O que você quer ser quando crescer? Um documentário sobre o trabalho informal em Ouro Preto — Transcript

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1. 0:40So, what will you be when you grow up? When I was a kid I wanted to be a writer, photographer
2. 0:52or journalist. Today I grew up, I'm studying at the Federal University of Ouro Preto and I live
3. 0:58in one of the most beautiful cities in Brazil. Ouro Preto is the cradle of the history of the state and the country.
4. 1:04A place that is the stage for politics and national culture that houses students and artists
5. 1:09of the most varied styles, and is still lucky enough to be surrounded by beautiful mountains, rivers
6. 1:14and waterfalls. But despite that, I still don't really know what I want to be, so I decided to
7. 1:19think about it and started to discover some very interesting things.
8. 1:51The first thing I understood is that the economically active population is formed by
9. 1:59busy workers who are those who work, but also by workers who do not
10. 2:03work but are looking for a job. Today, more or less 20% of the
11. 2:09employed population is in the primary sector, which is the agricultural sector, extraction of raw materials
12. 2:14such as ore and oil. 20% in the secondary sector, which is the transformation industries of
13. 2:20the most diverse branches and 60% is in the tertiary sector, which is the services and
14. 2:27commerce sector. I found out that the IBGE conducts a monthly survey on employment data called the
15. 2:34National Survey by Household Sample "PNAD" and the most recent report for the first half of
16. 2:412021 shows that we had an increase in the informality of the population over used by unemployment and
17. 2:48discouragement, who are those people who have given up looking for a job. Today we have 14.8 million unemployed
18. 2:54people alone, the discouraged are more than 6 million. I was quite surprised to
19. 3:01discover that of the 86.7 million employed people in Brazil, 34.7 million are
20. 3:08informal workers, who are those without a formal contract or CNPJ, people who work on their own
21. 3:14or helping their families, are artisans, street vendors, day laborers , Uber drivers,
22. 3:21app delivery people. This means that 40% of the employed population is 'freelancing' an
23. 3:27extra, a skateboard, a branch, a hook. If I add informal workers with underused workers, which
24. 3:34is a category that groups the unemployed, those who work less than 40 hours a week, those who
25. 3:40would like to work but who for some reason have not filled the vacancies, I arrive at an incredible
26. 3:4567.6 million Brazilian workers in these conditions. What's the chance of me
27. 3:52being in that group? I don't know exactly, but I know it's big. So, I decided to better understand what
28. 3:59informal work is in Ouro Preto, the city I chose to live in, and I went to talk to some people.
29. 4:13I started playing the piano from a young age, I started studying piano very young
30. 4:20, right, a little child like that at the age of five for my first lesson, then I
31. 4:27was taking lessons until I saw that she was one of the only people I
32. 4:33knew who I had already taken piano and keyboard lessons and ended up becoming a professional.
33. 4:46My name is Alexandre, I'm a pianist here at Café Gerais do Escadabaixo. I'm 27 years old, I started
34. 5:02when I was five, so it's been 22 years since I started studying. Here at the restaurant I play
35. 5:11on a weekend, I play for about three hours or so. I don't have a
36. 5:19work card nor do I intend to, to be honest. Because I like this freedom, being able to
37. 5:29work the way I want at the moments I want, I have this flexibility, there's
38. 5:35this side for me that is very good. Apart from a few days that sometimes I can't change
39. 5:40not only because of the pandemic, but sometimes it doesn't open, sometimes the restaurant doesn't open.
40. 5:48Yesterday, for example, there was no water in the region, so I couldn't work. I didn't
41. 5:53get paid, I didn't work, when I don't work I don't get paid, because there's this informality thing right.
42. 6:27I've always been drawing, drawing and stuff, ever since I was a kid. And then, as I started little by little with some
43. 6:34friends, tattooing friends, some relatives, I myself have already tattooed myself, exchanging jobs
44. 6:42with friends who were already in the business, and then I think it was gradually flowing and rolling, you know?
45. 6:59My name is Bruno Roberto Garcia, I'm 29 years old and I'm from Ribeirão Preto
46. 7:07, São Paulo, it's where I started my career as a tattoo artist and in 2015
47. 7:14I left a job I had that was a locksmith and migrated to total tattooing.
48. 7:20Manage all the materials you spend from plastic to wrap, paper
49. 7:26towel, a product, garbage bag, disposal of needles, needles and disposable nozzles that I
50. 7:33prefer to work with disposables, machine, maintenance, fountain, pedal, the cost is.. There 's
51. 7:41all this investment and there's more to the artist's trajectory, the final price also ends up high.
52. 8:15So the importance is simply to pass on to the visitor both the
53. 8:22oral and written history of our people, especially the black people who lived here in Ouro Preto,
54. 8:28who were enslaved here in Ouro Preto in the 18th century
55. 8:33. tourist comes to Ouro Preto without a guide and goes unnoticed in many details
56. 8:38in churches, chapels, museums, you know? So the idea was to show the best for
57. 8:44tourists, so they can take the best of Ouro Preto's history and share it with people and
58. 8:50publicize our city. Because naturally it also impacts our work positively.
59. 9:06My name is Evaldo de Oliveira, better known as Dinho, I'm a tour guide and street artist from Ouro Preto.
60. 9:12There is money taking music and making people's lives happy. As we work in the
61. 9:20informal part of tourism, so sometimes the tourist requires a tour guide credential
62. 9:28or requires a uniform. And the Association of Tour Guides, they do not provide us with a
63. 9:36uniform, so that we have more visibility in this area in this matter of tourism.
64. 10:28I have always loved to sew. So I don't embroider..
65. 10:35I like to get what I like to do and I really like to sew so..
66. 10:40My mother always used to sew when she had time off. Then she would go to work and we
67. 10:46would stay there hitting her machine. So I always enjoyed doing it. And there was a time in my
68. 10:54life when I worked with a family in Belo Horizonte, so I took a
69. 10:59sewing course. So when came the way to work with sewing. It's all I like, so I jumped in.
70. 11:08For me, crafts are therapy, you know...
71. 11:15In addition to helping. Having our income is therapy, because in crafts you arrive, sometimes you have the problem and you forget
72. 11:28So that sometimes helps a lot, because people sometimes say, I have depression, I think that if it is
73. 11:35in a group, which is able to talk, to vent, this helps a lot, so besides it
74. 11:43being my livelihood, it's still therapy. My name is Lúcia and I've been here since 2005, since 2004.
75. 11:53But we set up the association in 2005, so I've always been part of agriculture and handicrafts.
76. 12:02Today we have instagram, but to say that we sold, we still haven't been able to sell. Behind a
77. 12:14big person, sometimes we don't show up much. She put "Maciel's artisans" there, but for
78. 12:23those who are there in São Paulo, they don't even know where Maciel is. Since we don't even have a map.
79. 13:02The work here is very heavy, it is very manual, but I work as something
80. 13:13I like, so every day I come there I have the productions, I only work on order or
81. 13:21when I try to invent a new piece based on something, I do some research and try to create
82. 13:30new pieces and I work with my partner Felipe. We work together for three years, we
83. 13:36had never worked with this before, and we started working on our own, not
84. 13:44knowing how to do anything. My name is Gustavo I am from Ouro Preto, even from Cachoeira do Campo
85. 13:51and I am 27 years old and I have been working with soapstone crafts for three years. If I take a
86. 13:58weight of a piece like this one, if I take a weight of a stone that I spend doing this here,
87. 14:03it will come out with a very low value for me. But until I transform this here, it
88. 14:09is in the middle of the way that I have my expenses, understand? Because I'm going to spend sandpaper, I'm going
89. 14:14to spend resin, I'm going to spend servo, spend disk, then my biggest expense is neither on
90. 14:21the raw material nor on the raw material, my biggest expense is on tools, which I need to use on a daily basis -day.
91. 14:27There's sandpaper, tools, oil, lathe, then everything is worn out and when
92. 14:38you least expect it, it also spoils and you have to fix it, because the dust, right? It goes like this,
93. 14:46even industrial tools can't withstand much 'jerk' because the job is very heavy and is very strong.
94. 14:54and there is no way to escape the dust in here, even with a mask on, when you take off the mask, whether you like it or not, you will
95. 15:01be in contact with this dust in one way or another. It dries out the skin, the hair, because of the dust.
96. 16:25Good evening
97. 17:07During the day I get union service from 12pm to 6pm. Then I leave the union, I go straight to the Satellite
98. 17:15, I work from 6pm to 1am. We are trying to create some association
99. 17:24, starting with the motoboys and then adding more people to reach the union level.
100. 17:32From the moment we have an association, it starts to show the population that you
101. 17:36are organized, you know? So a class that is organized, whether it wants to or not, imposes itself more
102. 17:42respect. And from the moment we create an association, we will have a president who
103. 17:46will be able to speak well of our name. So we can request a Tribune in the Chamber, for example, we
104. 17:53can help the councilors to really listen to us, we are passing our demands to a councilor.
105. 18:00So from the moment you created an association that you organized it is different. We can,
106. 18:05I don't even know if it's the case, consider a seat, for example, in the Municipal Transport Council.
107. 18:11My name is Marco Aurélio, he's 40 years old, he's been a motorcycle courier for 18 years and I've been working
108. 18:18for the municipal government of Ouro Preto for 10 years.
109. 18:24Today, in addition to being a motoboy, I'm in the municipal civil servants ' union and another important step, let's say it, began to process
110. 18:32the law again to regulate the service of Ouro Preto, but it's not a time like this, in my point of
111. 18:40view it would be time now to do it, because for us to regulate, to run everything correctly, motoboy has
112. 18:46to spend in the phase of 1000 to 1200 reais for everything within the law, government contract motoboy course has
113. 18:52to be done, which for me unfortunately is just to take people's money, because you don't learn anything
114. 18:57different than when you get your driver's license and outside the safety equipment
115. 19:03that killed the dog, kite-cut antenna. Another requirement that I don't know why is that we
116. 19:09wear a reflective vest. That the legend of the helmet already has the obligation of easy reflective, the bike has to be
117. 19:16riding with all the lights working, electrical part working, so why am I
118. 19:21going to wear a reflective vest? So, there are a lot of bureaucracies and in a way they don't add
119. 19:28much to our day-to-day profession. You have motorcycle maintenance, if you have fuel,
120. 19:32everything is on behalf of the motoboy. Tire of my motorcycle that I bought a year ago for 250 reais,
121. 19:39260 reais, first-class tire today I will pay 380, almost 400 reais is almost double, so the cost
122. 19:48has increased a lot and the daily rate did not follow these costs . Gasoline a year ago was 3.20 today it is
123. 19:556 reais. So everything increased a lot, we had a much higher cost and our daily rate did not
124. 20:03follow these increases that we will have. The testimony of these workers led me
125. 20:08to see some things, the first of which is that this reality in Ouro Preto is also the reality in
126. 20:15Brazil. I noticed that the number of formal contracts in our country is the lowest since 2012 and the
127. 20:22Brazilian worker receives on average less than a thousand reais per month. I realized that Brazilian families are
128. 20:30super indebted and with the high inflation they are also going hungry and I realized that the social inequality
129. 20:37that has always been a mark in our country has gotten worse and worse. The pandemic caused
130. 20:44by covid-19 only exacerbated what already existed: the least protected working class is the one that is
131. 20:52dying the most. While the rich concentrate their income even more during this period.
132. 20:57Although it was not the pandemic that caused this tragedy in the world of work, it because naked, it unveiled,
133. 21:08it laid bare, the way in which capitalism was already, so to speak, developing a form
134. 21:19of work pushing the working class, that is, a lively work for flexibility,
135. 21:27outsourcing and more markedly in this period informality and intermittency.
136. 21:35Before the pandemic, we already had a full schedule, we had a show closed until the end of the year,
137. 21:45and that was my main source of income. Then, with the pandemic, everything became very difficult, because
138. 21:51who would say that making music was dangerous for people's health.
139. 21:57Then I had to move out of town because all the clients canceled. During the pandemic, this period from the
140. 22:05first week of April to December, I worked with residential painting in this interior city.
141. 22:12In this pandemic, many Americans, French people came here, every week I guided foreigners
142. 22:20and during the pandemic it was very complicated for us, right, because the only way we have to
143. 22:29make money is tourism, right. So, both in my artistic and in the professional guide part, these two means
144. 22:36depend on tourism. So, as tourism reached zero during the pandemic, it affected us like this...
145. 22:42drastically, it caused anxiety and despair in those of us who work as self-employed.
146. 22:47After the pandemic came on, it was difficult because then we didn't have sales anymore, because we
147. 22:59also expose in the house to buy every weekend. Yesterday, a space was also closed,
148. 23:05because it could not be open to the public, so we didn't sell for about a year.
149. 23:13We couldn't sell, we couldn't do anything.
150. 23:19We cut everyone and closed the doors. We stayed for 3 months. Then we decided to go back, then for a while while we were helping, the normal piece was coming out,
151. 23:32but then it started to get a little stuck again, attacked, then we turned our focus completely to the internet.
152. 23:40The quantity has increased a lot, it has increased so much in the trade that I work so much in
153. 23:45the number of trades that it started working only with delivery, because as it was not being able
154. 23:50to open the doors, it started to work with delivery and in return it brought many people
155. 23:57who had never worked from motoboy who unfortunately, unemployed, on a motorcycle inside the house, the guy said:
156. 24:04I'm going to work as a motoboy and he's working with us.
157. 24:08During the pandemic I found out I was going to be a father there. My daughter was about to be born and then I got desperate, because we're going to 'talk', right? 600 R$ is not enough to do almost anything.
158. 24:20We were very scared, because I live with my family
159. 24:23and my partner also lives with his family, so the first thing we did was cut everyone off
160. 24:28because we didn't know if they were taking care of themselves like us, you know? And then out of nowhere we both
161. 24:36got covid and we're working here wearing a mask, putting alcohol gel here, we're cool,
162. 24:42just in ours, but we just had to have contact with the customers who came to pick up, so
163. 24:47whether or not no we took it, we stayed at home for a while. We took it at the same time, thank God we
164. 24:53didn't pass it on to anyone, neither my relatives nor his, then we got better. We came back, and what
165. 25:00changed was this relationship of not being able to receive many people here, not being able to have
166. 25:08more people, being afraid of what will happen tomorrow, you know? If I can't make an account here
167. 25:14today because I don't know if I'll go tomorrow, I'll have a sale, I don't know if there'll be anything tomorrow, it's complicated
168. 25:21And the government doesn't say anything, you don't have any support, right, like Ouro Preto Prefecture
169. 25:28did not take any action for either microentrepreneurs or informal people, it did not take action for anyone
170. 25:37During the pandemic, I asked everyone to stay at home, I agree with everything,
171. 25:43let's use delivery, let's use delivery, but nobody talked about vaccination with the motoboy, for example.
172. 25:47I answer, I spend, for example, one day, a weekend for example, I used to make 45 deliveries,
173. 25:55so there are 45 residences. Only I had direct contact, what about my security? There isn't, so the class of motoboys
174. 26:05of everything that is done for us, never talked to us. Someone from up there who sometimes
175. 26:12never rode a motorcycle decides to make the bill, and 'ah I'm going to benefit motoboy' but what benefits
176. 26:18they haven't done until today. We don't receive a mask there, for example,
177. 26:24those who use it have to buy it out of their own pocket, you know. Alcohol, if we want it, we carry it, we
178. 26:29buy it out of our own pocket. Then you arrive at the residence, there are people who attend to us without a mask,
179. 26:34there are some who think it is absurd that we are wearing a mask, which most of these denialists there, you understand.
180. 26:39I answered, I went to the inn and the guy laughed at me 'does he wear a muzzle too?'
181. 26:46Did you understand? So you see the level that we practically don't exist.
182. 26:51I began to understand that difficulties are pervasive in informal work and that the decisions for these
183. 26:59difficulties to remain or even increase are political. There is a logic behind it,
184. 27:06if there are millions of unemployed and a few thousand jobs without any rights or guarantees,
185. 27:11these unemployed will not think it bad when they get a job without any support, in
186. 27:17fact they may even think it's good. And this is called the precariousness of work or the withdrawal of any
187. 27:25protection from the worker. Precariousness is a political decision and in practice it means that
188. 27:32the worker not only has no rights, but has to bear all the costs and risks of their
189. 27:38production, and this is clear for the Uber driver and the iFood delivery man, but it also applies to
190. 27:44the artisan, the motoboy, the musician, the tattoo artist and the tourist guide of Ouro Preto and that also applies to me.
191. 27:54No one, absolutely no one individually has the best recipes for the reforms that
192. 28:06we need to carry out, but I want to make an observation that none
193. 28:14of these reforms will alter the rights acquired by Brazilian citizens.
194. 28:27The working people will have to decide less rights and employment or all rights and unemployment.
195. 28:38In the purchase of small family farming, all this, support both ends and for
196. 28:47that it is necessary to have cheap labor Brazil has a weapon of mass destruction of black people are
197. 28:53the social and labor charges. My head was exploding. I was thinking, if precariousness
198. 28:59is reaching all types of work, what can we do? And how can the people, the university,
199. 29:06the public power react? How can we resist this process? That's when I discovered
200. 29:13one more thing that the first form of resistance is the incredible result of the work of these people
201. 29:18making a tattoo or music that pleases the customer's ears, producing art with stone
202. 29:25or fabric and having a good relationship with the one who receives it. the product or service, despite all the difficulties
203. 29:31is paramount for these workers. I understood that producing with quality means resisting precariousness.
204. 31:07And I also realized that despite political and social forces
205. 31:12often play against, at work they meet, support each other, and together they create forces
206. 31:19to fight. And that, regardless of anything, the collective dimension will always be present, whether in
207. 31:25the form of cooperative networks or in the form of resistance. And finally, I understood that producing
208. 31:32with quality and helping each other is not enough to resist precariousness, if
209. 31:38we want to have a genuinely qualified work protected, we need
210. 31:43the university, the government and society as a whole to play a role central to this process.
211. 31:52It's like I said, we don't have any visibility in the public power, neither from the camera nor from the
212. 31:58city hall, no visibility at all. When you have a government that supports you more, it opens more doors,
213. 32:07opens more paths. Then, when it's the most closed, sometimes the craftsmanship is not valued so much, they disclose
214. 32:15numbers, so we don't even know about the fairs that happen.
215. 32:19About investing more in events there, right, because Ouro Preto sometimes gets very still, tourists come here with some expectations at the end
216. 32:26of the year and there's nothing in the city. Hold an auction, hold a fair, create a movement, you know, give value
217. 32:33to the culture of the place. The culture of sculpting in stone came to Ouro Preto since
218. 32:41Ouro Preto appeared. Ouro Preto was founded on that, and that cannot die. We are new and we are
219. 32:50working with it because we like it, but with each passing day,
220. 32:55the number of people interested in working with it is decreasing, and if there is no movement in the culture, the culture will die. .
221. 33:01Very important, any public body, as long as it publicizes our work
222. 33:09, that the public power has much more strength than we do in rural areas, right, so everything
223. 33:16that comes from a site in Ouro Preto, the site in Ouro Preto it is very visited, so there is much more
224. 33:24possibility for our work to be publicized.
225. 33:26For example, there are many motoboys who like to practice whellie, which is to cram a motorcycle with these things. Asking guys to go outside is wrong.
226. 33:37Of course, I'm not saying that he has to do it, but Ouro Preto is full of idle space,
227. 33:42why don't you free up the space for the boys? Why not release, for example, the parking lot of the
228. 33:47old fabric factory? Until the event has been linked to the sport, everyone has money that is
229. 33:55very sure there was no accident, no one was injured. Why not free up the space for the boys too.
230. 34:00There are also fairs, those little shops they are intended for artisans from Cachoeira do Campo and region.
231. 34:06However, craftsman from Cachoeira do Campo and region I know has a store.
232. 34:15And the space that was to be used by artisans from Cachoeira do Campo and region is being used
233. 34:21by people who are not even from here, who are not artisans, who buy in our hands and just
234. 34:28want to pay less and more, you know? That's why the internet was also good, in the pandemic
235. 34:32in this case it was good for us, because it made us realize that our merchandise has value.
236. 34:38A piece that we used to sell here for 50 reais, we sell it on the internet for 300.
237. 34:43Everything we need to promote, right, we need support, we need people to go out and get it.
238. 34:53Also provide a language course, you know. Because I see that the percentage of foreigners
239. 35:02here in Ouro Preto is very high. Ouro Preto is a UNESCO world heritage site and Ouro Preto is
240. 35:08also widely publicized in Paris, France, where UNESCO is headquartered. So if the University can give the
241. 35:14support to make autonomous days bilingual. Will be very good.
242. 35:20The center of Ouro Preto is very popular. So if we could have an exhibition in the center of Ouro Preto at least
243. 35:30twice a year, that would help a lot of people, but with the support of the University, with the support of the city hall, the website.
244. 35:40Ouro Preto website. Anything you can share with us will help a lot.
245. 35:46UFOP has to remake awareness-raising work that continues the Republic parties, continues, for example I could
246. 35:53be a guy like that, let's say, more preachy in Portuguese, every time she answered the republic call
247. 36:00her there's a party in that republic , ta having a party in such a republic. No! Because there's no use
248. 36:05in the inspection, go there and the party will continue. So I think it's more of an awareness-raising work.
249. 36:11The university and the city hall, the Association, everyone, had to be doing projects directly, like,
250. 36:17There is an association in Cachoeira, there is an association in Ouro Preto, the university can
251. 36:24provide research funding, promotion of countless things, dissemination, it has the University may be
252. 36:31getting into many ways to be involved. There are already projects in the area, the university
253. 36:39already plays an important part, but it could be more there, but the university
254. 36:45depends on who is there too, so it is a gradual process.
255. 36:51As a child I knew what I wanted to be when I grew up; I wanted to be a writer, photographer or journalist. I think it's because
256. 37:00I've always liked picture romance and talking to people, but today. Today I confess that I'm not
257. 37:07sure if any of these professions are really mine. Well, maybe at this point
258. 37:13you're wondering who I am. After doing this research and talking to Bruno, Alexandre
259. 37:20a Lúcia, Marco Aurélio, Gustavo and several other Ouro Preto Workers I think it
260. 37:27's time for me to introduce myself. I am the voice of millions of people in Brazil looking for a job.
261. 37:33A job that gives me decent economic and social conditions for my personal development
262. 37:39and so that I can help in the development of society. I am the voice of millions of young people
263. 37:45who are entering the market and looking for a more just society in which the precariousness
264. 37:50of work and life is not a political decision, that's what I am. That's why
265. 37:55I will fight. Now it's your turn to introduce yourself. Is that you? What do you want to be when you grow up?