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ORIGENS DA VIDA 06 - Animal por Excelência (Legendado) — Transcript

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0:03in the struggle for survival nature only
0:06rewards the winners
0:09imagine the ultimate survivor surely it
0:12will be strong and subtle a mind a
0:18creature very much like ourselves
0:23proudly we imagine ourselves above the
0:26rest of the animal kingdom believing our
0:29design to be evolutions crowning glory
0:33culturally maybe we've been told that we
0:35are better than other organisms or an
0:37evolutionary leap forward or the top of
0:39the scale
0:43but in the game of life many of Earth's
0:45most winning creatures have neither
0:47brawn nor brain nor speed
0:54[Music]
0:56they are so different from us we barely
0:59recognize them as animals yet they are
1:04movers and shakers of their own domain
1:07they don't have any head don't have a
1:10brain they don't seem to go old they can
1:15live forever for more than half a
1:17billion years they've endured and
1:20thrived but these unlikely characters
1:23turn out to be life's ultimate survivors
1:26what can they teach us about the shape
1:29of life
1:33[Music]
1:45[Music]
1:55[Music]
2:07life on Earth has been evolving for
2:09almost four billion years and we think
2:12we know its greatest achievement
2:15[Music]
2:23nurtured by a complex social system and
2:27driven by a restless intelligence we
2:31have created culture and art science and
2:34technology
2:37[Music]
2:41we are amazing animals
2:47only we have the ability to reflect on
2:50ourselves and our role in the world
3:00but do we really deserve to place
3:02ourselves at the top of the evolutionary
3:04ladder
3:05[Music]
3:12not according to Gayle Kile a scientist
3:16who is also an endurance athlete that is
3:21up well the world class outrigger canoe
3:27Ascar ditch day to keep her body in the
3:30top physical condition Kylee he lives
3:35and trains in Hawaii but she's won
3:37rowing events the world over
3:41she knows that winning depends on the
3:44right combination of brain and brawn so
3:46does our success as a species evolution
3:53has given us a superb body plan fast
3:56efficient and distinctly symmetrical
3:59[Applause]
4:01[Music]
4:08the basic design of the human body is
4:11bilateral if you draw a line from head
4:14to foot the left and right halves appear
4:16as mirror images of each other
4:21[Music]
4:28to bring us news of the outside world
4:31sophisticated sensory organs nose eyes
4:34and ears are arranged symmetrically on
4:37either side our brains respond in an
4:45instant
4:46evoking emotion and thought directing
4:48our bodies to act
4:57nearly half our body is made of powerful
5:00muscles which manipulate our intricate
5:02skeleton beating a hundred thousand
5:09times a day our heart pumps blood
5:11continuously through miles of arteries
5:14and veins bringing oxygen and nutrients
5:17to all the body's cells
5:23coordinating all this activity is the
5:26brain which soaks up nearly one-fourth
5:29of the body's energy
5:32all large active animals are built
5:35according to this same bilateral design
5:38with sensitive brainy heads and the
5:41internal machinery for quick motion
5:47but is this the best of all animal
5:50designs
5:52do you have to be big brainy and fast to
5:56be successful
5:59[Music]
6:04in the hidden ocean realms live
6:06creatures we would barely even recognize
6:09as animals
6:15[Music]
6:18they have no heads or brains compared to
6:21us they move in slow motion and
6:24sometimes hardly seem to move at all
6:28[Music]
6:33but are they truly less successful than
6:36we are
6:41Gayle isleib believes she knows the
6:45answer okay and then guys when we get to
6:53the spot and we lay the quadrat down
6:54you're trying to figure out what species
6:56is a distinguished teacher of marine
6:58biology her explorations of the ocean
7:00give her a unique perspective on our own
7:02place in the animal kingdom it's easy to
7:07see why people may think that we are
7:09better than other organisms or an
7:11evolutionary leap forward or the top of
7:13the scale that's not a belief that's
7:17easy for me to see in fact I tend to
7:19believe otherwise Kayal EE
7:26and their students will search the ocean
7:28floor for creatures many would consider
7:31bizarre animals entirely different from
7:34us yet remarkably successful ready
7:45[Music]
7:54when Kile he began her career in marine
7:58biology this high-energy athlete was
8:00attracted to a group of animals that
8:02barely seemed alive at all she fell in
8:07love with the kind of Durham's for her
8:11strangely shaped animals like the sea
8:13cucumber and the spiky sea urchin became
8:16objects of fascination
8:20[Music]
8:24the major reason I study condoms is that
8:26they are weird they have a different way
8:29of living than I am used to and if you
8:33look closely they get weirder even the
8:39most familiar of the kana derms can seem
8:41strange and alien the c star is a
8:47headless faceless wonder a collection of
8:50arms that forms a five-pointed star like
8:54all the kind of derms
8:55its body is based on five-part symmetry
8:59in fact every echinoderms is a variation
9:04on this five-part body plan join the sea
9:11stars arms together and you get a
9:12surprising variation at the basic shape
9:15of its close relative the sea urchin the
9:19five arms have become a five-part sphere
9:22the sea urchins mouth is hidden on its
9:25underside
9:26[Music]
9:31turn the urgent on its side and give its
9:34body a good stretch you've created a sea
9:37cucumber a five-part sphere has become a
9:41five-part tube
9:47[Music]
9:57under the surface the kinda terms are
10:00equally unusual the sea star skeleton is
10:04nothing like a room just beneath the
10:10skin lies a latticework made up of
10:12thousands of bony platelets they are
10:19woven together by miniscule muscles
10:21which can flex the arms in any direction
10:24they have incredible strength and
10:26endurance the special protein allows
10:29them to lock their arms in position
10:31effortlessly for hours something our
10:33muscles could never do instead of a
10:39brain the kind of derms have unearthly a
10:42living relay station it acts to
10:45coordinate the movements of their arms
10:53how do creatures built on such a simple
10:56design so different from our own complex
10:59bodies managed to survive and even
11:01thrive for over half a billion years
11:07they've evolved radical solutions to
11:09life's challenges their lineage may be
11:12ancient but they are a modern-day
11:14evolutionary success you might thinks
11:19animal is less than us
11:23it is inferior
11:29but once you start to see what they do
11:31you realize how successful they are at
11:33meeting the same basic requirements for
11:35life that we meet and that they do it
11:38just as well but in a different way in
11:43the warm waters of Hawaii Kai Ali he
11:46introduces her students to a sea urchin
11:50it seems no more lively than a rock but
11:54don't be fooled
11:55merchants can dominate and sometimes
11:58even destroy their environments
12:01[Music]
12:07merchants are grazers munching their way
12:11through submarine pastures of plants and
12:13algae and they do it in slow motion
12:21along the California coast urgence can
12:24reach plague proportions they have a
12:28voracious appetite for giant kelp
12:33these emerald forests lush Citadel's of
12:36life are defenseless before the slow and
12:39steady onslaught of an urgent army seen
12:45in time-lapse Virgins spring into eerie
12:48life devouring anything edible in their
12:52path
12:59[Music]
13:01merchants don't have eyes so they can't
13:04see where they're going but they do have
13:07sensory tube feet which wave to and fro
13:10tasting the water for anything good to
13:13eat
13:19they're versatile tube feet not only
13:21carry them over the subterranean Plains
13:23they can even snag drifting bits of kelp
13:35[Music]
13:37the feet act like a bucket brigade
13:39passing the food from one sticky sucker
13:41to the next pulling the meal
13:43relentlessly toward the powerful
13:45star-shaped jaw that awaits underneath
13:51the sheer force of its 5 razor-sharp
13:54teeth can shatter a grain of sand
13:59[Music]
14:02it makes short work of the tender kelp
14:05neatly scissoring it into bite-size
14:07pieces
14:08[Music]
14:17to us they may appear to be curiosities
14:20resting motionless on the kelp but they
14:22are actually gorging themselves
14:34although they eat so slowly we must
14:37speed up the action to see it clearly an
14:39uncontrolled urgent population can have
14:42a devastating impact over time
14:49every hour a lettuce sized piece of kelp
14:51can disappear down those star-shaped
14:53jaws what urgent populations are high
14:57the persistent nibbling of their armies
14:59can mow down an entire kelp forest
15:01within a matter of months
15:12without the kelp a vast forest of life
15:15is turned into a barren plain an eerie
15:19tribute to the inexorable power of a
15:22tiny brainless creature that lives life
15:25in slow motion like their cousins the
15:38urchins sea cucumbers have a powerful
15:40impact on their world these vacuum
15:48cleaners of the deep lumber across sea
15:50floors the world over in the deep sea
15:56these unassuming creatures make up the
15:59vast majority of animals on the ocean
16:01floor everywhere they go these animals
16:10help themselves to a banquet hidden in
16:12the sand
16:14[Music]
16:19specially modified tube feed
16:21continuously shovel sand into their
16:24mouths
16:26sand rich in organic matter which they
16:29digest
16:30[Music]
16:40the leftovers are ejected in the
16:43familiar manner legend has it that every
16:47grain of ocean sand has at one time or
16:50another passed this way
16:52[Music]
16:57sea cucumbers often dine openly on the
17:00seafloor though they're soft fleshy
17:03bodies would appear to offer little
17:04resistance to any would-be attacker
17:09[Music]
17:14so how do they defend themselves the
17:19truth is they have few predators some
17:22simply taste bad bold patterns help
17:26advertise the noxious toxins which lace
17:28their bodies
17:31unlike urgence sea cucumbers have no
17:35pointy quills to protect them
17:37just fleshy knobs that cover their skin
17:41[Music]
17:43still when provoked some sea cucumbers
17:46can unleash an entirely unique defense
17:52[Music]
17:54until it was disturbed this weapon was
17:57actually part of the sea cucumbers
17:59breathing apparatus
18:01[Music]
18:07ejected from its anus these thin white
18:09strands swell to twenty times their
18:12original size packing a potent mix of
18:15poison and glue every survivor needs a
18:34good defense the smallest echinoderms
18:37the brittle stars have managed to use
18:40their fragility for self-protection when
18:46threatened
18:47these spidery creatures can actually
18:49jettison their arms as decoys
18:55these most agile of echinoderms often
18:59make up in numbers for what they lack in
19:01size
19:07brittle stars can cover vast expanses of
19:10the seafloor forming a fuzzy living
19:13carpet
19:18but though they may appear more like
19:21plants than animals
19:22they're writhing bodies betray their
19:24true nature for these are not flowers of
19:27the deep these are patient predators
19:36they catch their prey by waving their
19:38feathery arms through the water plucking
19:41plankton from the current
19:50they may be small and strange and rule
19:53an abyss we can only visit but
19:55echinoderms are proven survivors for
19:58more than 500 million years they've been
20:01thriving here
20:03[Music]
20:04all that time they've been developing
20:07their own unique and successful approach
20:09to life
20:14they are exciting they are wonderful but
20:16it takes some time and some patience to
20:18understand them but the more you look
20:21the neither they get
20:25you really have to watch they really
20:27don't give away their secrets ease
20:35watching patiently has taught scientists
20:38like chi alii to respect the unique ways
20:40in which echinoderms fulfill life's
20:43basic requirements but how do they
20:46measure up against animals much closer
20:48to us on the evolutionary scale
21:01her than aconitine really be a fierce
21:03predator to fight for its share of food
21:06and space
21:09[Music]
21:14are they capable of having social lives
21:21[Music]
21:24what are their secret walls really like
21:30how could they ever do anything to
21:33compare to this California's Big Sur
21:41Coast is the scene of one man's quest to
21:44discover the true nature of the
21:45echinoderms
22:03John Pierce has been studying
22:05echinoderms for more than forty years
22:12captivated by their ancient origins and
22:15alien beauty
22:16he has spent decades combing tidepools
22:19for specimens
22:27for years he believed that they were
22:30simple creatures without the capacity
22:32for social lives it's been thought for a
22:36long long time in fact I think from the
22:38very beginning of people looking at
22:40kinder back to Aristotle that these
22:43animals are hardly animals how can they
22:49have much of a social system if they
22:51don't have a brain pretty obvious if
22:55they don't have a brain they can't have
22:57much more social activity than a tomato
22:59plant the logic of it seemed
23:03unassailable at least it did until a few
23:07decades ago that was when John Pierce
23:10met a man who revealed to him the secret
23:13lives of the slow and spiny
23:21[Music]
23:30Don Weber is a man who's followed his
23:33dream he retired early
23:35that was when his real work began a
23:39sculptor he slices through lock to find
23:43his vision but it is the sea not the
23:46stone that has laid claim to his heart
23:50for years bobber has spent his days
23:53diving and exploring the oceans
23:55[Music]
23:59he plucks Jade from the ocean floor
24:01carving it to reveal the beauty of the
24:04form hidden within
24:07[Music]
24:09but it is not his love of art that
24:11inspires his underwater adventures it is
24:14his love of animals that calls him into
24:17the deep
24:23see stars in particular are his passion
24:26at age 45 he began photographing and
24:30studying them in earnest bobber became
24:34intrigued by the statuesque poses that
24:37sea stars would strike he wondered what
24:44their posturing meant informed a simple
24:47and ingenious plan to discover just what
24:49the sea stars were doing I put an ISA
24:55camera in the rocks to steady it pile
24:58rocks around it and then I could leave
25:00the camera there
25:06so when I use this time lapse movie then
25:10all of a sudden you take picture picture
25:13picture picture when you're projected
25:17that you go very fast and I could
25:19finally see a sequence my god this is
25:25what they're doing you know this is how
25:28they behave and it look beautiful when I
25:32run at the fast speed
25:36[Music]
25:41time-lapse photography allowed Robert to
25:43witness the vibrant lives of echinoderms
25:46for the first time he found that they
25:48interacted with each other just as other
25:50animals too they just do it in a
25:53different time frame - John Pierce
25:57Juarez films were a revelation
26:04when I first saw Dawn's films I was just
26:07stunned I just could hardly believe my
26:09eyes my opinion was turned upside down
26:16in a sense of suddenly you haven't
26:18animals which are interacting with each
26:20other
26:27and chasing each other
26:33actually having complex behaviors
26:43perched atop the course of California's
26:46Big Sur is a special laboratory where
26:48the secret lives of echinoderms are
26:51coming to light here scientists work
26:56with shape of life filmmakers to capture
26:59the behavior of these little nine
27:00creatures on film these are animals
27:09still shrouded in mystery how can they
27:13help us understand the possibilities of
27:16life on Earth what can we learn from
27:22them what ancient secrets do they Harbor
27:32one of the things which is really
27:33fascinating about a kindness they don't
27:35seem to go old they can live forever
27:40the only thing that kills a sea star is
27:43physical or disease but they don't just
27:46grow old why not
27:49they also some sea stars can regenerate
27:51their whole body from one part of the
27:53Ray just take a little ray cut it off
27:55and the whole thing will grow up how do
27:58they do that
28:00Chuck Baxter is the senior scientist at
28:04this filming facility echinodermata only
28:12beginning to be investigated especially
28:15in terms of their behavior
28:29shape of life cameras are capturing sea
28:32stars and their behavior in ways never
28:35before seen close up you can see the
28:40spines that push up under the skin to
28:42the kind of terms the delicate red sacs
28:46between the white spines are skin gills
28:48used for breathing
28:54the movements of sea stars are also
28:56being revealed with unprecedented
28:58clarity the keine derms move and feed
29:07like no other animals on earth they use
29:11remarkable organs completely unique in
29:13the animal kingdom hydraulically powered
29:16to defeat the tube feet of sea stars are
29:31inflated by water drawn into the body
29:34through a single opening called a sieve
29:36plate
29:42the water fills the five radial canals
29:45which run down the length of the arms
29:47forming the hydraulic system the water
29:53is stored in little muscular bulbs when
29:58a bulb contracts it forces water into
30:00the elastic tube foot extending it
30:04muscles on the foot swing it in the
30:06direction the sea star wants to move sea
30:14stars can move equally well in any
30:16direction but they must coordinate the
30:18movement of thousands of feet used
30:21together they had incredible strength
30:25clustered at the tip of each arm our
30:27special sensory tube feet that taste the
30:29water seeking food or sensing danger
30:43the tip of each arm is also equipped
30:46with a light sensing organ seen here as
30:49a red dot this receptor cannot form
30:55images but it can sense light and
30:57darkness although their sensory system
31:02may seem simplistic compared to ours it
31:05hasn't stopped the C star from being a
31:08fearsome predator but few have witnessed
31:11them in action until now
31:17in the murky depths off the California
31:20coast sea stars are on the prowl they're
31:23heading for the shallows where untold
31:25generations have solved their prey
31:31they do not shrink from the jetsam of
31:33human industry they embrace it in fact
31:36see Stars benefit from the presence of
31:39humans
31:43their favorite prey does not live here
31:45on the shifting sands of the bottom the
31:48sea stars will find their next meal
31:51higher up on the pilings of a man-made
31:53pier a sea star that is willing to scale
31:59these Heights will find a banquet high
32:02on the pilings closer to the water's
32:04surface is a sumptuous reward a feast of
32:08mussels the pilings provide a solid
32:13surface to which whole colonies of
32:14mussels cling the stage is set for an
32:17ancient drama guided by their knowledge
32:23of sea stars bobber and Pierce also
32:26arrive at the killing fields in order to
32:31capture the hunt in time-lapse they have
32:33brought along a team of experts intimate
32:36ographers
32:39time-lapse photography reveals their
32:42secret reality
32:51like an advancing army the see stars
32:53move into position slowly but surely
32:56working their way up toward their
32:58victims
33:01[Music]
33:05the muscles cannot run or fight all they
33:12can do is hide within their shells as
33:14their killers crawl over their bodies
33:18sensory tube feet sweep over the tightly
33:21packed mass of shells searching for any
33:24gap in the muscles defenses
33:31settling on its victim the seastar
33:33hunkers down and begins its attack
33:40the first wave of the assault begins
33:43with the tube feet which use hydraulic
33:45pressure to cry open any gaps in the
33:48muscles shell
33:55next the sea star deploys its most
33:58unusual weapon its stomach which moves
34:02out of its body to digest its prey alive
34:12even in time-lapse it is hard to see the
34:15sea stars attack
34:26but a miniature camera tucked within the
34:28muscle shell gives us the first look
34:31ever at the carnage that unfolds here
34:34every day once the tube feet have
34:40physically breached the muscles
34:42defensive line the sea stars translucent
34:45stomach begins the final assault the
34:48animal actually pushes its stomach
34:50inside the muscles shell unfolding like
34:53a fatal flower
34:57[Music]
35:03the stomach unleashes a volley of
35:05chemical weapons digestive juices that
35:08dissolve the muscles soft pink flesh
35:12[Music]
35:14all that's left is a nutrient-rich soup
35:17a broth that's quickly absorbed by the
35:20sea star
35:22[Music]
35:27having assimilated the muscle the
35:29seastar stomach pulls away
35:33and the animal moves on leaving behind
35:36an empty shell
35:43without the benefit of speed brains or
35:47brawn sea stars are amazingly successful
35:50predators hunting with efficiency any
35:52lion would envy
36:01the life and death dramas of sea stars
36:04unfold before our very eyes but so
36:08slowly we don't recognize them even when
36:11they appear to be frozen in time
36:13they are fighting hard to survive but
36:20speed up the action and you can see how
36:22the width of a few tantalizing molecules
36:25sends a wave of excitement to a sea star
36:28community
36:34they sniff out the source converging on
36:37the carcass of a fish
36:49like vultures of the sea they fight for
36:52a share of the gruesome prize
36:54[Music]
37:09their efficiency is impressive but like
37:12scavengers everywhere they scatter
37:14before the approach of a top predator
37:18[Music]
37:23this is pikna podía a giant among sea
37:26stars it can have more than 20 arms and
37:29grow larger than a manhole cover
37:36[Music]
37:38it is clearly recognized by the other
37:41animals in this community as a force to
37:43be reckoned with anybody who watches
37:49them when they're foraging realizes that
37:51they are a major force within the kelp
37:54forest community everything in their
37:59path that can move is getting out of the
38:01way
38:07as pikna podía makes its way among the
38:10rocks it picks up the trail of two
38:13snails
38:26realizing they are under attack that the
38:28snails make a run for their lives
38:54finding itself in picking up odious
38:57clutches one snail desperately tries to
39:00twist itself free it escapes but not for
39:06long
39:22[Music]
39:27caught in pic Napoleon's fatal embrace
39:29the snail will be swallowed whole
39:32it will take days for it to be digested
39:39giving the other snail another chance at
39:42winning the game of survival the kind of
39:48derm show us that ours is not the only
39:51way to be successful as an animal but
39:55are they merely an evolutionary side
39:57trip a detour on the road to us how did
40:11these creatures evolve in the first
40:12place
40:16some clues to this mystery are being
40:18uncovered along the rugged coastline of
40:21southern England here wind and wave eat
40:28away at the rock uncovering fossils that
40:31last saw the light of day millions of
40:33years ago the kind of domes played a
40:35pivotal role in that ancient world
40:39paleontologist Andrew Smith is helping
40:42to reconstruct their story the kanga
40:50dance have such an unusual body plan you
40:52might think that it was just a one-off
40:54somewhere it's an experiment that didn't
40:56go anywhere but that's quite wrong
41:06should clean up nice thing we'll be able
41:09to see the details right from the
41:13evidence he's gathered from around the
41:15world
41:16Smith suspects that he kind of domes
41:18helped define a dramatic turning point
41:20in animal evolution at the Natural
41:24History Museum in London Smith uses
41:26fossils to look back through time
41:31[Music]
41:33what he's seeing is a remarkable story
41:35filled with dramatic twists and turns
41:44at the dawn of animal life there were
41:46only three basic kinds of animals there
41:50were sponges cnidarians which resembled
41:54flowers and flatworm lake creatures but
42:01then in a geological blink of an eye
42:03a bizarre menagerie of creatures
42:05appeared
42:13many of them were large active and fast
42:16I had heads and centralized brains
42:18perched at one end of their bilateral
42:20bodies
42:27evolution had struck upon a new design
42:29that would have great success and
42:31eventually lead to us but there were
42:39some animals that soon abandoned this
42:42bilateral path they reverted to a round
42:45body and gave rise to the first
42:47echinoderms
42:50a lot of people would think that
42:53evolution is leading to animals like
42:56ourselves with big brains eyes lots of
42:59sensory perception but for
43:02paleontologists evolution was very
43:04different from that these modern
43:10crinoids closely resemble the first
43:13echinoderms
43:18[Music]
43:22while other creatures began evolving
43:24heads brains and limbs the echinoderms
43:26turned down a very different
43:29evolutionary path resembling plants more
43:32than animals early echinoderms opted for
43:35a sedentary life firmly anchored on the
43:38ocean floor
43:40[Music]
43:47while other animals were out hunting
43:49their food ancient echinoderms let their
43:52meal come to them they spread their arms
43:55against the current snagging food with
43:57their agile tube feet
44:01some were the Giants of their day
44:05[Music]
44:07fossils reveal they could grow three
44:10times as tall as the fearsome dinosaur
44:12t-rex
44:14[Music]
44:16over the millennia this basic
44:18echinoderms body plan blossomed into a
44:21spectacular diversity of more active
44:23animals creatures that would learn to
44:26move
44:29raise
44:31[Music]
44:34even hunt and kill
44:39[Music]
44:43animal evolution has taken many roads on
44:47planet earth perhaps we shouldn't ask
44:53which road is best but how each leads to
44:56a unique approach to life
45:02after all these are wonderful creations
45:07animals radically different from us but
45:10no less successful at surviving
45:13[Music]
45:17the kind of nerves teach us that you
45:19don't need eyes
45:25you don't need ears
45:29[Music]
45:31you don't need to be able to run fast to
45:33be a successful organism you don't even
45:37need a brain it is the survivors who
45:43write evolutions history into fashion
45:45its future
45:50[Music]
45:56no matter what lifestyle it has adopted
45:59every animal is uniquely designed to win
46:02at the game of survival
46:08every creature alive today regardless of
46:12whether it's a jellyfish
46:15see star
46:18[Music]
46:20insect
46:23or vertebrate each in its own right is
46:27one of life's ultimate survivors
46:36[Music]

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