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0:00hi I am AEL Enriquez and this
0:03presentation contains our discussion on
0:05the reproductive
0:06system because of the reproductive
0:09system the human species has continued
0:11to exist since 300,000 years ago the
0:16reproductive system is also responsible
0:18for the differences in the physical
0:21appearances and functional differences
0:23between males and females and can also
0:27influence their difference in Behavior
0:30keep in mind though that compared to
0:32other organ systems the reproductive
0:34system isn't really that necessary for
0:38survival as an
0:41individual cardiovascular system you
0:43could die if your heart loses blood
0:46supply compared to the nervous system
0:49you definitely will not be able to
0:51perform normal human functions if there
0:54are parts of your brain that's missing
0:57but there are people out there that due
0:59to medical or health concerns IA or
1:03they've already had parts of their
1:05reproductive system removed and they're
1:08perfectly fine okay so they're living
1:10normal
1:12lives daytoday activities so again the
1:16reproductive system is necessary for
1:18human survival as a species but not
1:22actually necessary for individual
1:26survival listed here are the functions
1:28of the reproductive system
1:32disc as we
1:35proceed this slide shows an illustration
1:38of the major reproductive organs for
1:41both males and
1:44females let's now talk about the
1:46formation of gametes gametes are the
1:49reproductive cells which in males they
1:51are known as the sperm and for females
1:54it's the oos sites or egg cells meiosis
1:58is a different type of cell Vision that
2:00would create the gamet
2:03so they are created through
2:07mitosis gametes they are created through
2:10a different process called meiosis take
2:14note that each sperm cell an egg cell
2:17has exactly 23
2:22chromosomes here are some other
2:24terminologies that we need to remember
2:26fertilization is one the sperm cell and
2:29oy unite which happens after one of the
2:32sperm cells swims and successfully
2:34reaches the exgel with the help of its
2:37tail or flatula a zygote is What Becomes
2:41of an oite once it has been fertilized
2:45within 3 to 14 days after fertilization
2:49this zygote then develops to become an
2:53embryo let's now begin to discuss the
2:56male reproductive system the male
2:59reproductive system system consists of
3:00the testes epidemis ductus difference in
3:04the urethra accessory glands include the
3:07seminal vesicles prostate glands and
3:10bulbo uretheral glands supporting
3:13structures include the scrotum and penis
3:16we'll be discussing the functions of all
3:18these structures as we proceed to the
3:20next
3:22slides this slide shows us an
3:24illustration of all the structures
3:26mentioned
3:27earlier the scrotum encloses the teses
3:30which also is where the dartos muscle is
3:33located the dartos muscle involuntarily
3:37moves the scrotum intes is either closer
3:40or away from the body depending on the
3:42temperature so for example when it's too
3:45warm the dartos muscle automatically
3:47moves the scotum a little bit away from
3:50the body but when it's too cold the
3:52dartos muscle moves the scrotum closer
3:56but why does this happen why is this
4:00necessary this has something to do with
4:02sperm development the sperm cells
4:04usually develop at temperatures that's
4:06slightly below normal body temperature
4:10so normal range of body temperature for
4:14humans it's 35 to
4:1737° C so it says here that sperm cells
4:21develop at temperatures that may be are
4:24like 1 to two degrees or a bit less than
4:28normal
4:30so
4:32musle human males also have the kter
4:36muscles which are extensions of the
4:39abdominal muscles that can contract to
4:42pull the testes closer to the
4:45body the testes is the primary male
4:48organ because this structure is
4:51responsible for producing sperm as
4:53previously discussed earlier the testes
4:55is located inside of the scroto the
4:58specific location inside of the testes
5:00where sperm is produced is within the
5:03seminiferous tubules
5:05okay sperm cells they are produced
5:09inside of the seminiferous tubules the
5:12seminiferous tubules are structures
5:15inside of the testes and the testes are
5:18located inside of the
5:21scrot let's now discuss the cells found
5:24within the teses interstitial cells
5:27secrete the hormone testosterone which
5:30if you watch our previous discussion on
5:32the endocrine system testosterone is
5:34necessary in sperm production and
5:37development of the reproductive organs
5:40germ cells are the cells that sperm
5:43cells arise from
5:45so sperm cell sperm it first started out
5:50as a germ cell sustentacular cells
5:54nourish The Germ cells and could also
5:56produce hormones
5:58basically vacular cell snowle they're
6:01the ones taking care of the germ cells
6:04until those germ cells grow up and
6:08become sperm
6:10cells spermatogenesis is the formation
6:13of sperm cells and this begins in males
6:16during puberty this would happen as the
6:19interstitial cells increase in size and
6:23number causing the seminiferous tubules
6:26to enlarge after that the sem tube
6:30you'll start producing both The Germ
6:31cells and sustentacular cells now the
6:35sustentacular cells would take care or
6:38nourish The Germ cells all
6:41right seminiferous
6:44tubules germ cells and sustentacular
6:48cells
6:52cells germ cells until eventually germ
6:56cells they would evolve into sperm cells
6:59so I hope by
7:01now
7:04process here's a stepbystep list on how
7:07germ cells eventually become sperm
7:11cells in between so starting out as germ
7:15cells they become spermatogonia which
7:17are just
7:19undifferentiated male germ cells then
7:22they become primary spermatocytes and
7:24then secondary spermatocytes after that
7:28the spermatocytes be become spermatids
7:31and then
7:34after sperm cells this stepbystep
7:37process is how myosis happens in males
7:40and is depicted in this illustration to
7:44the
7:45right a sperm cell is divided into three
7:48segments the head mid piece and tail the
7:52head is further divided into three
7:54structures the acrosome which is seen at
7:57the tip or at the very end of the head
8:00um the middle is the nucleus which
8:03occupies most of the head and at the
8:06bottom of that is the cental the mid
8:09piece is filled with mitochondria and
8:12the tail is the sperms flula which would
8:15help it swim and reach the oo site once
8:18it enters a
8:20female the epidemis are thread like
8:23tubes on each side of the testes the
8:26seminiferous tubules are connected to
8:28the epidemis and this where they move
8:31the newly produced sperm
8:34cells germ cells that are located inside
8:37of the seminer tubules undergo meiosis
8:41to eventually become sperm cells germ
8:45cells
8:50cules
8:52theep at the epidemis the sperm cells
8:55continue to mature and develop the
8:58ability to swim and attached to oyes
9:01again oocytes are the egg cells for
9:06females this slide shows us an
9:08illustration of all the previously
9:10discussed structures and their
9:14locations the ductus deference is also
9:17known as the vas deference this is a
9:20structure that connects the epidemis and
9:22the seminal vesicles in males that have
9:26undergone vasectomy this is where the
9:28cut would be made so that the sperm
9:31cells would no longer be able to exit
9:33hence leading to a permanent form of
9:36male contraception or sterilization all
9:40right so anything then the ductus
9:42difference is also known as the Bas
9:45difference so again this is the specific
9:48portion that is being cut in cases of
9:52vasectomy the seminal vesicle is a sack
9:56shaped gland connected to the ductus
9:58difference the seminal vesicle and the
10:01ductus Defence are two different
10:03structures that eventually join at the
10:06prostate gland creating another
10:08structure called the ejaculatory duct
10:12this ejaculatory duct enters the
10:14prostate gland and connects to the
10:16urethra in males the urethra is a
10:19passageway for both urine and fluids
10:23from the reproductive
10:26system the penis is divided into three
10:29Columns of erectile tissue the Corpus
10:32cavernosum Corpus spongiosum and the
10:35spongy urethra these three columns can
10:39fill up with blood to produce an
10:41erection the penis is only considered as
10:45a supporting structure to the
10:47reproductive system and it functions to
10:49transfer sperm from the male to the
10:52female this is also the same structure
10:54where urine passes through because the
10:56urethra is located inside of the penis
10:59and as mentioned earlier for males the
11:02urethra is the same passage way for both
11:05urine and male reproductive fluids the
11:10distal end of the
11:11penis there is a cap like structure
11:15which is called the glands penis from
11:18there the urethra opens to the outside
11:21as the external ureal or
11:25this this slide shows an illustration of
11:28all the previous discussed structures
11:30and their
11:32locations the prostate gland is a
11:34structure that's usually just the size
11:36of a walnut again Americans will use
11:40anything but the metric system um in
11:44terms of location in the prostate gland
11:46surrounds the urethra the bulbo urethal
11:50gland is located near the
11:53base prostate gland bulbo ureal gland
11:57and this is responsible for secreting
12:02mucus this slide again shows us an
12:04illustration of all the previously
12:06discussed structures and their
12:09locations the semen is a mixture of
12:12sperm and secretions from the glands
12:15that we just discussed earlier these
12:17secretions provide a transport medium to
12:21protect the sperm and nutrients to
12:24activate the
12:25sperm the seminal vesicles provide
12:28fructose which serves as a carbohydrate
12:31and energy source for each sperm cells
12:35the seminal vesicles are also the source
12:37of
12:38prostaglandins prostaglandins decrease
12:41mucose thickness around the cervix and
12:44uine Tube so that would be easier for
12:48the sperm to swim through the female
12:50reproductive
12:53tract the prostate gland contains
12:56enzymes to liquefy seon after it has any
12:59entered the female reproductive tract
13:01which again is necessary so that the
13:03sperm cells could swim easily the
13:06enzymes from the prostate gland also
13:09neutralizes the acidic pH of the vagina
13:12so it doesn't kill the sperm cells now
13:15people might be asking acid pH vagina
13:19this mildly acidic pH of the vagina is
13:22necessary to kill infectious bacteria or
13:26other pathogens so
13:30neutral vaginal pH because the acidic
13:33part um or this acidic pH is part of its
13:38first line of defense against infections
13:41okay so that's the purpose of the
13:43enzymes from the prostate gland it
13:46temporarily neutralizes the vaginal pH
13:50for the survival of the sperm cells next
13:54is the bulbo uretheral gland its
13:56secretion has the same function it
13:59neutralizes the acidic
14:06pH sperm cells as soon as it has entered
14:10the female reproductive tract sperm
14:13cells can live for 72 hours once it is
14:17inside a
14:19female just a recap sperm cells develop
14:22in the seifers tubules located inside of
14:26the testes they start out as ger cells
14:29but after meiosis they move to the
14:32epidemis to mature next these mature
14:35sperm cells now pass through the ductus
14:38difference and mix with the enzymes and
14:41mucus produced by the glands listed here
14:45after that during ejaculation this m um
14:49mixture is now called seen so the seamen
14:53would exit the person through the
14:57urethra the gonad trp releasing hormone
15:00is produced in the hypothalamus which
15:03stimulates the secretion of lutenizing
15:05hormone and folicle stimulating
15:09hormone the hypothalamus would produce
15:12G&R or the gonado tropin releasing
15:16hormone J&R would then stimulate the
15:19anterior anterior pituitary gland to
15:23produce the lutenizing hormone and a
15:25follicle stimulating hormone the
15:28lutenizing hormone would then stimulate
15:31the secretion of testosterone from the
15:34testes meanwhile the FSH would start the
15:37process of producing new sperm cells
15:40this process is referred to as
15:43spermatogenesis and again this is
15:45prompted by the follicle stimulating
15:47hormone
15:49okay folc stimulating hormone
15:56production spenis
16:01for males the major hormone responsible
16:04for the changes and development that
16:06they go through during puberty is
16:09testosterone again testosterone is
16:11produced specifically by the interal
16:14cells of the testes for human males
16:18puberty begins at the age of 12 to 14
16:22years old and ends when they're about 18
16:26years old
16:30on the previous slides testosterone is
16:32produced specifically by the intertial
16:36cells of the testes testosterone is
16:38important for the proper development and
16:40maintenance of the male reproductive
16:43organs there's just one other hormone
16:45that is produced within the testes
16:47specifically along the seminiferous
16:49tubules and that is inhibin
16:53inhibit inhibit FSH production once
16:57enough has been produced or after FSH
17:00has successfully done its job in sort of
17:04like a negative feedback
17:07mechanism let's now proceed to discuss
17:09the female reproductive system listed
17:12here are its components which again it
17:15discuss as we proceed with regards to
17:18its location this could be found within
17:20the pelvis between the urinary bladder
17:23and the rectum except the mamory glands
17:26which are located within the female's
17:28brain
17:30those organs located in the pelvis are
17:33held in place by ligaments so they don't
17:35move around or get dislocated as we do
17:38our day-to-day activities females have
17:41what is called as a broad ligament that
17:44spreads out to both sides of the uterus
17:47and attaches through the ovaries and
17:49uterine
17:51tubes this illustration shows us the
17:54previously mentioned organs in their
17:56proper location if you belong to my lab
18:03classes illustrations in preparation for
18:06the upcoming
18:08exams this illustration shows us all the
18:11other structures that we will be
18:13discussing in the following
18:16slides the ovaries are the primary
18:19female reproductive organ just recall
18:22for males what is the primary
18:24reproductive organ it's the testes Okay
18:28so meod primary reproductive organs for
18:32males it's the teses but for females
18:35it's the ovaries now again for females
18:38the ovaries are the primary reproductive
18:39organs and the ovaries is where both the
18:42oyes and sex hormones are produced
18:45normally every female human has one on
18:49either side of their uterus so that's a
18:52total of two ovaries per female person
18:55the ovaries are attached the uterus
18:58through the ovarian ligaments females
19:01also have suspensory ligaments which
19:04would anchor the ovaries to the pelvic
19:07cavity and lastly females also have the
19:11mesovarium which attaches the ovaries to
19:14the broad ligament so basically all of
19:16these ligaments are there to keep all of
19:20the female reproductive organs in their
19:23correct
19:24places the ovarian follicle are groups
19:27of cells in the ovaries that contain egg
19:30cells or oyes each of the ovarian
19:33follicles contain an oite so for males
19:37if the reproductive cell is the sperm
19:40for females their reproductive cell is
19:43the oite
19:45okay main cell that is responsible for
19:49reproduction for males it's the sperm
19:52cells for females the cell that's mainly
19:54responsible for reproduction is the O
19:57sites
20:01this illustration shows us the contents
20:04of the
20:07ovaries orogenesis is the process of gam
20:10production in females again if
20:13orogenesis happens for
20:15females version for males
20:19spermatogenesis all right sperm
20:22production in males is
20:25spermatogenesis um if oite produ in
20:30females then it's referred to as o
20:33Genesis okay so a PO um next in
20:37comparison to
20:39males
20:41spenis during puberty for females o
20:44Genesis starts even before a child is
20:47born all right so o sites start off as
20:51oia okay
20:54rewind if for females o sites start out
20:58s o for males starting version sperm
21:04cells for male sperm cells start out as
21:07germ cells all right so if we have
21:11chapters or topics that are this long
21:14and
21:15G one of my techniques is to kind of
21:19like make a side by side comparison
21:22between the two different topics so in
21:24this case side by-side comparison of the
21:26male reproductive system and Fe fale
21:28reproductive
21:32system points of comparison instead of
21:35just trying to remember them as they are
21:38so um that's that's why um as we
21:41continue with our discussion I always um
21:44have a recall time or I always um have a
21:49comparison for
21:51males for
21:53females I will always be kind of like um
21:57having that sort of discussion style as
22:00we proceed with our discussion okay
22:03so rewind if for females o site start
22:07out as Oona for males starter sperm
22:13cells it's the germ cells okay but again
22:16for females they start out as oogonia so
22:20while males only start producing sperm
22:23cells during puberty females are already
22:27born with all of their oon we can see
22:31right here on the second
22:35bullet for female humans although
22:37they're already born with all of their
22:40oronia here's the step that only happens
22:43when puberty starts
22:45okay although Fem
22:58female human person so during puberty
23:02the follicle stimulating hormone would
23:05stimulate some of the follicles to begin
23:08developing during each menstrual cycle
23:12so female humans are born with all their
23:15oogonia already present but they're not
23:18yet
23:21functional so once the person gets to
23:24puberty that's only when the follicle
23:26stimulating hormone would start AC
23:28activating some of those oogonia to
23:31become an oite every time the person
23:35goes through their menstrual
23:38cycle during the time of ovulation o
23:41sites are moved into the uine tubes by
23:44the action of the fmri once they're in
23:46the uterine tube they're alive for about
23:4924 hours and if no sperm cell meets them
23:53the oite would die okay statement during
23:58the the time of
24:02ovulation uterine tubes and they are
24:05moved there no by the action of the F on
24:08the surface of the cells within the
24:11uterine tubes or so opening uterine
24:14tubes so
24:16implanted uterine tube they would stay
24:19there for about 24 hours
24:23now sperm
24:27cell then that oite would die after 24
24:32hours the uterine troes are also known
24:34as the Fallopian tubes the Fallopian
24:37tubes are part of the uterus which
24:39extends towards the ovaries and this is
24:42where the O sites go during the time of
24:49ovulation
24:52sites fallopian tube so it's the same
24:55place just different terminologies so
24:57again they stayed there during the time
24:59of ulation for up to 24 hours right here
25:04we have the term fimbria so fim are
25:06Fringe looking structures located at the
25:09opening of the Fallopian tubes that move
25:12the O sites in a sweeping motion so that
25:15they successfully enter the uterine
25:18tubes fertilization usually happens at
25:21the part of the paloian tube that's near
25:23the ovaries which is called the ampula
25:27this is also the the spec specific part
25:30of the fallopian tube that would be tied
25:32during a procedure called tubal liation
25:36which is a form of sterilization for
25:39females another recall time if for
25:42females this process is called tubal
25:46liation version for males it's vasectomy
25:51okay so again for males it's called
25:53vasectomy and the specific part that
25:56they cut is the ductus deference or V
25:59difference but for females it's called
26:02tubal liation in the specific part that
26:05they tie is the fallopian
26:10tube the uterus is a pear-shaped
26:13structure again Americans using anything
26:16but the metric
26:19system uh sorry again the uterus is a
26:22pear-shaped structure that's also
26:24located in the pelvic cavity its
26:27functions include receiving and
26:29providing nourishment for the fertilized
26:31oos site and this is also where the
26:33embryo would stay and develop
26:37I sequence of events all female humans
26:41are born with their oia already present
26:45during puberty the follicle stimulating
26:47hormone would Now activate some of the
26:49oogonia to become o sites every time the
26:53menstrual cycle begins next with the
26:56help of the fima at the opening of the
26:58uterine tubes one oite would be moved to
27:02the ampula your ampula that's still a
27:05part of the uterine tube after that no
27:08ambula that is where fertilization
27:11should happen so the O site would live
27:14there for 24 hours until a sperm cell
27:17would meet it now if no sperm cell meets
27:21the oite it dies but if for example a
27:25sperm cell does come in contact and
27:27fertilizes the oite this fertilized oite
27:31would now move to the uterus now the
27:34uterus is divided into three parts the
27:38um the ones that is closest to the
27:40uterine tubes is the fundas the largest
27:44segment is the body and the narrow
27:46region that leads to the vagina is the
27:50cervix let's now look into the layers of
27:53the uterine walls the serus layer is
27:56called the perimetrium
27:58which is the outermost layer the
28:00muscular layer is the
28:03myometrium which is found in the middle
28:05and it is composed of smooth muscle the
28:08innermost layer is called the
28:11endometrium and this is also the layer
28:14that is discarded during
28:17menstration the vagina extends from the
28:20uterus and has an opening to the outside
28:23of the body during intercourse this is
28:26where the penis would enter the vagina
28:29is also where menstration would flow out
28:31of and during child birth this is also
28:34where the baby would exit the vagina has
28:38very muscular walls and a mucous
28:41membrane the vagina naturally has an
28:44acidic pH which could kill infectious
28:49bacteria the vulva is an external female
28:52sex Oregon which includes all of these
28:55structures here so let's go through them
28:57one by one the mons pubis is a fatty
29:01layer of
29:04skin the labia majora is the larger
29:07outer folds of the skin surrounding the
29:10entrance of the vagina in males the
29:13equivalent of this would be the scrotum
29:15the laum minora are much thinner folds
29:19of skin on the inside of the laum Majora
29:23which also surrounds the entrance to the
29:26vagina the the clitorus is a small
29:29erectile structure that for males is
29:32equivalent to the penis so let's repeat
29:34that for females they also have an
29:37erectile structure referred to as the
29:40citorus which in males their erectile
29:43structure would be referred to as the
29:46penis this illustration shows all the
29:49external structures that we've
29:51previously
29:53discussed let's now discuss the mamory
29:56glands the mamory glands are located in
29:59the breast and this is the organ that's
30:02responsible for milk production recall
30:05time if you watched our discussion on
30:07the endocrine
30:08system hormone responsible for milk
30:12production
30:15prolactine this illustration shows us
30:18the anatomy of the
30:20breast in female humans puberty begins
30:24when they're at 11 to 13 years old and
30:27is complete as early as the age of 16
30:31minarchy is a term that refers to the
30:33first ever episode of menstrual bleeding
30:36during female puberty increased levels
30:39of estrogen and progesterone are
30:41secreted by the ovaries
30:44okay estrogen and progesterone these
30:48come from the ovaries and they increase
30:51in levels during
30:54puberty same with males for females the
30:57Gad releasing hormone or G&R is also
31:01produced in hypothalamus and would also
31:03stimulate the production of lutenizing
31:05hormone and follicle stimulating
31:09hormone for both males and
31:21females production now LH and
31:24FSH then LH and FSH
31:30anterior anterior pituitary but of
31:34course since males and females have
31:37anatomical
31:39differences targ orans hormones for
31:43females the lutenizing hormone would
31:45start up the process of ovulation and
31:49the follicle stimulating hormone would
31:51help the follicles to begin
31:55development estrogen is the hormone
31:57necessary for the proliferation of
31:59endometrial cells estrogen is also
32:02responsible for the development of
32:04mamory glands which subsequently leads
32:07to the growth of breast sies estrogen
32:10also has the capability to control FSH
32:14and LH
32:17secretion progesterone is responsible
32:19for the enlargement of endometrial cells
32:22and is important in the maintenance of
32:24pregnancy State just like estrogen Pro
32:27testerone is also needed for the proper
32:30development of the memory glands
32:32although in comparison to estrogen
32:43estrogen secreation now FSH LH and also
32:48estrogen so progesterone can control all
32:51three of
32:52them the menstrual cycle is a series of
32:55changes that occur in sexually mature
32:58but nonpregnant females and some people
33:01might think when they hear menstrual
33:04cycle that this only refers to the time
33:07where the person is bleeding during
33:09their monthly period but the menstrual
33:11cycle actually refers to a whole entire
33:15process or whole entire cycle and
33:18menstration is just one part of that
33:21cycle so Menses this is the specific
33:24time in the menstrual cycle when the
33:27endometrium is shed or dislodged from
33:31the uterus on average this happens after
33:3528 days of the menstrual
33:39cycle during the first to fifth day of
33:42the menstrual cycle this is time when
33:44the endometrium is being shed so
33:47bleeding is observed so at this time
33:50both estrogen and progesterone levels
33:53are
33:55low during the men
33:59cycle day one day
34:02five
34:04menes where the endometrium is being
34:07discarded so bleeding would be observed
34:11and during day 1 to five
34:14no levels estrogen and progesterone
34:19okay as the endometrium is being shed
34:22both estrogen and progesterone levels
34:25are low
34:28next from day six to 13 this is referred
34:31to as the proliferative
34:36stage endometrium so the body is now
34:39rebuilding the endometrium progesterone
34:42levels are still
34:44low progesterone but estrogen levels are
34:48now increasing during the
34:52proliferative
34:53stage day 14 is the ovulation stage the
34:58lutenizing hormone causes the O site to
35:01be released from the ovaries and again
35:04um because of the sweeping motion of the
35:06fimbria this o site would now move to
35:09the fallopia tubes now during this time
35:12estrogen levels are already high but
35:15progesterone levels are just starting to
35:18increase
35:19okay ovulation so day 14 ovulation
35:26stage o
35:30ovaries tube now during that time
35:34estrogen levels
35:37perang
35:40progesterone at day 15 to 28 this would
35:43be the secretory stage which is
35:46basically just time in between um
35:48ovulation and then the next Menses all
35:51right so at this time the endometrium is
35:54again ready for implantation so during
35:57in the separatory
35:59stage estrogen while the progesterone
36:03levels are still high so again if no
36:06fertilization happens repeat cycle and
36:09we would restart at day one to five of
36:14menstration this slide shows us an
36:16illustration of the entire cycle that
36:18we've just
36:20discussed graph um showing know A visual
36:23representation of the levels of both
36:26estrogen and
36:29progesterone menopause is the time when
36:31the ovaries now secrete much less
36:34hormones and the number of follicles in
36:36the ovaries are low so during menopause
36:39it is expected that the menstrual cycle
36:42and ovulation now becomes more
36:46irregular
36:512op um time female person contraception
36:57refers the methods that are supposed to
36:59prevent pregnancy listed here are the
37:02six main types which includes long
37:05acting reversible contraception barrier
37:08methods um sterilization involves the
37:11surgical methods such as tubal liation
37:14for females and bomy for males tubal
37:19liation and specific um specific
37:22location that would be tied for females
37:25it's the fallopian tubes in cases of
37:28vasectomy specific um structure that
37:31would be
37:32cut it's the best difference right um
37:36next are hormonal methods so hormonal
37:39methods involve the intake of
37:41contraceptive pills next fertility
37:44awareness involves simply counting and
37:47monitoring a person's 28 day cycle and
37:50seeing which stage of the menstrual
37:53cycle they're currently at emergency
37:56contraception involves the intake of
37:58those pills that are commercially
38:00referred to as plan b or the morning
38:03after pills other methods mentioned here
38:06are long acting reversible contraception
38:09and barrier
38:11methods that ends our discussion on the
38:14male and female reproductive system this
38:17has been oel Enriquez thank you so much
38:19for watching

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