:29to the first two elements within our
5:02:31iterable
5:02:32it performs this expression that we set
5:02:35x plus y but really we can write
5:02:37anything here
5:02:38so we perform this expression on the
5:02:41first two elements
5:02:43then we repeat the process again using
5:02:46the result
5:02:46from the first time we use this
5:02:48expression and the next element
5:02:50so we're combining x plus y again
5:02:54and then we're just going to repeat this
5:02:56process until only
5:02:58one value remains it's kind of like
5:03:00we're recycling
5:03:01all of these letters and creating a
5:03:03finished product out of all of these
5:03:05that's how i think of it at least here's
5:03:07a different example let's say that i
5:03:08would like to find
5:03:10the factorial of 5 so i have the numbers
5:03:135 through 1 within a list named
5:03:16factorial
5:03:17so if i was to find the factorial of 5
5:03:20via the reduce function
5:03:21i would probably write something like
5:03:23this so let me change
5:03:25word to let's say result result
5:03:28equals functools reduce now our lambda
5:03:31function will be
5:03:32x times y because with factorials we
5:03:36multiply
5:03:37the next two numbers together then we
5:03:40take that result
5:03:41and then multiply the next one in this
5:03:42list so the
5:03:44iterable will be factorial and
5:03:47let's print what our result is
5:03:51so the factorial of 5 should be 120. now
5:03:55let's walk through this we're taking
5:03:56the first two elements of this iterable
5:03:59five
5:03:59and four multiplying together in this
5:04:02case in the last example we concatenated
5:04:05the strings together of x and y
5:04:07in this example we're multiplying them
5:04:08together so we take
5:04:10the first two elements 5 times 4
5:04:13we take the result and apply it to the
5:04:15next iteration
5:04:17of x times y again so 20 times 3
5:04:20is 60. we repeat this process again
5:04:2460 times 2 is 120 and 120 times 1
5:04:28is 120 so that's kind of how the reduce
5:04:31function
5:04:32works it applies a function of our
5:04:34choosing to the first
5:04:36two elements of an iterable and repeats
5:04:38that process until
5:04:39only a single cumulative value remains
5:04:43so that is the reduce function if you
5:04:44would like a copy of all this code i
5:04:46will post all of this to the comment
5:04:48section down below
5:04:49but yeah that is how the reduce function
5:04:51works in python
5:04:54hey what's going on everybody it's your
5:04:56bro hope you're doing well and in this
5:04:58video i'm going to show you all how list
5:04:59comprehensions work in python so
5:05:02sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:05:06all right everybody so list
5:05:08comprehensions a list comprehension is a
5:05:10way to create a new list with
5:05:12less syntax you can also use a list
5:05:15comprehension to mimic
5:05:16certain lambda functions such as in the
5:05:18previous videos where we use
5:05:20the map and the filter functions and not
5:05:23only that but a list comprehension
5:05:24is easier to read than a lambda function
5:05:27but there is a formula that we're going
5:05:29to follow
5:05:29when we create our list within our list
5:05:32we're going to write an expression
5:05:34for item in iterable now let me give you
5:05:37an example of where a list comprehension
5:05:39would be useful
5:05:40let's take this program that will create
5:05:42a list of all the numbers
5:05:441 through 10 squared so if i were to
5:05:46print this we'll get the numbers 1
5:05:48through 10
5:05:48whatever their square is right so we
5:05:50have 1 through 10
5:05:52and the square of 10 is 100 so we wrote
5:05:55this program
5:05:56in three lines of code we're creating an
5:05:58empty list we're creating a for loop
5:06:00and then we're writing an expression for
5:06:01what we want each loop iteration to do
5:06:04now let's write the same program but
5:06:05used a list comprehension
5:06:07and we can write the same program with
5:06:09less syntax
5:06:10so i would write something like this and
5:06:12we're going to follow this formula
5:06:14so our list is going to be named
5:06:17squares equals then within a set of
5:06:21straight brackets
5:06:22we're going to write our expression
5:06:24which is this portion i times i
5:06:27for item so that would be 4i
5:06:31in our iterable that would be range
5:06:341 through 11 because remember 11's
5:06:38exclusive
5:06:39and then let's print our squares print
5:06:43squares and there you go
5:06:47we made the exact same program using a
5:06:49list comprehension
5:06:50so basically speaking you just follow
5:06:52this formula you set your list equal to
5:06:55your expression and our expression for
5:06:58this example is i times i
5:07:00for item for i in
5:07:03your interval in range one through
5:07:05eleven
5:07:06so this took three lines of code well if
5:07:09you exclude us printing
5:07:11our list and this program took one line
5:07:14of code
5:07:14now we can also use a list comprehension
5:07:17to mimic certain lambda functions i
5:07:19wrote a program
5:07:20where we will be filtering a list of
5:07:22student grades
5:07:23let's pretend that all of these students
5:07:25took some sort of exam
5:07:26so we have one student that received a
5:07:28100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
5:07:32and then one student got a zero because
5:07:34they didn't show up so what i would like
5:07:35to do is to filter
5:07:36all of these student grades into a list
5:07:39that only contains
5:07:40students that passed and the criteria
5:07:42for a passing grade will be
5:07:44a 60 or above so i would like to filter
5:07:48all passing students and if i was to
5:07:50write this program using the filter
5:07:52function i would probably write
5:07:53something like this
5:07:54so i need a function and then my list
5:07:56that i'm working with
5:07:57lambda x colon x is greater than or
5:08:01equal to 60
5:08:02will filter all of the results and then
5:08:04convert it to a list named past students
5:08:06so the result will look something like
5:08:08this i have five student grades in here
5:08:11with 100 90 80 70 and 60.
5:08:14now let's write the same program using a
5:08:16list comprehension
5:08:17now there's just one portion to this
5:08:19formula for list comprehension that
5:08:20we're going to add
5:08:21at the end we're going to add if
5:08:23conditional we can check
5:08:25some sort of condition after each
5:08:27iteration so
5:08:28let's write the same program using a
5:08:30list comprehension following
5:08:31this new updated formula that we have so
5:08:34we need
5:08:34our list which will be named past
5:08:38students equals first comes our
5:08:41expression
5:08:41and it's just i for this example for
5:08:44item
5:08:45i in our iterable
5:08:48of students and then if we can check our
5:08:51conditional
5:08:52if i is greater than or equal to 60
5:08:56and this will have the same effect as
5:08:59our previous program but instead it uses
5:09:01a list comprehension
5:09:03now if your program has multiple output
5:09:06if you need an else statement within
5:09:07your conditional
5:09:08you're actually going to move this
5:09:09portion of the if conditional within
5:09:12our formula to right after the
5:09:13expression so let's write
5:09:15an if else statement here
5:09:18so let's say that instead of just
5:09:20excluding any student that didn't pass
5:09:22we'll replace their grade with the word
5:09:24failed and we can do that
5:09:26using an if else statement so let's do
5:09:28this again i'm going to copy what we
5:09:30have here
5:09:31paste it and we'll move our conditional
5:09:33from the end
5:09:35to just after the expression portion i
5:09:39if i is greater than or equal to 60 and
5:09:41you can see here that we need to add an
5:09:43else statement else will return
5:09:46the word failed
5:09:51so we're replacing each instance of
5:09:54a failing grade with the word failed
5:09:56instead so if your condition
5:09:58returns whatever i is you can just add
5:10:00that to the end
5:10:01if you need an if else statement you're
5:10:02going to add it right after the
5:10:04expression
5:10:05so everybody in conclusion a list
5:10:07comprehension is a way to create a new
5:10:10list
5:10:10with less syntax you can even mimic
5:10:13certain lambda functions which we did
5:10:14with the
5:10:15filter function and it has the added
5:10:17benefit of being easier to read than a
5:10:19lambda function
5:10:21so you just follow one of these formulas
5:10:22depending on what you're trying to do
5:10:24so you need at least list equals your
5:10:27expression
5:10:28for item and your interval if you have a
5:10:30condition that you want to check
5:10:31you just add that to the end of your
5:10:33list comprehension if you have an if
5:10:35else statement
5:10:36then you'll add that to right after the
5:10:38expression so you just follow one of
5:10:40these formulas depending on how you want
5:10:42to write your program
5:10:43so that is a list comprehension if you
5:10:45would like a copy of this code i will
5:10:47post all of this to the comments section
5:10:48down below and well
5:10:50yeah that's how list comprehensions work
5:10:52in python
5:10:54yo what's going on everybody it's bro
5:10:56hope you're doing well
5:10:57and in this video i'm going to explain
5:10:59dictionary comprehensions in python so
5:11:01sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:11:06okay people dictionary comprehensions
5:11:09they're very similar to list
5:11:10comprehensions except
5:11:11they're with dictionaries that's it
5:11:13video over okay but seriously a
5:11:15dictionary comprehension is a way to
5:11:17create dictionaries using an expression
5:11:19and they can replace for loops and
5:11:21certain lambda functions
5:11:22and all we have to do is follow this
5:11:24formula dictionary equals
5:11:26key colon our expression for key value
5:11:29in iterable so let's go over a few
5:11:31examples our first example we're going
5:11:33to take
5:11:34this dictionary named cities in f f is
5:11:37short for fahrenheit
5:11:38i have different city names as keys and
5:11:41relative temperatures as
5:11:42values in fahrenheit so new york is 32
5:11:46degrees fahrenheit boston is 75.
5:11:48los angeles is 100 and chicago is 50.
5:11:51and what we'll be doing is creating a
5:11:53separate dictionary where all of these
5:11:55temperatures will be in celsius
5:11:57using a dictionary comprehension so
5:12:00let's follow this formula let's create a
5:12:02new name for this dictionary
5:12:03let's say cities in c short for celsius
5:12:07equals and we will follow this pattern
5:12:10first our key
5:12:11golden then our expression we'll go back
5:12:13to this in just a moment
5:12:15for key comma
5:12:18value in our iterable
5:12:21of cities in f and since we're working
5:12:25with a dictionary we're going to use
5:12:27the items method now we just need to
5:12:29fill in this expression
5:12:31there is a formula to convert fahrenheit
5:12:33to celsius and it should be on the
5:12:34screen right about now
5:12:36so let's follow this formula so we'll
5:12:38take our value
5:12:40minus 32 and just for good measure i'm
5:12:43going to put these within parentheses
5:12:45and we will multiply all of this by
5:12:495 divided by 9 and that is it so we have
5:12:52our key
5:12:54our expression to convert fahrenheit to
5:12:56celsius
5:12:58for key value in our iterable of
5:13:01cities in f our previous dictionary and
5:13:04let's test this by printing our new
5:13:07dictionary
5:13:08cities in c
5:13:12actually i think i'm going to round
5:13:14these numbers just so it's more readable
5:13:16so let's round all this there we go so
5:13:19new york and celsius is zero
5:13:21boston is 24. los angeles is 38 and
5:13:24chicago is 10.
5:13:26so we created a new dictionary using a
5:13:29dictionary comprehension
5:13:30now with these dictionary comprehensions
5:13:32you can add an if conditional to the end
5:13:34of this
5:13:35so let's say that we have a separate
5:13:37dictionary of weather
5:13:38like a description of the weather in
5:13:40each city new york is snowing
5:13:42boston is sunny los angeles is sunny and
5:13:44chicago is cloudy
5:13:46let's say that we would like to create a
5:13:47separate dictionary with a dictionary
5:13:50comprehension
5:13:51that only has cities where the weather
5:13:53is sunny
5:13:54so i would write something like this
5:13:57let's say sunny
5:13:58weather will be the name of our
5:13:59dictionary equals and we'll follow
5:14:02this formula and then we just tack on
5:14:04our conditional to the end so it's kind
5:14:06of the same as before really
5:14:08so key colon and we don't really have an
5:14:11expression here so let's just say
5:14:14value then for
5:14:19key comma value
5:14:22in our iterable of
5:14:25weather dot items
5:14:28then our conditional if value
5:14:33sunny because we are only looking for
5:14:35sunny weather
5:14:37and let's print this print
5:14:40our dictionary of sunny weather
5:14:44and let me just make this more readable
5:14:45for you guys and our new dictionary
5:14:47comprehension
5:14:48will create a dictionary of key values
5:14:51where the value
5:14:52is sunny using an if conditional at the
5:14:55end of our dictionary comprehension
5:14:57here's a third example for you well if
5:14:59you have an if else condition you can
5:15:00add that to where the expression is
5:15:02within your dictionary comprehension
5:15:04so i'm going to reuse the previous
5:15:06dictionary for the first example where
5:15:08we have
5:15:09cities and their temperatures as values
5:15:11so we're going to replace each
5:15:13temperature with a description of the
5:15:15weather
5:15:16is it warm or is it cold so let's do
5:15:18that using
5:15:19a dictionary comprehension that contains
5:15:21an if else statement
5:15:22so let's say we have a new dictionary
5:15:24named desk short for description
5:15:27cities it's a brief description of each
5:15:29city's temperature
5:15:31so we follow this formula key
5:15:34then our if else conditional for key
5:15:37value
5:15:38and iterable actually i probably can
5:15:40copy all this
5:15:41just to save some time okay so our
5:15:44iterable
5:15:45will be cities dot items
5:15:49and our conditional is going to be
5:15:53we will return warm if
5:15:56our value is greater than or equal to
5:16:00let's say 40. else
5:16:04cold and we will print
5:16:07our new dictionary of desk cities
5:16:11description of cities so new york is
5:16:14cold because it's 32 that's below 40.
5:16:17boston is warm los angeles is warm and
5:16:19chicago is warm
5:16:21now if your condition gets somewhat
5:16:22complex you can even call a separate
5:16:25function to keep your code more
5:16:26organized
5:16:27so key then we can call a function and
5:16:29pass in a value
5:16:30for key value in iterable so i'm going
5:16:32to again
5:16:33reuse our city names and our
5:16:35temperatures
5:16:36and this time we are going to call a
5:16:39function instead
5:16:40i think i'll reuse this code from the
5:16:41previous example where we have a
5:16:43separate dictionary named
5:16:44desk cities and i'm going to replace
5:16:47this if else statement
5:16:48with a function so let's say we have a
5:16:51function that is named
5:16:52check temp and we will pass in our value
5:16:56and we just need to define this function
5:16:58so let's define that here
5:17:00so let's define check
5:17:03temp and our parameter is our value that
5:17:06we're currently working on within our
5:17:08dictionary
5:17:09value then we'll write if
5:17:12value is greater than or equal to
5:17:16let's say anything above how about 70
5:17:19will return the word hot
5:17:24then else if
5:17:27let's say 69 greater than or equal to
5:17:32value and then
5:17:35value is greater than or equal to
5:17:39how about 40 then we will
5:17:43return the word warm
5:17:46and lastly else return
5:17:51cold and let me just fix some of the
5:17:53spacing
5:17:56now depending on the temperature that is
5:17:58stored within each value of our
5:18:00dictionary
5:18:01we will call a function that will return
5:18:04one of a few different outputs
5:18:06so it's kind of like we're using the map
5:18:08function the map lambda function
5:18:11so let's print our description
5:18:14of cities and we should get a short
5:18:16description of the temperature in each
5:18:18city
5:18:19after we call the check temperature
5:18:21function and then pass in each value
5:18:23from our dictionary
5:18:24so new york is cold because it's 32
5:18:27degrees fahrenheit
5:18:28boston is hot because it's above 70. los
5:18:31angeles is hot
5:18:32because it's 100 and then chicago is
5:18:34warm because that is 50 which is between
5:18:3669 and 40 within our function
5:18:40so that is a dictionary comprehension
5:18:42it's a shortcut where you can create
5:18:44dictionaries using an expression
5:18:46and they can replace for loops and
5:18:48certain lambda functions
5:18:49so if you would like a copy of all this
5:18:51code i will post all of this to the
5:18:53comment section down below
5:18:54and well yeah that's how dictionary
5:18:56comprehensions work
5:18:57in python hey what's going on everybody
5:19:00it's bro hope you're doing well and in
5:19:02today's video i'm going to show you how
5:19:04the zip function works in python so
5:19:06sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:19:11all right ladies and gentlemen welcome
5:19:13back we're talking about the zip
5:19:14function today
5:19:16the zip function will aggregate elements
5:19:18from two or more iterables
5:19:20iterables are those things like lists
5:19:23tuples
5:19:23sets etc and the zip function will
5:19:26create a
5:19:26zip object with paired elements from
5:19:29each iterable
5:19:30stored in a tuple for each element
5:19:33within our zip object
5:19:34here's an example let's say that we have
5:19:37two different types of iterables
5:19:38i have a list of usernames and a few
5:19:41usernames within here are
5:19:43dude bro and mr and i have a
5:19:46tuple of passwords and i have some very
5:19:48secure passwords
5:19:49such as password abc123
5:19:53and guest what i would like to do is to
5:19:55zip elements from each iterable together
5:19:58so that they're in pairs and each pair
5:20:00is going to be stored as a tuple within
5:20:03a zip object and here's how we can do
5:20:05that let's say that we will create a zip
5:20:07object called users
5:20:09and we will use the zip function the zip
5:20:11function will take a
5:20:13varying amount of iterables we're going
5:20:14to pass in our usernames
5:20:16and passwords and zip them together so
5:20:18let's pass in usernames
5:20:20as well as passwords and now our zip
5:20:23object of users
5:20:24is actually iterable zip objects are
5:20:26iterable so we can use them within a for
5:20:28loop
5:20:28so let's type for i in users
5:20:32and print i
5:20:36and what we get is that we have a zip
5:20:39object
5:20:39of tuples and each tuple is storing each
5:20:42pair of elements from our
5:20:44two iterables now users is a
5:20:47zip object and if you don't believe me
5:20:49let me prove it i'm going to print
5:20:51the type of users and this will print
5:20:54that users is indeed a zip object
5:20:58but you can easily convert this to a
5:21:00different type of iterable by using a
5:21:02cast
5:21:03let's say that we would like to convert
5:21:04our zip object into a list
5:21:07so we'll surround the zip function with
5:21:09a cast to a list
5:21:10and now the data type of users is now a
5:21:13list
5:21:14what we have is a list of tuples and
5:21:16each tuple is storing a
5:21:18pair of elements from our two iterables
5:21:21of usernames and passwords
5:21:22now currently since we're passing in
5:21:24only two different iterables we can
5:21:26easily make this
5:21:27a dictionary so that these are key value
5:21:30pairs
5:21:31so let's cast our zip object as a
5:21:33dictionary
5:21:34and to display all of the elements
5:21:36within our dictionary all the key value
5:21:38pairs
5:21:38we're going to change our for loop to
5:21:40this for key value
5:21:43in users dot and we will use the
5:21:46items method print key
5:21:50comma value actually i think i'm going
5:21:53to separate each of these with
5:21:54a colon just to make it more readable
5:21:58and now when we zip these two intervals
5:22:00together
5:22:01we end up with a dictionary of usernames
5:22:04and passwords and the name of this
5:22:06dictionary is users
5:22:08now you're not limited to just two
5:22:11iterables you can add
5:22:12a third iterable or more so this time
5:22:14let's create a
5:22:16maybe a list a list of last login dates
5:22:19and i'll just call this
5:22:20login date equals and why not make a
5:22:23list
5:22:24and let's make up some dates let's say 1
5:22:271
5:22:27dash 20 21
5:22:3212-20-21
5:22:34and 1-3-20
5:22:3821 okay so let's create
5:22:42a zip object of users and we're going to
5:22:46zip
5:22:48user names passwords
5:22:52and login date
5:22:56and let's iterate over this for i
5:23:00in users print
5:23:03i now we have a tuple for each element
5:23:08and instead of a pair we now
5:23:10have a trio i guess of all of the
5:23:13different elements
5:23:14from each iterable so in conclusion
5:23:17the zip function will aggregate elements
5:23:19from two or more
5:23:20iterables and create a zip object with
5:23:23paired or grouped together elements
5:23:25stored in a
5:23:26tuple for each element within our zip
5:23:29object
5:23:30so that is the zip function if you would
5:23:32like a copy of this code i will post
5:23:34this to the comment section down below
5:23:36and well yeah that's how the zip
5:23:38function works in python
5:23:41hey what's going on everybody it's you
5:23:43bro hope you're doing well
5:23:44and i'm going to explain the purpose of
5:23:46if name equals main
5:23:48in python so sit back relax
5:23:51and enjoy the show
5:23:54during your programming journey you may
5:23:56have encountered this strange statement
5:23:58of
5:23:58if name equals main now what the heck
5:24:01does that mean
5:24:02so with python files also referred to as
5:24:05modules by including this statement it
5:24:08gives our modules some flexibility
5:24:10one a module that has the statement can
5:24:12be run as a standalone program
5:24:15or two this module can be imported
5:24:18and used by other modules if there's
5:24:20some sort of useful functions
5:24:22or other resources within this module to
5:24:24be imported
5:24:25by including the statement of if name
5:24:27equals main we're checking to see if a
5:24:30user
5:24:30is running this module as either a
5:24:32standalone program
5:24:34or they're importing it from another
5:24:36module behind the scenes
5:24:38the python interpreter will set special
5:24:40variables
5:24:41one of which is double underscore name
5:24:44it's a variable
5:24:45and python will assign the name variable
5:24:48a value
5:24:49of main if it's the initial module being
5:24:52run
5:24:52and we can actually test that by
5:24:54printing double
5:24:56underscore name so since this is the
5:24:59initial module being run
5:25:01module one for my example name is going
5:25:04to be assigned a value
5:25:05a string of main now check this out i
5:25:09have two modules what if i were to
5:25:12import module 2 and check the name
5:25:14variable of module 2.
5:25:16let's try it import module
5:25:20two
5:25:23in order to access a variable from
5:25:26another module i need to type the name
5:25:28of the module
5:25:29module two dot and i would like to check
5:25:32the special name variable of module 2
5:25:35and print it
5:25:37so when you import a module this name
5:25:40variable is going to be assigned
5:25:41the name of the module in this case
5:25:43module 2.
5:25:44this time what if we change the roles
5:25:46around i'm going to copy all of this
5:25:48text
5:25:49and paste it within module two we're
5:25:52going to
5:25:52import from module one we will
5:25:56print that special name variable of
5:25:59this module module 2 and then print the
5:26:02name variable
5:26:03of module 1 which is being imported now
5:26:06when i run this program i'm going to
5:26:08instead
5:26:09run from module 2.
5:26:12now this time that special name variable
5:26:15of module 2 is main and the special name
5:26:19variable of module 1
5:26:21is module 1 the name of the module
5:26:24so by including a statement such as
5:26:27if name equals main we're checking to
5:26:30see if this module is being run
5:26:32directly or indirectly so let's test it
5:26:36within this statement of if name equals
5:26:39main
5:26:39let's print running this
5:26:43module directly
5:26:47else that must mean that we're running
5:26:49this module
5:26:50indirectly so let's print
5:26:54running other
5:26:57module indirectly
5:27:00okay so i'm going to go to module 1
5:27:03and run from here running this module
5:27:07directly
5:27:08now let's do the same thing with module
5:27:10two but we need to
5:27:12import module
5:27:16one and let's run for module two
5:27:24running other module indirectly for the
5:27:27time being i'm just going to write pass
5:27:28within
5:27:29our if name equals main as a placeholder
5:27:32and get rid of our if statement
5:27:33so let's say within module 1 there's a
5:27:36useful function or resource we would
5:27:38like to access
5:27:39from module 2. so let's say we have a
5:27:41function named hello
5:27:43and all this will do is print the word
5:27:46hello
5:27:47let's just pretend that it's a useful
5:27:49function not really but
5:27:50let's pretend so in order to use this
5:27:54function from module two i need to
5:27:56import module one
5:27:58then type module one dot and
5:28:02then the name of the function so i'm
5:28:04going to run
5:28:05from module 2 and this will print
5:28:08hello but what if i run this program
5:28:11from module 1.
5:28:13so right now module 1 cannot be run
5:28:16directly as a standalone program
5:28:18so i cannot print the word hello so what
5:28:21i could do
5:28:22is within if name equals main i can
5:28:25call that hello function directly
5:28:28so let's run from module one
5:28:31hello one other thing that you might see
5:28:34too within
5:28:35the if statement if name equals main
5:28:37there might be a call for
5:28:39a main function and you can write the
5:28:41main body of your program within
5:28:43a main function so everybody in
5:28:46conclusion
5:28:47the reason that people may include this
5:28:49statement if name
5:28:50equals main is that it allows our
5:28:52modules to have some flexibility
5:28:54they can be run as a standalone program
5:28:57or they can be imported and used by
5:28:59other modules
5:29:00and this is because the python
5:29:02interpreter sets
5:29:03that special variable of name with a
5:29:06value
5:29:07of main if it's the initial module being
5:29:10run
5:29:10if you would like a copy of my code and
5:29:12my notes i will post all of this to the
5:29:14comment section down below
5:29:16but yeah that's the purpose of if name
5:29:19equals main
5:29:19in python hey what's going on everybody
5:29:23it's bro hope you're doing well and in
5:29:25this video i'm going to show you all a
5:29:26few useful functions related to
5:29:28times and dates using the time module in
5:29:31python so
5:29:32sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:29:37alright everybody so the time module
5:29:39let's begin by importing time
5:29:41and the first thing that i'm going to
5:29:42explain to you while is how we can find
5:29:44our computer's epic
5:29:46also pronounced as epoch so this is a
5:29:49date and time
5:29:50in which your computer thinks time began
5:29:52think of it that way at least
5:29:54so we use our epic as a reference point
5:29:58so to find your computer's epic it's
5:29:59going to vary based on your computer and
5:30:01your operating system
5:30:02so to find your computer's epic type
5:30:04time dot
5:30:06c time and as an argument we will pass
5:30:08in zero
5:30:10now what this method will do is that
5:30:12this method will convert a time
5:30:14expressed in seconds and convert it to a
5:30:16readable string
5:30:18so if i was to pass in 0 and print it
5:30:20well then
5:30:21this will display the date and time
5:30:23which is my epic
5:30:25our reference point so for me my epic is
5:30:28wednesday december 31st 6 p.m
5:30:311969 so i've just added a note
5:30:34that the c time method will convert a
5:30:37time expressed in seconds
5:30:39since epic and convert it to a readable
5:30:42string a readable
5:30:44date and time so for practice let's pass
5:30:47in perhaps
5:30:471 million seconds and see what date and
5:30:50time that we receive
5:30:51so our c time method will return a date
5:30:54and time
5:30:55one million seconds past this epic here
5:30:59so that would be for me monday january
5:31:0212th
5:31:02about 7 a.m 1970. our next method is
5:31:06the time method of the time module let's
5:31:09print
5:31:10time dot time method and what this
5:31:12method will do
5:31:13is return the current seconds that have
5:31:16passed
5:31:16since our epic using our computer's
5:31:19clock
5:31:20so the number that i end up with is just
5:31:23over
5:31:231.6 billion and this is in seconds
5:31:27so for me 1.6 billion seconds
5:31:30has passed since that date which is my
5:31:33epic
5:31:33i believe it was december 31st 1969
5:31:37and every time that i rerun this program
5:31:39you can see that the amount of seconds
5:31:41that has passed is actually increasing
5:31:44so
5:31:45that is the time method it will return
5:31:47the current seconds
5:31:49since you're epic using your computer's
5:31:51clock and you know what
5:31:52just for fun let's change the date and
5:31:55time under clock and see what happens
5:31:57so let's change the year to
5:32:00how about the year 2000 change
5:32:04and close so let's see what number we
5:32:07get with the time method now
5:32:09so we get just under 1 billion 948
5:32:14million seconds have passed
5:32:16and now if you need to retrieve the
5:32:18current date and time
5:32:19well there's one of a few ways in which
5:32:21you could retrieve that but one way is
5:32:23that we can combine
5:32:24both of these methods of the see time
5:32:27method and the time method of the time
5:32:29module
5:32:30so let's print time dot c
5:32:33time and we're going to pass in an
5:32:35amount of seconds
5:32:36into the c time method as an argument so
5:32:39within
5:32:40the c time method we're going to call
5:32:42the time method
5:32:44so the time method will return an amount
5:32:46of seconds
5:32:47since our epic and the c time method
5:32:49will convert
5:32:50that amount of seconds to a readable
5:32:52date and time
5:32:53so the current date and time is saturday
5:32:57january 23rd about 3 p.m 20 21
5:33:00now there is more than one way to get
5:33:02the current date and time
5:33:03another way is to use the local time
5:33:06method and the local time method will
5:33:08create a
5:33:09time object based on the current time so
5:33:12what i'm going to do is
5:33:14create a variable called time object
5:33:17and i just need to explain a few things
5:33:19about time objects
5:33:20so to best explain this i'm going to
5:33:22print our time
5:33:23object now a time object is also
5:33:26referred to as a
5:33:27struct time object it is made up of
5:33:30different keyword arguments
5:33:32there's a year a month day
5:33:35hour minutes seconds day of the week
5:33:39day of the year and this keyword
5:33:41argument here has something to do with
5:33:42daylight savings time
5:33:44so there's quite a few uses with time
5:33:46objects
5:33:47and one way is that we can format them
5:33:50however we want because right now
5:33:52this time object is not in a readable
5:33:54format
5:33:55so to convert this time object into a
5:33:58readable string we'll need the help of a
5:34:00separate function
5:34:01and that is the strf time function
5:34:05str is short for string f4 format and
5:34:08time
5:34:09well for time i guess so this function
5:34:12needs two arguments a format and a time
5:34:15object so our strf time function will
5:34:18accept
5:34:19a format and a time object as an
5:34:22argument
5:34:23so our format is really just a string
5:34:26of different directives and to best
5:34:28explain these i'm going to head to
5:34:30python's official documentation on the
5:34:32subject
5:34:33so here i am on python's website
5:34:35regarding the time module and underneath
5:34:38this section on the strf time function
5:34:41there are different directives that we
5:34:43can embed within our format string that
5:34:45we pass in as an argument
5:34:47depending on the directive that we add
5:34:49we can display
5:34:50a certain format of our date and time
5:34:54so for example if i was to pass in let's
5:34:57say
5:34:57percent lowercase a then we will display
5:35:01the time object's weekday name and
5:35:04you're not limited to just one directive
5:35:05you can add any combination of
5:35:07directives
5:35:08so if i was to add percent m well we
5:35:11would display
5:35:12the month of our date time object as a
5:35:14number
5:35:151 through 12. so there's a bunch of
5:35:17directives here and i'm going to be
5:35:18using some of these
5:35:20so within a string for the format
5:35:22argument i'm going to pass in
5:35:24percent capital b for the name of the
5:35:27month
5:35:28percent d for the day
5:35:31percent y for the year
5:35:35percent h for the hour and to format
5:35:38this i'm going to add a colon
5:35:40to separate hours and minutes percent
5:35:43m for minutes colon percent s
5:35:48for seconds and then we are going to
5:35:51assign
5:35:51all of this to a variable let's say
5:35:54local
5:35:55time and local time will be a string
5:35:58so let's print our local time
5:36:03and the current time is january
5:36:0623rd 2021 about 3 p.m
5:36:10oh and i almost forgot you can also get
5:36:12the utc
5:36:13time that is the coordinated universal
5:36:16time if you know how that works
5:36:18so if you need that you would just use
5:36:20the gm
5:36:21time method for the utc time coordinated
5:36:25universal time
5:36:26okay next up we have the strp
5:36:29time function and this function will
5:36:32parse
5:36:32a string representation of a time and or
5:36:36date
5:36:36and return a time object so we need to
5:36:39pass in
5:36:39a string representing the date and or
5:36:42time as well as a format
5:36:44string so let's create a time string and
5:36:47this variable is going to be a string
5:36:49representation of
5:36:50a date let's say 20th of april 2020
5:36:54and what we can do is take this string
5:36:56representation of a time and or date
5:36:58and parse it to a time object so we're
5:37:01going to pass in our time
5:37:02string variable as well as a format
5:37:05string
5:37:06so let's say i would like to parse
5:37:10the day so that would be percent d for
5:37:12day
5:37:13then percent b for name of the month
5:37:17and then comma percent y for year
5:37:21this function will create a time object
5:37:23so let's assign that to a variable
5:37:26time object equals time dot strp time
5:37:29we're passing in our string
5:37:31representation of a time
5:37:32or date as well as a format string
5:37:35and we can print our time object using a
5:37:38print statement
5:37:40however this is going to be in a form
5:37:41that is somewhat difficult to read but
5:37:43you can see at least we have a time
5:37:45object
5:37:46with all of these keywords filled in
5:37:48with anything that we passed in
5:37:49via these format directives that we have
5:37:52now the next function
5:37:53is the asc time function
5:37:56and this function accepts a time object
5:37:59or a tuple representation
5:38:01of a relative time so this time let's
5:38:04create a
5:38:04time tuple and we're going to follow
5:38:08this order we can pass in
5:38:09up to nine values the first value is a
5:38:12year so let's pass in perhaps
5:38:142020 a month let's say four
5:38:17a day how about 20 four hours
5:38:20let's say four minutes 20 and seconds
5:38:24maybe zero let me just fix some of the
5:38:26spacing here
5:38:27okay you can also pass in a numbered day
5:38:30of the week
5:38:31um i'm just going to say zero i don't
5:38:33think it's really that important
5:38:35a day of the year zero and
5:38:38negative one or zero for daylight
5:38:39savings time so
5:38:41we created a time tuple and we can pass
5:38:44in a time
5:38:44object or a tuple representation of a
5:38:47time
5:38:48following this formula so let's pass in
5:38:51our time tuple
5:38:52and this will create a time string a
5:38:55string representation of the time that
5:38:57we create
5:38:58and let's print our time string
5:39:02and we should have april 20th
5:39:05about four in the morning the year 2020.
5:39:08so that is asc time it will convert a
5:39:11tuple representation of a time and date
5:39:15or a time object and convert it to a
5:39:17readable
5:39:18string now another option is to use m
5:39:21k time and mk time will take a
5:39:24tuple representation of a time or a time
5:39:28object
5:39:28and convert it to seconds since epic
5:39:32so april 20th of the year 2020
5:39:35is about 1.5 billion seconds
5:39:38since our epic date and for me that was
5:39:40december 31st the year 1969
5:39:44so that is a few useful functions of the
5:39:47time module
5:39:49if you would like a copy of this code i
5:39:50will post all this to the comment
5:39:52section down below
5:39:53and well yeah that's the time module in
5:39:56python
5:39:58yo what's going on everybody it's bro
5:40:00hope you're doing well
5:40:01and in this video i'm going to explain
5:40:03multi-threading in python so
5:40:04sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:40:09think of a thread as a flow of execution
5:40:12like a river
5:40:13and each thread can carry out its own
5:40:15separate order of instructions
5:40:17if we use this process of
5:40:18multi-threading we can have our program
5:40:21run
5:40:21different parts of its program at
5:40:23different times
5:40:24they all run concurrently but not truly
5:40:27in parallel that is a concept for later
5:40:29referred to as multi-processing
5:40:31so with reds they each take a turn
5:40:34running to achieve concurrency
5:40:36this is due to a notorious feature known
5:40:38as the gil
5:40:40the global interpreter lock only one
5:40:43thread can be running at one time
5:40:45but they can all take turns when one
5:40:47thread is idle
5:40:48so this allows one thread to hold
5:40:50control of the python interpreter
5:40:53at any one time so they run concurrently
5:40:55but not truly in parallel
5:40:57which is what we do with
5:40:59multi-processing now programs and tasks
5:41:01can be divided into
5:41:02two different categories they can be cpu
5:41:05bound that is a program or a task
5:41:08that spends most of its time waiting for
5:41:10internal events
5:41:11such as a task that is cpu intensive
5:41:14it is better to use multi-processing for
5:41:17tasks that are cpu bound
5:41:19now tasks that are io bound means that
5:41:22the program will spend most of its time
5:41:24waiting for external events
5:41:26such as waiting for user input or if
5:41:29you're doing activities like web
5:41:30scraping
5:41:31you do a lot of sitting around so with i
5:41:33o bound tasks it's better to use
5:41:35multi-threading
5:41:36because we can have multiple threads
5:41:38running concurrently
5:41:40but not truly in parallel like what we
5:41:42do with multi-processing
5:41:43after importing the threading module we
5:41:46can count the number of threads that are
5:41:48currently running
5:41:48in the background whenever we run a
5:41:50program we have one thread that is
5:41:52running that is in charge of
5:41:54executing our program and we can print
5:41:56the active count of threads running in
5:41:58our program
5:41:59using the active count function of the
5:42:01threading module
5:42:03so this will print one we have one
5:42:05thread that is running
5:42:06and we can print a list of all the
5:42:09threads that are running
5:42:11by using the enumerate function so
5:42:14the one thread that is in charge of
5:42:16running our program
5:42:17is referred to as the main thread by
5:42:20using this concept of multi-threading we
5:42:22can have
5:42:22more than one thread running
5:42:24concurrently not truly in parallel
5:42:27all the threads will take turns while
5:42:28one of them is idle
5:42:30so we can have more than one thread
5:42:32running more than just the main
5:42:34thread which is in charge of running the
5:42:35main body of our program
5:42:37so while our main thread is in charge of
5:42:39running the main body of our program
5:42:41we can have another thread that's in
5:42:43charge of a separate part of it
5:42:45maybe like a countdown timer or
5:42:47something so
5:42:48one good example take that quiz game
5:42:50that we made some number of videos ago
5:42:52while we were waiting for user input
5:42:55which is a
5:42:56i o bound task we could have had a
5:42:58countdown timer going
5:42:59like you only have so many seconds to
5:43:01answer this question we could have had
5:43:03one thread in charge of waiting for user
5:43:05input and another thread
5:43:06in charge of the countdown timer so
5:43:09that's an example of multi-threading
5:43:11we had two threads running concurrently
5:43:14and what we'll be doing in this video is
5:43:15creating a program that involves
5:43:17multi-threading we can have
5:43:19different threads in charge of different
5:43:21parts of our program and they can all
5:43:22run
5:43:23concurrently they'll all take turns
5:43:25while one of them is idle
5:43:26so let's say that we're running late for
5:43:29school
5:43:30or work in the morning and we have three
5:43:32different tasks that we need to complete
5:43:34before we can leave
5:43:35for school or work so think of three
5:43:38different
5:43:38things you do in the morning such as
5:43:40maybe eat
5:43:41breakfast some people drink coffee or
5:43:44maybe a beverage of your choice so drink
5:43:48coffee and some people like me they like
5:43:51to
5:43:51do their homework last minute so i'll
5:43:53say study
5:43:54before i leave for work or school in the
5:43:57morning
5:43:58so what we'll do in each of these
5:44:00functions each of these functions
5:44:01should take some amount of time to
5:44:03complete so we can have our main thread
5:44:06sleep for a given number of seconds
5:44:07using the sleep function
5:44:10time dot sleep and let's say that in
5:44:12order for me to eat breakfast
5:44:14this task will take me three seconds
5:44:16let's just pretend that instead of
5:44:18minutes this will be
5:44:19in seconds so drink coffee will take me
5:44:23four seconds and study will take me
5:44:26five seconds then when we finish
5:44:30sleeping
5:44:31let's print a confirmation message let's
5:44:34say
5:44:35you eat breakfast
5:44:38as in you finish eating breakfast with
5:44:41drink coffee
5:44:43you drink coffee
5:44:48and with study
5:44:51you finish studying
5:44:56now each of these tasks are i o bound
5:44:58they're going to be spending a lot of
5:45:00time just waiting around
5:45:01for external events they're waiting for
5:45:03the sleep function to expire before they
5:45:06can finish their task
5:45:07so we're going to have all of these
5:45:09three functions run on our main thread
5:45:12and we'll see how long it takes for us
5:45:13to complete our morning ritual
5:45:15these three tasks so let's call these
5:45:18three functions within
5:45:19our main thread so let's call the
5:45:22eat breakfast function first followed by
5:45:26drink coffee and then study
5:45:30in that order so this program is going
5:45:33to take approximately
5:45:35let's see 12 seconds to complete so
5:45:38there's going to be a pause for a second
5:45:40you eat breakfast then followed by
5:45:44you drank coffee and then study
5:45:50you finished studying so this program
5:45:52took about
5:45:5312 seconds overall so if this were
5:45:56realistic
5:45:57what we would have done is we would sit
5:45:59down and eat breakfast for
5:46:01three minutes well three seconds in this
5:46:03case and then
5:46:04once we finish eating breakfast only
5:46:06then are we allowed to drink our coffee
5:46:09and once we finish our coffee only then
5:46:12can we study
5:46:13so we completed these tasks sequentially
5:46:16and not concurrently for us to move down
5:46:19to the next
5:46:19function we need to complete the
5:46:21previous functions because we're doing
5:46:23this in order
5:46:24but realistically us human beings we
5:46:27would probably
5:46:28eat breakfast drink coffee and study
5:46:30altogether because
5:46:32we can multitask and we can complete
5:46:34these three functions in less time
5:46:36and that's kind of the same process as
5:46:38multi-threading we can have
5:46:40these three separate functions running
5:46:42concurrently
5:46:43as if we're multitasking we're eating
5:46:45breakfast drinking coffee
5:46:46and studying all at once now currently
5:46:49we have
5:46:50one thread that is in charge of these
5:46:52three separate functions
5:46:54what we could do is that we can create
5:46:56three additional threads
5:46:57each thread will be in charge of each
5:47:00task and then we'll have our main thread
5:47:02running in the background that will
5:47:03complete the rest of the program
5:47:05so this is how to create an additional
5:47:06thread let's say that
5:47:08x equals threading
5:47:12dot thread we need to pass in a target
5:47:15target equals and then the name of the
5:47:20function so let's say
5:47:21thread x will be in charge of eating
5:47:23breakfast
5:47:24and then you can pass in arguments too
5:47:26if your function has parameters by
5:47:28typing args
5:47:29and then you pass in a tuple so let's
5:47:31say you have one argument to pass in
5:47:33you'll type your argument followed by
5:47:35a comma but we don't have any arguments
5:47:37in this example but
5:47:38you'll need to be sure to enter them in
5:47:40if you do have any
5:47:42okay then to begin this thread you type
5:47:44the name of the thread
5:47:45in this case x dot start so
5:47:48we now have an additional thread and
5:47:50this thread is in charge of eating
5:47:52breakfast
5:47:53now let's create another thread to drink
5:47:55coffee
5:47:57and we'll call this y
5:48:01and the target will be drink coffee
5:48:05and lastly we have a thread in charge of
5:48:08studying
5:48:10and this will be z
5:48:14and the target is our study function
5:48:17okay now let's see how long it takes for
5:48:19us to complete our program
5:48:21oh and be sure to comment out these
5:48:23function calls within the main thread
5:48:25because we don't want the main thread in
5:48:26charge of those anymore
5:48:27okay now we can run the program so we
5:48:30have four threads running this time
5:48:32you eat breakfast you drink coffee you
5:48:34finish studying
5:48:35so this program took approximately five
5:48:38seconds to finish
5:48:39and the reason that this program took
5:48:41five seconds instead of 12
5:48:43is because before our main thread was in
5:48:45charge of running
5:48:46these tasks sequentially in order but
5:48:49now since we have a thread
5:48:50dedicated to each task we can run them
5:48:53all
5:48:54concurrently instead of sequentially so
5:48:56that this program
5:48:57now took about five seconds to complete
5:48:59and you may have noticed too
5:49:01that the activecount function as well as
5:49:03the enumerate function
5:49:04were called before threads 1 2 and 3
5:49:07finished their respective tasks
5:49:09that's because the main thread is not
5:49:11going to wait around for
5:49:12these three threads to complete it has
5:49:14its own set of instructions to do
5:49:16so it is no longer in charge of these
5:49:19three functions
5:49:21the program is going to handle those
5:49:23three functions to our three threads
5:49:25and our main thread is going to continue
5:49:27its own set of instructions
5:49:28its job is to print the active count as
5:49:31well as
5:49:32call the enumerate function which it did
5:49:35and it finished its tasks
5:49:36before threads one two and three now one
5:49:39trick that you can do too
5:49:40is that you can use the time modules
5:49:43performance
5:49:43counter function and this function will
5:49:46return
5:49:47how long it takes our calling thread as
5:49:49in our main thread
5:49:50to finish its set of instructions so our
5:49:53main thread is not in charge of
5:49:55executing
5:49:56these three functions our main thread is
5:49:59in charge of creating
5:50:00three additional threads and then
5:50:02calling the activecount function
5:50:04and the enumerate function as well as
5:50:06the performance counter function
5:50:09so our main thread will take
5:50:11approximately
5:50:130.075 seconds to complete
5:50:15and our three threads are still running
5:50:17in the background our main threads job
5:50:19its order of instructions is to create
5:50:22three additional threads and then
5:50:24immediately
5:50:25print whatever is returned via the
5:50:28activecount function
5:50:29enumerate and then your performance
5:50:31counter so
5:50:33our main thread says that it finished
5:50:35its tasks in about
5:50:36.07 seconds but threads one
5:50:40through three were still trying to catch
5:50:42up that's why the main thread
5:50:44finished before are three additional
5:50:45threads and once
5:50:47all active threads have completed their
5:50:49tasks
5:50:50then your program will finish and exit
5:50:52there's also this concept called
5:50:54thread synchronization we can have a
5:50:56calling thread in this case our main
5:50:58thread
5:50:59wait around for another thread to finish
5:51:01before it can move on
5:51:02with its own instruction set so let's
5:51:05say we would like
5:51:06our main thread to wait around for
5:51:08thread 1 also known as
5:51:10x so we're going to use the join
5:51:13function
5:51:14of thread x and now our main thread
5:51:17has to wait around for thread x also
5:51:19known as
5:51:20thread 1 to finish before it can move on
5:51:22with its instruction set
5:51:24so let's do the same with y and
5:51:27z so now our main thread before it can
5:51:30move on with the rest of the program has
5:51:32to wait for all of these threads
5:51:33to synchronize and join and then and
5:51:36only then
5:51:37can it move on with the rest of its own
5:51:39instruction set
5:51:40so this time our program is going to
5:51:42look a little something like this
5:51:44you eat breakfast you drink coffee you
5:51:46finish studying
5:51:47so by the time we reach our active count
5:51:50these threads
5:51:50are already joined and synchronized
5:51:52they're no longer active
5:51:54when we enumerate over our active
5:51:56threads we only have
5:51:57our main thread and our main thread
5:51:59completed in
5:52:00about 5.1 seconds this time because it
5:52:03did a lot of waiting around
5:52:04it was waiting for threads x y and z to
5:52:08join and finish in conclusion a thread
5:52:10is
5:52:11a flow of execution like a separate
5:52:14order of instructions that a program can
5:52:16follow
5:52:16and when we run a program we always have
5:52:19at least one
5:52:20thread running initially and that is
5:52:22referred to as the main thread
5:52:24however if you have multiple threads
5:52:26using the concept of multi-threading
5:52:28we can have multiple threads running
5:52:30concurrently but not truly in parallel
5:52:33which is what we'll cover
5:52:34during the video on multi-processing
5:52:36this is due
5:52:37to a feature known as the gil
5:52:40the global interpreter lock which allows
5:52:43only
5:52:43one thread to hold control of the python
5:52:46interpreter
5:52:47at any one time and tasks can be either
5:52:50cpu bound or io bound a cpu bound task
5:52:53is a program or task
5:52:55that spends most of its time waiting for
5:52:58internal events
5:52:59such as a task that is cpu intensive
5:53:02and o bound tasks spend most of their
5:53:05time waiting for
5:53:06external events such as waiting around
5:53:09for user input
5:53:10or web scraping with i o bound tasks
5:53:13it's better to use multi-threading
5:53:15with cpu bound tasks it's better to use
5:53:18multi-processing
5:53:19well everybody that is a quick overview
5:53:21of multi-threading i will post all of
5:53:23this code to the comment section down
5:53:25below
5:53:26and well yeah that's how to achieve
5:53:28multi-threading
5:53:29using python hey what's going on
5:53:32everybody
5:53:33it's you bro hope you're doing well and
5:53:35in this video i'm going to explain demon
5:53:36threads in python so
5:53:38sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:53:43okay so demon threads also pronounced as
5:53:46daemon threads a demon thread is a
5:53:49thread that runs in the background and
5:53:51they are normally not important for your
5:53:52program in order to run
5:53:54your program will not wait for demon
5:53:56threads to complete before
5:53:57exiting whereas non-demon threads they
5:54:00cannot normally be killed
5:54:02they will stay alive until their task is
5:54:04complete so
5:54:05a few common uses of demon threads would
5:54:08be
5:54:08background tasks garbage collection
5:54:11waiting for input
5:54:12or other long-running processes so
5:54:15here's an example of why demon threads
5:54:17would be useful
5:54:18let's say that we'll have two threads
5:54:20our main thread will be in charge of
5:54:22waiting around for some user input we'll
5:54:24ask
5:54:24do you wish to exit and in the
5:54:26background we'll have a timer going that
5:54:28will display
5:54:29how long somebody is logged in so let's
5:54:32create
5:54:32a function named timer
5:54:36and what we'll do is just display how
5:54:38long somebody's logged in
5:54:40so let's say we have a count variable
5:54:43while true we'll use
5:54:46the sleep function of the time module to
5:54:49sleep for approximately one second
5:54:51then we'll increment our count variable
5:54:53by one and we'll print a message
5:54:56so let's say logged in
5:54:59for
5:55:03count
5:55:06seconds and let's create a thread that
5:55:09will be in charge of this timer and run
5:55:11it in the background so let's say
5:55:13x equals threading
5:55:16dot thread the target will be our
5:55:19function
5:55:19of timer and we need to start this
5:55:22thread
5:55:23x dot start so our thread
5:55:26x will be in charge of our timer and run
5:55:29it concurrently
5:55:30while we're waiting for some user input
5:55:32our main thread will be in charge of
5:55:34waiting for this user input do you wish
5:55:36to exit now here's the issue
5:55:38of us using a non-demon thread for a
5:55:40background task such as a countdown
5:55:42timer
5:55:43so our main thread is in charge of
5:55:45waiting around for some user input
5:55:46and thread x our additional thread is in
5:55:49charge of
5:55:50running this countdown timer so if i
5:55:52wish to exit this program i'm just going
5:55:54to type
5:55:55okay and hit enter well my background
5:55:57timer is still going but my main thread
5:56:00is complete so i would like to exit this
5:56:02program but
5:56:03my program will not exit as long as
5:56:06there are non-demon threads that are
5:56:08still alive
5:56:09we cannot normally close this program
5:56:11unless we do like a brute force
5:56:13you know close and exit of the program
5:56:15so we can turn
5:56:17this thread of x into a demon thread
5:56:20so that when we wish to exit the program
5:56:22when there are no more
5:56:24non-demon threads alive and to change a
5:56:26thread to a demon thread it's actually
5:56:28fairly easy when you create your thread
5:56:30you can set
5:56:31this flag of demon equal to true and
5:56:33that's it
5:56:34so when all non-demon threads have
5:56:37finished their tasks
5:56:38your program will complete and exit but
5:56:41if there are demon tasks running in the
5:56:43background
5:56:43they will be killed automatically so
5:56:45let's try this program again
5:56:47so do you wish to exit my program is
5:56:49going to continue running
5:56:50my demon thread is in charge of the
5:56:52timer and it's going to continue running
5:56:53until
5:56:54all non-daemon threads have completed
5:56:57their tasks
5:56:58so once i type ok my program will
5:57:02finish running and my countdown timer
5:57:04will stop because
5:57:05all demons are killed when your program
5:57:07is finished running there's also two
5:57:09additional methods that you might be
5:57:11interested in
5:57:11you can use the set daemon method
5:57:14of a thread and you can set it to false
5:57:16or true if you would like to change
5:57:18a thread to a non-demon or a demon
5:57:21however if your thread is currently
5:57:23running well you cannot actually change
5:57:25it from
5:57:26a non-demon thread to a demon thread
5:57:28while it's currently running
5:57:30so you would have to do that before you
5:57:31actually use the start function
5:57:34and you can also check to see if a
5:57:36thread is a demon or not
5:57:37by using the is demon method this will
5:57:40return
5:57:41true or false so everybody in conclusion
5:57:44a demon thread is a thread that runs in
5:57:46the background
5:57:47and they're not important for your
5:57:49program in order to continue running
5:57:51your program will not wait for demon
5:57:53threads to complete before exiting the
5:57:55program
5:57:56whereas non-demon threads cannot
5:57:58normally be killed
5:57:59they will stay alive until their task is
5:58:01complete and demon threads are commonly
5:58:04used for
5:58:04background tasks garbage collection
5:58:07waiting around for input
5:58:08or other long running processes so if
5:58:11you would like a copy of this code i
5:58:13will post all of this to the comment
5:58:14section down below
5:58:15but yeah those are demon threads in
5:58:18python
5:58:19yo what's going on everybody it's bro
5:58:22hope you're doing well
5:58:23and in this video i'm going to explain
5:58:24multi-processing in python so
5:58:26sit back relax and enjoy the show
5:58:31what's up let's talk about
5:58:33multi-processing multi-processing
5:58:35is the act of running tasks in parallel
5:58:38on a different cpu cores it's different
5:58:41from multi-threading
5:58:42although it sounds similar because with
5:58:44multi-threading
5:58:45we're limited to running one thread at a
5:58:48time
5:58:48because of the gil that lock which is
5:58:51used for threading we can run threads
5:58:53concurrently
5:58:54but not in parallel however with
5:58:57multi-processing
5:58:58we can create processes and we can run
5:59:01each process
5:59:02in parallel on a different cpu course so
5:59:05with multi-processing
5:59:06it's better for tasks that are cpu bound
5:59:09where you need heavy cpu usage whereas
5:59:13multi-threading that is better for i o
5:59:15bound tasks where you do a lot of
5:59:17waiting around
5:59:18so before we begin i recommend these two
5:59:20imports
5:59:21multi-processing and time let's begin
5:59:24quick note if you're running the windows
5:59:26operating system you'll probably need to
5:59:28add
5:59:28this line if name is equal to
5:59:31main so when we run a program we have a
5:59:34main process that is running and if we
5:59:37create a child process
5:59:38from that process it's going to copy the
5:59:41module that we're currently working with
5:59:43and that child process will create its
5:59:46own children processes and it's going to
5:59:48be a problem
5:59:49so we're going to add this line if name
5:59:51is equal to main
5:59:52so when we create a child process it
5:59:54will copy our module but it's not going
5:59:56to execute it
5:59:58so let's create a main function and a
6:00:00majority of our code is going to be
6:00:02within our main function
6:00:04if you're running a different operating
6:00:05system you probably don't have to do
6:00:07this but if you're running windows
6:00:08you probably will now with
6:00:10multi-processing multi-processing is
6:00:12better for tasks or functions
6:00:14that are cpu bound where they require
6:00:17heavy cpu usage
6:00:19let's say that we have a function named
6:00:21counter
6:00:22and we'll pass in a number to count up
6:00:24to but the number we're going to pass in
6:00:26is a ridiculously large number like a
6:00:28billion so let's create a function that
6:00:30will count
6:00:31from zero so count equals zero and
6:00:35while count is less than
6:00:38our number that we pass in we will
6:00:40increment our counter
6:00:42by one so that is the function that
6:00:45we'll call with
6:00:46our processes that we create now within
6:00:48our main function
6:00:49we'll create a process and to do that
6:00:52you'll need the multi-processing module
6:00:54so import process and cpu account and
6:00:57we'll save this for a little bit later
6:00:59to create a process let's say we have
6:01:01process a
6:01:02a equals process this step is very
6:01:06similar to creating a thread
6:01:08we have a target our target will be our
6:01:10function of counter
6:01:13and if we have arguments we will pass
6:01:16those in
6:01:16so remember with our arguments we have
6:01:18to pass in a tuple
6:01:20since we only have one argument to pass
6:01:23in
6:01:23to differentiate this from an expression
6:01:25we have to add a comma at the end
6:01:27so our number let's say is 1 billion
6:01:31so that's a million 10 million 100
6:01:35million
6:01:351 billion let me just verify that okay
6:01:38so that's 1 billion
6:01:39we're going to count from zero to a
6:01:42billion
6:01:42and in order to start this process a
6:01:46my process use the start function
6:01:50and then i will use some process
6:01:52synchronization by using the
6:01:54join function my main process is going
6:01:57to wait around
6:01:58for my child process of a to finish
6:02:01before continuing
6:02:03and let's print our performance counter
6:02:06so we'll print finished in
6:02:12let's say time dot performance counter
6:02:19seconds okay so let's see how long it'll
6:02:23take to count from zero to a billion
6:02:25using
6:02:26one process i fast forwarded this video
6:02:28but it took my program
6:02:3056.7 seconds to count from zero to a
6:02:33billion
6:02:34but we can speed this up by using
6:02:35multi-processing let's create a second
6:02:38process named b
6:02:40and i'm going to divide the amount of
6:02:42work in half so
6:02:44each process will count to 500 million
6:02:47half of a billion so let's change a to b
6:02:52and i'm gonna group these start
6:02:53functions together
6:02:57just so it's easier to read and then b
6:02:59dot join just to synchronize everything
6:03:02okay and then let's change 1 billion to
6:03:06500 million for each it's the same
6:03:09amount of work but divided among workers
6:03:12so that is 500 million let's see how
6:03:14well it runs this time
6:03:16so it took my program about 40.3 seconds
6:03:19to finish
6:03:20counting from zero to a billion but i
6:03:22divided that task among
6:03:24different processes each of my two
6:03:26processes counted from
6:03:27zero to 500 million this time so this
6:03:30time let's create
6:03:31four processes so we have a
6:03:35b c and d
6:03:39and we'll need to start them
6:03:44and i'm going to join them now this
6:03:48might not actually speed it up for you
6:03:50and i'll explain why later
6:03:52it depends on the amount of cpu cores
6:03:54that you have
6:03:55okay so oh let's change this to so 250
6:03:59million for each
6:04:02okay see you in a couple seconds
6:04:06okay welcome back so on my computer when
6:04:08i ran
6:04:09four processes and each was counting up
6:04:11to 250 million
6:04:14i could finish my program in 27.3
6:04:17seconds now for me if i created
6:04:20more processes than this it would
6:04:22probably take longer and here's why
6:04:24so you can print the cpu count of your
6:04:27computer
6:04:27using this function of cpu count so if i
6:04:31were to
6:04:31print whatever this function returns i
6:04:34can get the count
6:04:35of the number of additional processes
6:04:37that i can run
6:04:38for the time being i'm just going to
6:04:40comment out this start function because
6:04:42i just want to print whatever this value
6:04:44is so my cpu count on my computer
6:04:47is four so i can run four additional
6:04:51processes
6:04:52but let's attempt to run eight processes
6:04:55so i'm going to copy all these and let's
6:04:57say that we have
6:04:59e f g
6:05:02and h and we will start all of those two
6:05:06so give me a second just to start them
6:05:10so a b c d e
6:05:14f g
6:05:18h and then i'm going to join all of them
6:05:23e f g
6:05:28and h okay so
6:05:31let's run this now oh and change the
6:05:34arguments to i keep forgetting to do
6:05:35that
6:05:36so let's say 125 for each
6:05:40so 125 million times eight is
6:05:43one billion okay see you in a bit
6:05:47all right welcome back this time when i
6:05:49had eight processes working it actually
6:05:51took me
6:05:52longer than when i had four processes
6:05:54working when i had four processes
6:05:56working it took me about 27 seconds
6:05:58this time it took 30 seconds when i had
6:06:01eight processes working
6:06:02that's because i had more processes than
6:06:05my cpu count
6:06:06and that's partially because whenever
6:06:08you create a process
6:06:09there's significant overhead with
6:06:11beginning and
6:06:12destroying a process and if i can only
6:06:15run four
6:06:16processes on my computer at one time
6:06:18well then i'm creating additional
6:06:20processes
6:06:21to no extra benefit it's actually
6:06:23hindering the performance of the
6:06:24computer
6:06:25because i'm creating all of these
6:06:27additional processes when it really
6:06:28doesn't help me
6:06:30in conclusion multi-processing is the
6:06:32concept
6:06:33of running tasks in parallel on
6:06:35different cpu cores
6:06:37it's similar but different from
6:06:38multi-threading because with
6:06:40multi-threading
6:06:41we can run tasks concurrently but
6:06:43they're all taking turns because of the
6:06:45gil
6:06:46with multi-processing we can run all of
6:06:49these different tasks
6:06:50together in parallel multi-processing is
6:06:53better for
6:06:53cpu bound tasks where a task has
6:06:56heavy cpu usage and multi-threading
6:07:00is better for i o bound tasks tasks that
6:07:02involve a lot of waiting around
6:07:04so that's multi-processing if you would
6:07:06like a copy of all this code i will post
6:07:08all of this to the comment section down
6:07:10below
6:07:10but yeah that is how multi-processing
6:07:12works in python
6:07:15hey what's going on everybody two bro
6:07:17here hope you're doing well and in this
6:07:18video we're going to be creating our
6:07:19very first
6:07:20graphical user interface in python so
6:07:22sit back relax and enjoy the show
6:07:27welcome one and all today we'll be
6:07:28creating our very first
6:07:30graphical user interface in python also
6:07:32known as a
6:07:33gui for short we're going to be using
6:07:35the tk inter gui which is a module that
6:07:38is included with python
6:07:40our first step in order to use tk enter
6:07:42is to import this module so that we can
6:07:44begin using it
6:07:45our first line of code will be from tk
6:07:48enter
6:07:49import asterisk this will import
6:07:52everything related to the tk inter
6:07:54module
6:07:55and with this import we can now use all
6:07:57of the gui features that this module has
6:07:59to offer
6:08:00now there is one important distinction
6:08:02that we need to make we need to discuss
6:08:04the differences between
6:08:05windows and widgets here's a few quick
6:08:09definitions that i definitely did not
6:08:11copy from the internet
6:08:12widgets are gui elements such as buttons
6:08:15text boxes labels images you name it
6:08:18and windows they serve as a container
6:08:21to hold or contain these widgets for
6:08:24this topic we'll be creating and
6:08:26customizing our own window
6:08:28and in future topics we'll be exploring
6:08:30different widgets that are available to
6:08:32us
6:08:33so let's begin by creating a simple
6:08:35window and we should give our window a
6:08:37unique name
6:08:38such as window that's pretty creative
6:08:40and in order to instantiate this window
6:08:42we're going to follow
6:08:43this window name with equals tk make
6:08:46sure you get the capitalization right
6:08:48this is a
6:08:49uppercase t and a set of parentheses to
6:08:51serve as the constructor
6:08:53what this will do and i'm just going to
6:08:54add a comment is instantiate
6:08:57an instance of a window for us
6:09:02and when we compile and run this nothing
6:09:04appears to happen
6:09:05that's because we only instantiated our
6:09:07window and we're not actually displaying
6:09:09it
6:09:10in order to display our window we're
6:09:11going to follow this with
6:09:13the name of the window dot main loop
6:09:16and this will display our window and
6:09:19this is our first
6:09:20graphical user interface and we'll be
6:09:22adding widgets
6:09:23to this window so i'm going to add a
6:09:25comment that
6:09:27this will place window on
6:09:30computer screen and it will also listen
6:09:34for events but we'll get to that in
6:09:36future videos
6:09:37now what we'll be doing is customizing
6:09:39the appearance of this window
6:09:41let's begin by changing the size and we
6:09:43can do that with the geometry function
6:09:46so we're going to first begin by typing
6:09:48the name of our window which is window
6:09:51follow this by using the geometry
6:09:53function and we pass in a width and a
6:09:55height
6:09:56but make sure this is within quotes and
6:09:58set this to whatever width and height
6:09:59that you want
6:10:00so if i want 420 by 420 that would be
6:10:03420
6:10:04x 420 and the size of our window
6:10:07is now the size that we set with the
6:10:09geometry function
6:10:11now take a look at the top left of this
6:10:13window we have
6:10:14this feather icon as well as a title of
6:10:17tk
6:10:18that's kind of lame so let's change that
6:10:21let's first
6:10:21change the window title and there is a
6:10:24function to do that
6:10:25so we type in the name of our window
6:10:28window
6:10:29dot title function and we can pass in a
6:10:33new title that we want to set
6:10:35and i will set the title to be maybe bro
6:10:38code first gui
6:10:42program that'll work and we now changed
6:10:46the title of this window and it says
6:10:48bro code first gui program
6:10:51the next thing that we can do although
6:10:53not necessary
6:10:54is that we can change the icon of our
6:10:57window bar at the top
6:10:58i would like to replace this feather
6:11:00icon with an image of my choosing
6:11:03here's my desktop don't mind all of the
6:11:05clutter and i would like to use this
6:11:07image of the logo for my channel and set
6:11:09this as the icon
6:11:10for my window so what i'm going to do is
6:11:13copy
6:11:15and then go to my project folder and
6:11:17then paste it
6:11:19click ok and i now have this image
6:11:22within my project folder
6:11:24but it's in a format that we cannot use
6:11:27currently we need to convert this to
6:11:28what's called a photo image
6:11:30that is a format that tk enter can use
6:11:34so we'll need to convert our image to a
6:11:36photo image
6:11:37so do that anywhere within the window
6:11:39between window equals tk and window.main
6:11:42loop
6:11:42right here is good i suppose we're going
6:11:44to create a photo image
6:11:46from this image and this is a png file
6:11:48but yours might be something different
6:11:50so let's give our photo image a unique
6:11:53name like maybe icon
6:11:54and in order to create a photo image
6:11:56we'll follow this with equals
6:11:58photo image and within the constructor
6:12:01of our photo image
6:12:02there is an option for file we can
6:12:05either list
6:12:05the file name or the file path if it's
6:12:08somewhere else on your computer
6:12:09since this image is within my same
6:12:12project folder i only have to list the
6:12:14file name
6:12:15and this is called logo.png
6:12:18and this is probably going to be named
6:12:19something else for you though
6:12:21so we now have this photo image called
6:12:24icon
6:12:24that we can use and i need to set the
6:12:27icon
6:12:28of my window to this icon and luckily
6:12:31there is a function to take care of that
6:12:33for us
6:12:33type in the name of the window which is
6:12:35window
6:12:36dot and we're going to use the icon
6:12:39photo
6:12:40function there are two arguments the
6:12:43first we're going to set to true
6:12:46and the second is the photo image that
6:12:48we want to use
6:12:49and this photo image is called icon so
6:12:51we're going to pass
6:12:53this photo image as an argument to this
6:12:55function
6:12:56of icon photo and now when we compile
6:12:58and run this
6:12:59the image that we wanted to use is now
6:13:02set for the top left icon of this window
6:13:05bar
6:13:05however it loses a lot of the quality
6:13:07since the dimensions are so small
6:13:09but you can still tell that it's my logo
6:13:11though so that's how to replace
6:13:13the icon of your window bar in the top
6:13:15left corner now let's change the
6:13:17background color
6:13:18of this window and one way in which we
6:13:20can do that is to use the config
6:13:22function you can use the config function
6:13:24anytime that you want to make any
6:13:26changes to this window
6:13:27so let's change the background color
6:13:29here and there is an option called
6:13:31background and we can set this equal to
6:13:34either
6:13:34a color name or a hexadecimal value
6:13:37let's begin with just some color names
6:13:39let's say that i want the background
6:13:41color to be black
6:13:42i'll just type in the word black here
6:13:44and this will change the background
6:13:46color of my window to black
6:13:48alternatively you can set a hex value as
6:13:51the color
6:13:52so if you were to look up or google hex
6:13:55color picker
6:13:56you can select whatever color you want
6:13:58let's say that i want
6:13:59a sky blue color like this well this is
6:14:03the hex value i'm going to copy this
6:14:05value
6:14:07and then paste it within the option for
6:14:09my background
6:14:10make sure you have this hashtag as well
6:14:12because that represents that this is a
6:14:14hex value so now the background color is
6:14:17that sky blue color that i picked
6:14:20well everybody that's the basics of
6:14:21creating a window in python and in
6:14:24future videos we're going to be
6:14:25exploring
6:14:26different widgets that we can add to
6:14:28this window that have some functionality
6:14:30so if you would like a copy of all this
6:14:32code i'll post all of this in the
6:14:33comments down below
6:14:34but yeah that's how to create your very
6:14:36first gui in python
6:14:38hey what's going on everybody it's your
6:14:40bro here hope you're doing well and in
6:14:42this video i'm going to teach you guys
6:14:43how we can create
6:14:44labels in python so sit back relax and
6:14:47enjoy the show
6:14:49what is a label well i'm glad you asked
6:14:52that question
6:14:52it's an area widget that holds text and
6:14:55or
6:14:56an image within a window so to begin
6:14:58we'll need to create a window to act as
6:15:00a container
6:15:02to hold this label we can create a
6:15:04window with
6:15:05window equals tk followed by
6:15:07window.mainloop
6:15:08and this will give us a window in which
6:15:10we can add a label to
6:15:12now let's give our label a unique name
6:15:15such as label
6:15:16and in order to instantiate a label
6:15:18we'll follow this label name
6:15:20with equals label with a capital l and a
6:15:23set of parentheses
6:15:24the parentheses are acting as the
6:15:26constructor for this widget
6:15:28our label and we can pass in arguments
6:15:30into
6:15:31these parentheses the first argument
6:15:33that we're going to pass
6:15:34in is a master the container for this
6:15:37label
6:15:38we're going to pass in the name of our
6:15:40window because our window is acting as
6:15:42the container
6:15:43with widgets in python we can
6:15:45de-eliminate the arguments that we're
6:15:47passing in
6:15:48with a comma and there are options
6:15:50available to us
6:15:52options are keyword arguments that we
6:15:54can pass in to the constructor for this
6:15:56widget
6:15:57one option available to us is text and
6:16:00we can set the text of this label equal
6:16:02to
6:16:02a string that we set so let's say that
6:16:05we want this label to say
6:16:07hello world well we're going to pass in
6:16:09this option
6:16:10text and it's a keyword argument
6:16:14so if we were to do this we're going to
6:16:16set the text
6:16:17of the label but this label currently
6:16:20doesn't appear within our window
6:16:21what gives bro i thought you knew how to
6:16:23code hold up wait a minute there's one
6:16:25more thing that we need to do
6:16:27so we're going to actually add this
6:16:29label
6:16:30to the window now we set the master
6:16:33of the label to be our window but now we
6:16:35actually have to add it as step two
6:16:38one way which we can do that is to use a
6:16:40pack
6:16:41function of our label so follow label
6:16:44equals label and pass in all of your
6:16:46arguments
6:16:46and then follow this with the name of
6:16:48the label dot pack
6:16:51so with the pack option by default this
6:16:53will place our widget in the top
6:16:55center of our window another way in
6:16:58which we can add a label
6:17:00to a container or window is to use the
6:17:02place function
6:17:03and we can set some coordinates of where
6:17:05we want this label or other widget to
6:17:08appear
6:17:08within the window if we want this to
6:17:10appear in the top left corner
6:17:12we can set x to equal zero and y t
6:17:15equals zero and these are options
6:17:17available to us too that we can pass
6:17:18in so this place function will place
6:17:22our label at some position or
6:17:25some set of coordinates within the
6:17:27window and with
6:17:28x equals 0 and y equals 0 that will
6:17:31place our widget in the top left corner
6:17:33of the window
6:17:34and if i were to change these to let's
6:17:36say x equals 100
6:17:38and y equals 100 well this is going to
6:17:40be placed
6:17:42down by 100 pixels and to the right by
6:17:45100 pixels
6:17:46so you can use pack or place there's a
6:17:48few others
6:17:49like grid but they're a little more
6:17:51complex so we'll get to that in a future
6:17:53video
6:17:53for the time being i'm going to use the
6:17:55pack function of the label
6:17:57and turn this place function into a
6:17:59comment
6:18:01dot pack all right now
6:18:04how can we customize this label we can
6:18:07pass in different options
6:18:08when we instantiate this label let's
6:18:10change the font and that's another
6:18:12option
6:18:13we can change the font with font equals
6:18:16and then we can pass in a font let's
6:18:18begin with a
6:18:19font family i will say maybe ariel
6:18:22a size perhaps 40 and then a style if
6:18:26you so choose
6:18:28like bold there's also italic and
6:18:30underline
6:18:31uh but this will work just fine then so
6:18:33this will change the font
6:18:35of the text of our label and it says
6:18:38hello world still
6:18:39now let's change the foreground color
6:18:43so that is another option the foreground
6:18:46is the font color
6:18:47and the option is fg for foreground it's
6:18:50short for foreground
6:18:51foreground equals we can state a color
6:18:54name
6:18:55such as green and our text
6:18:58should now be green you can select
6:19:00something more specific by
6:19:02passing in a hex value so a custom color
6:19:05that i like
6:19:06is hashtag zero zero ff00
6:19:10this is bright green you can always look
6:19:12up what different hex values are
6:19:14and we can also change the background
6:19:16color too
6:19:17that is bg short for background color
6:19:20and we can pass in a color name
6:19:22or a hex value i'm just going to set
6:19:24this to black just to demonstrate that
6:19:26we can pass in both
6:19:27either hex values or color names and
6:19:30what we have
6:19:31is green text on a black background
6:19:34and this is the limits of our label
6:19:37within the window
6:19:38because when we expand this window the
6:19:41label is still going to stay the same
6:19:42size
6:19:43if we were to change the text within the
6:19:46label
6:19:46our label is only going to take up the
6:19:49room that it needs
6:19:50and you can see that our label is now
6:19:52smaller now we have all of these
6:19:54arguments within our constructor and
6:19:55it's getting a little bit difficult to
6:19:57actually read
6:19:58so i'm going to separate each of these
6:20:00arguments line by line just so that this
6:20:02is more organized
6:20:03but it'll work just the same as it did
6:20:05before now how do we add a
6:20:07border around our label one we can set
6:20:10the border style
6:20:11with the relief option and one border
6:20:14that i like
6:20:14is raised but right now the border width
6:20:18is one so it's a little difficult for us
6:20:21to actually see the border
6:20:22let's increase the border width with the
6:20:24option bd
6:20:26and i'll set this equal to maybe 10.
6:20:29so this border is now more visible
6:20:32another relief
6:20:33which is the border style is sunken and
6:20:36this will give our label a
6:20:38sunken appearance but i think i'll
6:20:40change this back to raised
6:20:42we can also add some padding around the
6:20:45text
6:20:45between the text and the border we can
6:20:47pad x and pad y
6:20:49pad x will add some padding some space
6:20:52between
6:20:53the x-axis of our text between the
6:20:55border so let's set this to maybe 20
6:20:57and we now have 20 pixels worth of space
6:21:00between
6:21:01the text and the border let's also pad y
6:21:06this will add some space above and below
6:21:10our text between the text and the border
6:21:13now how do we add an image to a label we
6:21:16first need to create what's called
6:21:18a photo image and we will create this
6:21:21within
6:21:21the lines of window equals tk and
6:21:24window.main loop
6:21:25and let's give this photo image a unique
6:21:27name like
6:21:28photo and in order to create a photo
6:21:31image we're going to follow this with
6:21:33photo equals photo image
6:21:36and within the constructor of our photo
6:21:38image there's an option called
6:21:40file and we can list a file path or a
6:21:43file name
6:21:44right now on my desktop there is a image
6:21:46that i want to use and i need to convert
6:21:48this to a photo image
6:21:50here's my desktop and this is an image
6:21:52that i want to use to add to my label
6:21:54i need to get the file path and i can
6:21:56get that by going to properties
6:21:58then underneath location i can copy this
6:22:01location address
6:22:03and paste it within the quotes for file
6:22:07and then i need to add the image name
6:22:09and this is person.png
6:22:12and with these backslashes these need to
6:22:14be double backslashes because
6:22:16that is the escape character for a
6:22:18backslash
6:22:20but what would be a better option is to
6:22:23add
6:22:23this image to my project folder that
6:22:25contains the python file that i'm
6:22:27working with
6:22:28so in place of listing the entire file
6:22:31path
6:22:31i'm going to copy the image that i want
6:22:33to use go to my project folder
6:22:36and then paste it and i no longer need
6:22:40this entire file path i can just list
6:22:42the image name that i have
6:22:44and now what we need to do is add this
6:22:46photo to the label and there's an option
6:22:48to do so
6:22:49that is the image option and we'll place
6:22:52this within the constructor for the
6:22:53label
6:22:54we're going to set image equal to the
6:22:56photo image that we have
6:22:58and our photo image is called photo this
6:23:00will add our photo image
6:23:02to our label or other widget depending
6:23:04on what we're working with
6:23:06so we have our image but it replaced all
6:23:09of the text
6:23:10that we had for this label how do we add
6:23:12both
6:23:13text and an image to a window well we
6:23:16can follow this
6:23:16with the compound option we can set a
6:23:19direction of where
6:23:21we want this image to be placed relative
6:23:23to the text that we have
6:23:25so i'm going to set compound equal to
6:23:28bottom
6:23:28so that the image appears on the bottom
6:23:31or underneath
6:23:31our text so we can both have text and an
6:23:35image
6:23:35or if i want this to be in a different
6:23:37location i could set this to maybe top
6:23:39left or right if i were to set this to
6:23:41top we have
6:23:42our image on top of our text and one
6:23:46thing to know about labels and many
6:23:48other widgets in python is that
6:23:50the size of the widget will actually
6:23:52increase to accommodate
6:23:54the size of all the components that's
6:23:56contained within if i were to give the
6:23:58text a longer string of characters such
6:24:01as
6:24:02bro do you even code then
6:24:05the width of our label is actually going
6:24:07to expand
6:24:08to accommodate the size of the longer
6:24:11string of text that we have
6:24:13so that's the basics of labels everyone
6:24:15if you would like a copy of all this
6:24:17code i will post all of this in the
6:24:18comments down below
6:24:20but yeah that's the basics of labels in
6:24:22python
6:24:24hey what's going on everybody it's your
6:24:26bro here hope you're doing well
6:24:27and in this video i'm going to teach you
6:24:28guys how we can create buttons in python
6:24:31so sit back relax and enjoy the show
6:24:35buttons you click them and then they do
6:24:38stuff that's pretty much it
6:24:39so this is how to create a button in
6:24:41python we'll need a window
6:24:43window equals tk followed by window.main
6:24:46loop
6:24:46let's call our button just button and in
6:24:49order to create this we'll follow this
6:24:51with
6:24:51equals button and within the constructor
6:24:55for this button we're going to list
6:24:56what we want to add this button to what
6:24:59is the master
6:25:00the master is the window and in order to
6:25:03display this button
6:25:04we're going to follow this with button
6:25:07dot
6:25:07pack and we should have a small
6:25:11rectangular button within our window
6:25:13but it doesn't display any text nor does
6:25:16it do anything
6:25:17so let's add some text and there is an
6:25:19option to do that
6:25:20within the constructor we're going to
6:25:22list the option for text
6:25:23and set this to whatever text you want
6:25:25to display let's
6:25:26say click me and then when we run
6:25:30this our button now says the text that
6:25:32we set
6:25:33and it says click me however it
6:25:35currently doesn't do anything though
6:25:37we need to set a command that is another
6:25:39option
6:25:40command equals and we list a function
6:25:43name this is what's known as a callback
6:25:46so let's create a function
6:25:47called click and then outside of the
6:25:50window let's define what our click
6:25:51function does def click
6:25:55and let's print a message you
6:25:58clicked the button
6:26:02now with the command we're going to list
6:26:05the
6:26:05function name without the parentheses so
6:26:08make sure you're writing it as
6:26:10this and not that this is what's known
6:26:12as a callback
6:26:14so when we click on this button it's
6:26:16going to perform our callback
6:26:19and perform whatever is within our
6:26:21function
6:26:22click just like that let's customize the
6:26:25appearance of this button i'm going to
6:26:27change the font
6:26:28that is another option font equals
6:26:31and let's pick a professional font such
6:26:34as comic
6:26:35sans it's very professional and i'll set
6:26:38a size of 30.
6:26:41and now you can actually read what's on
6:26:43this button it's large enough
6:26:46let's set the foreground color that is
6:26:48the font color fg
6:26:49you can place a color name or a hex
6:26:52value here
6:26:53i'll pick green that is 0 0 ff00
6:26:57and our text should now be green which
6:27:00it is
6:27:01let's also change the background color
6:27:04that is bg
6:27:05i will pick the color name of black and
6:27:08now we have
6:27:09green text on a black background notice
6:27:12that when i click on this button
6:27:14or hold my mouse button down the color
6:27:16scheme has changed that's because
6:27:18there is a different active foreground
6:27:21and active background
6:27:22and we can change those too so that this
6:27:24won't flash every time you click on the
6:27:26button
6:27:27so let's change the active foreground
6:27:29and active background
6:27:30those are other options active
6:27:33foreground
6:27:34and i'll set this to the same color as
6:27:36my foreground
6:27:38which is green so the text color is
6:27:41going to stay the same
6:27:42and i'll also change the active
6:27:44background
6:27:47and i will also set this to black to
6:27:49match my
6:27:50background and then this should no
6:27:53longer flash
6:27:54when we click on our button
6:27:57if you need to disable somebody from
6:27:59clicking on this button
6:28:00there is an option to do so and that
6:28:02option is the state
6:28:04option and normally this is active but
6:28:07you can set this to
6:28:08disabled and we can no longer click on
6:28:11this button
6:28:12and you can see that the color scheme
6:28:14has changed too it's all grayed out and
6:28:16whatnot
6:28:17so i'm going to replace this back with
6:28:19active because we still have a few more
6:28:21things to do
6:28:22now how do we add an image to a button
6:28:24there is an
6:28:25image option and we set this equal to a
6:28:28photo image
6:28:28but first we need to create a photo
6:28:30image i have this photo of
6:28:32a like button a thumbs up that i want to
6:28:34use i need to create a photo image from
6:28:37this image file
6:28:38so within the window let's call this
6:28:40photo image just
6:28:42photo photo equals
6:28:46photo image then i'm going to list the
6:28:49file path or the file name
6:28:51since this image is within my same
6:28:53project folder
6:28:54i only have to list the file name and
6:28:57this is called
6:28:58like.png but if you use your own image
6:29:00it's probably going to be named
6:29:01something else
6:29:02then i need to set the image equal to my
6:29:05photo image which i named
6:29:07photo but the photo replaces the text on
6:29:11this button but it still works the same
6:29:14so we would like to display some text as
6:29:16well as our image
6:29:17we need to use the compound option
6:29:21and we list a direction we can list
6:29:24top bottom left right we want this image
6:29:27to be
6:29:28on the perhaps bottom so let's list the
6:29:31bottom
6:29:32and now when we run this we have our
6:29:34text as well as our image
6:29:36and if we changed compound to a
6:29:37different direction like
6:29:39top then the image is going to be
6:29:41displayed
6:29:42on the top relative to the text
6:29:45what if we wanted to count the amount of
6:29:47times that we clicked this button
6:29:49we could create a variable called count
6:29:52and we'll set this equal to
6:29:53zero but in order for us to access this
6:29:56count variable
6:29:58within the function of click we're going
6:30:01to list
6:30:02count as global so that this is a global
6:30:06variable
6:30:06every time we click this button let's
6:30:09increment our variable count
6:30:10by one by saying count plus equals one
6:30:14and then we will print whatever the
6:30:16value of count is
6:30:18so within a print statement we'll just
6:30:20say count
6:30:21now when we click on this button we have
6:30:23access to our count
6:30:24variable that's outside of this function
6:30:27and every time we click on this button
6:30:28it's going to increase our count
6:30:31variable by
6:30:32one well everybody that's the basics of
6:30:34creating
6:30:35buttons in python if you want a copy of
6:30:37all this code i'll post all of this in
6:30:39the comments down below
6:30:40but yeah that's the basics of buttons in
6:30:43python
6:30:44hey what's going on everybody it's your
6:30:46bro here hope you're doing well and in
6:30:48this video i'm going to teach you guys
6:30:49how we can create a simple entry box in
6:30:51python
6:30:52so sit back relax and enjoy the show
6:30:56if you find this video helpful please
6:30:58remember to like
6:30:59comment and subscribe your support will
6:31:02help keep this channel running
6:31:04alright my fellow bros in this video
6:31:06we're going to be discussing the entry
6:31:07widget
6:31:08this is a text box that accepts a single
6:31:10line of user input
6:31:12as always we'll need a window window
6:31:14equals tk
6:31:15followed by window.main loop and let's
6:31:17give our entry box a unique name let's
6:31:19call
6:31:20this entry for short and then to create
6:31:22this entry widget we're going to follow
6:31:23this with equals
6:31:25entry and within the constructor we have
6:31:28to state what we're adding this to
6:31:29we're going to add this to our window
6:31:32and we should finish this by packing it
6:31:34or placing it
6:31:36entry dot pack and we should have an
6:31:39entry box within
6:31:40our window however the text is somewhat
6:31:43small so let's change that
6:31:45we can set this as an option within the
6:31:47constructor of our entry box
6:31:50so let's set the font font equals and
6:31:53pick whatever font you want
6:31:54i'm going to pick maybe ariel and then a
6:31:57size
6:31:58it'd be 50. and this should be a little
6:32:00bit larger
6:32:02and we can type in some
6:32:06text like this cool right
6:32:10now we should add a submit button
6:32:13because right now this currently doesn't
6:32:14do anything if we type some text in
6:32:16so let's create a button i'm going to
6:32:18create this button maybe after
6:32:20the entry box and let's say that this is
6:32:23a submit button so let's call this
6:32:25submit button equals button
6:32:28what are we adding this to writing the
6:32:30square window
6:32:32and we'll set some text text equals
6:32:35submit
6:32:36we'll also need a command for this
6:32:37button
6:32:39command equals and we'll create a
6:32:42function called submit
6:32:43and we want to pack the submit button to
6:32:46add it to the window
6:32:47submit button.pack
6:32:50all right now let's put our entry box on
6:32:53the left hand side and our submit button
6:32:55on the right hand side
6:32:56when you pack these widgets you can set
6:32:58these on a certain side
6:33:00side equals left and our submit button
6:33:04we want this on the right not necessary
6:33:06but i think it looks better
6:33:08and we also need to define our submit
6:33:10function outside of the window
6:33:12let's define what this does def submit
6:33:16what's this going to do we need to get
6:33:19the current value that's within our
6:33:21entry box
6:33:22one way in which we can do that is use
6:33:24the entry boxes get
6:33:26function this will return a string and
6:33:29we can do something with that string
6:33:30such as store this within a variable so
6:33:33let's create a variable called maybe
6:33:35username
6:33:35let's pretend we're having a user submit
6:33:38their username to login to something i
6:33:40suppose
6:33:41so we'll get the current value of the
6:33:43entry box
6:33:44store that within a variable and we'll
6:33:46call this username
6:33:47and then we will maybe print this for
6:33:49fun print
6:33:52hello plus user
6:33:55name and let's try this
6:33:58so here's our entry box here and our
6:34:00submit button i'm just going to make up
6:34:02something
6:34:03click submit and it displays our message
6:34:06hello ergo gerger gerger
6:34:09i didn't say that this video was going
6:34:10to be professional let's add a few other
6:34:12buttons
6:34:13let's say we want a delete button as
6:34:15well as a backspace button
6:34:18so let's copy what we have for our
6:34:20submit button and create a delete button
6:34:22and then a backspace button the delete
6:34:24button is a little bit easier to code
6:34:26so let's rename our submit button as
6:34:28delete button
6:34:31make sure to change the name to when you
6:34:33pack this and the text
6:34:34we will say delete and we'll create a
6:34:38function called
6:34:38delete and let's define what delete does
6:34:42so after our submit function let's
6:34:44define
6:34:46our delete function and we need to
6:34:50delete all of the text within our entry
6:34:52box
6:34:53one way in which we can do that is to
6:34:55type in the name of our entry box
6:34:57dot delete function
6:35:00and this takes two positional arguments
6:35:03which portion of our entry box do we
6:35:06want to delete
6:35:07so we want the very first character that
6:35:09is index
6:35:100 followed by the last character and we
6:35:13can say
6:35:13end so this will delete all of the
6:35:16characters
6:35:16within our entry box and let's try it so
6:35:19i'm just going to type in my name
6:35:21bro i'm going to delete this and all of
6:35:24the text is now gone
6:35:27just like that let's create a backspace
6:35:29button we'll copy what we have for our
6:35:31delete button and change
6:35:32the word delete to backspace
6:35:37make sure you change that when you pack
6:35:38this as well and for the text we'll set
6:35:40this to
6:35:41backspace and we'll create a function
6:35:44called backspace
6:35:46and let's define what backspace does so
6:35:49after
6:35:49our delete function let's define back
6:35:52space and this is going to do something
6:35:55very similar to our delete function
6:35:58except we're going to change the first
6:36:02positional argument
6:36:03we need to place the second to last
6:36:06character
6:36:06within this positional argument one way
6:36:09in which we can do that
6:36:10is to first get the entire length of all
6:36:13of the characters within our entry box
6:36:16so let's begin by typing entry dot
6:36:19get and we need to determine the length
6:36:21of this
6:36:22and we can surround this by placing this
6:36:25within the length function so this will
6:36:28return
6:36:29the current length of all of the
6:36:31characters within our entry box
6:36:33and then we're going to add -1 so that
6:36:36this
6:36:36first positional argument is the second
6:36:38to last character
6:36:40and the second positional argument is
6:36:42the end the last character
6:36:44and then when we run this let's type in
6:36:47our name i'm just going to type in draw
6:36:49code this time i'm going to click
6:36:50backspace and then it's only going to
6:36:52delete the last
6:36:53character and then if you were to click
6:36:55delete it deletes everything
6:36:58broy and then if you click submit it's
6:37:01going to submit your name
6:37:03all right let's customize the appearance
6:37:05of this entry box
6:37:06so within the constructor for this entry
6:37:09box
6:37:10let's change maybe the color maybe the
6:37:13background color and foreground color
6:37:14let's begin with the foreground color
6:37:16you can pass in a color name or a hex
6:37:18value
6:37:18i want this to be green so the hex value
6:37:21for that is
6:37:21zero zero f zero ff00 and the foreground
6:37:25color
6:37:25of the text when we type it in is now
6:37:28green
6:37:29and we can also change the background
6:37:31color that is bg
6:37:33we could pass in a color name or a hex
6:37:35value i'm just going to say black to
6:37:37keep it simple
6:37:38and we now have a black background and
6:37:40the text color is now
6:37:42green here's a few useful features that
6:37:45you might be interested in
6:37:47let's insert some default text for our
6:37:49entry box
6:37:50so we can use the insert function entry
6:37:53dot insert
6:37:54we place a positional argument as well
6:37:56as some text
6:37:57so for the positional argument let's say
6:37:59zero so that's the very beginning
6:38:01index zero and let's set the text to
6:38:04maybe
6:38:05spongebob and then the default text
6:38:08within our entry box is now
6:38:10spongebob another option available to us
6:38:12is that we can set the state
6:38:15of this entry box we can set this to
6:38:17active or disabled
6:38:19let's say that after somebody submits
6:38:20our name we want to disable
6:38:22this entry box so we can either pass in
6:38:25this option
6:38:27within our constructor or we can use the
6:38:30config function to make any changes
6:38:32to the state of our entry box so let's
6:38:35say after we submit our username we want
6:38:37to disable this entry box
6:38:39so let's type in the name of our entry
6:38:41box dot config
6:38:44and for the option for state let's set
6:38:48this to
6:38:49disabled and then once we type in a name
6:38:54and then click submit our entry box is
6:38:57now disabled
6:38:58there's also an option called show where
6:39:02you can show a certain character in
6:39:04place of the normal text on the screen
6:39:06so this would be useful for a password
6:39:09let's say that we're typing in
6:39:10a password but we don't want to display
6:39:13the password on the screen
6:39:14we can use the show option to show a
6:39:17certain character in place
6:39:19of our text so you might see bullets or
6:39:22an asterisk
6:39:23so let's pretend that we're now typing
6:39:24in a password so we're going to set
6:39:27the option for show and place a
6:39:30character that we want to replace each
6:39:32character with
6:39:33let's say we want to only display
6:39:35asterisks when we type in
6:39:37some characters and i'm going to type in
6:39:39the word password
6:39:41but it's only displaying asterisks now
6:39:43but if i were to click submit
6:39:45it displays our text and i would say
6:39:48plain text instead of our hidden text
6:39:50because we're only showing
6:39:52whatever character that we set so that's
6:39:54an option available to you as well
6:39:55well everybody that's how to create an
6:39:57entry box in python you can submit
6:39:59information
6:40:00such as a username for example or even a
6:40:03password if you set the
6:40:04show option available to you if you want
6:40:07a copy of all this code i'll post all of
6:40:09this in the comments down below
6:40:10but yeah that's some of the uses of the
6:40:12entry widget in python
6:40:14hey how's it going everybody two bro
6:40:16here hope you're doing well and in this
6:40:18video i'm going to teach you guys how we
6:40:19can create and customize our own
6:40:21check buttons in python so sit back
6:40:23relax and enjoy the show
6:40:27all right my fellow bros in this video
6:40:30we're going to be creating
6:40:31and customizing our own check buttons in
6:40:33python i sometimes refer to these as
6:40:35check boxes
6:40:36so in case i do that's what i'm
6:40:38referring to as always we'll need a
6:40:40window
6:40:41window equals tk followed by window.main
6:40:44loop
6:40:44and let's call this button just check
6:40:47button and in order to create this check
6:40:50button
6:40:51we type in the name of the check button
6:40:53equals
6:40:54check button and within the constructor
6:40:58what are we adding this check button to
6:41:00we're adding this to our window
6:41:02and also within the constructor we can
6:41:04set the different options
6:41:05for how we want to customize this check
6:41:07button let's begin with the text
6:41:10text equals i agree
6:41:13to something and last but not least we
6:41:17need to add
6:41:18this check button to the window one way
6:41:20in which we can do that is
6:41:22to use the pack function of this widget
6:41:24so follow this with
6:41:26check button dot pack when we run this
6:41:28we have our check button within our
6:41:30window
6:41:31and we can toggle this on or off right
6:41:34now i'm agreeing to something
6:41:35i'm not sure what i'm agreeing to but
6:41:37hopefully it's not anything bad
6:41:38now currently this doesn't do anything
6:41:40so we'll need to associate a variable
6:41:42with this check button
6:41:43so we'll add that as an option variable
6:41:46equals and let's create a variable
6:41:49called x
6:41:50and we'll need to define this within the
6:41:52window so
6:41:53after we create our instance of our
6:41:55window let's say
6:41:57x equals now with check buttons
6:42:00they store a 1 or a 0 by default within
6:42:03our variable
6:42:04our variable that we call x so with
6:42:08x we're going to set this equal to a int
6:42:12var if this were to return a string we
6:42:15would say
6:42:16string bar but normally by default this
6:42:19returns a one
6:42:20or a zero and we can actually change
6:42:23that using the on value
6:42:25and off value options so the on value
6:42:28is what's going to be stored within our
6:42:31variable
6:42:32if it's toggled on so by default this is
6:42:35one
6:42:36and the off value is the opposite this
6:42:38is what is stored within
6:42:40our variable if this is toggled off
6:42:43alright now let's have some fun with
6:42:44this so let's associate a command with
6:42:47this check button
6:42:49command equals and let's create a
6:42:51function called
6:42:52maybe display and then let's define this
6:42:55before the window def display and we're
6:43:00going to check
6:43:00the value of x to see if it's one
6:43:04or zero so within our display function
6:43:07we're going to check to see
6:43:08if x and to get
6:43:11the value of x we're going to use the
6:43:14get function
6:43:15so if x dot get is equal to one
6:43:19that means that somebody clicked on the
6:43:20check box or toggled it on
6:43:23so if they check the check box
6:43:26or check the check button then they
6:43:29agree
6:43:30so print you agree
6:43:34if it's zero and we can do this with an
6:43:36else statement
6:43:37else print
6:43:41you don't agree frowny face
6:43:45and let's test this theory so we have
6:43:48our
6:43:49check button when we click on this it's
6:43:51actually going to call
6:43:52our display function i agree to
6:43:54something and it says within our console
6:43:56window
6:43:57you agree and if i were to toggle this
6:43:59off it says you don't agree
6:44:02let's change the font of our check
6:44:03button so we'll add that as an option
6:44:05font equals and we can pass in a font
6:44:08that we want
6:44:09i'll say maybe ariel and then a size
6:44:12of 20 and now this should be readable
6:44:16i agree to something let's also color
6:44:19this
6:44:20because well i like coloring let's begin
6:44:22with the foreground color
6:44:24so that is fg for short fg equals
6:44:27and then we can pass in a color name or
6:44:30a hex value
6:44:31i like hex values so i'm going to stick
6:44:33with those i want a green
6:44:35foreground color so that is zero zero f
6:44:39zero zero but feel free to adjust these
6:44:42values however you want
6:44:44so our text should now be green that is
6:44:47a
6:44:47very bright green and it hurts my eyes
6:44:49so i'm also going to change the
6:44:51background
6:44:51color which is bg and i'm going to set
6:44:54this to
6:44:54black so we'll have green text on a
6:44:57black background
6:44:59okay now when you click on this it
6:45:01flashes that's kind of annoying
6:45:03that's the active foreground and active
6:45:06background
6:45:07if we click on this or hold this down
6:45:09the color scheme switches to
6:45:11our active foreground slash background
6:45:13and we can change those too
6:45:15so i'm going to set those options active
6:45:19foreground i'm going to set this the
6:45:21same as my foreground color
6:45:25and the active background will be the
6:45:27same as
6:45:28our normal background so that's active
6:45:31background equals
6:45:35black and this should no longer flash
6:45:38when we click on it
6:45:41not too bad not too bad let's add some
6:45:43padding
6:45:45pad x i'll set this to 25
6:45:49and pad y i'll set this to
6:45:5210. we have a little more padding around
6:45:57our check button one feature that's
6:45:59available to us
6:46:00is that we can add an image next to our
6:46:03check button
6:46:04i downloaded an image of the python logo
6:46:07that i want to add
6:46:08so we'll use the image option to add a
6:46:12photo image
6:46:13to this check button but first we need
6:46:15to create a
6:46:16photo image from our image file so
6:46:19within the window
6:46:21let's call this python photo
6:46:24but you'll probably use something
6:46:25different for your project
6:46:27python photo equals photo
6:46:31image and within the constructor for our
6:46:33photo image
6:46:36we can set the file path or the file
6:46:38name
6:46:39since this image is within my project
6:46:41folder i only have to list the file name
6:46:44and this photo of mine is python.png
6:46:49and now we set the image equal to
6:46:52our photo image that we have image
6:46:55equals
6:46:56python photo but when we run this
6:46:59it's going to overlap the text we still
6:47:02have our image though
6:47:04and this still works as intended so in
6:47:06order to display
6:47:08the image as well as the text we're
6:47:11going to need to use the compound
6:47:13option and let's add that at the end
6:47:15compound
6:47:17is where we're adding this photo
6:47:19relative to the text
6:47:21i want this photo on the left hand side
6:47:23of the text
6:47:24so i'm going to set this to left and now
6:47:27when we run this
6:47:28surprise surprise our image is on the
6:47:30left hand side
6:47:31one thing that you should know is that
6:47:33with the on value and the off value data
6:47:35type if you were to change this
6:47:37to a non-integer value let's say we're
6:47:40going to replace the on value with a
6:47:42boolean value of true and the off value
6:47:45is false with this variable make sure to
6:47:49change the data type as well to reflect
6:47:52what you're storing within
6:47:53it so with our int var variable we want
6:47:56to change this to a
6:47:57boolean var value so replace int
6:48:01with boolean and this will work much the
6:48:04same
6:48:04now with this display function we'll
6:48:06need to account for that
6:48:08so within the if statement here we'll
6:48:10say if x
6:48:11dot get we don't need to say is equal to
6:48:14one
6:48:15this will return true or false and this
6:48:18will work
6:48:19just the same as it did before and if
6:48:21you replace this with a string
6:48:23let's say the on value is
6:48:26yes all caps and the off value is
6:48:30no this is now a string bar
6:48:34and we'll change our display function to
6:48:36say if x
6:48:38dot get is equal to yes
6:48:43and this should work you agree you don't
6:48:46agree you agree
6:48:47you don't agree and i'll change that
6:48:50back to one so
6:48:51one and zero is the default for this but
6:48:53you can edit these based on what you
6:48:55need
6:48:56all right so that's the basics of check
6:48:58buttons in python if you want a copy of
6:49:00all this code
6:49:01i'll post all of this in the comments
6:49:03down below but yeah that's the basics of
6:49:05check buttons in python hey what's going
6:49:08on everybody it's your bro here hope
6:49:10you're doing well and in this video i'm
6:49:11going to be teaching you guys how we can
6:49:12create radio buttons in python so sit
6:49:15back
6:49:15relax and enjoy the show
6:49:19okay everybody let's create some radio
6:49:21buttons now these are similar to check
6:49:23boxes but you can only select one from
6:49:25any single grouping
6:49:27so let's pretend that i'm buying you
6:49:29lunch and you can only select
6:49:30one item from a menu you can select
6:49:33either a
6:49:33slice of pizza a hamburger or a hot dog
6:49:37so let's begin by creating a list i will
6:49:39call this list
6:49:40food food equals
6:49:44pizza hamburger
6:49:48hot dog and let's create a window
6:49:52window equals tk followed by
6:49:55window dot main loop
6:49:59so to create a radio button we'll need a
6:50:01name so i'll call this radio button
6:50:04radio button equals radio button
6:50:08and we're going to be adding this to our
6:50:10window and we're going to put this
6:50:12within
6:50:12a for loop so we're going to iterate
6:50:15through all of the items within our list
6:50:17so let's create a for loop so we'll say
6:50:20for
6:50:22index in range
6:50:26length of food
6:50:30so this is going to iterate once through
6:50:32all of the elements within our list
6:50:35so when we run this it's going to create
6:50:38three
6:50:38radio buttons for us because we're
6:50:40instantiating
6:50:42one radio button for each item in the
6:50:44list
6:50:45now what i'm going to do is set the text
6:50:48equal to
6:50:51our list of food at a certain index
6:50:55so when we first run this for loop it's
6:50:57going to be zero for the index
6:51:00then one and then two and then so on and
6:51:03so forth for each item within our list
6:51:06and then we just need to pack this so
6:51:09radio
6:51:10button dot pack
6:51:14and then let's take a look at this
6:51:17alright so here are all of the radio
6:51:19buttons that we have
6:51:20currently they're all selected though so
6:51:22we'll need to link these within a single
6:51:25grouping
6:51:25the next thing we'll add is a variable
6:51:28and we'll set this equal to
6:51:29x and we'll need to declare this after
6:51:31we create an instance of our window
6:51:33so x equals int var
6:51:37so this will hold an integer object
6:51:40so these are all within the same
6:51:42grouping
6:51:43however if we try to run this again and
6:51:45select one of these options
6:51:47they all become selected so we're going
6:51:50to need to give
6:51:51each of these individual radio buttons
6:51:53their own
6:51:54value because right now they're all
6:51:56sharing the same value
6:51:57so we can add value equals
6:52:01whatever the index is currently so the
6:52:04first
6:52:04item within our list of food is going to
6:52:07have an
6:52:07index value of zero then one
6:52:11then two so let's try that again and you
6:52:14can see by default it's
6:52:15zero so pizza is already selected then
6:52:18we can select either hamburger or hot
6:52:20dog
6:52:20but we can only select one so that's
6:52:23kind of what we want then
6:52:25so do you guys usually know how i call
6:52:27the config function after each change
6:52:29that i make for an object
6:52:30well that's because i like to add
6:52:32comments just for teaching purposes
6:52:34for what each change does however it
6:52:37might be easier for you instead of
6:52:38calling the config function a bunch of
6:52:40times
6:52:41just to list all of the changes within
6:52:43the parentheses when you create an
6:52:45instance of the
6:52:46object that you're working with however
6:52:48just for teaching purposes i'm going to
6:52:50put this all within
6:52:52separate lines that allows me to add
6:52:54some comments
6:52:55so i think i'm going to start doing that
6:52:56from now on uh so what this does
6:52:59is that this adds text to
6:53:02radio buttons and this
6:53:06groups radio buttons together
6:53:10if they share the same variable
6:53:16so if you wanted a completely different
6:53:18grouping of radio buttons you can give
6:53:20them a different variable
6:53:21like y and what this line does
6:53:25is that this assigns
6:53:28each radio button a
6:53:32different value
6:53:37all right so let's make some cosmetic
6:53:39changes to our radio buttons
6:53:42so right now they are centered let's
6:53:45anchor these to the west
6:53:47so we'll place this within the pack
6:53:49function so
6:53:50anchor equals w alternatively you can
6:53:54just say capital w
6:53:56without the quotes this would also work
6:53:58too
6:54:00so now they're all lined up let's add
6:54:01some padding
6:54:03so i'm going to add pad x
6:54:06and i'll set this to 25
6:54:10and this adds
6:54:13padding on x
6:54:17axis
6:54:20let's also change the font
6:54:23so we'll save font
6:54:27equals maybe i'll pick impact for a font
6:54:31style
6:54:32and set the font size to 50
6:54:36and now we can actually read these
6:54:38because the font is large enough
6:54:40now let's add some images so let's
6:54:43create some photo images
6:54:44you'll want to be sure to create these
6:54:47after you create your instance of your
6:54:49window
6:54:50so let's create a pizza image first
6:54:53pizza image
6:54:54equals photo image
6:54:58file equals the file path or the file
6:55:01name
6:55:01and my file is pizza.png and it kind of
6:55:04looks like this
6:55:05it's just the pizza emoji so
6:55:10pizza.png
6:55:12and then i'll do the same thing for
6:55:14hamburger and hotdog
6:55:16so this will be hamburger image
6:55:20file equals hamburger.png
6:55:25and then hotdog image
6:55:35and this is what the other emojis look
6:55:37like
6:55:40and then let's create a list of the
6:55:42photo images that we have
6:55:44i'll call this food images
6:55:47equals than the names of these images
6:55:52pizza image hamburger image
6:55:56and hot dog image
6:56:01so then we can set the image for each
6:56:03radio button
6:56:05image equals
6:56:08the name of the list food images
6:56:11followed by
6:56:12the index that we're currently on within
6:56:15our for loop
6:56:16so this adds image
6:56:20to radio button and
6:56:23let's test this cool here's our images
6:56:27now if you want some images as well as
6:56:30text you'll have to use compound
6:56:32so let's add that next so i'm just going
6:56:36to add a comma
6:56:37followed by compound
6:56:43equals let's say left so this will add
6:56:46the image
6:56:47to the left of the text
6:56:52adds image and text i'll just say left
6:56:56side
6:56:59so this will display both an image and
6:57:02text
6:57:04so with these radio buttons you can
6:57:06eliminate these
6:57:07circle indicators and there's actually a
6:57:10way to do that
6:57:11so what we'll add if you want to get rid
6:57:13of those
6:57:14is indicator
6:57:18on equals zero
6:57:21so this will i should say eliminate
6:57:27circle indicators
6:57:32so it's going to change these to these
6:57:34push buttons
6:57:35however they are going to be of uneven
6:57:38size you can set the width
6:57:40if you want to so we'll do that
6:57:43so we'll say width equals
6:57:47what about 75 i'm not sure if that's a
6:57:50good size or not
6:57:52okay that's way too small let's try 375
6:57:59so yeah you can have some push buttons
6:58:00if you want to if you don't like the
6:58:02circle indicators
6:58:04so this sets width
6:58:07of radio buttons
6:58:11now let's actually set a function to
6:58:14uh be called when we click one of these
6:58:16buttons
6:58:18so let's call this function maybe order
6:58:20like we're ordering one of these items
6:58:24so def we'll call this order like we're
6:58:27ordering something
6:58:29and what we'll do is just a few if
6:58:31statements because i'm feeling lazy
6:58:33so we'll just say if x that's
6:58:37the value that's going to be stored
6:58:40because each of these radio buttons is
6:58:42grouped together by the variable x
6:58:45if x dot get
6:58:48is equal to zero that's our first index
6:58:52for pizza what we'll display is
6:58:57print you
6:59:01oops you ordered
6:59:04pizza then we'll just add
6:59:08else if x dot get
6:59:12is equal to one we will print
6:59:17you ordered a hamburger
6:59:25and then else if two
6:59:30you ordered a hot dog
6:59:37else
6:59:40print huh
6:59:44so there's probably a more efficient way
6:59:46to write this however
6:59:48i was just feeling lazy and this is
6:59:49probably the best way to keep this
6:59:51simple and easy to understand
6:59:53so let's try this now oh however we need
6:59:55to set the command
6:59:57for our radio buttons so
7:00:00command equals then the
7:00:04function name which is order and make
7:00:07sure you do not add the parentheses
7:00:10so don't do this do that
7:00:13and this will set
7:00:16command of
7:00:19radio button to function
7:00:25all right let's test this so if we click
7:00:28on pizza it says you ordered pizza
7:00:30you ordered a hamburger and you ordered
7:00:33a hot dog
7:00:35okay everybody so that's the basics of
7:00:37radio buttons if you would like a copy
7:00:39of all this code i'll post all of this
7:00:40in the comments down below
7:00:42but yeah that's the basics of radio
7:00:44buttons in python
7:00:46hey what's going on everybody it's you
7:00:48bro here hope you're doing well and in
7:00:50this video i'm going to teach you guys
7:00:51how we can create
7:00:52a sliding scale in python so sit back
7:00:55relax and enjoy the show
7:00:59let's create a scale so we'll need a
7:01:00window window equals tk
7:01:03followed by window.mainloop we'll create
7:01:06a scale
7:01:07called scale scale equals scale
7:01:10we need to add the scale to our window
7:01:12so we'll put that here
7:01:14we can list a from position and a 2
7:01:17position
7:01:18both of these values will be our range
7:01:20of values that we can use
7:01:22for our scale so from
7:01:25sure to add an underscore after from it
7:01:28won't work without this underscore
7:01:30from equals let's say 0 and 2 equals 100
7:01:34so we're going to create a scale for
7:01:36temperature
7:01:37and this will be in celsius so 0 will be
7:01:41freezing and 100 will be the boiling
7:01:43point uh you know for water
7:01:45so then to display the scale we'll need
7:01:48to add
7:01:48scale.pack and let's run this
7:01:52so the front position is zero so that's
7:01:54at the top here and then if you go down
7:01:56it increases so you can actually flip
7:01:58this so we'll save from
7:02:01102 will be zero
7:02:04so now you can scroll up and the number
7:02:06will increase
7:02:08let's also get the current value so
7:02:12we'll need a button
7:02:14so button equals button
7:02:18we'll add this to the window we'll add
7:02:20some text
7:02:22text equals submit and then a command
7:02:26command equals submit but we'll have to
7:02:29make this function
7:02:31so let's do that outside the window def
7:02:34submit and we will simply print the
7:02:38current temperature
7:02:39so let's display message the temperature
7:02:43is plus
7:02:47scale dot get
7:02:51plus degrees
7:02:55celsius we can just say degree c
7:02:59so let's try this uh but we also have to
7:03:01pack the button so button.pack
7:03:07so if we were to try and submit this
7:03:10right now scale.get is going to return
7:03:12an integer
7:03:13so we need to convert this to a string
7:03:16so
7:03:16str scale.get
7:03:20and you have to do that with python if
7:03:22you're displaying a
7:03:23integer value along with another string
7:03:26uh you need to convert it to a string
7:03:29so now this should work so it is 82
7:03:33degrees celsius
7:03:35so let's do some cosmetic changes for
7:03:37our temperature gauge
7:03:39because right now it's kind of ugly
7:03:43so the first thing we'll change is
7:03:46let's say the length so length equals
7:03:49600 so that should be fairly large
7:03:56you can also set the orientation so that
7:03:59is
7:03:59orient spelt like that
7:04:04so this can either be vertical which it
7:04:06currently is
7:04:09or horizontal
7:04:15but i'll keep this as vertical
7:04:19so i'll let a comment that this is
7:04:22orientation
7:04:23of scale let's also change the
7:04:27font so font equals
7:04:30pick whatever font you want
7:04:34and a size so maybe 20.
7:04:41now you can add some tick intervals
7:04:46maybe i'll set this to 10. so these will
7:04:50be
7:04:50numeric indicators on the scale
7:05:00and show value this hides the current
7:05:04value
7:05:04so if you set this to zero this will
7:05:06hide
7:05:07current value
7:05:12so it no longer displays what the
7:05:14current value is next to the slider
7:05:17to actually retrieve it you'd have to
7:05:19get the value
7:05:20so right now it's 40 but it helps that
7:05:22you have the tick intervals on the
7:05:24left-hand side
7:05:26i should probably add that this adds
7:05:31uh numeric
7:05:34indicators for
7:05:38value good enough let's continue on
7:05:41now let's use the set function we can
7:05:44set the current value of the knob
7:05:46on our scale and by default it is zero
7:05:49so we can use the scale
7:05:50dot set function and we can place a
7:05:53number in here
7:05:54a value so let's say we want this to be
7:05:57100
7:05:58so this is now at the 100 position
7:06:00instead of zero
7:06:01if we wanted this in the middle we could
7:06:03set this to 50
7:06:05and now it's in the middle however if
7:06:07you change the
7:06:09range of your skill of from minus 2
7:06:12and set this to 50 now 50 is all the way
7:06:15down here so it no longer appears in the
7:06:17middle
7:06:18so this isn't really necessary but if
7:06:20you want this to be a little more
7:06:21sophisticated
7:06:22there's actually a formula that you
7:06:23could use we can use scale
7:06:26straight braces and then place the word
7:06:28from
7:06:29within here this will give us our max
7:06:31basically
7:06:32uh so this is from without an underscore
7:06:35so this not this this
7:06:40scale from minus scale
7:06:43two and then we're going to divide this
7:06:47by two
7:06:48and then i'm just going to put this
7:06:50within a extra set of parentheses
7:06:53plus scale two just in case
7:06:57our two value is greater than zero
7:07:01we just want to account for that and
7:07:03then i'm just going to
7:07:05put these within another set of
7:07:06parentheses so
7:07:08this should always appear in the middle
7:07:10then even if we were to change this
7:07:14range
7:07:16yeah it seems like it works uh like i
7:07:18said it's not really necessary but
7:07:20if you want this to be a little more
7:07:21sophisticated that would work
7:07:23now let's make some cosmetic changes to
7:07:25this scale and make it look pretty
7:07:28so first let's change the trough color
7:07:30this is this gray portion right here
7:07:35so let's set the trough color
7:07:39equals whatever color you want you could
7:07:42say like blue
7:07:43or you can place a hex value here and i
7:07:45actually picked one out already
7:07:47so i'm going to use 6 9 e
7:07:50a f f and that is this icy blue color
7:07:54kind of like this is sliding on ice
7:07:58and i'm also going to change the font
7:08:00color
7:08:03and i'm going to pick this fiery red
7:08:06color
7:08:07to symbolize heat
7:08:12and then you can change the background
7:08:14color too
7:08:16so that is bg and i'll just set this to
7:08:20like black
7:08:24it's looking kind of cool now right and
7:08:27for no good reason i'm going to add some
7:08:29pictures
7:08:31so feel free to pause the video if you'd
7:08:32like to download some images i'm going
7:08:34to use an image of a flame
7:08:36for the hot side of our scale and a
7:08:39snowflake
7:08:40for the cold side so let's begin by
7:08:43adding the hot image uh to the scale
7:08:46before we actually
7:08:48add the scale to the window so we'll do
7:08:50this after we instantiate the window
7:08:52because that's the only place that we
7:08:53can do that
7:08:55so we're going to create a image i'll
7:08:56just call this hot image
7:08:58for the fire icon so hot image equals
7:09:01photo image file
7:09:04equals this is hot.png so
7:09:08hot.png we're going to add the image to
7:09:12a label
7:09:13i'll call this hot label hot label
7:09:17label image equals
7:09:20hot image and then we need to pack this
7:09:24so hot label dot pack
7:09:29and this should appear at the top let's
7:09:31test it
7:09:32yep there it is let's do the same thing
7:09:35for the cold side
7:09:37so i'll add this here before the button
7:09:41and i'm going to replace hot with cold
7:09:44same thing with the file name
7:09:45cold.png
7:09:49this will be cold label cold
7:09:52image and cold label dot pack
7:09:57and that should be it let's take a look
7:09:59not too shabby it's looking pretty sweet
7:10:02it has our submit button at the bottom
7:10:03too uh so
7:10:05right now the temperature is 100 degrees
7:10:07celsius
7:10:09the temperature is 0 degrees celsius the
7:10:11temperature is 60 degrees celsius
7:10:14well that's how to create a scale in
7:10:16python if you would like a copy of all
7:10:17this code i'll post all of this in the
7:10:19comments down below
7:10:20but yeah that's how to create a scale in
7:10:22python
7:10:24hey what's going on everybody it's your
7:10:26bro here hope you're doing well and in
7:10:27this video i'm going to teach you guys
7:10:29how we can create a list box in python
7:10:31so
7:10:32sit back relax and enjoy the show
7:10:36all right you wonderful people let's
7:10:38create a list box a list box
7:10:40is a listing of selectable text items
7:10:43within its own container
7:10:44so as always we'll need a window window
7:10:47equals tk
7:10:48followed by window dot main loop let's
7:10:51create a list box
7:10:52simply called list box big surprise
7:10:55there right
7:10:55so list box equals list box what are we
7:10:59adding this list box to
7:11:00we're going to place that here within
7:11:01the parentheses of the constructor
7:11:03we're adding this to our window and then
7:11:05we're going to follow this with
7:11:07listbox.pack you can also do
7:11:09listbox.place as well and place some
7:11:11coordinates but
7:11:12we've always done pack let's just stick
7:11:14with that for now all right so this is
7:11:16what our list box looks like
7:11:18it's a small rectangular box and we're
7:11:20going to add some text items that are
7:11:22selectable
7:11:23and eventually we'll be able to submit a
7:11:25choice so i have an idea
7:11:27let's create an online menu like we're
7:11:30ordering food from a restaurant
7:11:32let's say it's bros italian restaurant
7:11:34so let's add some food items to our menu
7:11:36and somebody can submit an order so
7:11:39we'll need to use the
7:11:40insert function of the list box to add
7:11:42some items so
7:11:43list box dot insert we place
7:11:47an index and a text item so let's say
7:11:50for
7:11:51index one we'll have pizza
7:11:54and this is what we end up with we have
7:11:56the item pizza
7:11:58it's selectable and well that's really
7:12:00it we'll need to create a submit button
7:12:02and populate the rest of this list box
7:12:04so let's add a few other items for our
7:12:06menu so let's say we'll have five items
7:12:10and we need an index for each so one two
7:12:13three four and five so we have
7:12:16pizza for the first item for the second
7:12:18item let's have pasta
7:12:20and third let's say garlic bread because
7:12:23garlic bread
7:12:24is awesome and restaurants usually have
7:12:26appetizers so why not soup and salad
7:12:30and that should be enough for this
7:12:31example
7:12:33and this is what we have we have our
7:12:36menu and we can select
7:12:37an item from this menu so let's
7:12:40customize the appearance of this menu
7:12:42well because we can so let's do that
7:12:45let's change the background color so we
7:12:46do that with the option
7:12:48bg for background and you can set this
7:12:50equal to a color of your choice
7:12:52or a hex value so i have a hex color
7:12:55value already picked out
7:12:57it is f7fde and this has the appearance
7:13:01of i would say
7:13:02paper like it's kind of faded i think
7:13:04that would fit some sort
7:13:06of menu for a restaurant but pick
7:13:08whatever background color you want
7:13:10so let's change the font next so we can
7:13:13do that with the option font
7:13:16and i will pick the font
7:13:22it's somewhat fancy i think it would fit
7:13:24like a restaurant menu
7:13:26and then a size of 35.
7:13:29yeah we're getting somewhere we can also
7:13:32change the width and the height
7:13:35so width equals let's say 12.
7:13:39that's not too bad for a width let's
7:13:41also change the height
7:13:43so we can do that with a function
7:13:46of our list box so let's get the current
7:13:49size of the list box
7:13:50and let's actually do that after we
7:13:53insert all of the items within our list
7:13:55box
7:13:55so to change the size of our list box
7:13:58what we do
7:13:59is type in list box
7:14:02dot config you usually use config if you
7:14:05need to change any uh
7:14:06options and we want to change the
7:14:09length of or the height of this list box
7:14:13so we're going to say height equals
7:14:17list box dot
7:14:20size function so then this will adjust
7:14:24the size
7:14:25of our list box dynamically even if we
7:14:28were to remove an item
7:14:30then the size of our list box is going
7:14:32to shrink
7:14:34just like that but let's keep salad in
7:14:37there for now because we need salad
7:14:40all right so how do we actually submit
7:14:43one of these options we'll need to
7:14:44create a submit button
7:14:46so let's do that after we create our
7:14:48list box so near the bottom
7:14:50we'll call this submit button
7:14:53submit button equals button we're adding
7:14:56this to our window
7:14:58let's set the text to submit
7:15:01and we'll need a command so we'll create
7:15:03a function called
7:15:05submit and then we need to pack
7:15:08this submit button
7:15:11submit button.pack now at the top of
7:15:14this program
7:15:15let's create a submit function
7:15:19so at the top def submit
7:15:24so to retrieve or get the current
7:15:27selected item
7:15:28of a list box there is a certain
7:15:30function that you can use
7:15:31so we'll begin by saying
7:15:35list box dot get
7:15:38what are we getting we want to get
7:15:39anything that is currently selected and
7:15:41there is a function
7:15:43for that so what we're going to do
7:15:45within the parentheses of the get
7:15:47function is type in
7:15:49listbox dot current selection
7:15:54it's shortened to cur selection all
7:15:57right and then we can either store this
7:15:59within a variable or we can just print
7:16:01this but i think we'll just print this
7:16:02to keep it simple
7:16:06now when we select an item and
7:16:09click on the submit button it's going to
7:16:11submit our order
7:16:12actually better yet let's actually uh
7:16:16print you have
7:16:20ordered whatever item that
7:16:25we select so garlic bread you have
7:16:27ordered garlic bread
7:16:29cool what we're going to work on now is
7:16:32a way to submit
7:16:33or insert an item to our list box after
7:16:36this program is compiled and already
7:16:38running
7:16:39so we'll create an entry box within our
7:16:42window
7:16:42where we can submit a custom item to
7:16:44this menu
7:16:45so let's create an entry box and let's
7:16:49do that before the submit button that
7:16:50would be a good spot for this
7:16:52so let's call this entry box where
7:16:54somebody can
7:16:55type in something to add to the menu so
7:16:58entry box equals entry and we're adding
7:17:01this
7:17:02to our window and then entry box
7:17:05dot pack then we're going to create a
7:17:09button
7:17:10called add and i'm just going to copy
7:17:12everything from the
7:17:13submit button and we'll change submit to
7:17:16add
7:17:17we're going to add an item to the menu
7:17:20so we'll change the text
7:17:21to add and command add
7:17:24add button dot pack then we're going to
7:17:28create
7:17:29a function called add and we'll do that
7:17:31at the top
7:17:32def add parentheses
7:17:35colon so to add an item to the list box
7:17:39first we need to
7:17:40get what is currently in the entry box
7:17:43so we can do that by typing in
7:17:47list box dot insert
7:17:50then within the parentheses we need to
7:17:52get
7:17:53an index number as well as
7:17:56a text item so for the number what we
7:17:59can type here
7:18:00is the listbox dot size
7:18:03so this will give us the current
7:18:05position of the
7:18:07index that we're currently on for the
7:18:08list box and then we need to get the
7:18:11text
7:18:12in the entry box so we type in the name
7:18:14of the entry box
7:18:15entry box dot get
7:18:19and this will insert a new item within
7:18:22our menu our list box so let's try it
7:18:24again
7:18:27so we can type in an item let's say soda
7:18:29we want to add soda to the menu
7:18:31and then we click add all right there's
7:18:34our soda but we have to scroll down to
7:18:36see it
7:18:37so let's change the size of our list box
7:18:41so there's actually a line of code that
7:18:43we did that already
7:18:44listbox.config height equals listbox
7:18:47size so let's add that within the add
7:18:50function at the very end
7:18:52so then the height of our list box will
7:18:55adjust
7:18:56so currently there's no soda within our
7:18:57menu let's type in soda
7:18:59or some other item click add and then
7:19:02that item will appear and the size of
7:19:04the list box will change to accommodate
7:19:06any new items
7:19:07let's say now that we serve sushi we're
7:19:10now an italian
7:19:11and japanese restaurant now we have
7:19:14sushi on the menu
7:19:15you know what why stop there let's
7:19:17create a delete button to delete an item
7:19:19from this menu
7:19:21so we'll create a delete button
7:19:24i'll just copy everything for add and
7:19:26change this to
7:19:27delete so delete button text equals
7:19:30delete
7:19:32command equals delete as well and
7:19:35delete button dot pack and then at the
7:19:38very top we'll create a delete
7:19:40function so we'll do that here
7:19:44d e f delete
7:19:48and to delete an item from a list box
7:19:51there's actually a function to do that
7:19:52so
7:19:53list box dot delete
7:19:56and then within the parenthesis of the
7:19:58delete function we can pass
7:20:00in list box dot current selection or
7:20:04just
7:20:04cur selection for short and then we want
7:20:07to
7:20:08readjust the height of this list box
7:20:10after we delete an item
7:20:12so we'll just add listbox.config height
7:20:15equals listbox.size because the size
7:20:18of all the items within the list box is
7:20:20going to shrink after we delete an item
7:20:23so let's try this so here's our menu
7:20:26let's say we no longer want salad
7:20:28because salad is healthy well we can
7:20:30delete it
7:20:31same thing with soup and you know what
7:20:33let's also delete the
7:20:34pasta and the pizza so we're only left
7:20:37with sweet sweet garlic bread
7:20:39well ladies and gentlemen we're going to
7:20:40get into some more advanced stuff with
7:20:42list boxes
7:20:43what if you want to select more than one
7:20:45item from this list box
7:20:47we're going to need to change a few
7:20:48things so when we create our list box
7:20:51there is a select mode select mode
7:20:54and we are going to set this equal to
7:20:56multiple
7:20:57so now we can actually select multiple
7:21:00items
7:21:01from this list box like i want to select
7:21:03one of everything
7:21:04but what happens when we submit this
7:21:07well we're going to run into some
7:21:08problems so we're going to need to
7:21:09change this program around
7:21:11so let's begin with the submit option so
7:21:14what we're going to do within the submit
7:21:16option
7:21:16is first get rid of this line let's say
7:21:20we
7:21:20no longer need this anymore uh and then
7:21:23before we print out the items that we
7:21:26ordered
7:21:26let's create a list called food
7:21:30and we'll just leave this empty for now
7:21:31we'll fill this later
7:21:33so we'll create a for loop for index
7:21:37in list box
7:21:40dot current selection
7:21:44what we're going to do after each
7:21:46iteration
7:21:48food dot insert
7:21:52our index number as well as
7:21:55listbox dot get
7:21:59the item name at this index what this
7:22:02for loop is doing is that it's going to
7:22:04iterate once for each item that we
7:22:07select
7:22:08so since we have three items that are
7:22:10currently selected this is going to
7:22:12iterate three times
7:22:13get the index number as well as the item
7:22:15at that index number
7:22:17and now we just need to display the
7:22:18contents of what we have
7:22:20within our list of food so we can do
7:22:23that with
7:22:23another for loop so let's add that after
7:22:26you have ordered
7:22:27then for
7:22:30index in our list
7:22:34food all we'll do is print
7:22:39index so this will print out everything
7:22:42that we ordered
7:22:43so let's say that we want one of
7:22:45everything and submit this
7:22:46you have ordered pizza pasta garlic
7:22:49bread soup and salad
7:22:51now what happens if we try to delete
7:22:53multiple items
7:22:54so let's say we want to delete soup and
7:22:56salad and we click delete
7:22:58well we're going to run into an error
7:23:00because our function is not set up to
7:23:02accommodate for
7:23:03multiple items so we'll need to change a
7:23:05few things around so let's get rid of
7:23:07this line for now
7:23:08list box dot delete list box dot current
7:23:10selection
7:23:11and we're going to place a for loop here
7:23:13so for
7:23:14index in list box
7:23:18dot current selection then after each
7:23:21iteration
7:23:22what we're going to do is use list box
7:23:25dot
7:23:26delete and we're deleting the item at
7:23:29whatever index we're currently on so you
7:23:32would think this would work
7:23:33at first glance let's say we want to
7:23:36delete pizza and pasta
7:23:38we're going to click delete so pizza was
7:23:40deleted but not
7:23:41pasta that's because the indexes are
7:23:44changing
7:23:45after we delete an item so when we use
7:23:48this for loop
7:23:49we should actually reverse this so with
7:23:53listbox.currentselection
7:23:54we are going to enclose this with
7:23:56reversed
7:23:59so then we're going to start at the last
7:24:01index and work our way to zero
7:24:03in that order so now if we want to
7:24:06delete
7:24:06pizza and pasta i don't know why we
7:24:09would because
7:24:10they're amazing and we click delete it
7:24:12deletes
7:24:13pizza and pasta but we still have garlic
7:24:16bread soup and salad then we can add an
7:24:18item
7:24:19let's say we want to add sushi against
7:24:21the menu we can do that
7:24:22and then we can order one of everything
7:24:24because we're really hungry
7:24:26you have ordered garlic bread soup salad
7:24:28and sushi
7:24:29so that's the basics of creating a list
7:24:32box in python if you want a copy of all
7:24:34this code
7:24:35i'll post all of this in the comments
7:24:36down below but yeah that's the basics
7:24:38of list boxes in python
7:24:41hey what's going on everybody it's your
7:24:43bro here hope you're doing well and in
7:24:45this video i'm going to teach you guys
7:24:46how we can create
7:24:47message boxes in python so sit back
7:24:49relax and enjoy the show
7:24:54okay people let's create some message
7:24:56boxes but first we'll need an import so
7:24:58from
7:24:59tk enter import
7:25:02message box and what this will do
7:25:06is import the message box
7:25:09library so it's not necessary to add
7:25:12this comment uh so we'll need a window
7:25:15window equals tk followed by window
7:25:18dot main loop let's create a button
7:25:22so button equals button we're going to
7:25:26add this to the window
7:25:27we're going to set the command to
7:25:29execute a
7:25:30click function that will have a message
7:25:33box appear when we click on the button
7:25:35and let's set the text so text equals
7:25:39click me and then we will need to pack
7:25:43this button
7:25:43so button.pack now we'll need to create
7:25:46a click function
7:25:47so let's do that at the top def
7:25:50click and what do we want to do
7:25:54so there's a few different uh message
7:25:56dialog boxes that you can use
7:25:58so let's begin with a basic show info
7:26:01message box
7:26:02so message box dot and there's a few
7:26:05options
7:26:06let's begin with show info show
7:26:09info this just displays a simple message
7:26:12so if we were to run this we have a
7:26:15button we click on the button and it's
7:26:16going to create a message box for us
7:26:19and it just shows some info but we don't
7:26:21really have any info to show yet
7:26:23so we can set a title and we can set a
7:26:26message
7:26:26so let's set the title title equals
7:26:31this is an info
7:26:34message box
7:26:39although part of the title got cut off
7:26:42let's also set the message message
7:26:45equals
7:26:47you are a person
7:26:53click me you are a person thanks i
7:26:56didn't know that so there's a few other
7:26:59message boxes that we can use too
7:27:01so for now i'm just going to turn this
7:27:03into a comment and i'll just copy this
7:27:05just to save some time
7:27:09and the next one that we have is
7:27:12show warning
7:27:15so this will have a different icon so
7:27:18the title
7:27:19let's say warning and the message
7:27:24you have a virus
7:27:31so now we get this annoying warning
7:27:33message but you can just click ok to get
7:27:35rid of it
7:27:36so one thing that you might see with
7:27:38tech support scams
7:27:39they'll have a message box like this
7:27:42that shows a warning
7:27:43but they'll put this within a while loop
7:27:45that's set to true
7:27:47so this will just continue on and on
7:27:52kind of like this so if we were to try
7:27:55and close out of this
7:27:56it's just going to reappear while
7:28:00true is true basically so that's just
7:28:03something funny that i wanted to show
7:28:05you
7:28:05so let's move on i'm going to turn this
7:28:07into a comment
7:28:10then the next one we have is show error
7:28:17so show error
7:28:21title set it to whatever you want
7:28:24error message
7:28:27something went wrong
7:28:36there's a few more sophisticated ones
7:28:38too we can ask for some user input
7:28:42so this next one is message box
7:28:45dot ask and there's a few to choose from
7:28:49let's go with ask okay cancel first
7:28:53we'll set the title title equals
7:28:56ask okay cancel
7:29:00and a message message
7:29:05do you want to
7:29:08do the thing
7:29:15so we can actually put this within an if
7:29:18statement
7:29:19so this returns either true or false
7:29:21depending on what you click
7:29:23so let's put this within an if statement
7:29:26if this is true
7:29:28print you did
7:29:31a thing
7:29:34if it returns false we can use an else
7:29:36statement
7:29:38else what else do we want to do we'll
7:29:40say else
7:29:42print you
7:29:45cancelled a thing
7:29:49and let's test this
7:29:56but i am forgetting a colon there
7:30:01do you want to do the thing okay you did
7:30:04a thing
7:30:04let's try it again do you want to do the
7:30:07thing
7:30:08cancel you cancelled a thing cool
7:30:11there's a few others
7:30:12so i'll turn all of these into comments
7:30:17and the next one we can go over is ask
7:30:20retry cancel
7:30:22and this is fairly similar to what we
7:30:23had before i'm going to copy this
7:30:28let's change this to ask
7:30:32retry cancel ask retry
7:30:36cancel do you want to
7:30:40retry the thing
7:30:44you retried a thing
7:30:48or you cancelled a thing so it's very
7:30:51similar to what we had before
7:30:52do you want to retry the thing retry you
7:30:55retried a thing
7:30:58and cancel you cancelled a thing
7:31:03okay the next one we have is ask yes
7:31:06no so we can get some user input
7:31:11if it's a yes or a no
7:31:14so this returns a boolean value a true
7:31:17or false
7:31:18value so message box
7:31:21dot ask
7:31:24yes no
7:31:28and we'll set the title title equals
7:31:31ask yes or no
7:31:35and a message
7:31:40do you like
7:31:44cake
7:31:47so let's put this within an if statement
7:31:50because this returns
7:31:51a true or false answer print
7:31:57i like cake too
7:32:01else they answered no then if this is
7:32:05false
7:32:06print why do you
7:32:09not like cake
7:32:15and i'm missing a colon there we go
7:32:19so if they click yes this returns true
7:32:22and we execute this line of code i like
7:32:25cake
7:32:25too if they answer no it's going to
7:32:28execute this
7:32:29else statement do you like cake no why
7:32:32do you not like
7:32:33cake now what we have next is ask
7:32:36question and this doesn't return a
7:32:38boolean value of true or false
7:32:40it actually returns a string of yes or
7:32:43no
7:32:43so this is message box
7:32:47dot ask question
7:32:50and we'll set the title to ask
7:32:54question and a message
7:32:57message equals do
7:33:00you like pi
7:33:05so let's just print the result what this
7:33:08returns
7:33:09so print everything within here
7:33:13so like i said this doesn't return it
7:33:15true or false
7:33:16but yes or no
7:33:20so what we could do is assign the
7:33:23response to
7:33:24a variable such as answer
7:33:27so answer equals whatever the answer is
7:33:30whatever they
7:33:31click whatever button they click on so
7:33:33if
7:33:34our answer is equal to yes
7:33:38will print a message print
7:33:42i like pie 2.
7:33:47then else the answer is no
7:33:51will print why do you
7:33:54not like pie
7:34:00so do you like pie yes i like pie too do
7:34:03you like pie
7:34:04no why do you not like pie
7:34:07so this next one is probably the most
7:34:10difficult
7:34:10it's ask yes no cancel
7:34:15so it's message box dot
7:34:18ask yes no cancel
7:34:21it's this last one so let's set the
7:34:23title
7:34:24title equals whatever you want yes
7:34:28no cancel and a message message
7:34:35equals do you
7:34:38like to code
7:34:42so let's just print the results what
7:34:45this returns
7:34:46so print everything just so we can take
7:34:50a look
7:34:51so the possible answers are
7:34:55true false
7:34:58or none so we can just run some if
7:35:01statements for this
7:35:04so if
7:35:07answer is equal to true
7:35:11what we can do is print
7:35:16you like to code
7:35:20oh but we need to assign this to an
7:35:22answer so answer
7:35:23equals all of this
7:35:29else if
7:35:33answer is equal to false
7:35:37let's print then
7:35:41why are you watching a video
7:35:44on coding
7:35:48and then else the response is none so we
7:35:51can just use an
7:35:52else statement so else
7:35:56you have dodged the question
7:36:02okay let's try this
7:36:05do you like to code yes you like to code
7:36:08uh but this should really be a smiley
7:36:10face right
7:36:12do you like to code no then why are you
7:36:15watching a video on coding
7:36:17do you like to code cancel you have
7:36:20dodged the question
7:36:22no one other option available to you is
7:36:24that you can change the icon that you're
7:36:26using
7:36:27so let's say that we want to change this
7:36:29icon so right now it is currently
7:36:32this question mark so we can set this to
7:36:34one
7:36:35of a few preset icons so icon
7:36:38equals and let's set this to warning
7:36:42so instead of that question mark we get
7:36:44this yellow exclamation point
7:36:46and you can also use info
7:36:54it's just an eye and error
7:37:02so do it fits best for you all right
7:37:05well
7:37:06that's the basics on message boxes in
7:37:08python if you'd like a copy of all this
7:37:10code
7:37:10i'll post all of this in the comments
7:37:12down below but yeah that's the basics of
7:37:14message boxes in python hey what's going
7:37:18on everybody it's your bro here hope
7:37:19you're doing well and in this video i'm
7:37:21going to teach you guys about the color
7:37:23chooser module in python so
7:37:25sit back relax and enjoy the show
7:37:29okay everybody so before we begin it
7:37:31we'll need a second import so let's add
7:37:33this at the top
7:37:34so from tk enter import
7:37:37color chooser and the reason that we
7:37:40need a second import and it's not
7:37:42included with this first import
7:37:44is because this is a sub module
7:37:47it's not necessary to add this comment i
7:37:49just like to add comments for teaching
7:37:51purposes
7:37:52so make sure you have these two imports
7:37:54before we begin
7:37:55now we'll need a window and a button
7:37:58that we can add to the window
7:37:59and when we click on the button we're
7:38:00going to select a color and change the
7:38:03background color
7:38:04of the window so let's create a window
7:38:07window equals tk followed by window.main
7:38:11loop and then let's set the geometry so
7:38:14we're going to change
7:38:15the background color of the window after
7:38:17we select a color
7:38:18so let's select a fairly large size for
7:38:21a window
7:38:22maybe 420 by 420 so this is the width
7:38:25and the height
7:38:26and then let's create a button so button
7:38:29equals button
7:38:31let's set some text text equals
7:38:34click me and we're going to
7:38:37set a command for this button that is
7:38:39called so we're going to create a
7:38:41function maybe called click
7:38:43and then we just need to pack this
7:38:45button so we can add this to the window
7:38:47so button.pack
7:38:48now we're going to need to create a
7:38:50function and we'll call it click
7:38:53so when we click on the button this
7:38:55function is going to be called
7:38:56so def click and what do we want to do
7:39:00after clicking this button
7:39:01what we're going to do is take color
7:39:05chooser and we're going to use the ask
7:39:09color function so currently this is what
7:39:12this does
7:39:13we can select a color after clicking
7:39:15this button and pick whatever color you
7:39:17want
7:39:18then you hit ok however we need to store
7:39:21this color within
7:39:22let's say a variable so we'll create a
7:39:23variable called color color equals
7:39:26color chooser dot ask color and then we
7:39:28can do something with this color
7:39:30but for now let's just print this color
7:39:32just to take a look to see what it
7:39:33contains
7:39:34so print color
7:39:39so let's say that i want this green
7:39:42color
7:39:43click ok this is what this prints this
7:39:46is our color
7:39:47so this is the rgb values that we have
7:39:51in this
7:39:51first element so this is the amount of
7:39:53red
7:39:54then green and then blue and the second
7:39:58element
7:39:58is the hexadecimal representation of
7:40:01these values
7:40:03so what we want is this hexadecimal
7:40:06value
7:40:07so what we can do is create a second
7:40:09variable to store this
7:40:11so let's just call this color hex
7:40:14color hex equals color
7:40:18and we're going to get the first element
7:40:21well technically it's the second element
7:40:22but it's the
7:40:24element at position one so this one
7:40:27this is zero index zero so we're going
7:40:30to
7:40:31basically extract this hexadecimal value
7:40:33and let's just print this
7:40:35just to be sure that it's working fine
7:40:36so print color
7:40:38hex and let's try this again but select
7:40:41a different color
7:40:42uh maybe i want this purple color then
7:40:45click ok
7:40:46so this is cb42ff
7:40:50and here we have cb42ff
7:40:54now let's change the background color so
7:40:56since we have this hex value that's
7:40:58actually fairly simple
7:40:59so we're going to take window dot config
7:41:05bg for background color equals
7:41:08color hex
7:41:11and this will change background
7:41:15color
7:41:18and let's set this to a sky blue color
7:41:22maybe like this click ok and it changes
7:41:25the color
7:41:26however it's not really necessary to
7:41:28continue printing these values you can
7:41:30take these out if you want
7:41:33and this would work like just the same
7:41:35then
7:41:37now this part isn't necessary but if you
7:41:40want
7:41:40you can condense these three lines of
7:41:42code that we have for our click function
7:41:44into less lines of code so what you
7:41:47could do
7:41:48instead of assigning the value of color
7:41:52at index 1
7:41:53to a separate variable we can take color
7:41:56at index 1
7:41:57get rid of this line and assign bg
7:42:00equals color
7:42:01at index one so now this is done with
7:42:03just
7:42:04two lines of code and why stop there we
7:42:06can write this with just
7:42:08one line of code so now we're going to
7:42:10take color chooser dot ask
7:42:12color get rid of this line bg equals
7:42:17color chooser dot ask color at index
7:42:20one and now this is done
7:42:24with just one line of code however it's
7:42:27a
7:42:27i would say a little more difficult to
7:42:29teach
7:42:30so that's why i kind of like to separate
7:42:32this line by line
7:42:34so if you want you can condense all of
7:42:36this into just one line of code
7:42:38so here's some ideas of where the color
7:42:40chooser sub module could be helpful
7:42:43so of course you can change the
7:42:44background color too but let's say that
7:42:46you're creating a game and you can
7:42:48customize your character or avatar
7:42:51well it would be kind of nice if you
7:42:52could have some way for the user to
7:42:54actually change maybe the character's
7:42:56hair color eye color something like this
7:42:58would actually work fairly well
7:43:00so yeah that's the basics of color
7:43:02chooser if you'd like a copy of all this
7:43:04code
7:43:04i'll post this in the comments down
7:43:06below but that's the basics of
7:43:08color chooser in python hey what's going
7:43:11on everybody it's bro here hope you're
7:43:12doing well and in this video i'm going
7:43:14to teach you guys how we can create a
7:43:15text area in python so sit back relax
7:43:18and enjoy the show
7:43:21all right my fellow bros let's discuss
7:43:24the text
7:43:24widget this functions like a text area
7:43:27you can enter multiple lines of text i'm
7:43:30not sure why
7:43:31it's called a text widget instead of a
7:43:33text area widget text area would make
7:43:36more sense
7:43:37but idk though so let's begin by
7:43:39creating a window
7:43:41window equals tk followed by window.main
7:43:44loop
7:43:46so to create a text widget also known as
7:43:49a text area
7:43:51let's call this text text equals text
7:43:54and we're going to add this text to our
7:43:56window and then we need to
7:43:58pack this text text dot pack
7:44:03so we should have a text area
7:44:06and you can enter in
7:44:09stuff like this
7:44:13all right but what good is a text area
7:44:16if you can't actually submit
7:44:18some text so let's create a button to do
7:44:20that for us
7:44:21so button equals button
7:44:24we're going to add this button to the
7:44:26window
7:44:28and button dot pack
7:44:32so we need a command for this button
7:44:36and a function as well so let's create a
7:44:39function called submit it's going to be
7:44:40a submit button
7:44:42and let's change the text to because we
7:44:44can
7:44:45text equals submit
7:44:50cool now let's create a function called
7:44:53submit
7:44:54and we'll do this at the top d e f
7:44:56submit
7:44:58and what is this going to do well it's
7:45:01going to
7:45:02get the text from the text area and
7:45:05let's assign this to a variable and we
7:45:07can call this maybe input or
7:45:09whatever you want so to get the text
7:45:12from the text area
7:45:14let's say text that's the name of this
7:45:16text
7:45:17area dot get but we need
7:45:20a starting index as well as an ending
7:45:23index
7:45:24so we're going to place 1.0 here
7:45:27for the beginning index this is the
7:45:29first line
7:45:30we want to get everything so for the
7:45:33second index we can just put
7:45:34end then we can do anything we want with
7:45:37this input so let's just print this to
7:45:39the console window
7:45:40so print input
7:45:44and this should work
7:45:49hey you drink plenty
7:45:52of water love you
7:45:55and click submit and then you can do
7:45:58whatever you want with this
7:45:59input well that's how a text area
7:46:02functions but now let's customize the
7:46:04appearance of this text area and i have
7:46:06a few ideas that you might be interested
7:46:08in
7:46:09so let's change the background color of
7:46:11this text area
7:46:12so bg equals and i will pick
7:46:15light yellow and you will see why in
7:46:17just a second
7:46:19so now this text area kind of resembles
7:46:22maybe a piece of paper
7:46:23a notebook a post-it note however
7:46:27this font is really small so let's
7:46:30change the font
7:46:31styling and the font size so
7:46:35font equals and i will pick the font
7:46:39ink free this somewhat resembles
7:46:42handwriting so
7:46:43i kind of like this and it kind of fits
7:46:45our notebook theme
7:46:46and then a size maybe 25. one thing you
7:46:49should know
7:46:50the text area size corresponds directly
7:46:53with
7:46:53the font size so 25 is a fairly
7:46:57large font so if we were to compile this
7:47:00and run this
7:47:01the size of our text area is now massive
7:47:05because it corresponds directly with the
7:47:07font size
7:47:08so we might want to limit the width and
7:47:10the height
7:47:11so the height is the amount of
7:47:14characters that this is tall
7:47:16so let's say 8 and the width is the
7:47:19amount of characters
7:47:20that this is long and let's say 20.
7:47:24and now this should be much smaller and
7:47:27it kind of resembles a post-it note
7:47:28which is kind of cool let's also change
7:47:31the amount of padding that we have
7:47:34we can do that with pad x and pad y so
7:47:36pad x
7:47:37let's say 20 and pad
7:47:40y also 20. so the text shouldn't
7:47:43actually touch any of the borders
7:47:47this is some sample
7:47:50text cool let's finish this by changing
7:47:54the font color so that is
7:47:56fg for foreground foreground equals
7:47:59and i'll pick purple because purple is a
7:48:02pretty color
7:48:03and let's run this one last time
7:48:07roses are red
7:48:10violets are blue
7:48:14booty booty booty booty
7:48:19rockin everywhere
7:48:25well that's the basics of the text
7:48:27widget in python if you would like a
7:48:29copy of all this code
7:48:30i'll post all of this in the comments
7:48:32down below but yeah that's the basics of
7:48:34the text widget in python
7:48:37hey what's going on everybody it's your
7:48:39bro here hope you're doing well and in
7:48:41this video i'm going to teach you guys
7:48:42how we can use a file dialog
7:48:44in python to open and read the contents
7:48:46of a file so sit back
7:48:47relax and enjoy the show
7:48:51okay people so this is how you can use
7:48:54file dialog
7:48:55to open and read the contents of a file
7:48:57but first we'll need a second import
7:48:59along with this import at the top
7:49:01so what we're going to be importing is
7:49:03from tk
7:49:05enter import file
7:49:08dialog and then we'll need a window
7:49:11like what we usually do so window equals
7:49:15tk followed by window dot
7:49:18main loop now we'll need a button that
7:49:21we're going to add to the window and
7:49:22when we click on this button
7:49:23it's going to launch our file dialog so
7:49:26we can select a file
7:49:27so we'll call this button button equals
7:49:30button
7:49:31let's set some text maybe to just open
7:49:34like we're opening a file and we'll
7:49:36associate a function to our command
7:49:39for this button so let's create a
7:49:41function called
7:49:43open file that's fine and then we need
7:49:46to
7:49:47pack this button so we can add it to the
7:49:49screen so button.pack
7:49:51now we need to create a function called
7:49:53open file and we'll do this before we
7:49:55create our window let's type
7:49:57def open file
7:50:00and when we call this function we're
7:50:03going to
7:50:04take file dialog and use the
7:50:07ask open file name function
7:50:11so this is going to return a string
7:50:14and that string is the file path of
7:50:16where your file is located
7:50:18so what we could do is store this within
7:50:21a variable
7:50:22so let's store this within a variable
7:50:24called file path
7:50:26and to test this let's just print this
7:50:29just to take a look at the contents of
7:50:31this variable
7:50:32so let's just print the file path now i
7:50:35have a file on my desktop that i want to
7:50:37use called test file
7:50:39so let's click the open button and this
7:50:42might not necessarily bring you to your
7:50:44desktop it might bring you someplace
7:50:45else within your
7:50:46file directory so this just happens to
7:50:49be
7:50:50bring me to my desktop so i'm going to
7:50:52click the test file that i have and
7:50:54click
7:50:54open so this prints the file path
7:50:57so it's going to return a string and
7:51:00it's the file path basically
7:51:02so now we want to open and read the
7:51:04contents of this file
7:51:05so we don't really need this print line
7:51:07anymore so
7:51:09what we'll do is create a file
7:51:12variable and we're going to use open
7:51:16we're going to list the file path and
7:51:18then we're going to use
7:51:20r for read so the default is normally rt
7:51:23for read text otherwise you can read
7:51:25binary uh but we can just set this to r
7:51:28r is the same as rt basically uh so then
7:51:30we're going to open this file
7:51:32and then we're going to read it so let's
7:51:35just print this to the console window
7:51:37so print the name of the file which is
7:51:41file
7:51:41where this is located file dot
7:51:45read function and then it's a good idea
7:51:47to close your files
7:51:49after you're done with them so file dot
7:51:51close
7:51:52and let's test this so i'm going to
7:51:55click
7:51:56open find the file that i want
7:52:00click it and then open
7:52:05and that text file says my name is bro i
7:52:07like pizza
7:52:08now let's say you want to make this a
7:52:10little more advanced so what i'm going
7:52:12to do
7:52:12is that i'm going to set the initial
7:52:14directory of where we begin
7:52:16looking for a file when we launch our
7:52:18file dialog
7:52:19so with that test file i'm going to move
7:52:21this to my project folder so i'm just
7:52:23going to paste it
7:52:26so now this is within my project folder
7:52:28now i'm going to set the initial
7:52:30directory within
7:52:31the function of ask open file name
7:52:35so we're going to set the initial d
7:52:38i r for initial directory and then we
7:52:40can list a file path
7:52:42so one thing you could do i want to get
7:52:45this
7:52:46path here this file path so if you're
7:52:47using pycharm what you could do is right
7:52:49click this
7:52:50copy path and then get the absolute path
7:52:53and then i'm just going to paste this
7:52:55and then uh with these backslashes
7:52:58you'll have to do double backslashes
7:52:59because
7:53:00this is the escape character for a
7:53:02backslash
7:53:04alright so this should open my project
7:53:06folder
7:53:08which it does and here's that test file
7:53:12another thing we could do is that we can
7:53:13change the title of our file dialog
7:53:16right now the default is just open so we
7:53:18can change that to something else
7:53:20so i'm going to add a comma maybe put
7:53:22this on a different line
7:53:24uh so this is still within the function
7:53:27of ask open file name
7:53:28so i'm going to set the title to
7:53:30something else i'll say
7:53:32open file
7:53:35okay so if we were to run this again
7:53:40instead of just saying open it says open
7:53:43file okay and we can also limit the
7:53:46file types that we accept and look for
7:53:49so we can use file types
7:53:55so let's say that we want to initially
7:53:57look for a
7:53:58txt file so what we'll do is type in
7:54:04like a name for the file that we're
7:54:06looking for so this is what's going to
7:54:07appear to the user
7:54:09uh text files followed by an extension
7:54:12so we want asterisk
7:54:16dot txt
7:54:19and then we can also have an option for
7:54:21all files
7:54:22so i'm going to add a comma for a second
7:54:24option
7:54:26and then let's say all
7:54:29files and then an extension so comma
7:54:34asterisk dot asterisk this will look for
7:54:37all files
7:54:38uh but i think i am missing a
7:54:40parenthesis
7:54:42there that should be good so then when
7:54:44we open our file dialog
7:54:47it's going to initially be looking for
7:54:49plain text files
7:54:50and with this drop down menu it says
7:54:52text files and
7:54:54all files so that's what we have listed
7:54:56within our file types of what we want to
7:54:58search for
7:55:00so you can see that if i switch to all
7:55:02files
7:55:03our python file actually appears because
7:55:06we don't have any limits on the files
7:55:08that we're trying to open or search for
7:55:10so if i change this back to text files
7:55:13only folders and
7:55:14plain text files are visible so then we
7:55:16can open our test file again
7:55:19but yeah that's the basics of file
7:55:22dialog in the next video we're going to
7:55:23be saving
7:55:24a file so if you'd like a copy of all
7:55:26this code i'll post
7:55:28all of this in the comments down below
7:55:29but yeah that's the basics of opening a
7:55:31file
7:55:32using python hey what's going on
7:55:34everybody it's your bro here hope you're
7:55:36doing well and in this video i'm going
7:55:37to teach you guys how we can use
7:55:39python's file dialog to save a file
7:55:42someplace on your computer
7:55:43so sit back relax and enjoy the show
7:55:48okay everybody so this is how we can
7:55:50save a file
7:55:52we're going to be reusing a file dialog
7:55:54again kind of like what we did with the
7:55:56video on opening and reading a file so
7:55:59from
7:56:00tk enter import file dialog we're going
7:56:03to be creating a window and adding a
7:56:05button as well as a text area to this
7:56:07window
7:56:08so let's create our window window equals
7:56:10tk
7:56:11followed by window.main loop
7:56:15let's create a button so button equals
7:56:18button
7:56:19let's set the text of the button so text
7:56:22equals
7:56:22save it's going to be a save button and
7:56:25then a command
7:56:26so we'll need to link a function to this
7:56:28command so let's create a
7:56:30save file function and then we need to
7:56:34pack
7:56:34this button so button dot pack
7:56:38now let's create a text area this is
7:56:40just called
7:56:41text so text equals text we're going to
7:56:44add this to the window
7:56:46and we need to pack this text so text
7:56:49dot pack and now let's create
7:56:52a save file function so at the top of
7:56:56our program
7:56:57d e f save file
7:57:02and then we're going to take file dialog
7:57:05and use the
7:57:06ask save as file function and we're
7:57:09going to store
7:57:11the contents within file file equals
7:57:14file dialog dot ask save as file
7:57:18let's run this just to test it out so we
7:57:21have
7:57:21our window a save button and this
7:57:25is our text area
7:57:28we can type in multiple
7:57:32lines of text
7:57:35yay and let's try and save this just to
7:57:39see what we have so far
7:57:41so this will bring me to my desktop it
7:57:43might bring you someplace else for
7:57:46your computer so i'm just going to save
7:57:48this as
7:57:50test file now with this drop down menu
7:57:53save as type there's nothing set up so
7:57:56we'll need to do that manually
7:57:58uh if we were to save this and here's
7:58:00that test file on my desktop
7:58:02so let's take a look at the properties
7:58:04we did not list a
7:58:06file extension so the type of file just
7:58:09says
7:58:09file so we'll get to that later on in
7:58:11this video
7:58:12and if we were to open this with a
7:58:14program like notepad
7:58:16well it's currently empty that's because
7:58:18we need to write
7:58:19some text to this file so let's do that
7:58:22next
7:58:23let's store all of the text from our
7:58:26text area to a variable
7:58:28let's call this variable file text
7:58:32file text equals and then we need to get
7:58:35all of the text from our text area so
7:58:38text dot get and we're going to list the
7:58:42starting index as well as the ending
7:58:44index
7:58:45for this function so we're going to
7:58:47begin at
7:58:481.0 that is the beginning of this text
7:58:51area
7:58:51and the ending we can just put end and
7:58:54then we need to convert
7:58:55all of this into a string so let's
7:58:57surround this with
7:58:59str and then we can store all of the
7:59:02text
7:59:03from our text area within this variable
7:59:06file text and now we just need to write
7:59:09our text to this file so file dot
7:59:12write and we're going to pass in file
7:59:15text
7:59:16and then it's a good idea to close your
7:59:18files when you're done using them so
7:59:20file
7:59:21dot close and let's try this again
7:59:26hello my name
7:59:30is bro let's save this
7:59:34i'll call this hello and click save
7:59:38and we still can't save s-type so we'll
7:59:40work on that next
7:59:42let's go to my desktop here's the test
7:59:44file that we created i'm going to open
7:59:46this with notepad and it has all of the
7:59:48text
7:59:49that we added to that text area now
7:59:52let's list
7:59:53some available file extensions that we
7:59:55can have the user
7:59:56save this file as so let's begin by
7:59:59setting
8:00:00the default extension so default
8:00:04extension and let's set this to
8:00:07a text file that is dot
8:00:11txt and then we can list
8:00:14all of the available file types
8:00:17so file types
8:00:21and we're going to place these within a
8:00:23set of straight brackets
8:00:25and i'll just separate these line by
8:00:26line so let's begin with a plain
8:00:28text file so this will take two strings
8:00:32the first is the message that will
8:00:36appear within
8:00:37that save as type drop down menu so
8:00:39let's place
8:00:41text file and the second string
8:00:44the file extension and that is
8:00:48dot txt
8:00:51then let's add another let's say html
8:00:54so i'm going to copy this and paste it
8:00:57and
8:00:58let's say html next
8:01:02dot html and then lastly you can do
8:01:06just all files so
8:01:09all files and that is dot
8:01:13asterisk and let's try this again
8:01:17so hello my
8:01:21name is bro i
8:01:25like pizza and
8:01:28ice cream and this time i think i'll
8:01:32save this
8:01:32as an html file
8:01:35and this is we'll call this
8:01:39pizza and ice cream i guess
8:01:43and click save now let's go back to my
8:01:46desktop
8:01:47here's that file pizza and ice cream and
8:01:49it is an
8:01:51file let's just verify that yep.html for
8:01:56the type of file
8:01:57so we can open this with notepad
8:02:01and it has all of the text i could even
8:02:04open this with sublime text
8:02:06as well kind of like that
8:02:11all right let's change the initial
8:02:14directory
8:02:15for saving a file let's change it to
8:02:18my project folder for uh this python
8:02:22file that we have
8:02:23so that is and i'm just going to
8:02:25organize this a little bit
8:02:28initial d i r
8:02:31equals and then we can list a file path
8:02:34so i'm just going to copy this
8:02:37so copy path paste it
8:02:42then i want to make sure that these are
8:02:45double backslashes
8:02:49and i need to add a comma at the end
8:02:52okay let's try this again
8:02:54so testing
8:02:57one two three and this should go to my
8:03:01project folder
8:03:02which it does testing123
8:03:07and let's save this as a plain text file
8:03:10click save
8:03:12and here's that plain text file
8:03:15testing123
8:03:16another option available to you is that
8:03:18you don't necessarily need to use
8:03:20a text area to get some text to write to
8:03:23a file
8:03:24you could use the console window to
8:03:26accept some text
8:03:28so to demonstrate this i'm going to turn
8:03:30this line into a comment
8:03:32and we're instead going to use the
8:03:34console window this time
8:03:36so we'll say file text equals
8:03:40input and then let's just have a prompt
8:03:43here
8:03:44enter some text i
8:03:47guess and then let's run this again so
8:03:50we still need to
8:03:51click this save button and select a file
8:03:54location i'll just save over our file
8:03:57testing123 i'll click save
8:04:00yeah i'll replace it alright so we need
8:04:02to enter some text
8:04:04i guess so i will write a message
8:04:08such as the cake
8:04:12is a lie and hit enter
8:04:16so then our file testing123 now says
8:04:19the cake is a lie so you don't
8:04:21necessarily need to use
8:04:23the get function for a text area you can
8:04:26use the console window as well
8:04:29here's one last thing to consider before
8:04:30you go so what if we begin the process
8:04:33of
8:04:34finding a file location to save a file
8:04:37to
8:04:37and then we exit out of this window well
8:04:40we're going to encounter an exception
8:04:42so one way that we can prevent this is
8:04:45to add
8:04:46this line if file is
8:04:49none return
8:04:52so then if we were to try this again
8:04:56begin saving a file and then exit out of
8:04:58this
8:04:59there is no exception that we encounter
8:05:02so that's just one little extra i
8:05:04thought i would throw in
8:05:05but yeah that's the basics of saving
8:05:07files in python if you would like a copy
8:05:09of all this code
8:05:10i'll post all of this in the comments
8:05:12down below but yeah that's how to save a
8:05:15file using python
8:05:17hey what's going on everybody it's your
8:05:18bro here hope you're doing well and in
8:05:20this video i'm going to teach you guys
8:05:21how we can create a menu bar
8:05:23in python so sit back relax and enjoy
8:05:26the show
8:05:28all right people let's create a menu bar
8:05:31not too different from the menu bar that
8:05:32you see at the top of many programs
8:05:34there's usually a tab
8:05:36for file edit view help stuff like that
8:05:39except we're going to create one that
8:05:41doesn't have as many options
8:05:43or features it's going to be the generic
8:05:45brand menu bar like the walmart variety
8:05:48so let's begin by creating a window so
8:05:50window equals tk followed by
8:05:53window.mainloop then we're going to
8:05:54create a menu bar
8:05:56and add menus to the menu bar and each
8:05:59menu is going to function like a
8:06:01dropdown menu where you hover over one
8:06:03of these tabs
8:06:04and there's a drop down so we need a
8:06:07menu bar
8:06:08let's just call this menu bar menu bar
8:06:10equals
8:06:11menu and we're adding this to our window
8:06:15so then we're going to take window dot
8:06:17config
8:06:18and we can set the menu of this window
8:06:21to equal the menu bar that we just
8:06:24created
8:06:25with each of these tabs for your menu
8:06:26bar you need to create a separate menu
8:06:29and add each menu to your menu bar and
8:06:31the menu bar is added to the window
8:06:33there's different levels to the stuff so
8:06:36let's create
8:06:37a file menu because well this one has a
8:06:40file menu
8:06:40why not our program so file
8:06:44menu equals menu
8:06:47kind of like what we did with our menu
8:06:49bar except instead of adding this to our
8:06:52window we're going to add this
8:06:53to our menu bar so menu
8:06:57bar like that there's one other step two
8:07:02we need to use this function menu
8:07:05bar dot add
8:07:08underscore cascade this will have a drop
8:07:12down
8:07:12menu sort of effect so let's create a
8:07:16label
8:07:16just called file to mimic the file tab
8:07:19that you see at the top of many programs
8:07:21so label file and we're going to set the
8:07:25menu
8:07:26to equal the file menu that we created
8:07:30so file menu and let's take a look just
8:07:33to see what we have
8:07:35so here's our menu bar and here's our
8:07:37menu there's a drop down
8:07:39effect for this but we need to add
8:07:41actual options
8:07:42to this file menu so let's do that
8:07:46so let's begin by creating let's see we
8:07:49got
8:07:50maybe open save and exit
8:07:54that should be good so file
8:07:58menu dot add
8:08:01underscore command so this is a
8:08:03clickable option
8:08:05and let's create a label called open
8:08:08and we can open a file and maybe two
8:08:12more so we got open
8:08:14save and exit open save
8:08:17exit
8:08:21and let's take a look at this
8:08:25so here's the drop down menu we can open
8:08:27save exit
8:08:29now you might notice that there is this
8:08:31annoying line
8:08:32this is called a tear off you can
8:08:34actually get rid of this if you want
8:08:36so when we create this file menu we're
8:08:39going to
8:08:40set tear off to equal
8:08:43zero and that should get rid of that
8:08:47and it's gone so sometimes you might see
8:08:51a line to separate sections well
8:08:54you can do that with a separator so
8:08:57let's separate
8:08:58the exit command that we have
8:09:01from open and save and to add that
8:09:03separator we just type in the name of
8:09:05our menu
8:09:06file menu dot add
8:09:10separator so this will separate your
8:09:14different commands from each other
8:09:16within a menu you can see that there is
8:09:18a line between
8:09:19save and exit because we placed a
8:09:21separator here
8:09:22now if you want each of these file
8:09:24commands to actually do something you
8:09:26need to associate
8:09:27a command with each of these commands
8:09:30it's a command within a command
8:09:32so command equals for our open file
8:09:35command
8:09:36we'll create a function called open file
8:09:40and we'll need to declare that function
8:09:42and then let's create a command called
8:09:45save file and then another called
8:09:48exit actually one shortcut if you want
8:09:51to exit something you can just say
8:09:53quit all right let's create an
8:09:56open file and a save file function so
8:09:59def open file
8:10:03let's just print something just to keep
8:10:05this simple
8:10:07i already have another video on opening
8:10:09files so
8:10:11print file has
8:10:14been opened and let's do the same thing
8:10:18for
8:10:18save file
8:10:25file has been saved
8:10:28and then our last command exit we'll
8:10:30just quit
8:10:31so let's try this so let's go to file
8:10:34here's the drop down menu we can
8:10:36open a file file has been opened we can
8:10:39save a file
8:10:41and then exit and exit will close out of
8:10:43our window
8:10:44let's create a second menu called edit
8:10:46to mimic the one that we have at the top
8:10:48of our ide
8:10:49so let's create a edit menu so it's the
8:10:52same process that we did with our file
8:10:54menu
8:10:55so let's call this edit menu equals menu
8:10:59we're adding this to our menu bar and i
8:11:02do not want a tear
8:11:03off so tear off equals zero then for the
8:11:07next line we need to add
8:11:09cascade so i'm going to copy this
8:11:12menu bar dot add cascade the label name
8:11:15will be edit and the file i mean the
8:11:18menu
8:11:19will be edit menu and we're setting
8:11:22this menu that we're adding to edit menu
8:11:26and let's try this so we have file and
8:11:28edit
8:11:29but we need to add commands to this edit
8:11:31menu
8:11:32so it's the same process that we did
8:11:34with our file menu i'm just going to
8:11:35copy this
8:11:36change file to edit and let's
8:11:40make a command called cut copy and paste
8:11:44so the label will be cut we'll create a
8:11:48command called
8:11:49cut we'll copy this
8:11:54and we'll create a another command
8:11:56called
8:11:58copy and then paste
8:12:08all right then we just need to create
8:12:10some functions for this so cut
8:12:11copy paste let's do that at the top
8:12:18so cut
8:12:24you cut some text
8:12:29so cut copy and then paste
8:12:35you copied some text
8:12:38and paste you
8:12:42pasted some text
8:12:45all right let's try this so here's our
8:12:47edit menu
8:12:49here's the drop down we can cut we can
8:12:51copy
8:12:52and we can paste not actually but it's
8:12:55going to call a function that can
8:12:57do something like that if you want to
8:12:59set that up maybe that's a video for a
8:13:01different day
8:13:02let's customize these menus well because
8:13:04we can
8:13:05so let's begin by changing the font so
8:13:08we can just type in
8:13:09within each of these menus font equals
8:13:12pick a font that you want and then a
8:13:14size so i'm going to add this font
8:13:16for both of these menus that we have and
8:13:19then when we
8:13:20hover over and click on these menus you
8:13:23can see that the font has changed
8:13:25did you guys know that you can actually
8:13:27add images next to each of these
8:13:28commands
8:13:29well you can and this is how we can do
8:13:31that first you'll need some images
8:13:33here's a few that i'm using so add these
8:13:35to your project folder i plan on using a
8:13:38floppy disk for save
8:13:39and open folder for open and for some
8:13:42reason a stop sign for exit because i
8:13:44couldn't really think of anything at the
8:13:46moment
8:13:46i guess an arrow would have worked too i
8:13:48guess so let's create some photo images
8:13:50out of these images
8:13:53so i already did this i'm just going to
8:13:54copy and paste the text that i had
8:13:57so create a unique name for each image i
8:14:00have
8:14:00open image save image and exit image
8:14:03they're all
8:14:04photo images and here is the file path
8:14:07or the file name for each of these
8:14:09pictures that i'm using so to add an
8:14:12image
8:14:12to each of these commands when you add
8:14:14the command we can just say
8:14:16image and then the photo image that you
8:14:18want to use
8:14:19so with my open command i'm going to use
8:14:22this
8:14:22open image photo image that i have and
8:14:25this is the
8:14:26open folder so i'm going to do the same
8:14:28thing for save
8:14:29and exit so we have save image
8:14:33and exit image
8:14:38but when we run and compile this let's
8:14:40take a look
8:14:42yeah so all the text is gone that's
8:14:44going to be a problem
8:14:46so we'll need to compound views so with
8:14:48compound we can add
8:14:50an image on a certain side of the text
8:14:53and keep the text so compound
8:14:56let's say we want the image on the left
8:14:59so
8:15:00compound left and i'm just going to add
8:15:02this to each of these commands
8:15:06and now we should have an image as well
8:15:09as some text
8:15:11well that's the basics of creating a
8:15:13menu bar in python if you want a copy of
8:15:15all this code
8:15:16i'll post all of this in the comments
8:15:18down below but yeah that's how you can
8:15:19create a simple
8:15:20menu bar in python what's going on
8:15:24everybody it's bro here hope you're
8:15:25doing well and in this video i'm going
8:15:27to teach you guys how
8:15:28frames work in python so sit back relax
8:15:31and enjoy the show
8:15:34what's going on people we're going to be
8:15:36discussing frames today
8:15:38a frame is really just a rectangular
8:15:40container to group and hold widgets
8:15:42together
8:15:43so we're going to practice using frames
8:15:45today but first we'll need a window
8:15:47we're going to create a frame and add a
8:15:49frame to the window
8:15:51so window equals tk followed by
8:15:54window.main loop
8:15:56well we're going to need some widgets to
8:15:58add to our frame
8:15:59so let's create a bunch of buttons
8:16:01because why not
8:16:03so i'm going to show you guys a shortcut
8:16:05too so let's say
8:16:06button equals button
8:16:10and then for now we're going to add this
8:16:12to our window but we're going to replace
8:16:14this eventually with
8:16:16frame when we create this and i'm just
8:16:18going to set the text
8:16:20to equal let's say w
8:16:23we're going to have four different
8:16:24buttons wasd
8:16:26like the buttons on the keyboard if
8:16:28you're playing a game and you want to
8:16:29move forward
8:16:30left back or right so we're adding this
8:16:33to the window
8:16:34for now let's set the text to w
8:16:38and what else can we do uh let's change
8:16:40the font so font
8:16:41equals i'll pick the font consoles
8:16:45because
8:16:46that tends to be even uh with buttons
8:16:50the size of the button adjusts to uh the
8:16:52size of the
8:16:54uh letter that you're using or the size
8:16:56of the text
8:16:57uh so let's set this to 25
8:17:00and then a width so maybe
8:17:04width equals three all right and then
8:17:07button.pack and i just want to take a
8:17:10look at this
8:17:14so here's our button w so i'd like to
8:17:16show you guys a
8:17:17shortcut if you don't plan on using this
8:17:20button by name
8:17:22you don't really need to give it a name
8:17:23you can just say button
8:17:25and then have all your uh options here
8:17:28and then instead of having button.pack
8:17:31just add
8:17:32dot pack to the end so this will do the
8:17:34same thing
8:17:35however you can't adjust this button by
8:17:38its name though because it doesn't have
8:17:39a name anymore
8:17:40so let's create a few other buttons one
8:17:42for a s
8:17:44and d so we have w
8:17:47a s d
8:17:52and by default they're all top and
8:17:55center
8:17:56so with pack we can actually put these
8:17:59on a certain side
8:18:00so let's say we want uh w on the top
8:18:04and then the other three will be all
8:18:07left
8:18:07so side equals left and then after i
8:18:11show this to you
8:18:12you'll see the benefits of using a frame
8:18:15all right so right now they're all at
8:18:18least it appears that they're all within
8:18:19a container
8:18:20so what if i were to expand this well w
8:18:23is just drifting off
8:18:24it's sailing away by w so
8:18:27what if we could put these within a
8:18:29frame or container
8:18:30to actually contain all of these widgets
8:18:33well we can
8:18:34so let's create a frame frame
8:18:38equals frame
8:18:41and instead of adding these buttons to
8:18:43the window we're going to add
8:18:44these buttons to our frame
8:18:51and now we need to add the frame to the
8:18:54window
8:18:56and this is what this looks like however
8:18:59we need to
8:19:00actually add this by using pack or place
8:19:03so frame
8:19:04dot pack so now what this looks
8:19:08like is that all of these buttons all of
8:19:10these widgets are now contained within a
8:19:12frame
8:19:13a container let's change the background
8:19:16color of this frame just so that we can
8:19:17see
8:19:18the width and the height of this frame
8:19:20so
8:19:21when you create your frame there is an
8:19:24option for background color it's just bg
8:19:27and let's set this to a color we haven't
8:19:29done pink yet
8:19:30pink is a very masculine color so now
8:19:33the background of our frame is pink and
8:19:36that might be
8:19:37a better visual cue to the balance of
8:19:40the frame
8:19:41let's also give this frame a border so
8:19:43let's
8:19:44set a width of 5 using bd
8:19:47and then the type of border that we want
8:19:50and we can
8:19:51specify that with relief so relief
8:19:53equals
8:19:54let's say raised so this will have a 3d
8:19:57pop effect
8:19:58kind of like that let's try sunken
8:20:00there's a few other ones as well but i
8:20:02don't feel like it's necessary to
8:20:04go over all the border types let's stick
8:20:07with sunken for now that'll work
8:20:09alright so with this frame we are
8:20:12currently packing this
8:20:13we can set this on a certain side within
8:20:16our window
8:20:17so currently it's at the top let's set
8:20:19this to maybe the bottom so
8:20:21side equals bottom
8:20:25now this frame is sticking to the bottom
8:20:28of the window
8:20:29and it still contains all of the buttons
8:20:31all of the widgets
8:20:32that we added another function available
8:20:34to you is
8:20:35the place function we can place this
8:20:38frame
8:20:38at certain coordinates within our window
8:20:41so let's set
8:20:43x to equal zero and y to equal zero
8:20:46so then when we place this frame within
8:20:48our window and set some coordinates
8:20:51this entire frame is going to stick at
8:20:54these coordinates even if we were to
8:20:56resize this window and we can change
8:20:59these too
8:21:00let's say x is now 100 and y is also 100
8:21:05so the frame along with all of the
8:21:08components all of the widgets that it
8:21:10contains
8:21:11are sticking within the container and
8:21:13they move along with this
8:21:15so that's the basics of frames it's
8:21:17really just a rectangular container to
8:21:19group and hold widgets together
8:21:22so if you want a copy of all this code
8:21:24i'll post all of this in the comments
8:21:25down below
8:21:26and well yeah that's how frames work in
8:21:29python
8:21:30hey what's going on everybody it's your
8:21:32bro here hope you're doing well and in
8:21:33this video i'm going to teach you guys a
8:21:35few different ways in which we can
8:21:36create new windows using python so sit
8:21:38back relax and enjoy the show
8:21:42let's get started everybody so we're
8:21:44going to create a window and we'll add a
8:21:45button to this window
8:21:46when we click on this button it'll
8:21:48create a new separate window for us
8:21:50so window equals tk followed by
8:21:52window.main loop
8:21:54we'll need to add a button so let's do
8:21:55that button we're adding this to the
8:21:57window
8:21:58let's add some text to the button let's
8:22:00say create
8:22:02new window and we'll set a command
8:22:06command equals and we'll need to define
8:22:08a function
8:22:09let's create a function called create
8:22:12underscore window
8:22:14and let's pack this as well so we will
8:22:16define
8:22:17this function create window and let's do
8:22:19so at the top
8:22:21def create window and what do we want
8:22:23this to do
8:22:24well we're going to create a new window
8:22:26and let's call this next window
8:22:28new underscore window equals and there's
8:22:31two popular ways of creating a window
8:22:33one is we can use tk and the other is
8:22:36that we can use
8:22:37something called top level and let me
8:22:40explain the difference between the two
8:22:41here's a definition for a top level
8:22:43window this is a
8:22:45new window on top of other windows
8:22:48and it's usually linked to a bottom
8:22:51window
8:22:52our main window is serving as the bottom
8:22:54window
8:22:55and our new window is serving as the top
8:22:57window the top level window
8:23:00so let's try this and just experiment
8:23:02here is our main window
8:23:03the bottom window and if we were to
8:23:05click on this button it's going to
8:23:07create a
8:23:08new window for us a new top level window
8:23:11if we were to close out of the bottom
8:23:13level window
8:23:14any top level windows associated with
8:23:17this would also close
8:23:18kind of like what you just saw now
8:23:20however it's not the same case
8:23:22the other way around if we have a bottom
8:23:25window and a top level window
8:23:26and we close out of the top level window
8:23:29our bottom level window
8:23:31is just fine it didn't close out of that
8:23:33so think of these like
8:23:34jenga pieces if you were to pull one of
8:23:37the pieces
8:23:38one of the windows out from underneath
8:23:40the bottom any
8:23:41pieces or windows on the top of it will
8:23:44close out as well
8:23:45or collapse kind of like in the game
8:23:46jenga so
8:23:48that's one way to think of top level
8:23:50windows they're stacked on top of any
8:23:52bottom level windows
8:23:53if you remove a bottom piece it removes
8:23:55any from the top
8:23:56on the flip side we have tk this is a
8:23:59new independent window and we've
8:24:01actually been doing this since
8:24:03day one of our gui programming tk is a
8:24:06new independent window and our main
8:24:09window and the new window that we create
8:24:10are not linked whatsoever they're
8:24:12completely independent
8:24:13so if we were to create a new window
8:24:16this is our new window and close out of
8:24:17our old window
8:24:18well this new window still persists so
8:24:21this could be useful for
8:24:22let's say a login form or a login screen
8:24:25after you log in you'll be brought to
8:24:26your main program which could be within
8:24:28the new window
8:24:29one other thing that you can do too you
8:24:31can also destroy the old window after
8:24:33creating a new window
8:24:35so we need to type in the name of the
8:24:37window that we want to destroy
8:24:39actually let's call the main window just
8:24:41old underscore window just to clarify
8:24:43things
8:24:44so let's rename that here here and here
8:24:47as well
8:24:48so we want to destroy our old window as
8:24:51if we're closing out of it
8:24:52so we type in the name of the window old
8:24:55underscore window
8:24:56and we use the destroy function and that
8:24:58sounds pretty sweet
8:25:00so we're going to destroy our old window
8:25:02after creating
8:25:03our new window so let me add a comment
8:25:05that this will
8:25:06close out of old window
8:25:10and let's test it so we have our old
8:25:13window
8:25:14our main window we'll create a new
8:25:16window it creates our new window and
8:25:18then closes out of the old window
8:25:20so that's one of a few ways in which you
8:25:22can create a new window for your program
8:25:24so if you want to copy of all this code
8:25:26i'll post all of this in the comments
8:25:28down below
8:25:28but yeah that's how to create a new
8:25:30window using python
8:25:32hey what's going on everybody too bro
8:25:34here hope you're doing well and in this
8:25:36video i'm going to teach you guys how we
8:25:37can create separate tabs for our gui
8:25:39applications in python so
8:25:41sit back relax and enjoy the show
8:25:45okay let's begin so in order to create
8:25:47tabs for our python gui application
8:25:50we're going to need access to a widget
8:25:52called notebook
8:25:53and that's found in a different module
8:25:56so this time we're going to need
8:25:57two imports so at the top from tk enter
8:26:00import
8:26:01just everything but the notebook widget
8:26:03is found within a separate module
8:26:05so we'll need a second import from tk
8:26:09enter
8:26:10import ttk so this ttk import
8:26:14gives us access to several different
8:26:16widgets that are normally not available
8:26:18to us
8:26:18so once you have these two imports
8:26:20you're ready to begin so we'll need a
8:26:22window
8:26:23window equals tk followed by window.main
8:26:26loop
8:26:26and we need to create a notebook widget
8:26:29so
8:26:30right after you create your window we're
8:26:31going to create a notebook
8:26:33we'll call this notebook equals ttk
8:26:37dot notebook and we want to add
8:26:40this notebook to our window so let me
8:26:43add a comment here what this widget does
8:26:45so this is a widget that manages
8:26:49a collection of windows
8:26:52and displays and that's really all there
8:26:55is to it
8:26:56so in order to create different tabs
8:26:58we're going to create some frames
8:27:00so for the first tab i'll call this tab
8:27:021 equals frame
8:27:04and we want to add this to the notebook
8:27:08and with our notebook we're adding this
8:27:10notebook to the window
8:27:12all right so this will be a new frame
8:27:16for tab one and let's create a second
8:27:19tab
8:27:19and we'll call this tab two and you can
8:27:22create more tabs if you want but that
8:27:24might be overkill
8:27:25so this is a new frame for tab two
8:27:28after you finish these two lines of code
8:27:30we're going to follow this up with
8:27:32notebook.ad so notebook.ad
8:27:36what widget are we adding we're adding
8:27:39our tab
8:27:391 frame and we can set some text for
8:27:43this tab so text equals and i'll type in
8:27:46tab one and we'll repeat the process for
8:27:49tab two
8:27:51so notebook dot add tab two
8:27:54and we'll change the text to tab two and
8:27:57then we need to
8:27:58pack this notebook notebook dot pack
8:28:02and let's take a look to see what we
8:28:04have all right we have
8:28:06tab one and tab two but we'll probably
8:28:09want to actually add something
8:28:11to each of these tabs so that the
8:28:13content is visible so let's create some
8:28:15labels
8:28:15so after we pack our notebook let's
8:28:18create some labels
8:28:19i don't really feel like giving these
8:28:21names because we don't really plan on
8:28:22using them for anything else
8:28:24so we'll just say label tab
8:28:27one that's going to be the parent widget
8:28:30and let's set some text text equals
8:28:33hello this is tab
8:28:36number one then i think i'll give this a
8:28:40width and a height too
8:28:41just so it's more visible so for the
8:28:44width i'll make this 50
8:28:45and the height 25 so this will be
8:28:48roughly a square shape
8:28:51and then we need to pack this so i'm
8:28:52just going to add pack
8:28:55and let's create a second label for tab
8:28:57two
8:28:58so label tab two maybe i'll say
8:29:02goodbye this is tab number two
8:29:05okay we should have some actual content
8:29:08for these labels now for these tabs
8:29:10so here's the label this is tab one and
8:29:13this is tab two and you can switch
8:29:15between these and they display
8:29:16each of these separate labels however
8:29:19with the way that this window is
8:29:20arranged
8:29:21if we were to expand the size of this
8:29:23window well
8:29:25our frames and our tabs kind of stay in
8:29:27the top
8:29:28and in the center so i'm going to add a
8:29:30few lines within
8:29:32the pack function of our notebook the
8:29:34first thing i'm going to do
8:29:35is use the expand option and set this to
8:29:38true
8:29:40so what this does and i'm just going to
8:29:41add a comment that expand
8:29:44this will expand
8:29:47to fill any space
8:29:50not otherwise
8:29:53used so what happens now
8:29:57is that this will actually expand
8:30:00and it's staying in the center of the
8:30:02window but there's one more thing we're
8:30:04going to add
8:30:05fill equals both
8:30:08normally this is x or y or you can do
8:30:11both
8:30:12so i'll add a comment as to what this
8:30:14option does
8:30:16so fill will fill
8:30:19space on x and
8:30:22y axis so if you combine
8:30:26both of these together what you get is
8:30:28that these tabs will stay
8:30:30in the top left corner and if you were
8:30:32to expand the size of this window
8:30:34the tabs aren't going to move they're
8:30:36going to stick to the top left
8:30:38but the size of the window will expand
8:30:41all right so that's the basics of
8:30:42creating tabs in python if you want a
8:30:44copy of all this code
8:30:45i'll post all of this in the comments
8:30:47down below but yeah that's the basics of
8:30:49creating tabs in python
8:30:52hey what's going on everybody it's your
8:30:54bro here hope you're doing well and in
8:30:56this video i'm going to teach you guys
8:30:57all about the grid geometry manager in
8:30:59python so sit back relax and enjoy the
8:31:02show
8:31:04all right everybody let's talk about the
8:31:06grid geometry manager
8:31:07well because we have to this is a useful
8:31:10way to organize widgets within a
8:31:12container
8:31:12imagine our windows being arranged into
8:31:14a series of
8:31:16rows and columns similar to an excel
8:31:18spreadsheet
8:31:19i tend to use that example a lot the top
8:31:21left most cell
8:31:22is row zero column zero computers always
8:31:25begin with zero so that's why our grid
8:31:27doesn't begin with
8:31:28row one column one and we can list which
8:31:31row and column
8:31:32we would like our widgets to be placed
8:31:34within and by default we only have
8:31:36one row and one column to work with at
8:31:38the start but we can explicitly state
8:31:41which row and column this widget should
8:31:43be placed within
8:31:44relative to the container that it's in
8:31:46and python will create new relative rows
8:31:48and columns for us if we state where
8:31:50these widgets
8:31:50should be placed so let's create a small
8:31:53submission form
8:31:54and then organize all of our widgets
8:31:55using our new grid system that we have
8:31:58so let's begin by creating a window
8:32:00window equals tk
8:32:01followed by window.mainloop now that we
8:32:04have our window we'll need to create
8:32:05some widgets to add to this window
8:32:07so let's say that we want an entry box
8:32:10and a label for a first name last name
8:32:12and email address as well as a submit
8:32:15button
8:32:15so let's create a label and an entry box
8:32:18for a first name just to demonstrate
8:32:20this
8:32:21so let's call this label first name
8:32:24label equals label we're adding this to
8:32:27the window
8:32:27and let's set the text to first
8:32:31name for now i'm just going to use that
8:32:34pack to demonstrate the differences
8:32:36between
8:32:36pack and grid and let's create an entry
8:32:40box
8:32:41let's call this first name
8:32:45entry equals entry
8:32:48we are adding this to the window and for
8:32:51now we're just going to
8:32:52pack this and let's take a look
8:32:57so here's our label on the top it says
8:32:59first name and then it has
8:33:01our entry box right underneath so what
8:33:03if we want to have
8:33:05this label on the left hand side and our
8:33:08entry box on the right hand side of the
8:33:09label
8:33:10we're better off using the grid geometry
8:33:13manager
8:33:14so we're going to replace pack with grid
8:33:21and we have to set which row and column
8:33:23that we want each of these widgets to be
8:33:24placed within
8:33:26normally if you use the pack geometry
8:33:29manager
8:33:29as you create new widgets they're just
8:33:31going to be placed directly underneath
8:33:33in one long column so
8:33:36let's say that for our name label we
8:33:39want to place this where
8:33:41the row is zero and the column is zero
8:33:43that's the top left corner
8:33:45so within the grid geometry manager when
8:33:48we call it
8:33:49we're going to set row to equal zero as
8:33:52well as column
8:33:53to equal zero and then for the first
8:33:56name
8:33:56entry we want this to be on the right
8:33:58hand side of our label
8:34:00so we'll place this within the same row
8:34:03row
8:34:03equals zero but in a different column
8:34:06column
8:34:07equals one so column one is directly to
8:34:10the right of column zero
8:34:12and then when we compile and run this we
8:34:14now have our entry box
8:34:16to the right of our label that we have
8:34:18so let's repeat the process
8:34:19for a last name an email address and
8:34:22then a submit button
8:34:23so i'm just going to copy what we have
8:34:25here and change first name to
8:34:27last name so last name label
8:34:31and we'll change the text to last name
8:34:35last name entry and we'll keep that the
8:34:38same
8:34:39now we want this last name label to be
8:34:42underneath
8:34:43the first name label because right now
8:34:45they're going to overlap because we have
8:34:47them in the same
8:34:48row and columns so you can see that we
8:34:50can no longer see
8:34:51the first name label or the first name
8:34:53entry
8:34:54so let's place this directly underneath
8:34:56we're going to put these underneath by
8:34:58one row
8:34:59so we'll keep the columns the same but
8:35:01we're going to
8:35:02put this underneath by one row so row
8:35:05one
8:35:05and row one for the last name entry and
8:35:08what you get is that
8:35:10these two labels and entry boxes are
8:35:12arranged neatly into
8:35:14rows and columns and let's do the same
8:35:16thing for an email
8:35:18so i'm going to copy what we have and
8:35:20we're going to change
8:35:22last name to email so
8:35:25email label and email entry and then
8:35:28change
8:35:28for the text last name to just email
8:35:31and we're going to place these where row
8:35:34equals 2
8:35:35and we'll keep the column the same and
8:35:37for email entry
8:35:39row 2 column one
8:35:43so doesn't that look a lot better now
8:35:45let's create a submit button
8:35:48so let's call this submit button
8:35:52equals button and then we're adding this
8:35:54to the window
8:35:56and we should set some text text equals
8:35:59submit i guess dot grid
8:36:03and we want to place this underneath
8:36:06currently kind of just shoves it
8:36:07underneath for now
8:36:08let's say that we want this between
8:36:11these two columns
8:36:13so we'll want to set the row and the
8:36:15column to begin with
8:36:17row is going to equal three
8:36:20and column we'll set this equal to zero
8:36:22for now
8:36:23there isn't going to be any apparent
8:36:24change it's still going to be in the
8:36:26same place
8:36:27but one thing that we can do is use an
8:36:29option called column
8:36:30span we can have a widget take up more
8:36:32than one column
8:36:34and it's going to place this widget in
8:36:36between both of these columns
8:36:38in between the combined width of both of
8:36:40them
8:36:41so we'll add column span
8:36:44equals two so this widget is going to
8:36:47take up
8:36:48the next two available columns including
8:36:50the one that it's currently in and you
8:36:52can see that our submit button
8:36:54is now between these two columns that we
8:36:56have
8:36:57one thing that you should know is that
8:36:59the column width is dependent on the
8:37:01width
8:37:01of the largest widget that is contained
8:37:03within that particular column
8:37:05let's say that we increase the width of
8:37:07our first name
8:37:08label well our column is going to expand
8:37:11to actually fit
8:37:12that widget that we have so for our
8:37:14first name label
8:37:15let's set the width to maybe 20
8:37:19and this is going to increase the width
8:37:22of column 0
8:37:23and to even better demonstrate this
8:37:25let's color
8:37:26each label a certain color just for a
8:37:28visual
8:37:29for our first name label let's say this
8:37:31is red and then for
8:37:34our last name label let's set this to
8:37:36green
8:37:38and then for email maybe blue
8:37:46now all of these are color coordinated
8:37:48and you can see that
8:37:49the background color of our first name
8:37:51label
8:37:52is taking up the entire column space now
8:37:55what if we changed the size of our
8:37:58email label to something even larger
8:38:00like 30
8:38:01so width equals 30.
8:38:06and now the column 0 has expanded to
8:38:09accommodate the size of our largest
8:38:11widget which is our email
8:38:13which has a width of 30 and before we
8:38:15finish this video let's add a
8:38:17title to the submission form right on
8:38:19top of the first name label and the
8:38:22entry label so let's call this title
8:38:25label equals label writing this to the
8:38:28window
8:38:28let's set some text let's say enter
8:38:32your info and let's pick font
8:38:36font equals
8:38:40what am i feeling like today maybe just
8:38:42arial
8:38:43and then a size maybe 25 we're going to
8:38:46use the
8:38:47grid geometry manager
8:38:50and we want this at the top so we want
8:38:53row zero at least
8:38:55i want this to take up two columns so
8:38:57we'll say column
8:38:59equals zero and then set a column span
8:39:02column span equals two
8:39:05now a few things are going to overlap
8:39:07here
8:39:09so we're going to move everything down
8:39:11by one row
8:39:13besides our title label so we want
8:39:16this first name label to be directly
8:39:18underneath our title label
8:39:20so let's move everything down by one row
8:39:32and our title is going to be directly on
8:39:34top of our first name label as well as
8:39:37the first name
8:39:38entry box that we have all right so
8:39:40that's the very basics of the grid
8:39:42geometry manager
8:39:43if you want a copy of all this code i'll
8:39:45post all of this in the comments down
8:39:47below
8:39:47but yeah that's the basics of the grid
8:39:49geometry manager
8:39:50in python hey what's going on everybody
8:39:53it's your bro here hope you're doing
8:39:55well and in this video i'm going to
8:39:56teach you guys how we can create a
8:39:57progress bar in python so
8:39:59sit back relax and enjoy the show
8:40:03okay let's create a progress bar but
8:40:05we'll need a few imports to begin
8:40:07the progress bar widget is found within
8:40:09that ttk module so we'll need a separate
8:40:12import from that
8:40:13from tk enter dot ttk
8:40:16import everything and we'll import
8:40:19everything from time as well let's
8:40:22create a window
8:40:23window equals tk followed by
8:40:25window.mainloop
8:40:26we're going to add a progress bar and a
8:40:28button to this window
8:40:30when we click on the button it's going
8:40:31to fill our progress bar
8:40:33let's begin by creating a button to
8:40:35begin with let's call this button
8:40:37equals button we're adding this to the
8:40:40window
8:40:41let's set some text text equals maybe
8:40:43download
8:40:45and then a command maybe i'll call this
8:40:48start
8:40:50finish by adding this button to the
8:40:52window and we'll just use pack to do
8:40:54that
8:40:55let's define what our start function
8:40:57does
8:40:58def start we'll fill this in later i'm
8:41:01just going to
8:41:02print nothing just as a placeholder and
8:41:05we should just have a button
8:41:07now let's add a progress bar before this
8:41:09button
8:41:11and we'll call this progress bar just
8:41:12bar for short bar
8:41:14equals progress bar
8:41:18we're adding this to the window
8:41:22we can set an orientation
8:41:25this can be horizontal or vertical later
8:41:28on in this video i'll show you the
8:41:29differences between the two
8:41:30but for now let's set this to horizontal
8:41:34and then i'm going to pack this bar bar
8:41:37dot pack
8:41:38and add some padding pad y
8:41:41equals 10 and let's see what we have
8:41:46okay this is our progress bar at the top
8:41:48and this is the button
8:41:49when we click on this button it's going
8:41:51to fill our progress bar
8:41:53but i think i'm going to increase the
8:41:55length of this progress bar
8:41:57let's set this to maybe 300 i believe
8:41:59100 is the default
8:42:01okay that's not too bad of a size now
8:42:04let's define what our start function
8:42:06does
8:42:07we can actually increase the value of
8:42:10our progress bar by typing in the name
8:42:11of this progress bar here
8:42:14value plus equals some amount let's say
8:42:1810. so what's going to happen right now
8:42:22is that every time we click on this
8:42:24button it's going to fill our progress
8:42:26bar by
8:42:2710 out of the total which is 100
8:42:32let's pretend that we're waiting for a
8:42:34certain amount of tasks
8:42:35to complete so let's define a few
8:42:38variables
8:42:39let's say we have a variable called
8:42:41tasks and let's set this to 10 just to
8:42:43keep it simple
8:42:45and x will represent the current task
8:42:47that we're on
8:42:48and we'll say 0 to begin with let's
8:42:51create a while loop
8:42:53while x is less than the amount of
8:42:57tasks that we have we will
8:43:00increment the value of our bar by 10.
8:43:0310 10 for each test that we have which
8:43:06is 10 for a total of 100
8:43:09and we'll want to increment the task
8:43:11that we're on as well
8:43:12which is represented by x so let's
8:43:15increment x by 1 after each iteration
8:43:18of this while loop now when we run this
8:43:21and click download this spills instantly
8:43:25let's add a delay just to simulate
8:43:29each task waiting to be completed so
8:43:32let's add that here let's add a delay by
8:43:35using time
8:43:36dot sleep and let's set this to one
8:43:38second
8:43:40we're going to wait one second and then
8:43:41complete a task
8:43:45what ends up happening now is that
8:43:46nothing appears to be updating
8:43:48well what gives bro you lie to me well
8:43:50that's because
8:43:51the window is waiting to have this
8:43:53progress bar complete
8:43:55before it's actually going to display it
8:43:57being filled
8:43:58so we would want to refresh this window
8:44:01after each iteration of the while loop
8:44:04so at the end of this while loop let's
8:44:06add one thing
8:44:07window dot update underscore idle
8:44:11tasks after each iteration of this while
8:44:14loop it's going to update
8:44:16the window that we have so then when we
8:44:18download something
8:44:20it's going to update our progress bar
8:44:22after each iteration of this while loop
8:44:24until it's completed
8:44:26right about now let's take this a step
8:44:29further by adding a label that displays
8:44:31the current percent of the progress bar
8:44:33that is complete
8:44:34let's add this label after the progress
8:44:36bar but before the button
8:44:38sandwiched right between these two
8:44:39widgets so let's add that here
8:44:42we'll call this label percent label
8:44:45equals label we'll add this to the
8:44:47window
8:44:48and we'll need a text variable text
8:44:51variable equals let's call this percent
8:44:54so the reason that we use a text
8:44:56variable is so that we can update this
8:44:58label with some text
8:45:00after each iteration of our while loop
8:45:02and we'll need to
8:45:03pack this okay within the window
8:45:07near the top let's define percent
8:45:09percent
8:45:10equals string var this allows us to
8:45:14update percent with some new text and
8:45:16set the percent label with the new text
8:45:18that we have
8:45:20within the while loop but before we
8:45:22update idle tasks
8:45:25let's set what percent is
8:45:28percent dot set and let's say
8:45:32x divided by tasks and then we'll
8:45:35multiply this by
8:45:36100 i'm just going to put this within
8:45:39its own set of
8:45:40parentheses times 100
8:45:43and then we'll convert all of this to a
8:45:44string
8:45:46so we can display this along with some
8:45:48text
8:45:50there are a lot of parentheses here so
8:45:51it might be difficult to keep track of
8:45:53all this
8:45:54all right and then we're just going to
8:45:56tack on
8:45:57percent and that's it let's try it
8:46:03so we got 10 20 30
8:46:0740 50. i'll shut up now one change that
8:46:10i'm gonna make is that i'm going to cast
8:46:13all of this
8:46:13as an integer before we convert it to a
8:46:15string
8:46:18because i do not like that decimal at
8:46:20the end of our percentage
8:46:22so yeah it says 10 percent 20 so on and
8:46:25so forth
8:46:26let's add a label that displays the
8:46:28current task that we're on
8:46:29so let's copy what we have for our
8:46:31percent label
8:46:32and let's rename this as maybe task
8:46:35label
8:46:38task label text variable will equal
8:46:41maybe text
8:46:43and let's define what text is so text
8:46:46is also a string var and within our
8:46:50while loop
8:46:51let's update the value of our text
8:46:54text dot set
8:46:57will display x plus maybe a forward
8:47:01slash
8:47:05plus our tasks
8:47:08and since we're displaying integers
8:47:10along with some strings
8:47:12we need to convert these to strings and
8:47:14we can use the str function to do that
8:47:16for us
8:47:19so surround x and tasks with str to
8:47:22convert these to strings
8:47:25and then we'll add just plus tasks
8:47:28completed so the value of x will update
8:47:33after each iteration of this while loop
8:47:35let's try it
8:47:36and after clicking download this will
8:47:39display the percentage as well as the
8:47:41amount of tasks that have been completed
8:47:44all the way until it reaches the end
8:47:49let's change this into a more practical
8:47:51example
8:47:52we'll pretend that we're downloading a
8:47:53video game so let's replace or rename
8:47:56tasks as maybe gb4 gigabytes
8:48:00and this game will be 100 gigabytes
8:48:03we'll rename x as well so let's refactor
8:48:07rename and change x to maybe download to
8:48:09represent
8:48:10the amount of gigabytes that are
8:48:12downloaded
8:48:14and let's create a variable called speed
8:48:17and let's set this to one
8:48:19alright so while our download
8:48:22is less than the amount of gigabytes for
8:48:24this game
8:48:25we'll sleep for maybe a portion of a
8:48:28second
8:48:28.05 should be good we'll increase
8:48:32the value of our bar by
8:48:35this amount speed divided by
8:48:38gigabytes and then multiply this by 100
8:48:44for the download we're going to
8:48:46increment this by whatever
8:48:47our speed is and right now it's one so
8:48:49that's the same
8:48:50we can keep percent the same for our
8:48:53text
8:48:53let's change tasks to gigabytes
8:48:57and that's all the changes that we have
8:48:58to make and
8:49:00now when we download something we're
8:49:02kind of pretending that we're
8:49:04downloading
8:49:05a large file or a game you can see that
8:49:07once it reaches 100 it says 100
8:49:10100 out of 100 gigabytes completed now
8:49:13we can change
8:49:14this to a different value let's say
8:49:15maybe 50
8:49:17and the speed will be maybe two
8:49:21so this will adjust to accommodate
8:49:23whatever the new file size is as well as
8:49:25the speed
8:49:26and before i forget you can change the
8:49:28orientation to a
8:49:30vertical bar if you so choose so we have
8:49:33this vertical download bar now
8:49:35which could be good for something all
8:49:37right so that's the basics
8:49:39of progress bars in python if you want
8:49:41to copy of all this code
8:49:42i'll post all of this in the comments
8:49:44down below but yeah that's the basics of
8:49:46progress bars
8:49:47in python what's going on everybody it's
8:49:50your bro here hope you're doing well and
8:49:52in this video i'm going to teach you
8:49:53guys how we can use the canvas widget to
8:49:55draw some simple shapes so
8:49:56sit back relax and enjoy the show
8:50:01welcome back everyone well in this video
8:50:03we're going to be creating a canvas
8:50:05a canvas is a widget that is used to
8:50:07draw simple graphs plots and images
8:50:09within a window
8:50:11we're going to be creating some simple
8:50:12shapes in this video not anything too
8:50:14sophisticated i might get more into the
8:50:16canvas widget in a separate video
8:50:18and at the end of this lesson we're
8:50:20going to practice by creating a pokeball
8:50:22so to begin we'll need a window window
8:50:25equals tk
8:50:26followed by window.main loop to create a
8:50:28canvas we can just simply call this
8:50:30canvas
8:50:31canvas equals canvas and we're adding
8:50:33this canvas
8:50:34to our window and then we need to follow
8:50:36this with canvas.pack or
8:50:38place but i'm just going to use pack
8:50:40because it's simple
8:50:41this is what our canvas looks like it's
8:50:43a rectangular area which we can draw
8:50:45graphics on
8:50:46we can also set the width and the height
8:50:48of this canvas so when we create this
8:50:50canvas
8:50:51we're going to set the options for a
8:50:53height and a width
8:50:54so let's begin with the height height
8:50:56equals let's say 500
8:50:58and the width will be the same 500 and
8:51:01now we have
8:51:02a square canvas that we can draw
8:51:04graphics on
8:51:05let's begin by creating some simple
8:51:07shapes maybe a line
8:51:08i think a line is a shape maybe a
8:51:10one-dimensional one i don't know
8:51:12i don't geometry so let's create a
8:51:14simple line
8:51:16so we type the name of the canvas dot
8:51:19create and there's a bunch of different
8:51:20shapes that we can create
8:51:21let's create a line
8:51:24now i'm just going to turn this into a
8:51:26comment for a moment we need to set some
8:51:28coordinates
8:51:28for this line this top left corner of
8:51:31our canvas
8:51:32is 0 0 and the bottom right corner of
8:51:35this canvas is
8:51:36500 by 500 depends on what you set the
8:51:39dimensions of the canvas to
8:51:41so when we create a line we need a
8:51:43starting point and an ending point
8:51:45so if we want this to start in the top
8:51:47left corner we're going to pass in
8:51:490 0 that is the starting position and we
8:51:52can place the coordinates for the ending
8:51:54position
8:51:54if we want this line to end in the
8:51:56bottom right corner that would be
8:51:58where x is 500 and y is 500 and this is
8:52:02what this looks like
8:52:03we just have a simple line going across
8:52:05the screen
8:52:06but that's not all we can also change
8:52:08the color of this line
8:52:10and the thickness let's begin by
8:52:11changing the color so
8:52:13we can do that with fill fill equals
8:52:16let's pick color blue
8:52:20and now we have a blue line going across
8:52:22the screen
8:52:23but we can also change the width of this
8:52:25as well so we can do that
8:52:26using the width option and let's set
8:52:28this to five
8:52:30now we get an extra thick line across
8:52:32the screen
8:52:34now let's make a red line
8:52:37so i'm just going to copy this
8:52:40canvas.createline and let's change
8:52:42some coordinates for this uh let's say
8:52:45we want this to start in the bottom left
8:52:47corner and go up to the top right
8:52:50so the starting x position would be zero
8:52:53y would actually be 500 x
8:52:56for the ending position would be 500 and
8:52:58y would be zero
8:53:00let's set this to red and we'll keep the
8:53:03width the same
8:53:06okay so here's our red line and notice
8:53:08that this red line
8:53:10is overlapping the blue line so when you
8:53:12create shapes
8:53:13on a canvas if there's any that overlap
8:53:16the one that you most recently created
8:53:18will appear on the top one option
8:53:20available to you is that you can
8:53:22actually
8:53:22give these graphics a unique name with
8:53:25our blue line we could call this
8:53:26blue line blue line equals all of this
8:53:30and then we can call our red line
8:53:32something different like
8:53:34red line this would be useful if you
8:53:35want to call or use a
8:53:37graphic by its name if you want to like
8:53:40move a graphic on the screen or have
8:53:41something appear
8:53:42you can use this by its name but we
8:53:44don't really need it for this lesson so
8:53:46i'll just revert this back to what we
8:53:48had previously
8:53:49i'm just letting you know that you can
8:53:50do that alright what do we have up next
8:53:52let's create a rectangle so canvas dot
8:53:55create
8:53:56rectangle we can set some starting
8:53:59coordinates and ending coordinates
8:54:01the starting coordinates are for the top
8:54:03left of the rectangle
8:54:04and the ending coordinates are for the
8:54:05bottom right so for the starting
8:54:07coordinates let's say
8:54:08we're going to place this where x is 50
8:54:11y is 50.
8:54:12for the ending coordinates we want this
8:54:14where
8:54:15x is 250 and y is 250 i'm just making up
8:54:18numbers
8:54:19put it whatever you want really and this
8:54:22is what this looks like
8:54:24but i think i'm going to comment out
8:54:26these lines for now
8:54:29and here is our rectangle well i guess
8:54:31it's also a square
8:54:33we can actually give this a fill color
8:54:35as well so we do that with the fill
8:54:37option
8:54:38fill equals purple
8:54:41i guess and now we have a
8:54:44purple rectangle next on our list
8:54:47is create polygon we can create many
8:54:50sorts of shapes using create polygon but
8:54:52it really depends on how many
8:54:53coordinates that we enter
8:54:55let's create a simple triangle so we
8:54:57need at least three coordinates for this
8:54:59to work
8:54:59so canvas dot create polygon
8:55:02and i have some coordinates picked out
8:55:04already so let's place the first set of
8:55:06coordinates where
8:55:07x is 250 y is zero for the second set
8:55:12where x is 500 and y is 500
8:55:15in the last set the third set we'll
8:55:17place this where x
8:55:18is zero and y is 500 and what this looks
8:55:22like
8:55:22is that we have this black triangle
8:55:25that's taking up most of the canvas
8:55:27we can also change the fill color as
8:55:29well so we do that with
8:55:31the option fill and we can set this to
8:55:33whatever color you want
8:55:35let's say yellow and we now have a
8:55:38yellow triangle on our screen and it
8:55:40kind of resembles the triforce from the
8:55:42legend of zelda series one of my
8:55:44personal favorites
8:55:45let's also add a border this is actually
8:55:48done with
8:55:48outline outline equals and then pick a
8:55:51color for the outline
8:55:52let's say black and we have a black
8:55:54outline around
8:55:56this graphic and you can also change the
8:55:58thickness of this too
8:55:59with width and let's set the width to
8:56:01five
8:56:02and now we have an extra thick line
8:56:04around our triangle
8:56:06with these shapes you can pass in a list
8:56:09of points too
8:56:10so i'm going to get rid of all these and
8:56:12we're going to pass in
8:56:14a list so let's create a list called
8:56:16points
8:56:17points equals all the points that we
8:56:20just entered in previously
8:56:21and then instead of passing in all these
8:56:24coordinates individually i'm just going
8:56:25to pass in our list of points
8:56:28and this will work exactly the same okay
8:56:31let's create an arc now so canvas dot
8:56:34create
8:56:34arc and arc is really just a
8:56:37curved line between at two points
8:56:40however when we list some coordinates
8:56:42we're not listing the coordinates of the
8:56:44starting position and ending position
8:56:45for this arc it's more or less for the
8:56:48amount of space that we want to allocate
8:56:50to actually draw this arc
8:56:52so let's say that we want this arc to
8:56:54take up the entire canvas we can pass in
8:56:56the dimensions
8:56:57for this canvas so the top left corner
8:56:59is zero zero
8:57:00and the height and the width are five
8:57:02hundred
8:57:07so this is our arc it resembles a pie
8:57:09slice it's not starting in the top left
8:57:12corner and ending down here
8:57:13that's the amount of space that we're
8:57:15giving this crate arc function to
8:57:17actually draw
8:57:18an arc it's really an entire circle but
8:57:21only a portion of it is visible
8:57:23let's also set a fill color for this so
8:57:25fill equals
8:57:26what color did we not pick yet let's say
8:57:29green
8:57:32and now we have a green pie slice
8:57:35there's different styles you can do too
8:57:38so we can change that with style equals
8:57:40the default is pi slice
8:57:42that's what we had previously let's
8:57:44change this to chord
8:57:46this will draw a line between these two
8:57:48points
8:57:49and this kind of resembles like a bow
8:57:51like a ball with arrows
8:57:52and there's also just arc
8:57:56where it's simply just a curved line
8:57:59let's change this back to pie slice well
8:58:02because i like pie
8:58:04we can change the starting position of
8:58:06where this arc begins with the option
8:58:08start
8:58:09so start equals 0 by default so there's
8:58:12going to be no apparent change
8:58:14let's adjust this by 90 degrees so this
8:58:17is in
8:58:18degrees so this shifted
8:58:22what is this direction counterclockwise
8:58:24by 90 degrees
8:58:26so 180 would theoretically flip this
8:58:31and now this is on the other side of
8:58:33what we had previously
8:58:34and then 270.
8:58:40all right we can also set an extent
8:58:44so the default is normally 90 degrees
8:58:46but let's change this to 180
8:58:49and now we have a what is that
8:58:51hemisphere half a circle
8:58:54all right people let's practice by
8:58:55creating a pokeball there's still one
8:58:57more function that we have to cover it's
8:58:59called create oval but we'll do that as
8:59:01we're making this
8:59:02so let's begin by creating the top red
8:59:04hemisphere of this pokeball so that's
8:59:06canvas
8:59:07dot create arc and we're going to set
8:59:11the extent of this
8:59:13to 0 0 500 500
8:59:16so that this is going to take up the
8:59:18entire canvas
8:59:20and then let's also set a fill color to
8:59:22red
8:59:23so fill equals red
8:59:26we need to change the extent of how far
8:59:28this extends
8:59:29so we'll do that with the extent
8:59:31function so extent
8:59:32equals 180 so that this is a half circle
8:59:36and let's also change the thickness of
8:59:39this outline as well
8:59:40using the width option so width equals
8:59:4410 would be good and we have
8:59:47a red hemisphere for the top of our
8:59:49pokeball let's work on the bottom half
8:59:51so that is a white hemisphere
8:59:54so canvas dot create arc these are all
8:59:57the same we'll change
8:59:58the fill to white the extent will be the
9:00:01same
9:00:02but we need a different starting
9:00:03position so start
9:00:05equals 180. so this is going to begin
9:00:08at the 180 degree mark so when you
9:00:11combine these both together we get
9:00:13two different colored hemispheres that
9:00:14form a perfect circle
9:00:16now let's create an oval within the
9:00:18center of this pokeball
9:00:21so we're going to do that with canvas
9:00:24dot create
9:00:26oval we're going to set the amount of
9:00:29space that we want to give
9:00:30the circle to be drawn so we'll place
9:00:33this where
9:00:33x is 190 where y is 190
9:00:37where x 2 or the second x position is
9:00:40310
9:00:41and y2 is 310
9:00:46let's set the fill color next so we do
9:00:48that with fill
9:00:49fill equals white
9:00:53and lastly let's just give this a
9:00:55thicker border
9:00:56so that is width
9:01:00equals 10 to match the width for the
9:01:03two arcs that we have and there you have
9:01:06it we have a simple
9:01:07pokeball all right well that's the
9:01:09basics of the canvas widget if you'd
9:01:11like a copy of all this code i'll post
9:01:13all of this in the comments down below
9:01:15but yeah that's the basics of the canvas
9:01:17widget in python
9:01:18what's going on everybody it's your bro
9:01:21here hope you're doing well and in this
9:01:22video i'm going to teach you guys how we
9:01:24can create key events in python so sit
9:01:26back relax and enjoy the show
9:01:30welcome back everyone in this video
9:01:33we're going to be discussing at key
9:01:34events
9:01:35we can bind a key event and a function
9:01:38to a widget or a window so that when we
9:01:41press a certain key
9:01:43or do something we can trigger a
9:01:45function to be called that will perform
9:01:47some sort of task for us
9:01:48so we can actually do this by using the
9:01:51bind function
9:01:52so widgets and windows have access to a
9:01:55bind function
9:01:57so when our window or our widget is
9:01:59selected
9:02:00and then you press a certain key or do
9:02:02something then it's going to call a
9:02:04certain function to perform a task for
9:02:06us
9:02:06so there's two arguments within the bind
9:02:08function this takes an event
9:02:10as well as a function name let's say
9:02:13that when we press the enter key we want
9:02:15to
9:02:16call this function to do something so
9:02:18for this event
9:02:20what we type for that is a set of quotes
9:02:23angle brackets and the name of the
9:02:25button
9:02:26so for example if you want to press w to
9:02:28move forward like you're playing a game
9:02:30this would be w
9:02:32a s d there's also up
9:02:35down and then let's say we want to press
9:02:38enter to do something that is actually a
9:02:40return and then we will call
9:02:42this function so let's create a function
9:02:44called do something
9:02:46and let's define this at the top def
9:02:50do something now pay attention to this
9:02:53part we need to set up
9:02:54one parameter for this do something
9:02:56function
9:02:58this needs an event so be sure to
9:03:00include that and it's easy to forget
9:03:02so what do we want to do after we press
9:03:04enter
9:03:05let's just print a message you
9:03:09did a thing and
9:03:12this should work now so let's try it
9:03:17so while this window has focus ability
9:03:20we can actually uh have this respond to
9:03:22events
9:03:23so right now i'm pressing all sorts of
9:03:24keys you can probably hear me right now
9:03:26going crazy on my keyboard but now i'm
9:03:28going to hit
9:03:29enter and it says you did a thing and
9:03:32you can bind all sorts of keys to
9:03:33this window let's say that i want to
9:03:35press q to quit
9:03:38so we'll just replace this with
9:03:39lowercase q
9:03:42so i'm typing all sorts of keys but now
9:03:44i'm going to press q
9:03:45and it says you did a thing kind of like
9:03:48we're quitting the game
9:03:49you can actually have this respond to
9:03:51all keys
9:03:52well almost all of them so to do that
9:03:55you just type in key with the capital k
9:03:58so i can pretty much press on any key
9:04:01then it's going to
9:04:02trigger or call our function
9:04:05kind of like that so one thing that we
9:04:08could do
9:04:09we can display the key event that was
9:04:11pressed so i'm just going to add that
9:04:13here
9:04:14maybe i'll change this message u
9:04:18pressed plus and to display
9:04:21what key was pressed that is event
9:04:24dot key sim i believe that's for
9:04:28key symbol so this will actually display
9:04:31what button you pressed
9:04:32so w-a-s-d
9:04:36here's a unique idea for practice let's
9:04:39say that we want to add
9:04:40a label to our window and we're going to
9:04:42change the text on the label
9:04:44to reflect whatever key that we press so
9:04:47let's create a label
9:04:48label equals label we're adding this to
9:04:50our window
9:04:52and let's change the font as well to
9:04:54something massive
9:04:55like helvetica
9:04:59and a size of 100 that should be good
9:05:02then we need to pack this label so
9:05:04label dot pack then within
9:05:07this function let's turn this into a
9:05:09comment
9:05:10and we're going to use label dot config
9:05:14and we're going to update our text
9:05:17and the text is going to be whatever key
9:05:19that we press so we can do that with
9:05:21event dot key sim so now
9:05:25this label is going to display whatever
9:05:28key that we press
9:05:29so for example w a s
9:05:32d backspace escape
9:05:36up up down down left right left right b
9:05:38a start
9:05:39all right so that's the basics of key
9:05:41events if you could do me a favor and in
9:05:43the comments down below
9:05:44just press f to pay respects so if you
9:05:47want a copy of this code i'll post this
9:05:49in the comments down below but yeah
9:05:50that's the basics of key events in
9:05:53python
9:05:54hey what's going on everybody it's your
9:05:55bro here hope you're doing well and in
9:05:57this video i'm going to teach you guys
9:05:58all about
9:05:59mouse events in python so sit back relax
9:06:01and enjoy the show
9:06:05hey everyone we're going to be
9:06:06discussing mouse events in python so
9:06:08before we begin we'll need a window so
9:06:10window equals tk followed by window.main
9:06:13loop
9:06:14and in the last video we learned that we
9:06:16can bind
9:06:17a widget or a window so that when a
9:06:19certain event occurs we can call a
9:06:21function
9:06:22so we're going to do the same thing for
9:06:24this video but we have
9:06:25various mouse events that we can cover
9:06:28so we're going to use the window.bind
9:06:31function
9:06:31and this takes two arguments an event as
9:06:34well as a function
9:06:36name so let's define a function let's
9:06:38call it the
9:06:39do something function so do something
9:06:42and we'll need to define this so at the
9:06:44top def
9:06:46do something and remember that we need
9:06:49to set up
9:06:49one parameter for this function the
9:06:52parameter
9:06:53is an event and then we'll just print
9:06:55something print
9:06:57you did a thing
9:07:01okay so there are various mouse events
9:07:04for a
9:07:04left button click within quotes and then
9:07:08within angle brackets
9:07:09a left button click is button dash one
9:07:13so then if we were to click within this
9:07:16window
9:07:16it's going to call our function you did
9:07:19a thing
9:07:20but if i were to right click it doesn't
9:07:22do anything
9:07:24so there are other mouse events too so
9:07:26button two
9:07:27is that scroll wheel not if you scroll
9:07:29up or down but if you press
9:07:31in on it so right now i'm clicking left
9:07:34i'm clicking right
9:07:35now i'm going to press in on the mouse
9:07:37wheel and it says you did a thing
9:07:40button three is a right mouse click
9:07:46so i'm clicking left nothing but i'm
9:07:49gonna click right
9:07:51and that seems to work all right so
9:07:53button one i'm just going to add a note
9:07:56left mouse click button two
9:08:00is the scroll wheel
9:08:04that's if you press in on it and then
9:08:07button three
9:08:08is a right mouse click
9:08:11so did you guys know we can actually get
9:08:13the x and y coordinates of where this
9:08:15event occurred
9:08:16so to do that we type in the name of the
9:08:19event
9:08:20dot x however since we're displaying
9:08:23this along with some text
9:08:24we'll need to convert this to a string
9:08:28so string event dot x then i'll add the
9:08:31y coordinates as well
9:08:35event.y i think i'll just add a comma
9:08:38between these
9:08:39to separate them and we'll change our
9:08:42text
9:08:44so we'll say mouse coordinates
9:08:48all right let's try this again so this
9:08:51is going to
9:08:52give us the coordinates of where we
9:08:54click and right now i'm just left
9:08:55clicking
9:08:58so the top left corner is zero zero
9:09:02well at least close to it not there
9:09:04exactly
9:09:06alright so here's a few other events
9:09:08that we can cover
9:09:11i'm going to copy this we have button
9:09:14release
9:09:15if we were to release a button it's
9:09:18going to trigger our event
9:09:21so right now i'm holding in on the left
9:09:23mouse button but i'm going to let go
9:09:25then it triggers our event if i were to
9:09:28right click
9:09:29and hold it it doesn't do anything but
9:09:31as soon as i let go
9:09:32then our event is triggered we also have
9:09:35enter
9:09:36not to be confused with the enter button
9:09:39just going to get rid of that so that
9:09:42is enter if we were to enter our binded
9:09:46window or widget
9:09:49so if i were to enter it's going to give
9:09:51the coordinates of where i entered this
9:09:56there is also leave
9:09:59so i'm going to say that enter
9:10:03the window
9:10:07and leave is leave the window
9:10:14so if i enter nothing happens but as
9:10:16soon as i leave it gives the coordinates
9:10:22and the last one is motion as long as
9:10:24the cursor is in motion
9:10:28so this one might be good for a game so
9:10:31that is motion
9:10:34where the mouse
9:10:40moved
9:10:42it's consistently giving me the
9:10:43coordinates if i'm moving the mouse but
9:10:45if i were
9:10:45stationary or stop moving it stops
9:10:50all right so that's the basics of mouse
9:10:52events in python if you want to copy of
9:10:54all this code
9:10:54i'll post all of this in the comments
9:10:56down below but yeah that's the basics of
9:10:58mouse events in python hey what's going
9:11:01on everybody it's bro here hope you're
9:11:03doing well and in this video i'm going
9:11:05to teach you guys how we can drag
9:11:06and drop widgets in python so sit back
9:11:09relax and enjoy the show
9:11:12all right people let's just dive into
9:11:15this so we'll need a window and then
9:11:16we're going to be adding widgets to the
9:11:18window
9:11:19so window equals tk followed by
9:11:21window.main loop
9:11:23now you can drag and drop all sorts of
9:11:25widgets but let's just stick with the
9:11:26label because creating a label is simple
9:11:29so let's define a label label equals
9:11:32label we're going to be adding this
9:11:35label to the window
9:11:36and let's set a background color so we
9:11:38can actually see this label
9:11:40pick i don't know your favorite color
9:11:42i'm going to pick red
9:11:43and then i'm going to set a width and a
9:11:45height because normally if you have a
9:11:47label without any text it's really small
9:11:50so let's set a width of maybe 10
9:11:53and then a height of 5.
9:11:57that should be good and we want to place
9:11:59this label
9:12:00someplace within the window so label dot
9:12:03place and we can pass in some x
9:12:05coordinates as well as y coordinates
9:12:07so x equals zero and y equals zero
9:12:11so that this is going to appear in the
9:12:13top left corner
9:12:14of our window so this is what we have
9:12:17this
9:12:18is our label and we want to be able to
9:12:20drag and drop
9:12:21this label someplace within the window
9:12:23what we're going to need to do
9:12:24is actually bind this label twice but
9:12:27let's begin with just
9:12:28the first binding so in order to bind a
9:12:31widget you type in the name of the
9:12:32widget
9:12:33followed by calling the bind function
9:12:36so this bind function can take two
9:12:39arguments
9:12:40it can take an event as well as a
9:12:42function
9:12:43name so for the function name let's call
9:12:45this
9:12:46drag underscore start but you don't
9:12:48really need to
9:12:49name it the same that i do and for the
9:12:52event that occurs
9:12:53this is going to be a left button click
9:12:55with the mouse
9:12:56so that event is within quotes and
9:12:59within angle brackets
9:13:01button dash one so if we were to click
9:13:04someplace within the label using the
9:13:06left mouse button
9:13:07it's going to call our drag start
9:13:10function but we need to define this
9:13:12so at the top of our program let's
9:13:13define this function
9:13:16def drag start and this takes one
9:13:19parameter
9:13:20the parameter we have is our event so
9:13:22what we're going to do
9:13:23is actually get the coordinates of where
9:13:26we click
9:13:27within this label and we're going to
9:13:29assign these
9:13:30to a new variable or attribute of our
9:13:33label
9:13:34so label dot let's create an attribute
9:13:37called
9:13:37start x equals our event
9:13:41dot x so this is where we click
9:13:44within the label and not necessarily the
9:13:47window
9:13:48and let's repeat the process for y so
9:13:50label
9:13:51dot start y equals event dot
9:13:54y so we're going to have some
9:13:57coordinates of where we click
9:13:58within this label and we can actually
9:14:01use that for our next
9:14:02function so we're going to bind this
9:14:04label a second time
9:14:06so i'm going to copy this line and paste
9:14:08it
9:14:09the second binding let's say is
9:14:12drag underscore motion for the function
9:14:15name
9:14:16and this event is going to occur if we
9:14:19were to hold down the left mouse button
9:14:21and then drag so that is b
9:14:25one dash motion
9:14:28and then we need to define this function
9:14:30so at the top
9:14:32d e f drag underscore motion and this
9:14:35takes our event as a parameter
9:14:37so this part is going to be a little
9:14:39funky we're going to
9:14:41get or create new x and y
9:14:44coordinates so let's begin with x x
9:14:47equals the name of our label or widget
9:14:50label dot w info
9:14:54underscore x this is a function so add
9:14:56some parentheses
9:14:58this will get the top left x coordinate
9:15:01of our label relative to the window that
9:15:04we're in
9:15:05minus label x well labeled.startx
9:15:11plus event dot x
9:15:14all right so we're going to do the same
9:15:17thing for y
9:15:19well we're going to replace x with y for
9:15:21the second line
9:15:25all right so this is the top
9:15:29left corner the x coordinate of our
9:15:32widget
9:15:33relative to the window this
9:15:37is the place where we click within
9:15:40the label itself and this is where we
9:15:43begin
9:15:44dragging our widget to it's a little
9:15:47difficult to explain but if you can find
9:15:48combine
9:15:49combine all of these together you'll get
9:15:51the new coordinates
9:15:52of where you want to drag this component
9:15:56this widget to
9:15:57so we need to replace this widget so
9:16:00label dot place x equals x
9:16:04and y equals y so then when you combine
9:16:07all of these together
9:16:09we have our widget and we can drag it
9:16:11and drop it someplace else within the
9:16:13window
9:16:15now wait a second what if we have more
9:16:17than one widget
9:16:18well with the way that our functions are
9:16:20written now they wouldn't be compatible
9:16:22with more than one widget
9:16:24just this label itself so what if we
9:16:27were to create a
9:16:28second label so i'm going to call the
9:16:30second label just
9:16:32label two so i'm just going to rename
9:16:34them and
9:16:35let's change the background color to
9:16:37maybe
9:16:38blue and i'm just going to place this
9:16:40somewhere else within our window so
9:16:41maybe where x
9:16:42is 100 and y is 100 and we'll need to
9:16:45bind
9:16:46label two as well so
9:16:49make sure to bind label two so we have
9:16:53label one binded it's just called label
9:16:55and the same thing with label two
9:16:57all right let's see what happens i'm
9:16:59going to attempt to drag
9:17:01label 2. the label 1 is moving that's
9:17:04because
9:17:04with our functions we stated we're
9:17:07getting the coordinates
9:17:09and we're storing them within the
9:17:10attributes of label
9:17:121 and not necessarily label two so in
9:17:14order to make
9:17:15these functions compatible with all
9:17:18widgets
9:17:19we can actually add one line of code
9:17:22widget equals event dot widget
9:17:26so this is going to get the widget of
9:17:28the event that we're dealing with
9:17:30and we're going to temporarily rename
9:17:32this as widget
9:17:34so now we're going to replace all
9:17:36instances of where we use
9:17:37label and replace it with widget
9:17:42be sure to do the same thing too with
9:17:43drag motion
9:17:46and then we will need to add this line
9:17:48at the top of
9:17:49drag motion so now
9:17:53these functions are now compatible with
9:17:55any widget that we create
9:17:59and we should be able to drag and drop
9:18:02both
9:18:03widgets all right well that's the basics
9:18:06of dragging and dropping widgets in
9:18:08python if you want a copy of all this
9:18:10code i'll post all of this in the
9:18:11comments down below
9:18:13but yeah that's the basics of dragging
9:18:14and dropping widgets in python
9:18:18hey what's going on everybody it's your
9:18:20bro here hope you're doing well and in
9:18:21this video i'm going to teach you guys
9:18:22how we can move an image
9:18:24on both a window and a canvas in python
9:18:27so sit back relax and enjoy the show
9:18:31all right my fellow bros i'm going to
9:18:33divide this video into
9:18:35two different sections in the first
9:18:37section we're going to move a widget
9:18:39within a window
9:18:40and in the next section we're going to
9:18:42move an image
9:18:43on a canvas so let's begin by moving a
9:18:46widget within a window
9:18:47so we'll need a window window equals tk
9:18:50followed by window.mainloop and we'll
9:18:52also need to set some geometry for this
9:18:54window
9:18:55window dot geometry let's make this
9:18:58500x500
9:19:01500 x 500 and let's take a look
9:19:06okay that should be a decent size let's
9:19:08add a label to this window
9:19:11so i actually have a race car image that
9:19:13i want to use if you would like an image
9:19:15feel free to pause the video and
9:19:16download one
9:19:17what i would like to do is create a
9:19:19photo image from this png file that i
9:19:21have
9:19:22i'm just going to call this my
9:19:25image equals photo
9:19:28image file equals since this is within
9:19:32my project folder i can just list the
9:19:34file name
9:19:36otherwise you might have to list the
9:19:37file path and for me this is called
9:19:40racecar.png
9:19:42i want to add this image to my label not
9:19:45necessary but
9:19:46it'll be helpful for this example i'm
9:19:48going to call my label just a label
9:19:50label equals label i'm adding this to
9:19:52the window and i'm going to set the
9:19:54image to equal
9:19:55my image that i created it's a photo
9:19:57image
9:19:58if you do not have an image that you
9:20:00want to use you can simply
9:20:02just change the background color you
9:20:03could say bg
9:20:05i don't know red
9:20:08oh then we need to place this so be sure
9:20:10to do that
9:20:11label dot place and i'm going to place
9:20:13this in the top left corner that is
9:20:15where x
9:20:15equals zero and y equals zero and then
9:20:18we should have a race car
9:20:20or whatever image you used and a red
9:20:22background you can get rid of the
9:20:24background color if you prefer
9:20:25that's just if you don't have an image
9:20:27to use you can set the background color
9:20:29just for a
9:20:30visual to show you where the label
9:20:32currently is
9:20:33let's set some key bindings for this
9:20:35window and let's add them maybe here
9:20:37before we create the label and our image
9:20:39so let's find the w key for up s for
9:20:43down
9:20:43a for left and d for right so we do that
9:20:46with
9:20:47window dot bind and we pass in an event
9:20:51as well as a function name so we want to
9:20:54tie the w key to a function and we'll
9:20:58call this
9:20:58move underscore up and then we will need
9:21:02to define this
9:21:04so outside of the window let's define
9:21:08move underscore up and this takes
9:21:12an event so we'll place that as a
9:21:14parameter
9:21:15and to move our label up we're going to
9:21:18take
9:21:18label dot place
9:21:22and we're going to place this at some
9:21:23new coordinates
9:21:25x equals the label's current position
9:21:28relative to the window that it's in so
9:21:31that is label
9:21:32dot w info
9:21:35underscore x
9:21:38all right so then for y it's similar
9:21:41y equals label dot w
9:21:45info underscore y
9:21:48but we're going to subtract maybe one
9:21:52all right so this is all we need
9:21:56although this is only going to move up
9:21:58so i'm going to press
9:21:59w and our label our race car or whatever
9:22:03image you used is going to move
9:22:04slowly up i'm going to increase this to
9:22:0810 so the change is more drastic
9:22:11so now our race car is drifting off into
9:22:13space
9:22:15let's find a few other keys s a
9:22:18and d sad all right so
9:22:21s will be down move underscore down
9:22:27a for left move left
9:22:31and d for right move
9:22:35right we'll just copy what we have here
9:22:38and make a few changes
9:22:39let's begin with move down
9:22:44the only thing we're going to change
9:22:45within here is in place of subtracting
9:22:4810
9:22:48from the y coordinate we're going to add
9:22:5010
9:22:52and with our race car oh i guess we have
9:22:54to define these so let's do that real
9:22:56quick
9:22:57uh so we have left
9:23:00move left we're going to subtract
9:23:0310 from the x coordinate and keep y the
9:23:07same
9:23:09and then the same thing for move right
9:23:11move
9:23:12underscore right and this time we are
9:23:15going to add 10
9:23:16to x and y will stay the same
9:23:21okay now with our image we can move up
9:23:25down right and then left
9:23:29and y stop there we combine these to our
9:23:32arrow keys
9:23:36so up is just up with a capital u
9:23:39down is down these are all capital by
9:23:42the way
9:23:43left is left and then right is right
9:23:49and now i can use my arrow keys to move
9:23:51this image
9:23:58now for this part of the video i'm going
9:24:00to teach you guys how we can move an
9:24:02image on a canvas this time and not just
9:24:04within a window
9:24:05but we'll need a window to begin with
9:24:07window equals tk followed by
9:24:09window.mainloop
9:24:10and we're going to create a canvas
9:24:12canvas equals canvas
9:24:15we're adding this canvas to the window
9:24:17and let's set a width and height
9:24:19for the width let's make this 500 and
9:24:21the height 500 as well
9:24:22so this is an even square and we'll need
9:24:25to
9:24:26pack or place this canvas canvas.pack
9:24:28should take care of that
9:24:30and let's run this and this is our
9:24:32canvas
9:24:33at this step we need to add an image to
9:24:36our canvas and i have an image of a
9:24:38racecar that i want to add
9:24:39so i need to create a photo image from
9:24:42this file
9:24:43so we can do that let's give this photo
9:24:46image a unique name i'm just going to
9:24:47call this photo image to keep it simple
9:24:50photo image equals photo image and i can
9:24:53list the file path or the file name
9:24:55since
9:24:56this image is within my project folder i
9:24:59only have to list the file name
9:25:00and my file is called racecar.png
9:25:04this next step we need to give our image
9:25:07a unique name
9:25:08the image that's being added to the
9:25:09canvas i'll call this
9:25:11my image equals
9:25:15and we need to turn this photo image
9:25:18into an image added to the canvas
9:25:20so we type in the name of the canvas
9:25:22canvas
9:25:23dot create underscore image
9:25:26we first need to list the coordinates of
9:25:28where we want to place this photo image
9:25:31so let's place this in the top left
9:25:32corner that is where
9:25:34x is 0 and y 0 and we need to set the
9:25:37image of the image that we're creating
9:25:40so we can do that with saying
9:25:41image equals the name of our photo image
9:25:46and let's see what we have so far so
9:25:49this image is somewhat cut off in the
9:25:51top left corner we can easily fix that
9:25:53by anchoring
9:25:54our image when we create it so let's at
9:25:56the end add
9:25:57anchor equals northwest
9:26:00so that should fix that problem and we
9:26:03now have our image that we want to use
9:26:06and to move our image we can set some
9:26:07key bindings
9:26:10so we type in the name of the window dot
9:26:12bind
9:26:13and we pass in two arguments an event as
9:26:16well as a function name
9:26:18let's tie pressing the w key to moving
9:26:21up
9:26:21so the first argument is going to be w
9:26:24and the second is going to be
9:26:25a function name so let's say move
9:26:28underscore up
9:26:29and let's find some other keys
9:26:33w for up s for down
9:26:39a for left and
9:26:42d for right
9:26:45we'll need to define these now so at the
9:26:48top outside of the window
9:26:50let's begin by defining move up
9:26:53def move up this has an event as a
9:26:56parameter
9:26:59and let's create the other definitions
9:27:02here
9:27:05so i'm just going to rename these so we
9:27:08have move
9:27:08up move down move left
9:27:12and move right okay now this next step
9:27:18we can use the canvases move function to
9:27:20move an image
9:27:21a certain amount of pixels on the x-axis
9:27:24and
9:27:24y-axis so let's begin with move up we
9:27:27type in the name of the canvas
9:27:29dot and use the move function and this
9:27:32has
9:27:32three arguments the image that we want
9:27:34to use
9:27:35and this image is called my image the
9:27:38one with the race car
9:27:41the next argument is the amount of
9:27:43pixels we're moving this on the
9:27:45x-axis with up we can keep this the same
9:27:50but on the y-axis let's say we want to
9:27:52move this
9:27:53up 10 pixels so that would be -10
9:27:57and let's repeat the process for move
9:27:59down move left and move right
9:28:01for move down we're going to change
9:28:04y to 10 for move left
9:28:08we'll keep y the same at zero but we're
9:28:11going to subtract
9:28:1210 and then move right
9:28:16we are going to add 10 to our x's
9:28:20and that should be it so we can move up
9:28:24down right left
9:28:28and if you want to bind these to some
9:28:30arrow keys
9:28:31all we have to do is just change the
9:28:34event
9:28:35so we can bind these to our wsad keys
9:28:38as well as up
9:28:42down left
9:28:46and right and this time i'm going to use
9:28:49my arrow keys
9:28:50up down right and left
9:28:56all right so that's a few of the basics
9:28:58of moving either widgets or
9:29:00images on a canvas or window if you
9:29:02would like a copy of all this code for
9:29:04both examples i'll post both of them in
9:29:06the comments down below
9:29:08but yeah that's the basics of moving
9:29:10widgets and images
9:29:11in python hey what's going on everybody
9:29:14it's your bro here hope you're doing
9:29:16well and in this video i'm going to
9:29:17teach you guys how we can create some
9:29:19simple 2d animations in python so sit
9:29:22back relax and enjoy the show
9:29:26alright my fellow bros in this video
9:29:28we're going to be animating an image on
9:29:30a canvas we're only going to be moving
9:29:33this image
9:29:33up down left and right feel free to
9:29:36download an image that you want to use
9:29:37i'm just going to use this
9:29:39ufo emoji that i found so we'll need two
9:29:42imports
9:29:43at the top from tk enter import
9:29:45everything that's what we usually have
9:29:47we'll also need to import time as well
9:29:50we'll need a window window equals tk
9:29:53followed by window.main loop
9:29:55we'll need a canvas i'm going to call
9:29:57the canvas canvas
9:29:58canvas equals canvas we're adding the
9:30:01canvas
9:30:01to the window i'm going to create
9:30:03something that's called a
9:30:05constant we're going to create a
9:30:07constant for the width and the height
9:30:09of our canvas so a constant is a
9:30:12variable or value that you don't plan on
9:30:14changing later at all
9:30:16and a common naming convention for a
9:30:18constant is that the name of the
9:30:20constant is
9:30:20all uppercase so i want the width and
9:30:23the height
9:30:24of this canvas to be constants so for
9:30:27the width this is going to be
9:30:28all uppercase it's not necessary to make
9:30:31it all uppercase
9:30:32but that's a common naming convention
9:30:34for the width i'm going to set this to
9:30:35500
9:30:36and the height set to 500 as well
9:30:39and for the width of this canvas i'm
9:30:41going to set the width
9:30:43to equal my constant which is 500
9:30:46and the height to my constant height
9:30:50so the reason that i'm making constants
9:30:52is that we'll be reusing these a lot
9:30:54later in this program so we might as
9:30:56well just declare them now and get it
9:30:58over with
9:30:59so for the canvas we're adding this to
9:31:01the window we're setting the width to
9:31:03our constant of width and the height to
9:31:05our constant of height
9:31:07and we need to follow this by packing
9:31:08this or place
9:31:10canvas dot pack pack to make it simple
9:31:13so we should have a canvas on our window
9:31:17now if you have an image that you want
9:31:18to use we're going to animate it
9:31:20i need to create a photo image from this
9:31:22file it's a png file it's called
9:31:25ufo but yours is probably going to be
9:31:27named something different so
9:31:28don't copy me exactly i need to create a
9:31:31photo image from this
9:31:32i'm going to call this photo underscore
9:31:35image but name it whatever you want this
9:31:38equals
9:31:39photo image and i need to list the file
9:31:42path or the file name
9:31:43since this file is within my project
9:31:46folder i only have to list the file name
9:31:48and for me this is called ufo.png
9:31:53our next step is that we're going to
9:31:54take our photo image and add this photo
9:31:57image to the canvas
9:31:58and we'll also give this image a unique
9:32:00name i'm going to call this my
9:32:03image equals we're going to use the
9:32:06canvases
9:32:07create image function so canvas dot
9:32:11create image there's a few arguments
9:32:13that we need to pass
9:32:14in where we want this image to appear we
9:32:17need a set of coordinates
9:32:18if we want this to appear in the top
9:32:20left corner that is where x
9:32:22is zero and y is zero for the image
9:32:25we're going to set this equal to
9:32:27our photo image whatever you named this
9:32:30and lastly we should anchor this i'm
9:32:33going to anchor this in the northwest
9:32:35corner to keep it simple
9:32:37and we should have our image on our
9:32:39canvas in the top left corner
9:32:41and here is my ufo that's being piloted
9:32:44by a green alien that's waving to me
9:32:46aliens are usually not that friendly
9:32:48unless they're abducting you our next
9:32:49step is to create a
9:32:50while loop so we'll say wow true this
9:32:53will continue forever until we close out
9:32:55of the program
9:32:56if you're looking at the code for a game
9:32:57this might say instead
9:32:59while running running will be a boolean
9:33:03variable that contains either true or
9:33:05false so if this is true while the game
9:33:07is running
9:33:08they're going to continue moving all of
9:33:10the characters on the screen
9:33:11and then if somebody pauses the game or
9:33:13closes out of the game
9:33:14then they'll flip this running variable
9:33:16to false but to keep things simple we'll
9:33:19just say wow
9:33:20true but that's something that you might
9:33:21see what we'll want to do is get the
9:33:24coordinates of our image
9:33:25within the canvas and this will return a
9:33:28list of coordinates
9:33:29so let's create a list called
9:33:31coordinates so
9:33:33coordinates equals canvas
9:33:37and we can use the chords function to
9:33:40get the coordinates
9:33:41i guess that's short for coordinates and
9:33:44we're getting the coordinates of
9:33:45my image so we'll pass this into this
9:33:48function
9:33:49and then let's print this just to see
9:33:51what this returns
9:33:52we'll print coordinates
9:33:57okay now to update the window after each
9:33:59cycle
9:34:00of this while loop we can use the update
9:34:02function of our window
9:34:04so window.update will also have this
9:34:07thread sleep for let's say 0.01 seconds
9:34:10so time dot sleep 0.01 one
9:34:15so here's a quick rundown of what we
9:34:17have going on so far within this while
9:34:19loop
9:34:19we're going to first get the coordinates
9:34:21of where our image
9:34:23is located we'll print the coordinates
9:34:26to the console window
9:34:27this part isn't required but it's going
9:34:29to help us for learning purposes
9:34:32we'll update this window for any changes
9:34:34and then our thread
9:34:36which is in charge of running the
9:34:37program is going to sleep
9:34:39for i believe that's a hundredth of a
9:34:41second
9:34:43so when we run this our image is staying
9:34:46in place
9:34:47and we know that our while loop is
9:34:48running because it's continuously
9:34:50printing the coordinates
9:34:51the first number is the x position
9:34:55the second number is the y position and
9:34:58now we're going to give our image a
9:34:59speed
9:35:00or velocity i like to call it velocity
9:35:03and in fact i'm going to give this image
9:35:05two velocities
9:35:06one for how fast this image is moving on
9:35:08the x-axis
9:35:09and another for how fast it's moving on
9:35:11the y axis
9:35:13so i'm going to create two variables one
9:35:15called x velocity
9:35:17and i'm going to set this equal to one
9:35:19and y velocity
9:35:22and i'll set this to one as well okay
9:35:26so what we need to do now is update
9:35:29the position of our image so let's do
9:35:32that before we update
9:35:33our window so i'm going to type in the
9:35:35name of the canvas
9:35:36and use the move function this move
9:35:39function takes three arguments
9:35:41what you want to move i want to move my
9:35:44image my ufo
9:35:46and how far i want to move this image on
9:35:49each axis each coordinate
9:35:51so what i want to do is update the
9:35:54x velocity the x position of my image
9:35:58so i'm going to pass in my x velocity
9:36:02variable and then y we'll just keep the
9:36:04same for now so we'll just say
9:36:06zero so after each iteration of this
9:36:08while loop
9:36:09my ufo is going to move one pixel to the
9:36:11right
9:36:12and it's just going to go off into the
9:36:13void forever and now
9:36:15if we replaced x velocity with zero
9:36:19and for y we set this to our y velocity
9:36:22this image is now going to travel down
9:36:26and it will continue into the void
9:36:27forever
9:36:29and then if we combine both of these
9:36:30together
9:36:33we're going to move diagonally down and
9:36:36to the right
9:36:37so what if we want this image to bounce
9:36:40off the walls we're going to add some
9:36:41if statements we're going to begin by
9:36:43just having this image bounce off the
9:36:45left and right walls
9:36:47for now let's set y velocity to zero so
9:36:50that this image is only moving
9:36:51left and right so before we move this
9:36:55image we'll add an if statement we're
9:36:56going to check to see
9:36:58if the x position of our image
9:37:01is either greater than the width of the
9:37:03canvas
9:37:04or if it's less than zero so we take
9:37:07our coordinates and we're going to get
9:37:09the first element from this list
9:37:11so that is zero that is x the x value
9:37:15if coordinates at element zero is
9:37:18greater than or equal to
9:37:20the width of this window and this is a
9:37:22constant
9:37:24so we can just place that here if
9:37:26coordinates
9:37:27well x within our coordinates is greater
9:37:29than or equal to width
9:37:32or coordinates at index
9:37:360 is less than 0 then we want to reverse
9:37:40the direction or flip the velocity
9:37:43so we want to change our x velocity and
9:37:45make this a negative number
9:37:47one easy way to do that is that we can
9:37:49take x velocity
9:37:51equals x velocity times negative one
9:37:55or another way of writing this is just
9:37:57to say x velocity
9:37:59minus negative velocity now what ends up
9:38:02happening
9:38:03is that when this image reaches the
9:38:05right border it's going to bounce back
9:38:08however it only bounces back after it
9:38:10reaches
9:38:11the top left corner of the image we need
9:38:13to factor in
9:38:14the width of the image as well so we're
9:38:17going to create
9:38:18two new variables and let's do this
9:38:19right before the while loop
9:38:21we'll want to determine what the height
9:38:23and the width are for our photo image
9:38:25that we have
9:38:26so this is what we're going to write
9:38:28let's call these two values
9:38:29image underscore width and
9:38:33image underscore height
9:38:37so we need to determine what the width
9:38:39and the height is
9:38:40for our photo image and there is a
9:38:42function to do that
9:38:44type in the name of the photo image dot
9:38:47and there is a width
9:38:48function and the same thing for height
9:38:53photo image dot height
9:38:56and then we can reuse these so i'm just
9:38:59going to add
9:39:00one line to the sift statement if
9:39:03the x position of our image is greater
9:39:06uh greater than
9:39:07or equal to the width of our window
9:39:10minus the width of our image and i'm
9:39:13just going to put these within
9:39:15parentheses just to keep these more
9:39:16organized
9:39:17and what ends up happening now is that
9:39:20when
9:39:22the right portion of our image hits the
9:39:25right wall it's going to bounce off
9:39:27and let's do the same thing for our y
9:39:29velocity
9:39:32we're going to replace coordinates at
9:39:35index 0 with 1 and change that here as
9:39:38well
9:39:39replace with with height
9:39:43and this is image underscore height
9:39:46and we're going to change the y velocity
9:39:49this time
9:39:54and when we move this image let's also
9:39:56add the
9:39:57y velocity
9:40:00and now our image is just going to
9:40:03bounce off the walls forever
9:40:04but it's kind of predictable since we
9:40:06set x and y
9:40:08to equal one now let's change the speeds
9:40:10to kind of spice things up
9:40:12let's say for the x velocity this is
9:40:14three and y velocity this is now two
9:40:16this is going to go in a completely
9:40:18different direction
9:40:21so you can mess with the speeds however
9:40:22you want so
9:40:24guys how about we add a background image
9:40:26to this well because we can
9:40:28i'm going to reuse this image of space
9:40:30from my java video on this same topic
9:40:33i need to create a photo image from this
9:40:35and i'm going to copy what we did for
9:40:37our normal image that we were moving and
9:40:40animating
9:40:41so this is called space.png well that's
9:40:44the name of my file
9:40:46and i'm going to give this image a
9:40:47different name maybe i'll call this
9:40:50background underscore photo
9:40:53and then i'm going to add this photo to
9:40:55the canvas
9:40:57and i'm going to call this a different
9:40:59name
9:41:01i'll just call this background all right
9:41:04so
9:41:04our window should have a background now
9:41:08and then our image moves on top of the
9:41:10background
9:41:10so make sure you add and create the
9:41:12background before you add any other
9:41:14images
9:41:15otherwise the background might overlap
9:41:17your image
9:41:18alright so that's the basics of some
9:41:21simple animations in
9:41:22python if you want to copy all this code
9:41:24i'll post all of this in the comments
9:41:26down below
9:41:26but yeah that's the basics of some
9:41:28animations in python
9:41:31hey what's going on everybody it's your
9:41:33bro here hope you're doing well and in
9:41:35this video i'm going to teach you guys
9:41:36how we can animate multiple objects in
9:41:38python so
9:41:39sit back relax and enjoy the show
9:41:43welcome back my fellow bros in this
9:41:45video we're going to be animating
9:41:47multiple objects within a window
9:41:49more specifically we'll animate some
9:41:50circles and each of these circles will
9:41:52have their own characteristics
9:41:54speeds and directions so we'll need two
9:41:57imports to begin
9:41:58from ck enter import everything we'll
9:42:01also be importing everything from the
9:42:02time module as well
9:42:04we'll need a window window equals tk
9:42:06followed by window.main loop
9:42:08i'm going to create two constants one
9:42:10for the width and one for the height
9:42:12let's set the width equal to 500 and the
9:42:14height equal to
9:42:15500 as well we'll create a canvas and
9:42:17we'll be animating
9:42:19the circles that we're going to create
9:42:20on the canvas so let's create a canvas
9:42:23canvas equals canvas
9:42:27we're going to be adding the canvas to
9:42:28the window and we'll set the width of
9:42:30our canvas equal to our constant width
9:42:33which is 500 and our height equal to our
9:42:36constant of height
9:42:37which is also 500 and we will add this
9:42:40canvas by using the pack function
9:42:42canvas.pack here's our canvas and we're
9:42:45going to be creating multiple circles
9:42:47let's pretend that they're all different
9:42:48sports balls like a tennis ball baseball
9:42:51volleyball bowling ball
9:42:53they'll all be bouncing off of the
9:42:55borders and once
9:42:56each of them encounters a border they
9:42:57will change direction
9:42:59since we're going to be creating
9:43:01multiple objects i think it's best if we
9:43:03do this with another class
9:43:05so let's create another class i'm going
9:43:07to go to file
9:43:08new python file and let's call this
9:43:12class
9:43:12ball and click python file and we need
9:43:16to define
9:43:17this class class ball
9:43:22and we also need a constructor for this
9:43:24ball class
9:43:25we can create one with def two
9:43:28underscores
9:43:28i-n-i-t two underscores again
9:43:32and we can set up the parameters of what
9:43:34we want to receive if we were to create
9:43:36a ball
9:43:37object so let's pretend that
9:43:40we're going to be creating a volleyball
9:43:42to begin with so
9:43:44let's call this ball volley
9:43:47underscore ball equals
9:43:50ball and we'll pass in some arguments so
9:43:53let's set up the parameters first
9:43:55what do we want to receive one we want
9:43:57to receive
9:43:58our canvas so that we can actually draw
9:44:00this oval we can draw this ball
9:44:03we should also have an x and y position
9:44:07a diameter
9:44:11x velocity y velocity
9:44:15and a color all right so
9:44:18when we create a ball like a volleyball
9:44:21we're going to pass
9:44:22in whatever the parameters require so we
9:44:25need a canvas
9:44:26x y a diameter an x velocity
9:44:30y velocity and a color so within the
9:44:32constructor for the ball
9:44:34we're passing in our canvas it's kind of
9:44:37like what we do with widgets
9:44:38we're specifying what we're going to be
9:44:40adding this widget to
9:44:42we're going to be adding this ball to
9:44:44our canvas we also need
9:44:46x y and a diameter let's make this
9:44:48simple by setting x and y to both zero
9:44:51for the diameter let's set this to maybe
9:44:54100 and we also need an x velocity and y
9:44:58velocity
9:44:59let's set this both to one and a color
9:45:02so let's pass in a string
9:45:04like white let's head back to our ball
9:45:07class and finish assigning
9:45:08all of these arguments that we're going
9:45:10to receive the first step is that we'll
9:45:12say
9:45:13self dot canvas equals
9:45:16the canvas that we receive when it's
9:45:18passed to us as an argument
9:45:21our next step is to draw this oval draw
9:45:24this ball
9:45:25and we'll say self dot image
9:45:29equals canvas dot create
9:45:33underscore oval and with creating ovals
9:45:36we can pass in x y
9:45:39and with circles the diameter is equal
9:45:42for both the width and the height
9:45:44so we'll pass in our diameter twice
9:45:48and lastly a fill color
9:45:52and we'll say this is equal to the color
9:45:54that we receive
9:45:55which is white
9:45:58we're going to set the x velocity and
9:46:00the y velocity
9:46:02this is related to the direction that
9:46:04it's initially going to head in
9:46:06so self dot x velocity
9:46:10equals the x velocity that we receive
9:46:15and we'll do the same thing for y
9:46:16velocity
9:46:19self.y velocity equals y velocity
9:46:23now since this is in another class we
9:46:25need to import this class
9:46:29from ball import
9:46:32everything and you can see that this red
9:46:34underline went away
9:46:36so let's see what happens now
9:46:39we have our volleyball but it's not
9:46:42currently moving
9:46:42so that's the next step so let's create
9:46:45a function
9:46:46within the ball class called move that
9:46:48we can call upon
9:46:49so we'll do this after the constructor
9:46:51cef
9:46:53move and this will take self as an
9:46:56argument
9:46:58the first thing that we should do is get
9:47:00the coordinates
9:47:02so we'll say coordinates and this is a
9:47:04list coordinates equals
9:47:06self dot canvas dot
9:47:09c o o rds
9:47:14and we'll pass in self dot image
9:47:18and we will print these coordinates just
9:47:20to see what's here
9:47:26all right now we'll create a while loop
9:47:29within our main class
9:47:30so let's add that near the end and we'll
9:47:33just say
9:47:35while true so while this is running
9:47:39let's move our volleyball so volleyball
9:47:43dot move so this will call the move
9:47:45function of our volleyball
9:47:48and then we will update the window
9:47:51window dot update so that this refreshes
9:47:54and we will sleep for maybe a hundredth
9:47:57of a second
9:47:58time dot sleep 0.01 but you can put
9:48:02whatever you want here
9:48:04so this is going to at first just print
9:48:06the coordinates of this ball
9:48:09so it's not currently moving and this
9:48:11time with our list we have
9:48:13four coordinates zero zero that's the
9:48:15top left corner and 100 100 that's the
9:48:18bottom
9:48:18right corner so this time we have four
9:48:21coordinates that we have to deal with
9:48:23the top left corner as well as the
9:48:25bottom right corner
9:48:26our next step is that we should move
9:48:28this image
9:48:30self dot canvas dot move
9:48:34what object are we going to move we're
9:48:36going to move self
9:48:38dot image and in what directions
9:48:41self.x velocity as well as
9:48:44self dot y velocity now
9:48:48our ball is going to move across the
9:48:50window and it right now it's displaying
9:48:52all of the coordinates
9:48:53we don't have any bounds set up so it's
9:48:55just going to continue into the void
9:48:56forever so we should set up some if
9:48:59statements to check to see if one of the
9:49:01borders
9:49:02touches one of the walls of the window
9:49:04if so it's going to change
9:49:05direction so let's check to see
9:49:09if the left or right side of our ball
9:49:11touches one of the left or right borders
9:49:13so let's write an if statement if
9:49:17and then let's take a look at these
9:49:18coordinates if
9:49:20coordinates at index 2
9:49:24that is this one 0 1
9:49:272. so this is the bottom right corner
9:49:31with these two sets of coordinates if
9:49:33coordinates at index 2
9:49:35is greater than or equal to
9:49:38i'm going to put these within
9:49:39parentheses self
9:49:41dot canvas and we need to get the width
9:49:44of the canvas
9:49:45one way which we can do that is to use
9:49:47the w
9:49:49info underscore with function
9:49:53so this is going to get the width of the
9:49:55canvas
9:49:57and then let's add one more thing
9:50:00or coordinates at index
9:50:03zero is less than zero
9:50:07so if this ball touches the left or
9:50:10right border
9:50:11we want to change direction so we can
9:50:14flip
9:50:14the x velocity self.x velocity
9:50:18equals negative self x
9:50:22velocity and let's do the same thing for
9:50:24the top and bottom borders
9:50:26so let's copy what we have
9:50:31and we'll replace coordinates at index
9:50:33two with
9:50:34three and we'll also replace
9:50:38w info underscore width with height
9:50:43and coordinates at index one
9:50:46change self dot x velocity with y
9:50:49velocity
9:50:50same thing here as well alright and
9:50:54that should be everything let's try it
9:50:58so let's see if this ball actually
9:50:59bounces off the borders
9:51:02which it does pretty cool so that's
9:51:04everything we need to do within our ball
9:51:06class
9:51:06now if we need to create multiple balls
9:51:09we can just construct them
9:51:10so let's say this time we would like a
9:51:12tennis ball
9:51:14i'm going to name this volleyball as
9:51:16tennis ball and
9:51:18let's make the diameter smaller like
9:51:20five but we'll make this a lot faster
9:51:22like
9:51:23for the velocity let's say four and
9:51:25three and the color
9:51:26let's make this yellow and we also need
9:51:30to call the
9:51:31move function of this tennis ball so
9:51:33within the while loop
9:51:34tennis ball dot move and then we should
9:51:38also have a tennis ball moving across
9:51:40the screen
9:51:40in a different direction now technically
9:51:43we don't need to print the coordinates
9:51:44but i tend to do that just for
9:51:46teaching purposes to better demonstrate
9:51:48all of this
9:51:49now our ball class is acting as a
9:51:52blueprint
9:51:53for how balls should be created and the
9:51:55behavior that they exhibit
9:51:57and if we need to create a ball we can
9:51:59just come up with a name for the ball
9:52:01and call the ball constructor to take
9:52:03care of that for us
9:52:05kind of like what we've been doing with
9:52:06widgets so all we need to do to create
9:52:09another ball
9:52:10is come up with a unique name for the
9:52:11ball and instantiate it using
9:52:13our ball class that we created so this
9:52:15time let's create
9:52:17a basketball i'll rename this as
9:52:19basketball
9:52:20and we'll pass in different arguments
9:52:22based on how we want to customize
9:52:25this unique ball so for the diameter
9:52:28let's say this is now 125
9:52:30and the x and y velocity let's set this
9:52:32to something very fast like
9:52:35eight and seven and with the color let's
9:52:38change this to orange
9:52:40and make sure you also call the move
9:52:42function
9:52:44so basketball dot move and we should
9:52:47have a basketball moving across the
9:52:49screen
9:52:50all right everybody so that's the basics
9:52:53of animating multiple objects in python
9:52:55if you want
9:52:56a copy of all this code i'll post all of
9:52:58this in the comments down below
9:52:59but yeah that's how to animate multiple
9:53:01objects in python
9:53:04hey what's going on everybody it's ibro
9:53:06here hope you're doing well and in this
9:53:08video i'm going to teach you guys how we
9:53:09can create a clock program in python so
9:53:12sit back relax and enjoy the show
9:53:16all right my fellow bros in this video
9:53:18we're going to be creating a clock
9:53:20gui program so we'll need a few imports
9:53:22from
9:53:23tk enter import everything
9:53:27and from time import everything as well
9:53:31we'll need a window window equals tk
9:53:33followed by window.main loop
9:53:35and in this program we're going to be
9:53:37creating three separate labels
9:53:39one for the time another for the day of
9:53:41the week and another for the date
9:53:43so let's begin with just displaying the
9:53:45time and work on the day of the week and
9:53:47the date later
9:53:49so let's create a label for the time
9:53:51called time
9:53:52label equals label we're adding this to
9:53:55the window
9:53:56and let's set the font because we can
9:53:59i'm going to choose
9:54:00maybe ariel and then a size of 50 so
9:54:03that this is somewhat large
9:54:05i'm going to change the foreground color
9:54:07that is the font color
9:54:09and i will pick a hex value of green so
9:54:12that is
9:54:120 0 f 0 0 but feel free to pick whatever
9:54:16color you want
9:54:17and i'm also going to set the background
9:54:19color and you can pick a hex value or a
9:54:21color name i'm just going to say black
9:54:24and then i'm going to pack this label
9:54:27time label dot pack
9:54:32now we're going to call a function and
9:54:35we'll call this update
9:54:37and we'll define what this does after
9:54:39every second has passed
9:54:40we will use a recursive function to keep
9:54:43on updating the
9:54:44time every one second or so so let's
9:54:47define what this function does
9:54:49def update
9:54:52there is a function within the time
9:54:54module called strf time
9:54:57which we can use to return the current
9:54:59time and format it however we want
9:55:01so we're going to actually place this
9:55:03within a string variable and we'll call
9:55:05this time
9:55:06string and this function is strf
9:55:10time i'm actually going to go to
9:55:12python's website just to give you an
9:55:14example of how this works
9:55:15here we are on python's website and this
9:55:18is the
9:55:18strf time function and this converts a
9:55:22tuple representing a time as returned by
9:55:26gm time or local time to a string
9:55:29as specified by the format arguments
9:55:32so when we call this function we can
9:55:35pass in
9:55:36directives as arguments based on what we
9:55:39want to display
9:55:40if we want to display the current time
9:55:42there is a few directives that we can
9:55:44pass in
9:55:45so let's say that we want a 12 hour
9:55:48clock as represented by a decimal number
9:55:50between
9:55:511 and 12 well we would pass in percent
9:55:54i as an argument if we want the minutes
9:55:57that would be
9:55:58right here percent m and if we want the
9:56:01seconds that is
9:56:02percent s so we're going to pass in
9:56:05these directives
9:56:06as if they are arguments so within
9:56:09this function we'll pass in those format
9:56:13specifiers or directives so i want
9:56:16percent i followed by
9:56:20percent m and percent
9:56:23s alright uh but these also have to be
9:56:27within quotes so don't forget that
9:56:28because i just did
9:56:32okay this will display the current time
9:56:35oh then we also have to update our time
9:56:38label so
9:56:39time label dot config
9:56:44text equals our time string because
9:56:47remember that this
9:56:48returns a string of text
9:56:52text equals time string so this will
9:56:54display the current time
9:56:56and right now it is six in the morning
9:56:59or so
9:56:59however we just get one long jumbled
9:57:02number
9:57:03so it would be a good idea if we
9:57:05separated some of these numbers
9:57:07so within our strf time function i'm
9:57:10just going to add some colons to
9:57:11separate these values
9:57:15and this will display the current time
9:57:17it is currently 6
9:57:1846 in the morning let's add am or pm to
9:57:22the end of this
9:57:23so the directive for that is percent
9:57:26lowercase p
9:57:296 46 am now how do we update this label
9:57:33every one second to reflect the current
9:57:35time
9:57:35well that's a good question and i'm glad
9:57:37you asked it so we're going to use
9:57:39the time labels after function
9:57:42we pass in a delay and then a function
9:57:45that we want to call
9:57:46after that delay so let's say we want to
9:57:49call this function update every 1000
9:57:52milliseconds
9:57:53or one second so we'll pass in the delay
9:57:56as an argument
9:57:571000 milliseconds and the function that
9:57:59we want to call
9:58:00and we're going to perform what is known
9:58:02as a recursive
9:58:04function we're going to call a function
9:58:07within itself so after 1000 seconds
9:58:10we're going to call
9:58:11update again and it's going to repeat
9:58:12the process it's going to return the
9:58:14time
9:58:15and format that time and update
9:58:18our label with the new time so what ends
9:58:21up happening now
9:58:22is that our clock is going to update
9:58:25every 1000 milliseconds
9:58:28now let's add a few other labels let's
9:58:30say the day of the week
9:58:32i'm going to copy what we have here and
9:58:34let's rename this as
9:58:36day label
9:58:40but i probably don't want this to be the
9:58:42same size for the font let's say
9:58:44ink free because i like that font and a
9:58:48size of maybe 25 and i'll get rid of the
9:58:50coloring
9:58:53it's the same process as before really
9:58:56so let's replace
9:59:00time string with day string
9:59:05the directive for strf time to display
9:59:09the day of the week
9:59:11is percent a
9:59:14and we're going to replace time label
9:59:17with
9:59:18day label text equals day string
9:59:23and this will display the day of the
9:59:25week and it is currently
9:59:27wednesday and if we want to display
9:59:31the current date we can create a label
9:59:34and we'll call this
9:59:36date label
9:59:40and i'll make the font slightly bigger
9:59:41maybe 30.
9:59:44we'll copy what we have for our day
9:59:46string
9:59:48and rename this as date string
9:59:54so we have a few options for the date i
9:59:56want to display
9:59:58the name of the month the day and then
10:00:00the year
10:00:01so that would be percent capital b
10:00:06percent lowercase d i'm going to add a
10:00:09comma to separate the day and the year
10:00:12and percent capital y
10:00:15and then i want to set the text of my
10:00:17date label
10:00:18to my date string so that this will now
10:00:22display the current date there's just
10:00:24one quick change that i think we should
10:00:26make
10:00:26right now we have three different labels
10:00:28a time label a day label
10:00:30and a date label and right now we're
10:00:33using the after function of the time
10:00:35label
10:00:36so since we have all of these different
10:00:37labels i think we should replace time
10:00:39label
10:00:40with our window because our window has
10:00:42an after function as well
10:00:44so that after 1000 milliseconds has
10:00:47passed
10:00:47we can update the time the day of the
10:00:50week
10:00:50and the date all right so that's the
10:00:53basics of creating a simple clock
10:00:55program in python if you want a copy of
10:00:57all this code
10:00:58i'll post all of this in the comments
10:00:59down below but yeah that's the basics of
10:01:01creating a clock in python
10:01:04hey what's going on everybody it's you
10:01:06bro hope you're doing well
10:01:07and in this video i'm going to show you
10:01:08all how we can send an email using
10:01:10python so
10:01:11sit back relax and enjoy the show
10:01:16oh a quick note for you all you're going
10:01:17to need a gmail account to sign into
10:01:20as well as your username and password so
10:01:22once you have those set you're ready to
10:01:24begin
10:01:24all right let's begin by importing the
10:01:27simple mail
10:01:28transfer protocol library we'll need a
10:01:31couple variables to hold strings
10:01:32let's say we have a sender a receiver
10:01:37a password
10:01:40a subject for your email as well as
10:01:44a body for the email okay sender is
10:01:46going to be you
10:01:47sending the email so enter your email in
10:01:49here i'm just going to make up one
10:01:51you at gmail.com
10:01:54actually sender would be better i would
10:01:56say let me change that sender at
10:01:58gmail.com
10:01:59let's say we have a receiver this is who
10:02:01you're going to send the email to
10:02:04receiver gmail.com
10:02:07don't actually enter in these emails use
10:02:09your owner the person that you intend to
10:02:10send the email to for your test
10:02:12because these will probably not work i'm
10:02:14assuming
10:02:15then enter the password for your gmail
10:02:17account so let's say
10:02:20password123 and a subject
10:02:23uh let's say python email
10:02:27test and a body what do you want to say
10:02:30within your email
10:02:32i wrote an email
10:02:36okay so that should be good so remember
10:02:38that you're going to want to change
10:02:40these to your actual
10:02:41gmail account and you'll want to send it
10:02:43to a valid email address too
10:02:45and make sure that you use your password
10:02:47for your gmail account
10:02:49okay now we're going to create a header
10:02:51for our email and the syntax on this is
10:02:53a little strange we're going to say
10:02:55message
10:02:56f and then triple quotes so what this
10:02:59triple quotes is
10:03:00is that a triple quote string can span
10:03:03multiple lines of text so the first
10:03:06thing we'll enter is
10:03:07from within our header from and then
10:03:10since we're using an f-string we can
10:03:12insert
10:03:13a variable at a given location when we
10:03:16insert
10:03:16a pair of these curly braces so from
10:03:20will be sender the next line
10:03:23to colon
10:03:27receiver then the next line
10:03:30subject colon
10:03:34subject this will be the title of the
10:03:36email then i'm going to add a new line
10:03:39and then insert the body
10:03:43and if you want you can give yourself a
10:03:45name when you send this email
10:03:47let's say maybe snoop dogg and if
10:03:50there's somebody you want to send the
10:03:51email to
10:03:52and give them a name you can say like
10:03:55nicholas
10:03:56cage but these aren't necessary
10:03:59okay so we have our header completed let
10:04:02me just add a note that this is our
10:04:03header
10:04:05okay we're going to create a server
10:04:07object
10:04:08server equals smtplib.smtp
10:04:17there are two arguments the first is
10:04:20smtp
10:04:25the other argument is the port number
10:04:28and that is going to be
10:04:29587 that is the default mail submission
10:04:32port
10:04:33587 now we're going to take our server
10:04:36object
10:04:37and start tls transport layer security
10:04:42okay now we need to log in so server
10:04:46dot login we will pass in
10:04:50our sender email that's us as well as
10:04:53our password
10:04:56password and let's print
10:05:02logged in
10:05:06we'll eventually place all this within a
10:05:08try and accept block later
10:05:10all right and then to send an email type
10:05:13server dot send mail
10:05:17and we pass in our self sender
10:05:20receiver and our message
10:05:23sender comma receiver
10:05:27comma message and let's print a
10:05:31confirmation
10:05:32print email has
10:05:36been sent now if you were to run this
10:05:39program
10:05:40you may encounter this error smtp
10:05:43authentication error that either means
10:05:45your username
10:05:46password combination was not correct or
10:05:49you need to turn on
10:05:50the less secure app access on your gmail
10:05:53account
10:05:54which you can find here however i would
10:05:56recommend turning that back off when
10:05:58you're done with this program just
10:05:59because
10:06:00your account will be less secure and i'm
10:06:02not liable if you get hacked hey you
10:06:03know what
10:06:04let's place this code within a try block
10:06:06we will try
10:06:07all of this code and then if we
10:06:10encounter
10:06:10this exception we can catch and handle
10:06:13it properly
10:06:14so we will try these four lines of code
10:06:17and we will handle
10:06:18our exception of smt lib dot
10:06:21smtp authentication error
10:06:25that means we could not sign in so let's
10:06:27print
10:06:28unable to sign in
10:06:32so i'm going to run this one more time
10:06:34and instead of getting that ugly error
10:06:36we should get a simple message that says
10:06:38unable to sign in once you have the
10:06:40proper username password combination for
10:06:42your gmail account
10:06:43and if you need to set less secure app
10:06:46access to on
10:06:47but make sure that you turn it back off
10:06:49when you're done with this you should be
10:06:50able to send an email
10:06:51let's try it logged in email has been
10:06:54sent
10:06:55here is a snapshot of the email that i
10:06:57received
10:06:58i blurred out my actual email because i
10:07:00don't want it public because
10:07:01some of you guys are weird so we have
10:07:04our sender
10:07:05our receiver and i gave myself a
10:07:07nickname of snoop dogg that's why it
10:07:09says snoop
10:07:10to nicholas the receiver but you don't
10:07:12actually need a name for these as long
10:07:14as you have the sender and receiver
10:07:16fields filled in you should be good
10:07:18we have our subject python email test
10:07:21as well as our body i wrote an email
10:07:24well everybody that's how to write and
10:07:26send a simple email using python if you
10:07:28would like a copy of this code i will
10:07:30post this to the comment section down
10:07:32below
10:07:32but yeah that's how to send a simple
10:07:34email using python
10:07:37hey what's going on everybody it's you
10:07:39bro hope you're doing well
10:07:40and in this video i'm going to show you
10:07:41all how we can run a python file using
10:07:44command prompt so
10:07:45sit back relax and enjoy the show
10:07:50hey y'all in today's video i'm going to
10:07:52show you all how we can run a python
10:07:53file with command prompt
10:07:55so first we'll need a script to work
10:07:57with let's just make a very simple
10:07:59program
10:08:00let's say print hello world and then
10:08:03maybe we will ask
10:08:04for some user input name equals input
10:08:08what's your name and then at the end
10:08:12we will print the word hello
10:08:16plus the user's name okay so
10:08:20let's save this to a place that will
10:08:22remember perhaps
10:08:23my desktop now to save this file to a
10:08:25separate location go to
10:08:27file save as you can pick a name for
10:08:30this python file
10:08:32then to directory click these three dots
10:08:34and pick a location you want to save
10:08:36this to
10:08:37to make this easy i'm going to save this
10:08:39python file to my desktop
10:08:40and then click ok so the name of this
10:08:43python file of mine
10:08:44is hello underscore world dot py then
10:08:48click ok
10:08:49now our second step is to open command
10:08:51prompt to open command prompt just
10:08:53search for
10:08:54cmd if you're using mac i believe it's
10:08:57terminal
10:08:58step number three is that we need to
10:09:00navigate to the directory that contains
10:09:02our python file i saved this python file
10:09:05to my desktop
10:09:06so if you right click on your file and
10:09:08go to location you can just copy this
10:09:10address
10:09:11now within command prompt type cd to
10:09:13change directory
10:09:15space and then paste that directory
10:09:18that contains your python file hit enter
10:09:21and for the last step we need to invoke
10:09:23the python interpreter by typing
10:09:25python space and then
10:09:29the name of the script and the name of
10:09:31my script is hello
10:09:32underscore world dot p y hit enter to
10:09:36run the script
10:09:37hello world what is your name bro hello
10:09:40bro
10:09:41so that is how to run a python file with
10:09:43command prompt i will post all of these
10:09:45notes to the comments section down below
10:09:47and well
10:09:48yeah that's how to run a python file
10:09:50with command prompt
10:09:52it's you bro hope you're all doing well
10:09:54and in this video i'm going to show you
10:09:55all how we can use pip for python to
10:09:58download packages and modules so sit
10:10:00back
10:10:01relax and enjoy the show
10:10:05alright people pip for python pip is a
10:10:08package manager for packages and modules
10:10:10from the python package index if you're
10:10:13using
10:10:14python version 3.4 or above pip should
10:10:17already be installed
10:10:18if you're using a python version below
10:10:213.4
10:10:22one option is that you can always update
10:10:24your version of python just click
10:10:26download open when done
10:10:30go to customize installation make sure
10:10:32that pip
10:10:33is checked go to next and add
10:10:36python to environment variables then
10:10:38install
10:10:40now to use pip open up command prompt
10:10:42and type pip
10:10:43for a help menu all sorts of different
10:10:47general options and commands will appear
10:10:49if you need to check
10:10:50your version of pip type this command
10:10:53and here's a cheat sheet that i wrote
10:10:55so to check the current version of pip
10:10:57type pip
10:10:58dash dash version enter
10:11:02and currently the version that i'm using
10:11:05is 21
10:11:06if you need to upgrade pip use this
10:11:08command pip
10:11:10install dash dash up
10:11:14grade pip mine should be the latest
10:11:18version
10:11:18yeah requirement already satisfied and
10:11:21if you need a list of installed packages
10:11:24type
10:11:24pip list
10:11:28so here's all of the packages that i
10:11:31currently have installed
10:11:32some of these you might recognize like
10:11:34numpy
10:11:35pie game pie installer those are just a
10:11:38few to check to see if any of your
10:11:40packages
10:11:41are outdated type pip list
10:11:45dash dash outdated
10:11:49and this might take a second here are
10:11:51four packages that are outdated on my
10:11:53computer
10:11:54babel pi game pi tz and setup tools
10:11:58if you need to upgrade one of your
10:11:59packages type pip
10:12:01install the name of the package let's
10:12:04say that i would like to update pygame
10:12:06then dash dash upgrade
10:12:10i just realized that in my notes i'm
10:12:12missing updated package so i just added
10:12:14that here
10:12:15now you can see that pie game has
10:12:17successfully
10:12:18updated and let's just check to see if
10:12:20it has by using
10:12:22pip list outdated pip
10:12:25list dash dash outdated
10:12:29and pi game is no longer in here so it
10:12:32is up to date
10:12:33and if you would like to install a
10:12:34package type hip
10:12:36install and the name of the package you
10:12:38would like to download
10:12:39let's say i would like to download
10:12:41pandas pip
10:12:42install the name of the package in this
10:12:44case pandas
10:12:47two valley boring minutes later and it's
10:12:50done
10:12:50so i should now have pandas installed
10:12:52and let me check
10:12:54pip list
10:12:57and here it is i have successfully
10:12:59downloaded the package of pandas
10:13:02so those are a few commands for pip and
10:13:05if you're interested in downloading more
10:13:06packages head to python's package index
10:13:09on second thought i should probably show
10:13:11you all where that is python's package
10:13:13index
10:13:14is located at pipi.org
10:13:17and you can do a search for all sorts of
10:13:19different projects and packages
10:13:21so everybody that is pip4 python i will
10:13:24post my notes in the comments section
10:13:25down below
10:13:26and well yeah that's how to use pip for
10:13:29python
10:13:30hey what's going on everybody it's bro
10:13:32hope you're doing well
10:13:33and in this video i'm going to show you
10:13:34all how we can convert a python file to
10:13:37an executable
10:13:38so sit back relax and enjoy the show
10:13:43here's a quick disclaimer before we
10:13:45begin windows defender and other
10:13:47anti-virus programs may prevent your
10:13:49executable from running but if you head
10:13:51to the settings section of your
10:13:52anti-virus you can disable that so that
10:13:54your python file can run
10:13:56also please be sure that pip and pi
10:13:58installer are both installed and up to
10:14:00date
10:14:01i have a separate video on that if
10:14:03you're interested now the program that
10:14:04i'm going to be converting to an
10:14:06executable
10:14:06has a gui portion to it i created a
10:14:09clock program in a previous video
10:14:11so i'm going to turn this clock program
10:14:13into an executable
10:14:15now i recommend creating a new folder on
10:14:17your desktop just because this process
10:14:19is normally somewhat messy so we'll
10:14:21create a folder to contain it all
10:14:23now copy any relevant python files and
10:14:25or images and paste them to within
10:14:27this folder if you have an image that
10:14:29you would like to set as an icon for
10:14:31your executable
10:14:32i recommend moving that to the same
10:14:33folder as well our next step is to open
10:14:36command prompt
10:14:38and we need to change the directory of
10:14:40command prompt so that it's pointing to
10:14:42that folder that contains our python
10:14:44file
10:14:44so on your python file right click on it
10:14:46go to properties and copy
10:14:48this location and in command prompt to
10:14:52change directory type
10:14:53cd space and then paste that location
10:14:56now here's the cheat code to convert a
10:14:58python file to an executable
10:15:00make sure that pi installer and pip are
10:15:02installed and both
10:15:03up to date so type pi installer
10:15:07dash capital f to make all of this one
10:15:10file
10:15:11if you need the terminal window in your
10:15:14program
10:15:14then omit this next part since i'm
10:15:16running a gui application i do not need
10:15:18that terminal window
10:15:20so to remove that window type dash w
10:15:23if you have an icon that you want to set
10:15:26type dash
10:15:27i and the name of your icon however it
10:15:30should be an ico file
10:15:32so if you have some other image that you
10:15:34would like to convert to an ico file
10:15:36here's how if you need to convert an
10:15:39image to an ico file
10:15:41you can just google convert to ico but
10:15:43one website that i commonly use
10:15:45is icoconvert.com just pick a file to
10:15:48upload
10:15:49so choose file i'm going to convert this
10:15:52png file of an alarm clock
10:15:54upload it there is a bunch of different
10:15:57settings you can use
10:15:58convert ico and then download my icon
10:16:02and once your ico file is downloaded i
10:16:04will drag and drop it to my folder
10:16:06and i will rename this let's rename this
10:16:09as
10:16:09icon dot ico and here's that cheat code
10:16:13one more time pi installer dash f
10:16:16dash w if you do not need the terminal
10:16:18window
10:16:19dash i if you would like to add an icon
10:16:22the name of your icon it should be an
10:16:23ico file
10:16:24followed by the name of the python file
10:16:27and mine is named
10:16:29clock.p.y then hit enter
10:16:36alright looks like building our
10:16:39executable has completed successfully so
10:16:41open that folder back up
10:16:43your executable is located within this
10:16:45dist folder
10:16:46i would recommend just dragging and
10:16:48dropping it to your desktop
10:16:50and we can get rid of this old folder
10:16:53but close out a command prompt and by
10:16:56clicking on this executable
10:16:58this executable will now run my python
10:17:00program
10:17:01well everyone that is how to convert a
10:17:03python file to
10:17:04an exe file i will post my notes to the
10:17:07comment section down below
10:17:08and well yeah that's how to convert a
10:17:10python file to an executable
10:17:13what's going on everybody it's you bro
10:17:15hope you're doing well
10:17:16and in this video i'm going to show you
10:17:17all how we can create a basic calculator
10:17:19using python so
10:17:21sit back relax and enjoy the show
10:17:26let's create a calculator after
10:17:27importing tkinter we'll need to define
10:17:30three separate functions our first
10:17:32function will be named
10:17:33button press and there is one parameter
10:17:37which we will call num we're not going
10:17:39to fill this in quite yet we'll get back
10:17:41to it later we'll use
10:17:42pass as a placeholder we'll also need an
10:17:45equals function to calculate our
10:17:47expression
10:17:50and a function to clear our calculator
10:17:55okay that's it for our three functions
10:17:57let's create a window
10:17:58window equals tk and at the end of our
10:18:02program
10:18:02we'll write window.mainloop
10:18:06let's set a title window
10:18:09dot title calculator
10:18:14programs good but make sure you spell
10:18:17title right
10:18:21and let's set a geometry of
10:18:25500 500 should be decent
10:18:29now we're going to create a string named
10:18:31equation
10:18:32text equals a set of quotes
10:18:36this will effectively be empty for the
10:18:38time being
10:18:40and we'll need to create a string var
10:18:42and i will call this
10:18:44equation label equals string
10:18:48var let's create a label
10:18:51label equals label we're adding our
10:18:54label
10:18:54to our window i will set our text
10:18:58variable equal to our equation label
10:19:04you can pick a font if you wish
10:19:11i'll set the background color equal to
10:19:13white
10:19:17a width of 24
10:19:20and a height of two
10:19:24and we need to finish this by using
10:19:26label dot pack
10:19:27and we should have a blank label within
10:19:30our calculator
10:19:31this will display our numbers that we're
10:19:33entering in or our expression
10:19:36okay this is the tedious part we have to
10:19:38create all of the buttons and i think we
10:19:40should place these all within a frame
10:19:42frame equals frame we're adding our
10:19:44frame to our window
10:19:46frame dot pack
10:19:50now let's create button one we'll do
10:19:52some copying and pasting later
10:19:53so it's not as tedious so button one
10:19:57equals button we're adding our button to
10:20:00our frame
10:20:01i'll set the text equal to 1
10:20:04the height equal to 4 and the width
10:20:07equal to 9 and a font size
10:20:11of 35
10:20:15okay we'll need a command command
10:20:18equals i'll write a lambda function here
10:20:22lambda we will call button press
10:20:28i think i'm going to put this on the
10:20:29next line just so it's easier to read
10:20:31button press and we will pass in the
10:20:33number one
10:20:35and we need to add our button to our
10:20:37frame
10:20:38button one dot grid
10:20:42and i'm going to set a row equal to zero
10:20:45and a column
10:20:46equal to zero and let's just test it
10:20:50okay let's add the other buttons i'm
10:20:53going to copy and paste everything that
10:20:54we have for button one
10:20:56and change button one to button two
10:21:00set the text equal to two pass into
10:21:03to button press and for the row and
10:21:06column
10:21:06i'm going to set the column equal to one
10:21:09but keep row the same
10:21:11okay button three
10:21:15it's gonna be the same process really so
10:21:19text equals three
10:21:20button press three row zero column two
10:21:27and button four
10:21:30text equals four button press
10:21:34four column
10:21:37actually let's set this to row one
10:21:40column zero and i need to change that
10:21:44too
10:21:47okay let's just double check this
10:21:52okay button five
10:21:57so button five text equals five
10:22:01button press five and
10:22:05let's set column equal to one
10:22:10okay number six i told you all this is
10:22:14going to be tedious
10:22:21okay so row one column two
10:22:29button seven
10:22:38okay so row two column two
10:22:44actually let's change that to column
10:22:46zero
10:22:48much better okay
10:22:51button eight
10:22:55eight eight eight eight
10:22:59row two column one
10:23:04number nine
10:23:14row two column two
10:23:20and lastly zero
10:23:26so button zero
10:23:30text equals zero button press pass in
10:23:33zero
10:23:34and this will be row three column
10:23:38zero okay
10:23:41not too bad now let's fill in some of
10:23:43the symbols
10:23:45so we need plus
10:23:49i'm just going to rename this as plus
10:23:54the text will equal the plus sign put
10:23:58that within quotes
10:24:00and button press will be plus
10:24:05oh and we should probably put this in a
10:24:07row and column so let's say
10:24:09row 0 column three
10:24:12so it should be on the right hand side
10:24:14here
10:24:15okay we need minus
10:24:25let's change plus to minus
10:24:30and place this at row one column three
10:24:36we need multiply
10:24:45that is an asterisk
10:24:51row two column three
10:24:55and divide
10:25:04that is a forward slash
10:25:12row three column three
10:25:18i promise we're near the end of creating
10:25:20these buttons we'll need an equal sign
10:25:23let's say equal
10:25:27equal text
10:25:31is the equal sign and our command
10:25:34is going to be
10:25:37equals the function
10:25:41and this will be row 3 column 2.
10:25:50we need a decimal
10:26:02let's change the text to a decimal
10:26:08row three column one
10:26:13okay and lastly we just need a clear
10:26:16button let's put this at the bottom
10:26:24so clear clear
10:26:28let's set the text equal to the word
10:26:31clear
10:26:33and the command will be our clear
10:26:36function
10:26:38and i think i'm going to pack this at
10:26:40the end
10:26:42but let's change frame to window
10:26:46okay let's check out all these buttons
10:26:50okay not too bad i think i'm going to
10:26:51change the width on our clear button so
10:26:53it's a little bit wider
10:26:55let's change the width to 12.
10:26:58that's a little bit better okay let's
10:27:01fill in some of these functions
10:27:03let's start with button press we're
10:27:06going to state
10:27:07global equation
10:27:10text then our equation text
10:27:16is equal to equation text plus
10:27:20we're converting whatever number or
10:27:22symbol that we receive
10:27:24to a string and our equation
10:27:29label which is a string var will be set
10:27:32to our equation text
10:27:36and let's test this
10:27:39so we can type in any combination of
10:27:42numbers or symbols
10:27:47okay let's work on our equals
10:27:50function next so let's say
10:27:53global equation
10:27:57text total
10:28:01equals
10:28:04eval now eval will parse the expression
10:28:07that we pass in
10:28:10equation
10:28:14text
10:28:17and our equation label
10:28:20will be set to whatever our total is
10:28:26and if we want to reuse our total let's
10:28:28set
10:28:29our equation text
10:28:33equal to total 2 plus 2
10:28:37equals four minus three equals one
10:28:41times five equals five divided by two
10:28:44equals two point five now what if we
10:28:47divide by zero
10:28:49well we'll run into that ugly zero
10:28:51division error
10:28:53so let's write our code within a try and
10:28:55accept block
10:28:56so i'm going to indent some of this
10:29:01and let's write try all of this code
10:29:04and we will catch a zero division error
10:29:06exception
10:29:08so accept zero division error
10:29:15and i will set our equation
10:29:19label set
10:29:22let's say arithmetic
10:29:26error equation text
10:29:30equals a set of quotes okay so we should
10:29:33be able to catch this exception now
10:29:37five divided by zero equals arithmetic
10:29:40error
10:29:41now what if we have a syntax here
10:29:45like we type in just a bunch of symbols
10:29:46and hit equals
10:29:49we'll probably want to catch the syntax
10:29:51error as well
10:29:52so let's write an additional accept
10:29:55block before
10:29:56zero division error or after i guess it
10:29:59doesn't matter
10:30:01accept syntax
10:30:04error let's change arithmetic to
10:30:09syntax and we can keep equation text the
10:30:11same
10:30:13so now our program won't crash if we
10:30:15type in a bunch of symbols
10:30:17syntax error now let's work on the clear
10:30:20button
10:30:22so that is within the clear function
10:30:28so we will set global
10:30:31equation text
10:30:36equation label
10:30:41dot set to a set of quotes to
10:30:43effectively clear it
10:30:46and our equation
10:30:49text equal to a set of quotes as well
10:30:54and that should be it for this program
10:30:55let's run this one last time
10:30:57let's say 3.14 times
10:31:012.1 equals 6.594
10:31:05divided by 2.1
10:31:08equals 3.14 minus one i'm just making up
10:31:12numbers here
10:31:13plus ten equals twelve point one four
10:31:16and let's clear this and start again one
10:31:19plus
10:31:19two plus three plus four equals ten
10:31:23i think that's good enough all right
10:31:24everybody so that's how to create a
10:31:26basic
10:31:27calculator in python i will post all of
10:31:29my code in the comments section down
10:31:31below if you would like a copy for
10:31:33yourself
10:31:34but yeah that's how to create a basic
10:31:36calculator using python
10:31:38hey what's going on everybody it's your
10:31:40bro hope you're doing well and in this
10:31:42video i'm going to explain how we can
10:31:43build a basic text editor program in
10:31:46python so
10:31:47sit back relax and enjoy the show
10:31:51okay people let's create a text editor
10:31:53here's all the different imports that
10:31:55you'll need and we'll begin by defining
10:31:57all of the different functions that
10:31:58we'll need
10:31:59so let's say we have a change color
10:32:01function to change the color
10:32:03of our font and for all of these
10:32:05functions i'm going to write pass as a
10:32:07placeholder
10:32:08so we have change font and
10:32:12this function will accept a varying
10:32:14amount of arguments
10:32:15so we'll use that args keyword
10:32:19we will need to open a file new
10:32:23file
10:32:27open file
10:32:34save file
10:32:40cut
10:32:44copy
10:32:49paste yeah there's a lot of functions
10:32:52here
10:32:54about
10:32:57this is for an about section
10:33:01and lastly quit
10:33:05so how many do we have one two three
10:33:09four five six seven eight
10:33:12nine ten ten functions let's create the
10:33:15main window that we're gonna work with
10:33:17window equals tk
10:33:20and at the very end window.main
10:33:24loop
10:33:27okay so let's create a title for this
10:33:28window window
10:33:30title notepad
10:33:34program i guess or maybe text editor
10:33:36program would be more appropriate
10:33:39text editor program
10:33:44okay and we will need a file to work
10:33:46with and i'll declare that now
10:33:48file equals none
10:33:51we'll need a window width and height
10:33:55window with equals 500 is good and a
10:34:00height
10:34:03okay so let's attempt to center this
10:34:05window
10:34:06because right now it just appears to the
10:34:08side
10:34:10so our next step is to get the screen
10:34:12width
10:34:16equals window dot w
10:34:20info screen width
10:34:24and i'll copy this for screen height
10:34:35okay so we need to figure out how much
10:34:37we're going to move our window on the x
10:34:39and y axis so let's say x
10:34:42equals screen
10:34:46width divided by 2
10:34:49minus
10:34:52window width divided by
10:34:56two and we're going to cast all of this
10:34:58to an
10:34:59end so add an inch cast around this
10:35:04let's copy this do the same thing for y
10:35:08except this will be screen height
10:35:11and window height
10:35:17okay let's set the geometry for the
10:35:19window window
10:35:21geometry i'm going to use a
10:35:24string format method so let's say
10:35:32these will be placeholders for our
10:35:34values
10:35:37so we have window width for the first
10:35:40value
10:35:42window height
10:35:46x and y so this should be near the
10:35:50middle
10:35:51cool
10:35:55we're going to create a string var
10:35:57variable to hold the
10:35:58font name font name
10:36:02equals string var
10:36:05and pass in your window and you can set
10:36:08this to
10:36:09what do you want your default font to be
10:36:12so let's say font
10:36:13name dot set and then pick a font
10:36:16i'll use ariel i think
10:36:19let's create a font size string bar as
10:36:22well
10:36:28we're going to add this to the window
10:36:32and we can set a default size
10:36:37perhaps 25.
10:36:40okay let's create a text area
10:36:43text area equals text
10:36:48we're adding this to the window i'm
10:36:51going to set a
10:36:52font equal to font
10:36:55name dot get the name of the font that
10:36:59we want to use
10:37:00will be the font that we set within our
10:37:03font
10:37:03name string var so now we'll use a size
10:37:07of font size dot get
10:37:11font size dot get
10:37:16okay now we need a scroll bar
10:37:20scroll bar equals
10:37:23scroll bar
10:37:26writing this to our text area so pass
10:37:29that in
10:37:31and i'm going to configure my window
10:37:34using grid row configure
10:37:39this will allow our text area to expand
10:37:42but we're going to set a weight equal to
10:37:441 so that it doesn't back expand
10:37:47and then we need column configure
10:37:55okay and text
10:37:59area dot grid
10:38:03i'm going to use the sticky keyword and
10:38:07this will stick north plus east
10:38:10plus south plus west
10:38:14so my text area should take most of the
10:38:16window
10:38:19this is some sample text
10:38:24hooray so it goes down to the next line
10:38:27once it runs out of room on one line
10:38:29unless you resize the window which is
10:38:31exactly what we wanted
10:38:33let's create a scroll bar while we
10:38:37already created it we just have to
10:38:39add a few details to it
10:38:42so that will be near the bottom
10:38:45and why don't we say scroll
10:38:49bar dot pack
10:38:53side equals right
10:38:56fill equals y
10:39:00and then we just have to configure our
10:39:03text area
10:39:04with the scroll bar so text
10:39:08area dot config
10:39:12y scroll command
10:39:16equals scroll bar
10:39:20dot set so that should work but
10:39:24let's test it to be sure okay i'm just
10:39:27going to type a bunch of f's
10:39:31okay look at that our scroll bar works
10:39:34cool okay let's head to this portion
10:39:39and we'll create a bunch of buttons well
10:39:42a button
10:39:43an option menu and a spin box for the
10:39:46font color the size and the font style
10:39:49so i'm going to place all of these
10:39:51different widgets within a frame
10:39:53frame equals frame add it to the window
10:39:58and then i'm going to use frame dot grid
10:40:02okay let's create a color button to
10:40:05change the fonts color
10:40:07color button equals button
10:40:10i'll add my button to my frame
10:40:13i'll set the text of the button equal to
10:40:16color
10:40:18and i will associate a command of
10:40:21change color which we have already
10:40:23defined at the top
10:40:25where is it at the top here change color
10:40:32and then actually that's it for this
10:40:35portion
10:40:36so then we need to add this button color
10:40:40button dot grid i'll set the row
10:40:44equal to zero and the column equal to
10:40:47zero
10:40:48so let's be sure that this appears make
10:40:51sure you spell grid right
10:40:53okay and we have a color button but this
10:40:56button doesn't do anything
10:40:58so let's head to the change color
10:41:00function
10:41:02within the change color function we're
10:41:04going to say color
10:41:05equals color chooser
10:41:10dot ask color
10:41:14and you can set a title to
10:41:17pick a color or
10:41:21else you don't technically need a title
10:41:25and then text area
10:41:28dot config oh i should probably print
10:41:32this color
10:41:32so let me do that um i'm just gonna
10:41:35explain something here
10:41:36so this color is going to be i believe a
10:41:39tuple
10:41:39so let's print it so let's say that i
10:41:43would like
10:41:45white okay so we have a tuple we just
10:41:49need
10:41:50one of these values not both of them
10:41:53so i'm going to say
10:41:56text area dot config
10:42:00foreground equals our color but we do
10:42:03not want to assign a tuple
10:42:05to our color we just need one of these
10:42:07values so let's say i would like this
10:42:09hex value
10:42:11so i'm going to say at index 1
10:42:15and let's try it color
10:42:19perhaps i would like my text pink for
10:42:22some reason so we're going with pink
10:42:24this is some text i suppose
10:42:28and we can change this back too by using
10:42:30this color button now i would like
10:42:32blue and we have blue text okay so that
10:42:36is the change color function i'm going
10:42:38to minimize this because we do not need
10:42:40it anymore
10:42:41okay we're going to change the font next
10:42:44so
10:42:44head to the portion of our code right
10:42:48after the
10:42:49color button and we'll create an option
10:42:51menu
10:42:52to list all of the different fonts
10:42:53available to us so let's say
10:42:55font box equals option
10:42:59menu we're adding this to our frame
10:43:04we need to set a variable a string var
10:43:08so that will be our font name that we
10:43:10declared up here
10:43:12now here's a trick to add all of the
10:43:14fonts as options to our option menu
10:43:17we can use the unpacking operator which
10:43:20is an asterisk
10:43:21followed by font dot families
10:43:25and then call this function so this will
10:43:28return
10:43:29all of the different fonts available to
10:43:31us and we just need to set a command
10:43:34and when we use our option menu we'll
10:43:37call
10:43:38change font and we need to add
10:43:41our font box to our grid
10:43:46row equals zero and column
10:43:49equals one so this should be on the
10:43:51right hand side of our color button
10:43:55yeah it's going to look something like
10:43:56that and you can see the default is
10:43:58arial that we set
10:43:59and we can change it to something else
10:44:02like
10:44:03comic sans or whatever
10:44:06uh however it's not going to change it
10:44:08quite yet so that'll be the change font
10:44:10function
10:44:11before we fill in the change font
10:44:13function there's another widget that's
10:44:15going to share the same command of
10:44:17change font so we should create that
10:44:18next
10:44:19so our next widget is a spin box which i
10:44:22will name
10:44:23sizebox this will be in charge of
10:44:26increasing or decreasing the font
10:44:28so size box equals spin box
10:44:32we're adding the spin box to our frame
10:44:35and we'll set a range
10:44:37so from underscore you have to add that
10:44:39underscore it's kind of weird
10:44:41this is the range of our spin box for
10:44:43the font size
10:44:44from 1 to let's say 100
10:44:49the text variable will be
10:44:53font size
10:44:57and our command equals change
10:45:01font so when
10:45:04we use our spin box and call this
10:45:08command of change font it's going to
10:45:10pass in
10:45:11our font size as an argument whereas
10:45:13with option menu
10:45:14it doesn't pass any arguments that's why
10:45:17with our
10:45:17change font function we're accepting a
10:45:20varying amount of arguments
10:45:21because one's going to pass in an
10:45:23argument and the other isn't and we just
10:45:26need to add our spin box
10:45:28so that would be size box
10:45:32dot grid row equals zero
10:45:36and column equals two
10:45:39so we should have a spin box right on
10:45:42the bottom
10:45:43and it's set to 25 that was our default
10:45:46for
10:45:47our font size string var which we set as
10:45:50the text variable
10:45:52okay so we can fill in this function of
10:45:54change font now
10:45:55which will apply both to our option menu
10:45:58and our spin box
10:46:00so that is all the way at the top within
10:46:03the change font function
10:46:04we're going to take our text area
10:46:08dot config set
10:46:11the font equal to font
10:46:14name dot get
10:46:18and the size will be size box
10:46:22dot get and that's it for this function
10:46:25i'll minimize it for now and let's test
10:46:28it
10:46:30this is some sample text
10:46:34hey how you doing good
10:46:38looking okay so let's change
10:46:41the font uh let's pick comic sans or
10:46:45whatever you want
10:46:46and we can increase or decrease the size
10:46:51and we can change the color how about
10:46:54red this time
10:46:56all right nice now let's add a menu bar
10:46:59at the top so we can save this file or
10:47:02open a file or create a new file and
10:47:04some other stuff
10:47:06on second thought i'm going to move
10:47:08these two last lines of code
10:47:09to this section here
10:47:12where we create our scroll bar just so
10:47:14that it's more organized
10:47:16okay so at the bottom let's create
10:47:19various drop-down menus so we'll need a
10:47:21menu bar to begin with
10:47:23so let's say menu bar
10:47:27equals menu we're adding this to our
10:47:30window
10:47:31make sure that's capital by the way
10:47:35and window dot config
10:47:39menu equals menu bar
10:47:44so we'll create a file menu edit menu
10:47:46and
10:47:47a help menu so let's begin with the file
10:47:50menu to add to the menu bar file menu
10:47:54equals menu we're adding this to our
10:47:57menu
10:47:58bar and set a tear off equal to zero
10:48:06we'll need a cascade for it to actually
10:48:09be a drop down menu
10:48:10so that will be menu bar
10:48:14dot add cascade
10:48:21label equals file
10:48:25comma menu equals
10:48:28file menu
10:48:32let's see if anything appears yet yep so
10:48:35we have a file menu
10:48:37but there's nothing to drop down yet
10:48:40so we need some options
10:48:43well commands technically file menu
10:48:47dot add command
10:48:54label equals new
10:49:00and the command will equal our
10:49:03new file function
10:49:06actually i'll put these together okay so
10:49:09let's copy this
10:49:10and paste it we have open
10:49:16the command will be open file
10:49:22we have save
10:49:25the command will be save
10:49:28file and i'll add a separator
10:49:33file menu dot add
10:49:37separator and lastly
10:49:40we will have exit
10:49:44command quit
10:49:47okay let me show you what this looks
10:49:49like
10:49:51so here's our drop down menu
10:49:54that separator is this bold line going
10:49:56across
10:49:57so if i was to remove this then we
10:50:00wouldn't have that bolt line
10:50:01you can keep it in or get rid of it do
10:50:03whatever you want
10:50:05and this is the tear off so i'm going to
10:50:07remove the tear off
10:50:11and you get this like tear off line at
10:50:13the top i guess it's the default
10:50:15i usually don't like it so i set tear
10:50:17off equal to zero
10:50:18so that is our file menu let's work on a
10:50:21edit menu
10:50:24edit menu equals
10:50:27menu menu
10:50:32bar make sure that's capital two
10:50:38tare off equals zero
10:50:42we'll need a cascade menu bar
10:50:46dot add cascade
10:50:55label equals
10:51:00edit
10:51:02menu equals edit
10:51:06menu
10:51:10edit menu dot add
10:51:14command
10:51:19label equals cut to cut some text
10:51:25command equals copy
10:51:30actually that's cut my bad
10:51:33okay next is copy so let's copy this
10:51:36and paste it
10:51:40cut copy
10:51:44we have paste
10:51:47command paste
10:51:51all right let's take a look
10:51:55oh make sure you spell label right
10:51:58okay there we go okay so we can cut
10:52:01copy and paste and lastly we should have
10:52:05a help menu
10:52:08help menu equals
10:52:12menu menu
10:52:15bar tear off
10:52:19equals zero
10:52:22i think i'll copy this for my cascade
10:52:26so menu bar dot add cascade
10:52:30help menu equals help
10:52:33menu
10:52:38what we'll be doing for a command is
10:52:40that we'll be creating
10:52:41an about section that will bring up a
10:52:44pop-up window if you need to display
10:52:46any like help information or anything
10:52:49uh so let's say about and the command
10:52:52will be
10:52:54about okay let's take a look
10:52:58so we have help and we'll have an about
10:53:00section that will tell you more about
10:53:02this program
10:53:03but we need to work on some of these
10:53:05functions let's head to the quit
10:53:08function
10:53:09this one's fairly easy this is found
10:53:11within the file menu
10:53:12window dot destroy that will close out
10:53:16of the window
10:53:18so go to file then exit to exit the
10:53:22program
10:53:23we don't need it anymore so let's
10:53:25minimize this
10:53:26okay let's go to the about function
10:53:31let's bring up a message box show info
10:53:36this first argument is the title so
10:53:38let's say
10:53:39about this program
10:53:43and the text will be whatever you want
10:53:45to
10:53:46tell the user about this program this
10:53:49is a program written
10:53:53by you
10:53:57okay so we should have a pop-up window
10:53:59when you go to help
10:54:00then about about this program this is a
10:54:03program
10:54:04written by you the next function is the
10:54:07paste function so we can paste some text
10:54:10text area dot event
10:54:14generate and the event is going to be
10:54:18within quotes
10:54:19and double angle brackets
10:54:22paste let's copy this
10:54:26and change paste to copy
10:54:31and then cut
10:54:37okay so we should be able to cut copy
10:54:39and paste
10:54:44hey how's it
10:54:47hanging okay
10:54:50let's highlight this edit
10:54:54copy let's move down to the next line
10:54:58and paste and we should be able to cut
10:55:01as well
10:55:02edit cut nice
10:55:06head to the new file function
10:55:09and we'll set the title of our window to
10:55:12maybe
10:55:13untitled until we save something so
10:55:16untitled
10:55:20and i need to delete any text within our
10:55:23text area
10:55:24text area dot delete and we need to set
10:55:28a range so this has to be a floating
10:55:30point number
10:55:31the first character until the end
10:55:34let's try it so i'll write some sample
10:55:40text
10:55:42and we are going to go to file new
10:55:45that changed the title and it deleted
10:55:48our text
10:55:49so that is the new file function
10:55:52let's work on open file we are now
10:55:55within
10:55:56the open file function and we'll say
10:55:58file
10:55:59equals ask open
10:56:03file name so we have a
10:56:07default extension if you would like one
10:56:11default i think i spelled that wrong
10:56:14extension
10:56:18equals let's say a txt file
10:56:23comma what are the accepted file types
10:56:28i'll set this equal to
10:56:32all files
10:56:35comma and then we need asterisk
10:56:38dot asterisk for all file types
10:56:43as well as text documents
10:56:46so these are what is accepted when we
10:56:49look for a file so we have either all
10:56:52files
10:56:53or all text documents text
10:56:57documents comma
10:57:02asterisk dot txt
10:57:08okay so then let's try some code
10:57:14we'll set our window title
10:57:18equal to os dot path
10:57:21dot base name of our file
10:57:24so that we will change the title of the
10:57:26window
10:57:27to match whatever the file is that we
10:57:29opened
10:57:32then let's take our text
10:57:35area delete what's currently here
10:57:38from one until the end
10:57:42take our file use the open function
10:57:47open our file and read it so pass in our
10:57:52text area dot insert
10:57:58beginning at index of 1.0
10:58:04file dot read
10:58:07that you can catch any exceptions to
10:58:11i'll just write accept exception but
10:58:13it's better to name specific
10:58:15exceptions i'll just print
10:58:20couldn't read
10:58:24file and we should close our file at the
10:58:28end within a finally block
10:58:31finally file dot close
10:58:35we'll need a sample file to read so i'm
10:58:37going to create a new file on my desktop
10:58:40i'll call this test.txt
10:58:44and let's write something whoa
10:58:47you can actually read this
10:58:53awesome okay let's save
10:58:56close out of it add run our program
10:59:01file open test.txt
10:59:05open whoa you can actually read this
10:59:08awesome nice so we know that the open
10:59:12function is working
10:59:13if we need to create a new file just go
10:59:15to file new
10:59:17and that will delete our old text
10:59:20so lastly we have save file
10:59:25underneath the save file function file
10:59:28equals file dialog
10:59:31dot ask save as
10:59:34file name so this will be the default
10:59:38name for the file but you can change
10:59:40that
10:59:41initial file equals
10:59:45let's say untitled
10:59:49dot
10:59:53you txt set a default extension default
10:59:57extension equals let's say txt
11:00:05file types equals
11:00:14all files
11:00:18comma then asterisk dot asterisk
11:00:22for all file types
11:00:30and any text documents text
11:00:34documents
11:00:38asterisk dot txt
11:00:46okay if file
11:00:49is none that's if they close out of our
11:00:52file dialog
11:00:56we'll just return
11:00:59else
11:01:03so we'll set the window title first
11:01:07window title os dot path
11:01:11dot base name
11:01:16file
11:01:18file equals open open
11:01:22our file and write
11:01:27file dot right
11:01:31take our text area and get
11:01:34the text from
11:01:37index one through the end
11:01:42catch any exceptions it's better to name
11:01:45them instead of just
11:01:46doing a general accept exception
11:01:49but i'm just going to print couldn't
11:01:53save file
11:01:57and finally close our file
11:02:00file dot close all right so
11:02:03let's test it so i'm going to change
11:02:07the font i wonder if impact is in here
11:02:11yes it is i'll change the font size
11:02:15maybe 30 and i'll pick a color
11:02:18how about this swamp green color okay so
11:02:22write something perhaps some lyrics to a
11:02:24song you like
11:02:40i should probably test copying and
11:02:42pasting
11:02:43edit copy
11:02:46edit paste
11:02:50nice
11:02:55all right let's actually try and save
11:02:56this now i'll go to
11:02:58file save the default file name is
11:03:02untitled because we set it to that
11:03:05i'll say all star
11:03:09lyrics
11:03:13and save now i should be able to open
11:03:17this
11:03:18so i'm going to go to my desktop here's
11:03:21that text file
11:03:21i'm going to open it and here are the
11:03:23lyrics that i wrote within my text
11:03:25editor
11:03:26and let's try and read this so let's go
11:03:29to
11:03:29file open find your text document
11:03:33open and would you look at that my
11:03:35lyrics are still here
11:03:37however this program doesn't save the
11:03:39font
11:03:40so i thought of a fun last minute
11:03:42project that we can do we can actually
11:03:44use our text editor to write a python
11:03:46file much like what we do with pycharm
11:03:49so let's write a program using our text
11:03:51editor program
11:03:53it'll be just a simple program let's
11:03:56print
11:03:58hello world and ask for some user input
11:04:02let's say name equals input
11:04:09what's your name
11:04:14and we will print
11:04:18hello plus our name
11:04:21variable and you can change the font and
11:04:24everything too if you want
11:04:31okay so let's save this file save
11:04:34i'll save this to my desktop but make
11:04:36sure you save it as a
11:04:38py file a python file i'll name this as
11:04:42hello dot py and save
11:04:47now to run a file using command prompt
11:04:49we need to find
11:04:50the directory that contains our python
11:04:52file mine is hello.py and it's located
11:04:56on my desktop
11:04:57so i need the location right click go to
11:05:00properties
11:05:01you can copy the location then within
11:05:03command prompt or terminal
11:05:05you can change directory by typing cd
11:05:08space
11:05:09and then paste your new directory the
11:05:11new location
11:05:12enter then to run a python program
11:05:15type python space and then the name of
11:05:19the program
11:05:20the python file mine is hello dot
11:05:23py hit enter hello world what is your
11:05:26name
11:05:27bro hello bro i just thought that would
11:05:31be a fun last minute project
11:05:32that we can do you don't even
11:05:33technically need an ide to write a
11:05:36python program
11:05:37screw you pycharm well everyone that is
11:05:39a basic
11:05:40text editor program i will post the code
11:05:43for this program
11:05:44in the comment section down below and
11:05:46well yeah that's a basic text editor
11:05:48program
11:05:49using python all right
11:05:52ladies and gentlemen let's create a game
11:05:54of tic-tac-toe to begin we'll need to
11:05:56import tkinter as well as random and
11:05:59let's begin by defining
11:06:00all of the different functions that
11:06:02we'll need let's define a function named
11:06:04next turn for the time being we'll just
11:06:08write pass we'll fill this in later on
11:06:10we'll need a function named check winner
11:06:16a function named empty spaces to check
11:06:21if there are any empty spaces left and
11:06:24lastly a function named new
11:06:26game that will launch a new game for us
11:06:29okay we have our four functions now
11:06:31let's create a window
11:06:32let's create a window window equals
11:06:35tk and at the end of our program we need
11:06:39to use window
11:06:40dot main loop and when we run this we
11:06:43should have just a small
11:06:45basic window let's set the title window
11:06:49dot title let's set this to
11:06:53tick tack toe
11:06:57we'll need a list of players players
11:07:00equals
11:07:02x comma o
11:07:05and with the way that we're writing this
11:07:07program we can swap
11:07:08these symbols with a different character
11:07:10for example we could say
11:07:12dollar sign is playing against the at
11:07:15symbol too
11:07:16but i'll demonstrate that later let's
11:07:18keep it as x and o for now
11:07:21now we need to select a random player to
11:07:24begin
11:07:25player equals random
11:07:28dot choice and pass in our list of
11:07:32players
11:07:33now we'll need nine buttons i'm going to
11:07:35create a 2d
11:07:36list of buttons named buttons
11:07:39and this will be the first row this will
11:07:42be the second row
11:07:44for the time being i'm just going to
11:07:45initialize these with
11:07:470 for everything and put these all
11:07:50within
11:07:51a list so we have a 2d list named
11:07:54buttons
11:07:56and to better visualize this i'm going
11:07:58to place each row on a new line
11:08:00so that's what our board is going to
11:08:01look like we have a 2d list
11:08:04named buttons we'll need a label to
11:08:06display whose turn it is
11:08:08label equals label
11:08:11i'll set the text equal to
11:08:15player plus the word
11:08:18turn and i'll set the font to
11:08:22font equals pick whatever font that you
11:08:25want
11:08:30and i am going to pack this label
11:08:33label dot pack and set the side
11:08:37equal to top and let's run this just to
11:08:40test it
11:08:42okay looks like it's x's turn let's try
11:08:45it again
11:08:46oh stern okay that's fine for now
11:08:49let's create a reset button
11:08:52reset underscore button
11:08:55equals button
11:08:59i'll set the text equal to
11:09:02restart it's going to be a restart
11:09:04button or reset button
11:09:07pick a font
11:09:14maybe i'll set the size to 20
11:09:17and we'll need a command command
11:09:21equals new game
11:09:24when we click on this button it's going
11:09:26to call this
11:09:27new game function for us and we need to
11:09:31pack this button reset
11:09:34button dot pack
11:09:37and i will set the side equal to top
11:09:40okay
11:09:41let's see if that appears alright so we
11:09:43have our
11:09:45turn order a label that will display
11:09:47whose turn it is as well as our reset
11:09:49button
11:09:50now we'll need to create all of the
11:09:51buttons to add to our 2d
11:09:53list named buttons but i'm going to
11:09:55place these all within
11:09:57a frame frame equals frame
11:10:00we're adding our frame to our window and
11:10:03i'm going to
11:10:04pack this frame frame dot pack
11:10:08now we'll take our 2d list of buttons
11:10:11and add a button to each spot
11:10:13and i think the best way to do this
11:10:14would be to use nested for loops
11:10:17we'll have an outer for loop in charge
11:10:19of the rows
11:10:20four row in range three
11:10:24remember we only have three rows and
11:10:26three columns
11:10:27the inner for loop will be in charge of
11:10:29the columns
11:10:30four column and range three
11:10:34and inside the inner for loop we're
11:10:36going to create a new button
11:10:39we'll say buttons at index
11:10:43row and column we have two indexes
11:10:46because
11:10:47we have a 2d list so buttons
11:10:50at row whatever column whatever
11:10:53depending on
11:10:54what iteration we are within our for
11:10:56loops
11:10:57we'll create a new button
11:11:00and we'll set the text oh first add this
11:11:03to the frame
11:11:04almost forgot about that we're adding
11:11:06our buttons to our frame and adding the
11:11:08frame to the window
11:11:10now we'll set the text equal to a blank
11:11:12set of quotes because we don't want any
11:11:14text
11:11:16we'll set the font i'll just copy what
11:11:19we have here
11:11:20for label
11:11:26for a width let's say five and a height
11:11:29let's say two i'm going to hit enter
11:11:32just to move down to the next line
11:11:33because we still have a few more things
11:11:35to fill in
11:11:36okay we'll need a command command
11:11:39equals and i'm going to set this equal
11:11:41to a lambda function
11:11:42so we need some arguments actually i
11:11:45think i'll pass in some keyword
11:11:46arguments
11:11:46row equals row and column
11:11:50equals column then our expression is
11:11:54next turn and we will pass in
11:11:57row and column now we also need to add
11:12:00our buttons to our
11:12:02frame buttons at
11:12:05index of row and column
11:12:09we'll use the grid function for this
11:12:12grid
11:12:13row equals and
11:12:16column equals column
11:12:20and it's always a good idea to test your
11:12:22program after making any major changes
11:12:24so we should have our label our reset
11:12:27button
11:12:28and our grid of buttons now that the
11:12:31main body of our program is complete
11:12:33let's head to the next turn function
11:12:36and remember that we're passing in row
11:12:38and column as
11:12:40arguments so we need to set up those
11:12:42parameters within the next turn
11:12:44function row and column and the first
11:12:47line within here
11:12:48we would like access to our player
11:12:52so let's say global player so that we
11:12:54have access to it
11:12:56and we're first going to check to see if
11:12:58the button
11:12:59that we click on is empty so buttons
11:13:03at index of row and index of column
11:13:07to access the text of a button just add
11:13:10a
11:13:10third index operator and type in text
11:13:14if the text of our button that we click
11:13:17is equal to a set of quotes that means
11:13:20it's empty
11:13:21and when we call check winner
11:13:25winner winner chicken dinner and it's
11:13:28false
11:13:29there is no winner then we will fill in
11:13:32that button with our player our player's
11:13:35character whatever it is
11:13:37x or o or whatever we decide
11:13:40so within here let's check to see if
11:13:44player is equal to players
11:13:47at index zero that is our first player
11:13:51and remember that we created
11:13:52a list of players and we're planning on
11:13:55swapping these later
11:13:56we could say like if player is equal to
11:13:59x
11:14:00but that would make our program less
11:14:01flexible if we want to pick like a
11:14:03different character instead of an x
11:14:05so if player is equal to player at index
11:14:08zero whatever symbol is there
11:14:11then we are going to take buttons
11:14:14at index of row index of column
11:14:19take our text and set it equal to
11:14:23our player
11:14:27and we should check to see if there's a
11:14:29winner after filling in this button
11:14:32if check
11:14:35winner and we still need to fill in this
11:14:37function
11:14:38returns false
11:14:42then we will switch players player
11:14:44equals
11:14:45players at index of one and
11:14:50label dot config
11:14:55text equals
11:14:59players at index 1
11:15:02plus the word turn
11:15:06so what we did here is that we're
11:15:08checking to see
11:15:09if after placing our text of our player
11:15:13on that button that we click if there is
11:15:16no winner
11:15:17then we're going to swap players player
11:15:20equals our next player
11:15:21and we're configuring our label so that
11:15:23it displays the next player's turn
11:15:26players at index 1 turn
11:15:29now what if there is a winner let's say
11:15:32else if
11:15:33check winner
11:15:36is true
11:15:40then we will take our label dot
11:15:44config and set the text
11:15:48equal to players
11:15:51at index 0
11:15:54plus the word wins
11:15:59now let's add another else if statement
11:16:02else if there's a tie let's say check
11:16:06winner is equal to
11:16:09the word tie because we are already
11:16:12using
11:16:12false and true then let's change our
11:16:16label
11:16:17and i'm just going to copy this
11:16:20text equals the word
11:16:23tie okay
11:16:26so let's create an else block
11:16:29so that goes right here
11:16:32so if it's not player one's turn player
11:16:35at index zero
11:16:37then it's our other player's turn player
11:16:39at index
11:16:40of one so oh then so we just need to
11:16:43mostly just copy this text and change a
11:16:46few things around
11:16:47so i'm going to copy all this
11:16:52and within here let's set
11:16:56player equals players at index
11:16:59zero then players at
11:17:02index zero's turn players
11:17:06at index one wins
11:17:09and that is it now our next turn
11:17:11function is now complete let's head down
11:17:13to the
11:17:14check winner function and we need to
11:17:16check all of the different win
11:17:18conditions
11:17:18and return it true if somebody won false
11:17:22if there is yet no winner and the word
11:17:24tie if it's a tie
11:17:26so let's check all of the horizontal win
11:17:28conditions
11:17:29so we can do this using a for loop for
11:17:32row in range three
11:17:37we need to check the text of each button
11:17:39in each row
11:17:40if buttons at index of row
11:17:44and column index of 0 we'll use the
11:17:48index operator to check the text
11:17:50is equal to the next button in our row
11:17:54so i will copy this and change zero to
11:17:57one
11:17:58check to see if that is equal to buttons
11:18:02at index of row index of two
11:18:06and i'm going to check to see if this is
11:18:08all not
11:18:10equal let me move this a little bit
11:18:13to a space
11:18:17so if that is the case that means
11:18:19somebody won
11:18:20so if all of these buttons are the same
11:18:23and they are not equal to
11:18:25an empty space that means they're all
11:18:27the same so let's return
11:18:29true that means that somebody won
11:18:32no we need to check the vertical win
11:18:34conditions
11:18:35if anybody has the same character all
11:18:38the way down
11:18:39a single column this next for loop is
11:18:41going to be four column in range three
11:18:44for the first button this will be button
11:18:47at index of zero
11:18:49and column then
11:18:52one and column let me just paste that
11:18:56and two and column
11:19:01now we need to check the diagonal win
11:19:03conditions
11:19:04so if buttons at
11:19:07index 0 0 that's the top left corner
11:19:11if the text of that button is equal to
11:19:14buttons at indexes of one one
11:19:19is equal to the indexes of
11:19:23button two two and if all of this
11:19:27does not equal an empty space
11:19:30then return true so there is a winner
11:19:35and we have one last win condition to
11:19:37check that is the other
11:19:39diagonal win condition so we just need
11:19:41to change some of these indexes around
11:19:44so we have zero two
11:19:47one one and two zero
11:19:50i'm going to change this statement to an
11:19:52else if statement
11:19:54no we need to check to see if there's
11:19:56any spaces remaining
11:19:58else if we will call the empty spaces
11:20:01function which we have yet to fill in if
11:20:05this returns false then we will
11:20:09return the word
11:20:12tie
11:20:15and lastly else else there is no winner
11:20:19and
11:20:20no tie so we will return false
11:20:24and that is it for the check winner
11:20:27function
11:20:28let's test this
11:20:31so this doesn't account for a tie quite
11:20:33yet but we can fill in
11:20:35some of these spaces looks like x wins
11:20:37and we can no longer fill in buttons
11:20:40and we cannot start a new game quite yet
11:20:42either
11:20:43within the empty spaces function let's
11:20:45create a local
11:20:47variable named spaces and set this equal
11:20:49to nine whenever we call this function
11:20:53four row in range
11:20:56three and we'll create a nested for loop
11:20:59for column in range
11:21:04three we will check the text of each
11:21:07button
11:21:08if buttons at indexes of
11:21:11row and column
11:21:15and we will check the text to see
11:21:21if it's not equal to an empty space
11:21:26if that is the case spaces
11:21:29minus equals one
11:21:33then we'll write an if statement if
11:21:36spaces
11:21:36as in spaces remaining is equal to zero
11:21:41that means we will return false and
11:21:44there are no
11:21:45spaces left else
11:21:49we will return
11:21:52true okay let's test it
11:21:56so this time i'm trying to get a tie
11:22:06yep looks like it's a tie this next
11:22:10part's optional but i would like to
11:22:11change
11:22:12the color of each button for the winning
11:22:14combination
11:22:15so within our check winner function
11:22:17underneath the first win condition
11:22:20i'm going to take buttons at index
11:22:23of row and index of zero
11:22:29use the config method
11:22:33and set the background color equal to
11:22:36let's say green
11:22:39and i'm going to repeat this process for
11:22:41the other buttons within this win
11:22:43condition
11:22:44so that is row
11:22:47zero row one and row two
11:22:50i'll copy all of this paste it
11:22:55and switch some of these around so these
11:22:57should all be matching
11:23:00so zero and column one and column and
11:23:03two in column
11:23:08okay so we have zero zero one
11:23:11one and two two
11:23:14and one more
11:23:17zero two one one and
11:23:20two zero now when we have a winning
11:23:24combination
11:23:26the color of the buttons involved in
11:23:28that combination are going to change to
11:23:30green
11:23:30now if there is a tie let's change all
11:23:33of the buttons to
11:23:34let's say yellow so i'm going to write
11:23:37nested for loops for this
11:23:39four row in range
11:23:43three for column
11:23:47in range three
11:23:51take our buttons at row
11:23:54and column and change
11:23:58the background color to yellow or some
11:24:00other color of your choosing
11:24:03so if there's a tie they should all be
11:24:06yellow
11:24:08i'm trying not to win here it's actually
11:24:10more complex than what i thought
11:24:16yep it looks like it's all a tie and the
11:24:18last thing that we need to do is to fill
11:24:20in
11:24:20the new game function so that we can
11:24:22begin a new game
11:24:24so let's say global player we would like
11:24:26access to our player
11:24:27from inside this function and set player
11:24:30equal
11:24:31to a new random choice random
11:24:35dot choice and pass in our list
11:24:38of players and we will change our label
11:24:41label dot config
11:24:44and set the text equal to player
11:24:48plus the word turn and we also need to
11:24:52reset all of our buttons
11:24:56for row in range
11:25:00three for
11:25:03column in range
11:25:07three buttons
11:25:10at index of row and index of column
11:25:16dot config
11:25:19text equals a set of quotes so it's
11:25:22empty
11:25:23and we'll change the background color
11:25:26factors previously
11:25:27so the default color for buttons is
11:25:30actually hexadecimal
11:25:32f 0 f 0 f 0
11:25:35so this function will begin a new game
11:25:37for us
11:25:38and let's test it to be sure i'm going
11:25:41to start a new game
11:25:42reset reset
11:25:46i'll actually try and win this time and
11:25:49reset
11:25:50okay so it looks like the new game
11:25:52function is working
11:25:54now another thing that you can do too is
11:25:56that you can change
11:25:57the players around let's say we would
11:25:59like to play as
11:26:01dollar sign and at sign so this program
11:26:04is flexible enough
11:26:06so that you can change the icons of the
11:26:08players
11:26:10all right everybody so that's a basic
11:26:12game of tic-tac-toe for
11:26:14python if you would like a copy of this
11:26:16code i will post all of this to the
11:26:17comments section down below
11:26:19but yeah that's how to code a basic game
11:26:21of tic-tac-toe
11:26:23for python hey what's going on everybody
11:26:26it's your bro hope you're doing well and
11:26:28in this video we're going to create a
11:26:30game of snake using python so
11:26:32sit back relax and enjoy the show
11:26:36first thing we should do is import from
11:26:39tkinter as well as the random module
11:26:41and let's define all of the different
11:26:43classes and functions that we'll need
11:26:45so let's create a class for our snake
11:26:48object
11:26:49as well as our food object so for the
11:26:52time being i'm just going to write pass
11:26:54for my classes we'll fill these in later
11:26:56so we have class snake and
11:26:58class food and
11:27:01let's define all of the different
11:27:02functions that we'll need so let's say
11:27:04we have a function named next
11:27:06turn
11:27:10change direction
11:27:18check collisions
11:27:22and lastly game over
11:27:29okay for change direction i'm going to
11:27:32have one parameter
11:27:34a new direction
11:27:37now when i create a game i like to place
11:27:39a bunch of constants at the top
11:27:41of my game constants are variables that
11:27:44you do not want to change
11:27:45later they're kind of like the settings
11:27:47however in python
11:27:49there are no constants compared to other
11:27:51programming languages
11:27:52so we're just going to create a bunch of
11:27:54variables that will behave like them
11:27:56so constants are values we do not want
11:27:58to change and they're kind of like the
11:27:59game settings
11:28:00and i placed them at the top for
11:28:02convenience and the naming convention
11:28:04for a constant is that
11:28:05all the letters are uppercase so these
11:28:08will be settings like
11:28:09the game width the speed etc
11:28:12so let's say the width of our game will
11:28:14be 700
11:28:15but feel free to take the liberty to
11:28:17pick whatever size you want
11:28:19so we have game width game height
11:28:22i'll set this to 700 as well so it's a
11:28:24square
11:28:26let's say we have a speed the speed of
11:28:28the snake how often will our canvas
11:28:30update
11:28:31so let's say 50 but the lower the number
11:28:33the faster the game
11:28:35and a space size how large are the items
11:28:38in our game like
11:28:39the food and body parts of the snake
11:28:42so i'm going to pick 50 but you can
11:28:44change this
11:28:46and body parts how many body parts does
11:28:50our snake have when we begin a game
11:28:52let's say three how about a snake
11:28:55color you can pick a color name
11:28:58you can use rgb values or you can use a
11:29:01hexadecimal value
11:29:02so i'm going to pick green 0 0 ff00 but
11:29:06you can pick any color you want
11:29:09how about food color
11:29:13equals red
11:29:16and that is ff000
11:29:20and what about a background color for
11:29:22the canvas background
11:29:25color i'll pick black so that is
11:29:28six zeros
11:29:31feel free to mess with some of these
11:29:32colors too so we have a green snake
11:29:35our food is going to be red and our
11:29:37background is going to be black
11:29:39so that is all of the constants for our
11:29:41game but you can feel free to adjust
11:29:43them if you like
11:29:44let's head down to the bottom and make
11:29:46our window so we have
11:29:48window equals tk and at the very end we
11:29:51should have
11:29:52window dot main loop
11:29:57let's set a title for this window window
11:30:01dot title
11:30:04snack game okay fine i'll spell it right
11:30:08snake game and if you do not want your
11:30:12window to be resizable
11:30:14you can use resizable
11:30:18and then you have to pass in false twice
11:30:20it's kind of strange but it's how it is
11:30:23okay we should have a small window and
11:30:26we cannot resize this even if we tried
11:30:30okay let's create a score label
11:30:33but we probably need a score first so
11:30:35let's say score equals zero
11:30:37and an initial direction direction
11:30:41equals let's say down
11:30:45now let's create a score label so let's
11:30:47say label
11:30:49equals label we're adding our
11:30:52label to our window let's set the text
11:30:56equal to score
11:30:59colon then i'm going to use the format
11:31:02method
11:31:04and we will pass in our score whatever
11:31:08it is
11:31:10and i'll set a font pick whatever font
11:31:12you prefer
11:31:17and 40 is a decent size
11:31:21and then i'm going to pack this label
11:31:25let's test it okay we're getting
11:31:28somewhere
11:31:29we'll need to create a canvas canvas
11:31:33equals canvas we're adding it to our
11:31:36window i'm going to set the background
11:31:39color
11:31:40equal to our background constant
11:31:45i'm going to set our height equal to the
11:31:47game
11:31:48height and the width equal
11:31:52to the game width that we set
11:31:56and we need to pack this canvas dot pack
11:32:02and we should have a game board
11:32:06i'm going to try and center this window
11:32:08when it appears
11:32:09so we can do that using a few lines of
11:32:11code the first thing we'll do is
11:32:13update our window so that it renders and
11:32:16then we need to find some dimensions
11:32:18so let's say the window width
11:32:22equals window dot w
11:32:26info width
11:32:31and window height
11:32:35equals window
11:32:38dot w info height
11:32:43we'll need our screen width
11:32:48equals window
11:32:53dot screen width
11:32:56and screen height
11:33:00equals window dot w
11:33:04info screen height
11:33:07where is it there it is
11:33:13okay then we need to see how much we're
11:33:15going to adjust the position of our
11:33:17window
11:33:19so let's say x equals
11:33:24screen width divided by 2
11:33:28minus window
11:33:32width divided by two
11:33:36and do the same thing for y
11:33:40except this will be screen height
11:33:45and window height
11:33:48and that will be why
11:33:52okay then we need to set the geometry
11:33:55window
11:33:56dot geometry
11:34:00we're going to use an f string
11:34:04so let's set the window
11:34:07width times
11:34:12window height
11:34:17and then add plus
11:34:21x plus y
11:34:24so when we pass in x and y
11:34:27these cannot be floats they have to be
11:34:30whole integers
11:34:31so let's add a cast around x and y
11:34:38okay now this should be fairly close to
11:34:40the center
11:34:42yeah that's not too bad now when we
11:34:44begin a new game we should create a
11:34:45snake object as well as a food object
11:34:48snake equals snake and called the snake
11:34:51constructor
11:34:52and food equals food
11:34:56okay let's fill in our food class first
11:34:58because i think that'll be easier than
11:35:00our snake class
11:35:01so let's head to the food class
11:35:04now let's create an init method so def
11:35:08init this will construct a food object
11:35:11for us
11:35:12and we need to place our food object
11:35:14randomly
11:35:16so for the x coordinate let's say x
11:35:18equals
11:35:19random dot rand int and we need a range
11:35:23the range is going to be zero comma now
11:35:27with our game board i view it like a
11:35:29chess board
11:35:30there's a given amount of spaces so
11:35:33700 divided by our space size
11:35:37is 14 possible spots on the x-axis
11:35:41and then 14 possible spots on the y-axis
11:35:45so i need to pick one of these spots
11:35:47randomly
11:35:49so let's say game
11:35:53width divided by our space
11:35:56size so we'll get a random number
11:35:58between 0 and 14
11:36:00however this should be exclusive so
11:36:02let's say -1
11:36:05and for good measure i'm just going to
11:36:07add a set of parentheses around this
11:36:09okay and then we'll convert this to
11:36:11pixels
11:36:12so let's multiply all of this by our
11:36:14space
11:36:16size the size of each item in the game
11:36:19and we'll do the same thing for
11:36:20y but change game width to height
11:36:30okay we should be good
11:36:35all right now let's set the coordinates
11:36:37let's say self dot coordinates
11:36:41equals a list of x and y
11:36:45and that's it but make sure you spell
11:36:47coordinates right
11:36:50now we need to draw our food object on
11:36:52our canvas
11:36:54canvas dot create
11:36:58oval you can pick a square two if you
11:37:00like
11:37:01we need a starting corner that will be
11:37:03where x
11:37:05and y is and an ending coordinator
11:37:08so that will be x and y plus
11:37:11our space size the size of an object in
11:37:14that game
11:37:15so x plus space
11:37:19size y plus
11:37:22space size
11:37:26and you can set a fill color too
11:37:29fill will be our food color that we
11:37:32declared
11:37:34and i recommend adding a tag as well
11:37:37that'll make it easy to delete this
11:37:39object
11:37:41so tag will equal the string food
11:37:44now let's just test this so we should
11:37:47have a random circle
11:37:48or a square if you picked a square
11:37:50appear someplace at some spot
11:37:52on my game board cool seems like it's
11:37:55working
11:37:56let's work on the snake class next our
11:37:59snake class we'll need a constructor
11:38:06and we will set a body size
11:38:10equal to our body parts
11:38:16we'll need a list of coordinates
11:38:24fill this in later and a list
11:38:27of square graphics
11:38:31so that will be a list okay
11:38:34so we need to create a list of
11:38:37coordinates
11:38:38we can use a for loop for that so let's
11:38:40say for
11:38:41i in range zero
11:38:45through body parts
11:38:50we will take self dot coordinates
11:38:54and append a new list
11:38:59and the coordinates for each body part
11:39:01at the start of the game will be
11:39:030 0 so that our snake will appear in the
11:39:06top left corner
11:39:09now we'll need to create some squares
11:39:11okay so
11:39:12for x y
11:39:15in self dot coordinates
11:39:18and remember that we have a list of
11:39:21lists so that's why we're using
11:39:22x y in self coordinates
11:39:27we'll create a square equals
11:39:31canvas dot create
11:39:35rectangle
11:39:38so we need a starting corner that will
11:39:40be x and y
11:39:45then x plus our
11:39:48space size the size of each object in
11:39:51the game
11:39:53let me use the constant though space
11:39:57size y plus
11:40:00space size
11:40:06and let's set a fill color equal to
11:40:09our snake color
11:40:14all right and let's set a tag
11:40:18for convenience tag equals
11:40:22a string of snake okay so we have a
11:40:25list of squares and we can append each
11:40:28square into our list
11:40:31self dot squares
11:40:36dot append and pass in whatever square
11:40:39that you create
11:40:42so we have a snake that has a body size
11:40:46a list of coordinates and a list of
11:40:49square graphics
11:40:50now after testing this we should have
11:40:52the head of our snake in the top left
11:40:54corner
11:40:55and now we just need the snake to move
11:40:57in a given direction every turn
11:40:59so the initial direction is down but
11:41:02we'll be able to change that later
11:41:03so let's head to the next turn function
11:41:06and there's actually two things we'll
11:41:08need as parameters that i forgot to fill
11:41:10in
11:41:11snake as well as food and we will call
11:41:14this function when we begin our game
11:41:17so let's unpack the head of the snake so
11:41:19that's
11:41:20x comma y equals
11:41:23snake dot coordinates
11:41:26at index of zero so that's the head of
11:41:30the snake
11:41:31the coordinates will be stored in x and
11:41:34y
11:41:35so let's check to see if our direction
11:41:39our initial direction equals
11:41:42up and we'll need some else if
11:41:46statements
11:41:46we'll fill this in just a moment
11:41:52else if our direction equals
11:41:55down
11:42:00then left
11:42:06and then right
11:42:11okay if our direction is up
11:42:14then let's take our y coordinate for the
11:42:17head of our snake
11:42:18minus equals our space
11:42:22size so that we move one space up
11:42:26and then down is plus equals
11:42:29space size left
11:42:33is x minus equals
11:42:36space size and lastly
11:42:39right is x plus equals space size
11:42:45okay then we need to call the next turn
11:42:47function again
11:42:48for the next turn so we can use window
11:42:52dot after we need the time
11:42:56so let's say our game speed
11:42:59we're going to call the next turn
11:43:01function and we need to pass in our
11:43:03arguments of snake and food
11:43:08snake food
11:43:12oh and make sure you're not actually
11:43:13calling the next turn function inside of
11:43:15the after method you just have to write
11:43:17the function name of next turn without
11:43:19the parentheses
11:43:21okay so let's update the coordinates for
11:43:23the height for the snake
11:43:24and write that before we move on to the
11:43:26next turn
11:43:28so snake dot coordinates
11:43:34and we will insert a new set of
11:43:36coordinates
11:43:37after updating one of them
11:43:41so zero will be the index the head of
11:43:44the snake
11:43:45and we will insert x and y coordinates
11:43:48at
11:43:48this new location now we're going to
11:43:52create a new graphic for the head of the
11:43:54snake
11:43:55square equals canvas dot create
11:43:59rectangle pass in x
11:44:02and y for the starting corner of our
11:44:05rectangle and
11:44:06the ending corner will be x plus
11:44:09our space size y
11:44:14plus our space size
11:44:17then i will add a fill color of
11:44:22snake color and then we need to update
11:44:26our snakes list of squares
11:44:30so that will be snake dot squares
11:44:35and insert at
11:44:39index 0 a new square that we create
11:44:44okay let's test this one last thing that
11:44:46we'll need to get this program to run
11:44:48is that after you create your snake and
11:44:50food object we should call it the
11:44:52next turn function and pass in our snake
11:44:55and food object so we should be able to
11:44:57test this
11:44:59so our snake is going to move but we
11:45:01need to delete the
11:45:02last body part in our snake within the
11:45:05next turn function
11:45:07but before we update to the next turn
11:45:10let's delete the last body part of our
11:45:12snake so delete
11:45:14snake dot coordinates
11:45:18at negative index of one that is the
11:45:21last set of coordinates
11:45:24we will update our canvas canvas dot
11:45:27delete
11:45:31snake dot squares
11:45:36an index of negative one
11:45:40and lastly delete snake
11:45:46the list of squares
11:45:49at index of negative one
11:45:52so it should appear that our snake is
11:45:54moving cool
11:45:56we need some controls for our snake so
11:45:59at the bottom of our program
11:46:01let's bind some keys let's do that here
11:46:06so window dot bind
11:46:10let's find the left arrow key
11:46:16and we will use a lambda
11:46:20the argument is event and we will call
11:46:23the
11:46:23change direction function and pass in
11:46:27the word left
11:46:31okay then we have to do the same thing
11:46:33for the other directions
11:46:40so we have right
11:46:44pass in right
11:46:48up pass in up
11:46:53down pass in down
11:46:59let's head to the change direction
11:47:01function
11:47:03we need to access our direction global
11:47:07direction this is the old direction
11:47:12if our new direction that is passed in
11:47:16is equal to left
11:47:22and if our old direction this direction
11:47:26does not equal right because we do not
11:47:28want to go backwards and do a 180 degree
11:47:31turn
11:47:34then we will set our direction
11:47:37equal to our new
11:47:40direction and we just need to repeat
11:47:42this for the other
11:47:44directions for new direction
11:47:48and i'm going to change this to else if
11:47:52else if new direction is right
11:47:56and our direction is not already
11:47:59left
11:48:05then we have up
11:48:09if our direction is not down
11:48:16and down if our
11:48:20direction is not up okay so we should be
11:48:23able to change
11:48:24the direction of our snake
11:48:28sweet okay we need to eat that pesky
11:48:31apple next so let's work on that
11:48:34there's nothing else that we need to
11:48:35change within the change direction
11:48:37function so i'm going to minimize
11:48:39this function and head to the
11:48:42next turn function
11:48:47we'll place an if statement here if
11:48:50x remember that we unpacked the
11:48:53coordinates
11:48:54for the head of the snake if x
11:48:57the x coordinate for the head of the
11:48:59snake is equal to
11:49:02our food objects coordinates
11:49:08at index of zero that's the x-coordinate
11:49:12for our food object and
11:49:16y is equal to
11:49:19food coordinates at index of one
11:49:23that means they're overlapping
11:49:27let's take our score
11:49:31and increment it by one
11:49:36and change our label label.config
11:49:44the text will equal
11:49:48score
11:49:52and then i'm going to use the format
11:49:54method
11:49:55and pass in my new score
11:50:01let's delete our food object
11:50:04and we gave our food object a tag so we
11:50:07can just use the name of the tag
11:50:09to delete it and create a new food
11:50:11object
11:50:16then i'm going to write this part of our
11:50:18program within an else statement
11:50:23we will only delete the last body part
11:50:26of our snake
11:50:28if we did not eat a food object
11:50:32okay let's test it again
11:50:36so i have three body parts now i have
11:50:38four
11:50:39five
11:50:43six seven eight nine
11:50:47ten you can see that the score is going
11:50:49up too
11:50:51okay let's work on collisions next
11:50:53because i should not be able to go off
11:50:55screen like this
11:50:56there's one thing that we're going to
11:50:58change so let's add an
11:51:00if statement that will check collisions
11:51:04this will return true or false if we
11:51:07detect a collision
11:51:08and pass in our snake object
11:51:13if there is a collision we'll call the
11:51:16game over function
11:51:20else we will update to the next turn
11:51:25okay let's fill in the check collisions
11:51:28function
11:51:29and we no longer need our function of
11:51:31next turn
11:51:32actually we don't need these classes
11:51:34either so i'll minimize them
11:51:36okay check collisions so it looks like
11:51:39we will need a parameter of snake
11:51:41so be sure to set that
11:51:44let's unpack the head of the snake x
11:51:47y equals snake dot coordinates
11:51:52at index of zero
11:51:57and let's check to see if we cross the
11:51:59left or
11:52:00right border of the game if x
11:52:03is less than zero or
11:52:07x is greater than or equal to
11:52:11our game width
11:52:15then return true i think for testing
11:52:19purposes i'm going to print something to
11:52:21the console window
11:52:24game over let's test it
11:52:29okay i'm going to go over to the right
11:52:30border game over and our game stopped
11:52:34let's go over the left game over
11:52:37cool so we know that it's working okay
11:52:39let's do the same thing for y
11:52:43we can use else if here
11:52:47if y is less than zero or
11:52:50y is greater than or equal to our game
11:52:54height let's print game over
11:52:59and return true and we should probably
11:53:01test it
11:53:03okay i'm going up game over and let's go
11:53:07down
11:53:08game over
11:53:12so what if our snake touches its tail or
11:53:15another body part
11:53:17so let's say four i actually i
11:53:20isn't too descriptive let's say for
11:53:22every body part
11:53:25in snake dot coordinates
11:53:34we're going to set this to everything
11:53:37after the head of the snake
11:53:40we're going to check to see if any of
11:53:41the coordinates are matching
11:53:45if x is equal to
11:53:48body part at index
11:53:520 and
11:53:55y is equal to body
11:53:59part at index 1
11:54:03then return true
11:54:07and i'll print game over to test it
11:54:10print game over
11:54:15otherwise we can return false there are
11:54:18no collisions
11:54:20i think i'm going to change the size of
11:54:23the snake
11:54:24to 10. okay let's run into each other
11:54:29cool game over and the last thing that
11:54:32we need to do
11:54:33is to fill in the game over function
11:54:36because it looks like everything else is
11:54:37fine
11:54:38so head to the game over function take
11:54:42your canvas and delete all
11:54:49and we'll create some game over text
11:54:52canvas
11:54:53create text
11:54:57i would like this in the center of my
11:54:59canvas
11:55:00i'll take canvas w info
11:55:04width divided by two comma
11:55:08canvas w info height
11:55:12divided by two i'm going to put some of
11:55:14this on the next line
11:55:16for readability i'll set a font
11:55:19pick whatever font that you want
11:55:26we'll need some text
11:55:30text equals game over
11:55:36pick a color red's decent
11:55:40i'll add a tag too for convenience game
11:55:44over and that should be it for the game
11:55:47over function
11:55:49i'm going to change the body parts of
11:55:51the snake back to what it was originally
11:55:53and we should probably test that game
11:55:55over screen
11:55:58all right it appeared okay so let's
11:56:01change some of these settings around
11:56:03you can create a larger game board let's
11:56:05say
11:56:061000 by 700
11:56:11that still works you can slow down the
11:56:14speed or speed it up
11:56:16so 100 will be about half as fast
11:56:19it's going pretty slow now but what if
11:56:22we set it to
11:56:2320.
11:56:28you can change the space size
11:56:32so everything is a lot smaller now
11:56:35including the food
11:56:36object
11:56:40you can change the body parts what about
11:56:4220 to begin with
11:56:46that's fairly excessive
11:56:50i'll change that back to three you can
11:56:53change the snake color
11:56:54let's say we would like a blue snake
11:56:57so that is for a hex color
11:57:01four zeros and then two f's
11:57:05you can change the food color so let's
11:57:07say we would like a yellow food
11:57:09object so that would be four f's and
11:57:11then two zeros
11:57:14kind of resembles the python logo that
11:57:16color scheme
11:57:20you can change the background color too
11:57:23so let's say
11:57:23all white that would be six apps
11:57:28i do not like that go back delete delete
11:57:32delete alright well
11:57:33that should be everything let's run this
11:57:35game one last time
11:57:46[Music]
11:58:14[Music]
11:58:44well everybody that is a very basic game
11:58:46of snake for beginners i will post all
11:58:48of this code to the comment section down
11:58:50below but yeah that's a basic game of
11:58:53snake
11:58:53using python hey you
11:58:57yeah i'm talking to you if you learned
11:58:58something new then help me
11:59:00help you in three easy steps by smashing
11:59:03that like button
11:59:04drop a comment down below and subscribe
11:59:06if you'd like to become a fellow bro
11:59:11[Music]
11:59:59you

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