Network Control — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:04Hi. Hello.
2. 0:06On this video,
3. 0:08we'll be talking about network control.
4. 0:11So, from the last video that we
5. 0:12discussed,
6. 0:14so we covered network monitoring.
7. 0:17So, network management is one of the
8. 0:19task of a system administrator.
9. 0:23And we could say that network management
10. 0:25is
11. 0:27a product
12. 0:29of network monitoring
13. 0:32and network control.
14. 0:34All right. So, let's get started.
15. 0:39Now, for the topic outline on this
16. 0:40video, this includes the introduction
17. 0:43about network control,
18. 0:45configuration control,
19. 0:47and security control.
20. 0:53Okay. So, let us start with definition
21. 0:56of
22. 0:58network control.
23. 0:59So, basically, network control is
24. 1:01concerned with modifying parameters
25. 1:05in and causing actions to be taken by
26. 1:07the end systems, intermediate systems,
27. 1:10and sub-networks that made up the
28. 1:11network to be managed.
29. 1:13So, when we talked about end systems, so
30. 1:16from the previous discussion, this
31. 1:18covers computers, servers,
32. 1:21fax machines. Okay, so voice over IP,
33. 1:23these are the end systems.
34. 1:26Intermediate systems, this includes
35. 1:27routers, switches, bridges,
36. 1:29all right, firewalls, and the subnets,
37. 1:32which includes
38. 1:33VLANs.
39. 1:35Okay?
40. 1:36So, basically, network control is for
41. 1:40the modification of parameters, and that
42. 1:42modification would lead or cause an
43. 1:44action.
44. 1:45Okay? So, if you still remember, network
45. 1:48monitoring is concerned more on
46. 1:50observing and analyzing the status
47. 1:53and behavior
48. 1:55of the end systems, intermediate
49. 1:57systems, and subnets.
50. 1:59Okay? So, network monitoring is more on
51. 2:03fault, performance, and accounting.
52. 2:06Whereas on network control,
53. 2:09so this is more concerned with
54. 2:11configuration and security.
55. 2:15All right?
56. 2:16So, all five functional areas of network
57. 2:18management involved monitoring and
58. 2:21control. So, but configuration and
59. 2:23security are more concerned with
60. 2:26control.
61. 2:27All right?
62. 2:29Now, what are the issues in network
63. 2:31control?
64. 2:33So, first, what do we want to control?
65. 2:36Okay? So, as administrator, what to
66. 2:38control on the network?
67. 2:40So, define what is to be controlled. So,
68. 2:42definitely, we want to control the usage
69. 2:45of the resources.
70. 2:47All right? So, the the access of the end
71. 2:48users. So, those are just some of the
72. 2:51examples that needs to be controlled.
73. 2:54Okay?
74. 2:55And how do we control it?
75. 2:57So, basically,
76. 2:59we are using
77. 3:01the network management tool, or shall we
78. 3:04say administrative tool, okay? So, in in
79. 3:07Windows domain,
80. 3:09to control
81. 3:10the actions, okay? Or to control the
82. 3:12access of the end users, and to control
83. 3:15the uses of the resources.
84. 3:18So, basically, we are using an
85. 3:19application to do this.
86. 3:22All right?
87. 3:24Next, let's talk let's talk about
88. 3:26configuration management.
89. 3:28So, define configuration information,
90. 3:31configuration monitoring.
91. 3:33Okay? So, this includes examining the
92. 3:35values and relationships.
93. 3:37Report on configuration status.
94. 3:41Third is configuration control. So, may
95. 3:43be required as a result of monitoring or
96. 3:46event reports.
97. 3:49Okay? So, this includes initialization
98. 3:52and termination of network operations.
99. 3:55So, this is happening during the
100. 3:56maintenance wherein
101. 3:58the administrator has to stop.
102. 4:00Okay, so the operation of the
103. 4:02infrastructure
104. 4:03so that we could perform some sort of
105. 4:06configurations or fine-tuning of the
106. 4:07network.
107. 4:09Okay? So, this includes initialization
108. 4:12and termination of the network
109. 4:14operations, but this should be done
110. 4:17during a long break. Okay, so that we
111. 4:20have to ensure
112. 4:21that this will not hamper the operation
113. 4:23of the organization.
114. 4:25All right, so usually this is being
115. 4:27performed during Holy Week.
116. 4:28All right.
117. 4:30Next is also under configuration
118. 4:33control, we set and modify attribute
119. 4:35values. So, we will talking about this
120. 4:37uh attribute values on the next slide.
121. 4:41Define and modify the relationship.
122. 4:43Okay?
123. 4:44Also, we're going to cover this
124. 4:46on the next slide.
125. 4:48Define configuration information.
126. 4:53So, this includes the nature and status
127. 4:55of the managed resources.
128. 4:58Okay, so again we say managed resources,
129. 5:00this are the MOs or the managed object.
130. 5:03Okay? So, specification and attributes
131. 5:06of the resources.
132. 5:09It also includes network resources. So,
133. 5:12this can be classified as physical
134. 5:15resource
135. 5:16or logical resources.
136. 5:18Okay?
137. 5:19So, under physical resources, so this
138. 5:21includes the end systems
139. 5:23intermediary which includes routers
140. 5:26bridges, switches, modems, etc.
141. 5:29Okay?
142. 5:30So, for the logical resources
143. 5:32this covers TCP connections, timers,
144. 5:35counters, virtual circuits, and so on.
145. 5:39Okay?
146. 5:41Also, under defining the configuration
147. 5:43information is attributes. Okay? So,
148. 5:46attributes includes names,
149. 5:49address, ID numbers, states, operational
150. 5:52characteristics, number of connections,
151. 5:55etc. So, we're we're talking about the
152. 5:57router names,
153. 5:58the IP addresses assigned to each
154. 6:00interfaces, the router ID used by the
155. 6:02protocols, and so on. So, those are
156. 6:05attributes.
157. 6:06Okay?
158. 6:07So, control functions should be able to
159. 6:10define new classes and attributes. So,
160. 6:12mostly, this should be done offline.
161. 6:16All right? So, in every configuration,
162. 6:19so we do not do this during the
163. 6:21operation of the infrastructure. Okay?
164. 6:24Or, we do not define
165. 6:27any configuration. Okay? So, on the
166. 6:30production area. So, usually, we do it
167. 6:33on our simulation network.
168. 6:36Okay? So, don't ever perform any
169. 6:39configurations on the production or live
170. 6:42network.
171. 6:43All right?
172. 6:45Next is define the type and range of the
173. 6:48attribute values.
174. 6:50Okay? So, that's under control
175. 6:51functions.
176. 6:55Okay? So, set and modify attribute
177. 6:57values. So, when requesting agents to
178. 6:59perform set and modify, the manager must
179. 7:03be authorized. Okay? So, in a network
180. 7:06environment, Okay? So, every access of
181. 7:10an individual
182. 7:11should have a different level. Okay? So,
183. 7:14the administrators basically has the
184. 7:16full access. Okay? So, if you are a
185. 7:18junior engineer, you you'll have
186. 7:20different level of access.
187. 7:22Okay? So, if you are the network
188. 7:25engineer, you'll have different access.
189. 7:28Okay? So, whenever you are requesting
190. 7:31agents to perform
191. 7:33any set or modify values, [music]
192. 7:35okay? So, the manager the manager must
193. 7:37be authorized to first. All right? So,
194. 7:40sort of that
195. 7:42is not within my level.
196. 7:45So, I need to obtain that authorization
197. 7:47so that I may be able to perform.
198. 7:51Okay, such set and modify.
199. 7:54Okay?
200. 7:55So, there is a corresponding level.
201. 7:58Okay, so for every
202. 8:00uh position in the organization.
203. 8:03All right?
204. 8:04Next. So, some attributes cannot be
205. 8:07modified like the number of physical
206. 8:09ports. So, you need to do some
207. 8:11uh changes, okay, physically.
208. 8:15Okay, and definitely
209. 8:18every access to the network
210. 8:20infrastructure components should be
211. 8:22restricted, especially if you are not
212. 8:24part of the authorization,
213. 8:27okay, or if you're not authorized to do
214. 8:29it.
215. 8:30All right?
216. 8:32Next would be modification categories.
217. 8:36So, under modification categories, so
218. 8:37it's either you update the MIB, okay, or
219. 8:40MIB update only does not require the
220. 8:43agent to perform any other action.
221. 8:46So, update of static configuration
222. 8:48information,
223. 8:49that's example of the MIB updates only.
224. 8:52Okay? Or it could be
225. 8:54an MIB update plus a resource
226. 8:56modification. So, this requires the
227. 8:58agent to to modify the resource itself.
228. 9:02So, something like changing the state of
229. 9:03the physical port to disabled.
230. 9:06Okay?
231. 9:07Next would be
232. 9:08MIB update plus action. So, perform
233. 9:11actions
234. 9:13as a side effect of set operation.
235. 9:16So, SNMP takes this approach.
236. 9:19So, we'll be talking about SNMP in the
237. 9:21succeeding video.
238. 9:26Okay.
239. 9:27So, next would be defining and modifying
240. 9:29the relationship.
241. 9:31Okay? So, this includes
242. 9:33the relationship describing an
243. 9:35association, connection, or condition
244. 9:39that exists between network resources.
245. 9:42All right? So, this includes topology.
246. 9:46So, when you say topology,
247. 9:48it's either physical or logical
248. 9:49topology. Okay? So, when you say
249. 9:52physical topology or physical network
250. 9:54topology,
251. 9:55this is the placement of various
252. 9:57components of a network
253. 9:59and the different connectors usu-
254. 10:01usually represent the physical network
255. 10:03cables
256. 10:04and the nodes. Okay? So, represents
257. 10:06usually the physical network devices
258. 10:08like switches.
259. 10:10Okay?
260. 10:11So, when you say logical network
261. 10:13topology, it illustrates at a higher
262. 10:15level how data flows within the network.
263. 10:19Okay? So, again, when we say topology,
264. 10:22we've talked about the physical or a
265. 10:24logical topology.
266. 10:26Okay, so next would be the hierarchy.
267. 10:29Okay?
268. 10:30So, take note that in a network, we have
269. 10:33what you call core, distribution,
270. 10:36and access.
271. 10:38It's an example of hierarchy on the
272. 10:39network.
273. 10:40Okay?
274. 10:41Or the use of the group policy objects
275. 10:44or GPO,
276. 10:46that is also in hierarchical form.
277. 10:49Okay? So, on the network,
278. 10:52we have this core, distribution, and
279. 10:54aggregation,
280. 10:55or access. So, I guess you still
281. 10:57remember this.
282. 10:58Okay? So, when you say core,
283. 11:01it is com- it composed of a high speed
284. 11:05switches.
285. 11:06Okay? So, with high resiliency and
286. 11:09usually routing and other high-level
287. 11:11functions.
288. 11:13Okay? So, your your
289. 11:16fast devices,
290. 11:18okay? Should be placed on the core
291. 11:21layer.
292. 11:22Okay?
293. 11:23Next would be the distribution or
294. 11:25aggregation. So, composed of high speed
295. 11:27switches with redundancy and
296. 11:29availability.
297. 11:31Okay? And the lowest is of course the
298. 11:34access. This is where the users are in.
299. 11:37Okay? So, it comprises of switches to
300. 11:39which the client devices are connected.
301. 11:41All right? So, on the core, we have the
302. 11:44resiliency.
303. 11:46On the distribution,
304. 11:47we have the redundancy and availability.
305. 11:51And on the access, that is where the
306. 11:52users are.
307. 11:55All right?
308. 11:57So, the next one would be containment.
309. 12:00So, containment, an example of this is
310. 12:02the organizational units.
311. 12:04Okay? So, in the active directory, one
312. 12:07of your experiment at the lab will be
313. 12:08dealing with
314. 12:10organizational units.
315. 12:12Okay?
316. 12:13And the last one would be
317. 12:17the management domain.
318. 12:20Okay? So, the management domain,
319. 12:22okay?
320. 12:24Is an active directory itself. Okay?
321. 12:27So,
322. 12:29that is where we manage the entire
323. 12:31network. That is where the systems
324. 12:34administrator performs its duties.
325. 12:38Okay? So, we've talked about physical
326. 12:40and logical connections already.
327. 12:43Okay? So, a configuration control should
328. 12:45allow online modification of resources
329. 12:48without taking all part of the network
330. 12:50down.
331. 12:51But, beware of providing an access
332. 12:55via online modifications. All right? So,
333. 12:58it should be equipped with proper
334. 13:02uh security configurations and
335. 13:04authorization, as always.
336. 13:06Okay?
337. 13:09All right? So, next is security
338. 13:11management. Okay? So, take note that
339. 13:13security management is part of the
340. 13:15FCAPS.
341. 13:17Okay?
342. 13:18So,
343. 13:20under security management, so what
344. 13:22should be secured in the network?
345. 13:25So, basically, if you're talking about
346. 13:27being a systems administrator or a
347. 13:30network administrator,
348. 13:31what should you secure in a network?
349. 13:35Okay?
350. 13:36So, we might consider ourselves as the
351. 13:39security guard of data or information.
352. 13:41And what do we need to secure?
353. 13:43First is information.
354. 13:45Right? So, we'll be talking about
355. 13:47information security.
356. 13:49You know, or infosec, okay? So,
357. 13:52information security primarily refers to
358. 13:55protecting the confidentiality,
359. 13:58all right,
360. 13:59integrity, and ability uh availability
361. 14:02of data.
362. 14:03So, no matter its form, information
363. 14:06security can just as easily be about
364. 14:10protecting a filing cabinet of important
365. 14:13documents
366. 14:14as it is about protecting your
367. 14:15organization's database.
368. 14:17So, that's information security.
369. 14:20This encompasses
370. 14:22almost all
371. 14:24or almost everything on the
372. 14:25infrastructure.
373. 14:27All right?
374. 14:28So, information security,
375. 14:31this is the protection of information
376. 14:33and information systems from
377. 14:35unauthorized access,
378. 14:38unauthorized use, disclosure,
379. 14:41disruption, modification, or destruction
380. 14:45in order to provide confidentiality,
381. 14:48integrity, and availability.
382. 14:51Okay?
383. 14:53Next would be
384. 14:54another
385. 14:56definition of information security might
386. 14:58be
387. 14:59it ensures that both the physical
388. 15:02and digital data is protected from
389. 15:04unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
390. 15:07disruption, modification, inspection,
391. 15:09recording, or destruction.
392. 15:12Okay? So, information security differs
393. 15:15from cybersecurity
394. 15:16in that infosec aims to keep data in any
395. 15:21form secure, whereas cybersecurity
396. 15:24protects only digital data.
397. 15:27Okay? So, don't be confused with
398. 15:28information security and cybersecurity.
399. 15:32Okay? So, cybersecurity is just one of
400. 15:35the element of information security. So,
401. 15:38if your business is starting to develop
402. 15:39a security program,
403. 15:41information security is where you will
404. 15:43should first begin
405. 15:45as it is the foundation of data
406. 15:47security.
407. 15:49All right? So, again, cybersecurity is
408. 15:52just a subset of information security.
409. 15:56So, it is the practice of the
410. 18:07>> hacker attacks
411. 18:08the denial of service
412. 18:10spyware and maybe adware.
413. 18:14All right?
414. 18:15So, information assurance measure
415. 18:18that the protect and defend information
416. 18:21and information systems
417. 18:23by ensuring their availability,
418. 18:25integrity, authentication,
419. 18:26confidentiality, and non-repudiation.
420. 18:30Okay? So, these measures include
421. 18:32providing for restoration of information
422. 18:34system
423. 18:35by incorporating protection, detection
424. 18:38and reaction capabilities.
425. 18:42Okay? So, these are the three
426. 18:46important
427. 18:48um
428. 18:49components that needs to be secured in
429. 18:51the network. So, information, computer,
430. 18:53and network.
431. 18:55All right? So, basically, the main
432. 18:57target of the attacker is the
433. 18:59information.
434. 19:01And the first line of uh defense would
435. 19:03be
436. 19:04through network security.
437. 19:06Okay?
438. 19:07When the attacker gets and penetrated
439. 19:10the network, so the next target is the
440. 19:12computer. So, your computer should be
441. 19:14secure.
442. 19:15Because your information is basically
443. 19:17residing on the computer.
444. 19:19Okay?
445. 19:21Next,
446. 19:22security requirements.
447. 19:25Okay?
448. 19:26So, we kept on mentioning
449. 19:28confidentiality.
450. 19:30Okay? Or secrecy.
451. 19:32So, making information accessible to
452. 19:34only authorized users.
453. 19:37Okay? So, this includes hiding of the
454. 19:41existence of information.
455. 19:43Confidentiality or secrecy, which means
456. 19:46preserving authorized restrictions on
457. 19:48access
458. 19:49and disclosure,
459. 19:51including means of protecting personal
460. 19:54privacy
461. 19:55and proprietary information. That's
462. 19:58secrecy or confidentiality.
463. 20:01All right? So, next would be integrity.
464. 20:05Making information modifiable only to
465. 20:08authorized
466. 20:10user. So, which means guarding against
467. 20:13improper
468. 20:14information modification or destruction.
469. 20:17And includes ensuring information
470. 20:19non-repudiation
471. 20:21and authenticity.
472. 20:23Okay?
473. 20:24And
474. 20:25availability.
475. 20:27Okay? Making resources available only to
476. 20:31authorized users.
477. 20:34So, which means ensuring timely and
478. 20:36reliable access to and use of
479. 20:40information. So, this is network
480. 20:43management.
481. 20:45All right?
482. 20:48Next, since we're talking about
483. 20:49security,
484. 20:52so, what are the threats?
485. 20:55Number one is interruption.
486. 20:57Okay?
487. 20:58Interruption destroyed or becomes
488. 21:02unavailable or unusable.
489. 21:04Okay? So, in an interruption, an asset
490. 21:07of the system becomes lost,
491. 21:10unavailable,
492. 21:12or unusable. For example,
493. 21:15a malicious destruction of a hardware
494. 21:17device, erasure of program or data file,
495. 21:21or malfunction of an operating system
496. 21:23file manager so that it cannot find a
497. 21:26particular disk file. That is an example
498. 21:29of an interruption.
499. 21:31Okay?
500. 21:33So, the next one would be
501. 21:36interception.
502. 21:38Okay? So, interception means that
503. 21:41some unauthorized party has gained
504. 21:43access to an asset.
505. 21:46Okay? The outside party can be a person,
506. 21:49a program,
507. 21:51or a computing system.
508. 21:53So, examples of this type of failure are
509. 21:56illicit copying of programs or data
510. 21:59files, or wiretapping to obtain data in
511. 22:03a network.
512. 22:04Although a loss may be discovered fairly
513. 22:07quickly, a silent interceptor may leave
514. 22:10no traces by which the interception can
515. 22:13readily detected.
516. 22:16Okay?
517. 22:18Next,
518. 22:19modification.
519. 22:22So, modification, that is where an
520. 22:25authorized party makes modification to
521. 22:27the data.
522. 22:28Okay? It could be while in transit.
523. 22:31So, if an authorized party not only
524. 22:34accesses but tampers with an asset,
525. 22:38that threat is a modification. So, for
526. 22:41example, someone might change the values
527. 22:43in a database
528. 22:45after a program so that it performs an
529. 22:47additional computations, or modify data
530. 22:50being transmitted electronically,
531. 22:53or while the data is in transit.
532. 22:55So, it is even possible to modify
533. 22:57hardware.
534. 22:58Some cases of modification can be
535. 23:00detected with simple measures,
536. 23:03but other more subtle
537. 23:06changes may be almost impossible to
538. 23:08detect.
539. 23:09Okay? So, this security threats
540. 23:12interruption is a threat to
541. 23:13availability.
542. 23:15Interception is a threat to
543. 23:17confidentiality
544. 23:18or secrecy, and modification is a threat
545. 23:21to integrity.
546. 23:23All right?
547. 23:25So, aside from this,
548. 23:26we also have fabrication.
549. 23:29Okay? Fabrication is an authorized party
550. 23:32inserts false information.
551. 23:35Okay? An authorized party might create a
552. 23:38fabrication of a counterfeit objects
553. 23:42on a computer system. So, the intruder
554. 23:44may insert spurious transactions through
555. 23:47a network communication system or add
556. 23:50records on existing database.
557. 23:52So, sometimes this additions can be
558. 23:55detected as
559. 23:57forgeries,
560. 23:58but if it's skillfully done,
561. 24:00they are virtually indistinguishable
562. 24:03from the real thing.
563. 24:05Okay? And it's a challenge for us
564. 24:07systems administrator.
565. 24:10Okay?
566. 24:11Next is masquerade.
567. 24:13Okay? An entity pretending to be a
568. 24:15different entity.
569. 24:17So, in general,
570. 24:18a masquerade is a disguise.
571. 24:21Okay? In terms of communications
572. 24:23security issues, masquerade is a type of
573. 24:26attack
574. 24:27where the attacker pretends to be
575. 24:30the authorized user of a system in order
576. 24:33to gain access to it
577. 24:34or
578. 24:36to gain greater privileges
579. 24:38than they are authorized for.
580. 24:40All right? So, a masquerade may be
581. 24:42attempted
582. 24:44through
583. 26:53>> Okay.
584. 26:55So, next is fabrication. Fabrication
585. 26:58basically
586. 27:00the receiver received information, but
587. 27:04it was not came from the sender.
588. 27:07So, something like, "Thank you for
589. 27:09sending me flowers. I didn't send you
590. 27:11any." All right? So, that's fabrication.
591. 27:15Okay? So, it was came from someone.
592. 27:18Okay? But, not or definitely not from
593. 27:21the legitimate source.
594. 27:23Okay? So, next.
595. 27:26Security threats and network assets.
596. 27:29So, what are the network assets?
597. 27:32So, basically, these are the data,
598. 27:34communication lines, hardware, and
599. 27:36software.
600. 27:37So, these are the asset of the
601. 27:39organization, and we need to protect
602. 27:42any of this or all of this.
603. 27:45Okay? Just like protecting your data
604. 27:47from masquerade, modification,
605. 27:51interception, and interruption.
606. 27:54Okay?
607. 27:55So, your communication lines is also
608. 27:57prone to masquerade, modification,
609. 28:00interception,
610. 28:02and interruption. So, imagine
611. 28:03interruption in what sense?
612. 28:05Maybe your your your access point was
613. 28:08stolen, the router was stolen, okay?
614. 28:11So, the communication line itself was
615. 28:13stolen.
616. 28:15Okay? So, that's an interruption.
617. 28:17All right?
618. 28:18Next is hardware. So, what are the
619. 28:20threats
620. 28:21on hardware?
621. 28:23Theft of the hardware itself, all right?
622. 28:26So, denial of service.
623. 28:29Okay? So, these are examples of an
624. 28:31interruption.
625. 28:33Okay? So, how about a software?
626. 28:35On software, someone can modify,
627. 28:38interrupt, through deletion. Okay? So,
628. 28:41they have deleted your files,
629. 28:43or interception. So, when you forwarded
630. 28:46a data,
631. 28:47it can be intercepted along the way.
632. 28:49Okay? So, basically, these are the
633. 28:52security threats
634. 28:53on your network assets.
635. 28:57All right?
636. 28:59Next, security management function.
637. 29:02So, how do we manage security? So, we
638. 29:06have to maintain security information.
639. 29:09Okay? So, there should be event logs,
640. 29:12monitoring of uses of security-related
641. 29:14resources.
642. 29:16Okay?
643. 29:17There should be receiving notification
644. 29:19and reporting security violations.
645. 29:23All right? And maintaining and examining
646. 29:26security logs.
647. 29:28All right? So, you should have this
648. 29:30facility
649. 29:31on your network.
650. 29:33Okay?
651. 29:34So, also, maintaining backup copies of
652. 29:37security-related
653. 29:39files.
654. 29:41Okay, so next is the control resource
655. 29:43access service.
656. 29:45Okay?
657. 29:46So, use access control, authentication,
658. 29:49and authorization. We already have
659. 29:51defined authentication and
660. 29:53authorization. Authentication is the
661. 29:55first
662. 29:57security, okay?
663. 29:59on the infrastructure
664. 30:01by asking username and password.
665. 30:04Okay? So, if you were able to get in,
666. 30:06authorization are the type of access
667. 30:08given to you.
668. 30:10Okay? So, what are you authorized to do
669. 30:13when you're able to get in?
670. 30:15But, authorization.
671. 30:17All right?
672. 30:18So,
673. 30:20for authentication, so this includes
674. 30:22username and passwords.
675. 30:24Okay? For authorization,
676. 30:27are you authorized to view or generate a
677. 30:29routing table or the accounting tables,
678. 30:32etc.?
679. 30:34Okay? What are you allowed to perform?
680. 30:37It's authorization.
681. 30:39Okay?
682. 30:41The last one would be control the
683. 30:43encryption process.
684. 30:45Okay?
685. 30:47So, we must be able to encrypt messages
686. 30:50between managers and agents. And we do
687. 30:52that by integrating and incorporating
688. 30:56a different encryption algorithm. So,
689. 30:59maybe you're familiar with
690. 31:01uh 3 DES, all right? The Blowfish
691. 31:03encryption,
692. 31:05the two-phase encryption, Advanced
693. 31:07Encryption Standard or the AES.
694. 31:10We use that in Cisco.
695. 31:12IDEA
696. 31:13encryption,
697. 31:15MD5,
698. 31:16the HMAC, and RSA.
699. 31:19So, these are just some of the examples
700. 31:21of the encryption algorithm that we can
701. 31:23use to protect the data. All right?
702. 31:30All right. So, we have reached the end
703. 31:33of the presentation.
704. 31:35So, to summarize,
705. 31:36so we've talked about network control,
706. 31:38okay? And network control is concerned
707. 31:40with setting and changing parameters of
708. 31:42various parts of the network resources
709. 31:44as a consequence of network monitoring
710. 31:47and analysis.
711. 31:48Okay?
712. 31:50Also, we've talked about configuration
713. 31:52control and security control. These are
714. 31:54the two essential aspects of network
715. 31:56control.
716. 31:58All right?
717. 31:59So, thank you for sticking around, and
718. 32:01thank you for watching. Have a great
719. 32:03day.