ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL ESPAÑOL O CASTELLANO — Transcript

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1. 0:06Today we will learn about the origin
2. 0:08and evolution of Spanish or Castilian.
3. 0:12The Spanish language, also known as
4. 0:14Castilian, is the second most spoken
5. 0:16language in the world by native
6. 0:18speakers, following Mandarin Chinese.
7. 0:21Approximately 592 million people speak
8. 0:24it, and it is considered the third
9. 0:27language in international communication
10. 0:30after English and French. It is a
11. 0:33Romance language, meaning it is an
12. 0:35Indo-European branch of closely related
13. 0:38languages that evolved from Vulgar
14. 0:40Latin, the language spoken by common
15. 0:42people in Roman provinces. The most
16. 0:46well-known Romance languages are
17. 0:49Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian,
18. 0:52Romanian, and Catalan. But how exactly
19. 0:56did Spanish emerge? To delve into this
20. 0:59fascinating world of our language's
21. 1:02origin, we must go back to the peoples
22. 1:04who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula
23. 1:07before the arrival of the Romans, that
24. 1:09is, before the third century BC. This
25. 1:12stage is known as the pre-Roman era.
26. 1:15During this stage, the Iberian
27. 1:17Peninsula was inhabited by numerous
28. 1:19peoples who had different languages and
29. 1:21cultures. Around the 6th century BC,
30. 1:24the Iberians began to mix with other
31. 1:27peoples such as the Celts, Tartessians,
32. 1:30Turdetani, Phoenicians, and even the
33. 1:33Greeks. The above made it difficult to
34. 1:36mark the boundary between what was
35. 1:38properly indigenous and what came from
36. 1:40foreign peoples. From these languages,
37. 1:44known as substrate languages, words
38. 1:47remained in our language, for example,
39. 1:49from Greek come words like skeleton,
40. 1:52banana, mathematics, or athlete. From
41. 1:56Celtic, we have words like beer and
42. 1:58salmon. From Catalan, "drunk" and "
43. 2:02canteen." And so, we have many words in
44. 2:05our language that come from other
45. 2:07tongues. When the Romans arrived to
46. 2:11conquer Hispania, which was the name by
47. 2:13which the Iberian Peninsula was known,
48. 2:16in 218 BC, the languages of these
49. 2:18peoples disappeared, with the exception
50. 2:21of Basque. This language still persists
51. 2:24and is believed to be the oldest on the
52. 2:26peninsula. The power of the Roman
53. 2:29Empire was felt in different parts of
54. 2:31Europe and Africa, which along with its
55. 2:34government and powerful culture,
56. 2:35brought its language, Latin, to all
57. 2:37dominated regions. Romanization was a
58. 2:41process of adaptation to the customs,
59. 2:43lifestyles, and also the language of
60. 2:45the invaders with the incorporation of
61. 2:47Latin. Not the classical Latin of
62. 2:50educated people, but the vulgar one
63. 2:52spoken by soldiers, merchants, and the
64. 2:55popular classes. Over time, each of the
65. 2:58peoples conquered by Rome transformed
66. 3:01Latin with their own linguistic
67. 3:03contributions, giving rise to dialects
68. 3:05that were not strictly Latin and would
69. 3:07become the basis for various future
70. 3:10languages known as Romance languages.
71. 3:13It is estimated that 80%of the words in
72. 3:16the Spanish language come from Latin.
73. 3:18Similarly, its syntactic and
74. 3:20morphological structures are also the
75. 3:22basis of our language. Let’s look at
76. 3:25some examples taken from Latin. Science
77. 3:29, count, writing, example, night. With
78. 3:35the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th
79. 3:38century AD, the so-called barbarian or
80. 3:40Germanic peoples, including the Suebi,
81. 3:43Vandals, Alans, and Visigoths, invaded
82. 3:46the peninsula for over two centuries.
83. 3:50Words incorporated into Latin from this
84. 3:53invasion are called Germanicisms, and
85. 3:55many are still used today, such as war,
86. 3:58wealth, to rob, towel, or clothing. In
87. 4:04the year 711 AD, Arab peoples crossed
88. 4:06the Strait of Gibraltar and came to
89. 4:09occupy almost the entire peninsula,
90. 4:11causing the collapse of the Visigothic
91. 4:14or barbarian kingdom. With this Muslim
92. 4:18invasion, which lasted over 700 years,
93. 4:21Spain was politically divided into two:
94. 4:23the south, dominated by the Arabs with
95. 4:26a dialect called Mozarabic, and the
96. 4:29north, Christian Spain, which preserved
97. 4:31the evolving Romance dialects. From
98. 4:36Mozarabic, more than 4,000 terms
99. 4:38remained in Castilian, for example,
100. 4:41carpet, pillow, masonry, cheese bread,
101. 4:44lemon, or carrot. On the other hand,
102. 4:49Christian Spain in the north would give
103. 4:51rise to Romance forms like Catalan,
104. 4:54Asturian, Aragonese, Galician, and
105. 4:56naturally Castilian, which owes its
106. 4:58name to its origin in the medieval
107. 5:01County of Castile. In the 13th century,
108. 5:05King Alfonso X, the Wise, standardized
109. 5:07the Spanish language based on the
110. 5:09Castilian dialect and founded schools
111. 5:11for researchers and translators. During
112. 5:15this century, one of the first written
113. 5:17manifestations in Castilian emerged,
114. 5:19the Cantar de Mio Cid. In 1492, the
115. 5:22union of the Catholic Monarchs
116. 5:24succeeded in permanently expelling the
117. 5:27Arabs, making Castilian the official
118. 5:30language throughout Spain. Just as
119. 5:33Latin reached the Iberian Peninsula
120. 5:35through conquest, the same happened
121. 5:37with the arrival of Castilian in
122. 5:39America. Castilian mixed with the
123. 5:42native substrate languages of each
124. 5:43American region, and new words were
125. 5:45incorporated into the language. For
126. 5:48example, from Nahuatl, words like
127. 5:51chocolate, avocado, or tomato were
128. 5:53incorporated; from Mayan, words like
129. 5:56cigar or patatú; from Quechua, condor
130. 5:59or potato. The evolution of Castilian
131. 6:03continues with the influence of various
132. 6:06factors like migration, media, science,
133. 6:09and technology. which day by day need
134. 6:11to coin new terms. Some examples of
135. 6:15linguistic mixing in Castilian are
136. 6:17Italianisms, such as piano, ruckus, or
137. 6:20to attack. Gallicisms, words of French
138. 6:25origin like garage, pants, or trunk;
139. 6:28Anglicisms, words of English origin
140. 6:31like soccer, sandwich, or jeans; and
141. 6:34neologisms, which are new words like
142. 6:36chatting, internet, or hacking. If you
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