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Modern Biotechnology — Transcript

by Vincent Abucay · 13,462 words · 2,052 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:02Hello. So we will have the continuation
0:04of our discussion about biotechnology.
0:07If we can remember the first uh topic
0:10that we discussed was about traditional
0:12biotechnology. So this time around we
0:14will focus on modern biotechnology. So
0:16we will discuss about different GMOs or
0:19genetically modified organisms. We will
0:21also talk about the invitro
0:22fertilization or IBF and the other
0:25application of modern biotechnology. So
0:28let's uh realize so the difference
0:30between the traditional one and the
0:32modern biotechnology and see the
0:34importance or the usefulness of uh these
0:37types of biotechnology in our daily
0:39life.
0:43All right. So let's start with uh a very
0:45basic question. What is biotechnology?
0:47And I believe we were able to answer
0:48this in our previous discussion. So this
0:51will just be a review for you. Now when
0:53we say biotechnology it is the use of
0:55living organisms, cells or biological
0:58processes to develop or modify products
1:01and processes for particular purposes.
1:05So um when you see biotechnology again
1:08as long as you are using something that
1:10comes from a living thing whether it is
1:12a cell or whatever part of living thing
1:15and the intent of it is to create a
1:18product or to modify a product that will
1:20be useful for humans to utilize then
1:23therefore it is considered as
1:24biotechnology.
1:26So um we have again two um primary
1:30divisions of biotechnology the
1:33traditional one and then the modern one.
1:37When we say biotechnology just think of
1:39it as something that utilizing
1:43it's about utilizing
1:45something that comes from a living thing
1:47into creating a product that will be
1:48helpful or useful or beneficial to
1:51humans. That's the shortest definition
1:53of biotechnology.
1:57Now let's talk about the two primary
1:58division of biotechnology. We have here
2:01the traditional biotechnology and the
2:02modern biotechnology. So we're done with
2:05the traditional biotechnology. This will
2:07just be a review about it. No. So when I
2:09say traditional biotechnology it is
2:11something about microorganism or we are
2:15utilizing microorganisms and the natural
2:17processes of microorganisms for us to be
2:19able to get certain products that will
2:21be beneficial or useful for humans. For
2:24example, we are utilizing yeast for us
2:26to be able to to get product like bread
2:29ba microorganisms, bacteria or fungji
2:33for us to be able to come up with
2:35products that will be useful for us. So
2:37when we say traditional biotechnology
2:39po, it is mainly focused on the
2:41microorganisms and the natural processes
2:44na ginagawa nila and how we are
2:46utilizing them para magamit natin to
2:49create products that will be useful for
2:51us. Again traditional biotechnology or
2:55this traditional biotechnology has been
2:57there since the almost the start of the
2:59recording of the history during the
3:01ancient time na meron ng recorded way of
3:04people doing traditional biotechnology
3:06when they are storing food when they are
3:09gathering their resources and storing
3:11food for future uh uses they are
3:14actually doing the traditional
3:16biotechnology without them knowing they
3:18are utilizing the presence of
3:21microorganisms and then the processes of
3:24those microorganisms para magkaroon ng
3:26mga products that they were able to
3:29utilize. Again, that is more about
3:31traditional biotechnology. Now, when we
3:33say modern biotechnology,
3:35modern biotechnology focuses more on
3:38modern techniques. Scientists can work
3:41with uh different biological system as a
3:44more specific or in a more specific
3:47level. For example,
3:49in terms of genetic engineering, it
3:51allows scientists to modify the genetic
3:54material, the genum editing as well. Um,
3:57scientists can target a specific um part
4:01of the genes uh to be able to modify it
4:06so that uh unexpected positive outcome
4:10na pwedeng mangyari within uh an
4:13organism that they're trying to develop.
4:15So one example or one good example of
4:19modern biotechnology is the IPF or the
4:22invitro fertilization
4:24when
4:26for example couple or mag-asawa hindi
4:27sila nagkakaanak so kukuha ng egg cell
4:29and then kukuha ng sperm cell sa
4:31mag-asawa and then sa laboratory
4:34bubuuhin or sa laboratory magkakaroon ng
4:36fertilization. So it's not a natural
4:39fertilization rather it is an intended
4:41fertilization for of course doon sa
4:44mag-asawa na yon para magkabuo ng embryo
4:47magkabuo ng baby in the future. So that
4:50is an example of modern biotechnology.
4:53It is quite complex no kasi with the
4:54traditional one it was just about
4:57utilizing microorganisms and the
4:59processes of it. But modern
5:00biotechnology it is more of um
5:03modification. It is more of controlling.
5:05It is more of um different techniques
5:09that scientists are using to be able to
5:12really manipulate um up until the
5:15molecular level para magkaroon ng
5:17desired output or desired outcome.
5:23Before we talk about how scientists use
5:26biotechnology
5:27in terms of modifying or studying living
5:29things, let's first understand where our
5:33genetic information is found because
5:36modern biotechnology is mainly about um
5:39understanding or mainly about modifying
5:43introducing something about uh the
5:45genetic makeup of organism. So let's
5:48talk about muna where um is our genetic
5:52information found. So these are the
5:53basics. No this will just be a review
5:55for you. Let's start with the nucleo. So
5:58if you remember in your previous lessons
6:01back in I'm not sure if it is grade 7 or
6:03grade 8 because curriculum is always
6:06changing no? Laging nalilipat iyung mga
6:08subjects or mga topics. So I'm not
6:10really certain na kung nasaan na ong
6:11cell parts of the cell. But last time it
6:14was sa grade 7. Anyway, let's go back in
6:18in uh in your previous lesson about the
6:22parts of the cell, nucleus is one of the
6:25major structures inside the cell and it
6:27contains most of the genetic
6:30information. So inside the nucleus we
6:32find the structure called the
6:34chromosome. So in humans most uh body we
6:37have in humans we have 46 chromosomes
6:40arranged 23 pairs. Now
6:43what are the chromosomes made of?
6:46Chromosomes are made of DNA wrapped
6:49around proteins that help to organize
6:52it. So you can think of it as chromo as
6:54uh the chromosome is a way of packaging
6:58the DNA so that uh this very long
7:02molecule can fit in the nucleus. So
7:05chromosome is like rearranging the DNA
7:07para kumbaga p mahaba kang mga tali yarn
7:11for example. So para magkasya 'yung yarn
7:14sa lagayan, tinatali mo siya or parang
7:16iniikot-ikot mo siya for it to be able
7:18to fit doon sa lagayan mo. Kasi p hindi
7:21mo siya inayos mahirap maraming space na
7:23kakainit. So that is chromosome the
7:26coiling of DNA or the arrangement of DNA
7:29so that it will be able to fit inside
7:31the
7:33now uh let's talk about the DNA. So when
7:36we say the uh DNA well this stands
7:39foroxyribonuclic acid the DNA carries
7:42the instructions that cells use in terms
7:46of developing in terms of functioning
7:49and in terms of maintaining an organism
7:51and it also carries the genetic
7:53information that can be passed from
7:55parents to offspring so to make it short
7:59when we say DNA it carries the genetic
8:02makeup it carries the information of how
8:04an organism will anong magiging itsura
8:06mo? What will be your uh appearance?
8:10What will be the different functions of
8:11your body? How it will work ba? Okay
8:13lang ba or hindi pa okay? So on and so
8:15forth. So basically the DNA tells what
8:18or how an organism is or will function.
8:23Now the section of the DNA it is called
8:28gene. Yung isang part ng DNA we call
8:31that gene. Gene is a particular segment
8:34nga ng DNA and it contains a specific
8:37instruction uh for a specific or a
8:42certain part or process ng isang
8:44organism. So for example, a specific
8:47gene is responsible for the color of the
8:49eyes. But it is also important to know
8:52na sa isang organ hindi lang isang
8:55pirasong gene ang may control noon. So
8:58pwedeng si gene na ganito is for the
9:00color of the eyes. Yung isang gen naman
9:02is for the shape of the eyes. But may
9:05isang gene that also affects the color
9:06of the eyes. So ibig sabihin ang isang
9:09rate ng isang tao ay hindi lang
9:11kincontrol ng isang specific gene or ng
9:14isang specific segment ng DNA. A
9:17specific part of a human body or anybody
9:19of organism can be controlled by
9:21multiple genes. po I hope that uh you
9:25are getting the point na po. Again po ha
9:29yung gene that is a specific segment of
9:32DNA and that is a specific part that
9:36controls the manifestation of a certain
9:38trait or a certain process na meron sa
9:41isang organism. At ang isang trait ay
9:44hindi lang nakapase sa isang gene, may
9:46iba-ibang posibleng gene na pwedeng
9:49mag-control sa iisang trait. the color
9:51of the hair for example pwedeng
9:54responsibility siya nitong gene na to
9:56pero yung kabilang gene it talks about
9:59or it also is responsible for the color
10:01of the hair. I hope that you're getting
10:03the point no and finally we have
10:08um heredity when we say heredity this
10:11refers to how the genetic information is
10:15passed from parents to ups friends. So
10:17basically ito yyung pagmamana no ng mga
10:20different characteristics or it is about
10:24um
10:25how children can inherit yung mga
10:28certain characteristics from their
10:30parents. So that is mainly about
10:31heredity how how traits are influenced
10:34by several genes or several factors and
10:38um how it is being passed through from
10:39the parents to offsprings.
10:43So of course why do why do we need to
10:46understand this terms no it ong mga
10:48itong mga bagay na to that is because
10:50scientist um wants to study gene and
10:54understand yung pinaka-concern sa
10:57biological or sa modern biological or
10:59biotechnology is about understanding the
11:01gene so that uh specific alteration can
11:05be done so a desired outcome can also be
11:09achiev no for example may specific part
11:12ng gen na gustong baguhin. So ano yung
11:15magiging outcome non? So syempre dapat
11:17favorable siya or mas magiging maganda
11:19siya. So ibig sabihin po ung 'yung
11:22pinapag-aralan mostly sa modern
11:24biotechnology is modification of gene
11:27para mabago 'yun at ma-improve 'yun or
11:30at makuha yung must desired outcome
11:34rather than just the natural one.
11:38All right. So since we're done reviewing
11:40about the different terminologies like
11:42DNA, genes, heredity, let's now try to
11:46understand how scientists are able to
11:48utilize those into applying it to modern
11:51biotechnology specifically in genetic
11:54engineering. So what is genetic
11:56engineering? So as we can see here,
11:58genetic engineering is the deliberate
12:00modification of an organism's genetic
12:02material using biotechnology technique.
12:05So to make it short when we see um
12:08genetic engineering it is when
12:10scientists are deliberately changing or
12:12altering the DNA of a certain organism
12:16or the sequencing of the certain
12:18organism para ma-achieve natin yung
12:20isang particular trait na gusto nating
12:22ma-achieve or yung particular outcome na
12:24gusto nating ma-achieve. One example of
12:27this is the production of insulin. Yung
12:30ginagamit natin sa medical
12:31biotechnology, sa red biotechnology.
12:34Prior to the discovery of uh insulin as
12:38a product of biotechnology noon
12:43ang insulin ay kinukuha sa mga sa sa
12:47pancreas ng mga hayop for example sa cow
12:50kumukuha ng insulin para ibigay doon sa
12:52mga taong may diabetes no kasi insulin
12:54it is a hormone that controls the amount
12:57of sugar in our blood so people with
12:59diabetes they have a problem in terms of
13:01the production of insulin so therefore
13:03or they have a problem in their blood
13:05sugar. So they need insulin. Yung mga
13:07taong may diabetes. And prior again
13:10prior bago ma-discover yung insulin na
13:12ginagamit natin ngayon, kumukuha ng
13:14insulin sa mga pancreas ng hayop. So
13:16with the discovery of uh the insulin
13:20that we have today, actually it is a
13:22product nga as I said ng bio or ng
13:24modern biotechnology. So ang nangyayari
13:26dito sa insulin natin na ginagamit na ng
13:29mga taong may diabetes today is that um
13:31the bacteria a normal a normal
13:34microorganism a normal bacteria it's not
13:36really producing insulin. But what the
13:38modern biotechnology did is that it gets
13:43the specific segment of the DNA that
13:47controls or that tells how to produce
13:49insulin or kung paano mapo-produce ng
13:51insulin. and then they get that specific
13:54gene or specific segment of the DNA and
13:57then they inserted that to a certain
13:59bacteria. Again, we do not need to be
14:01specific about the the process itself,
14:04no' kasi that is very complex, no. Gusto
14:06ko lang makita or maintindihan niyo
14:08'yung concept but not really dig deeper
14:11about the technicalities of it. No so
14:13just take it this way. Yung cell natin
14:16part of ah I mean the DNA natin part of
14:20it segment of it or may gene tayo na
14:23nagko-control kung paano tayo
14:25mag-produce ng insulin. So what the
14:27scientist did is that kinuha iyung
14:28portion ng DNA na iyon or kinuha iyung
14:31gene na iyon at nilagay iyun sa isang
14:33microorganism
14:35at in-insert iyun sa kanyang DNA. So a
14:38certain microorganism or a certain
14:40bacteria na hindi naman nagpo-produce ng
14:42insulin dahil minodify ng mga scientist
14:45at nilagyan ng gene na nagte-tel kung
14:48paano mag-produce ng insulin. Ngayon
14:49yung bacteria nagpo-produce na siya ng
14:51insulin. So if you have many bacterias
14:53having that kind of ability to produce
14:55insulin, then you can have abundant
14:57resources of insulin. Compared to kung
15:00kukuha ka sa mga hayop. So ilang hayop
15:02yung mamamatay. Ilang hayop yung
15:04kailangan mong asikuhin or kuhaan ng
15:07insulin no sa pancreas nila rather than
15:10just having a whole cultured bacterias
15:13or modified bacterias that produces
15:15insulin. So that is how genetic
15:19engineering is applied in terms of
15:23producing a certain product that will be
15:26useful to us.
15:28I hope that you are getting the point of
15:31but it is also important no na na
15:34malaman natin na katulad ng sinabi ko
15:37kanina hindi siya something na madali
15:40lang gawin kasi nga hindi naman
15:43controlled ng iisang gene lang ang
15:45processes ng ating katawan or ang parts
15:48ng ating katawan. For example yung yung
15:50balik tayo doon sa production of
15:52insulin. Hindi lang naman nasa iisang
15:54gene yan. It is controlled by multiple
15:56genes. So maraming kailangang hanapin na
15:59strand 'yung scientist about insulin
16:03making. Pagsasama-samahin yun bago yun
16:05ilagay sa or bago yun idugtong sa DNA ng
16:09isang microorganism. So it's a complex
16:12process and is something that needs
16:14time, needs expertise talaga before siya
16:19makuha ng tama.
16:23Now let's here is a more organized
16:27genetic engineering workflow para mas
16:29maintindihan natin in a more organized
16:31manner kung ano ba yung nangyayari in
16:34genetic engineering. So we have six
16:37steps here. So the first one is to
16:39choose trait define the desired
16:42characteristic. Of course, before
16:44mag-work sa isang laboratory or sa isang
16:46project iyung mga scientists, they need
16:48to be able to set no kung ano ba yung
16:50gusto nilang makuha, kung ano ba yung
16:52gusto nilang maging outcome ng project
16:54nila. What is the desired trait na gusto
16:57nating ma-achieve after this whole
16:59process? Let's just take the example
17:01earlier, no? For example, um the desired
17:04trate is for a certain bacteria to
17:07produce human insulin. So that's the
17:09specific trait na gusto nilang makuha.
17:10So therefore, doon lang iikot. 'yung mga
17:13susunod pang mga processes. And the
17:15first step of course is to identify kung
17:17ano nga 'yung pinakagusto mong maging
17:18goal ng iyong project. So again, let's
17:21just take the the example that we had
17:24kanina which is
17:25bacteria being able to produce human
17:27insulin. So if you have already chosen
17:30the trate na gusto m maging focus ng
17:32study or ng project mo, let's now
17:33proceed to step number two which is find
17:36target or identify relevant genetic
17:38information.
17:40So ah katulad nga nasabi natin kanina
17:43no, we want human insulin to be produced
17:47by a certain bacteria. So then we want
17:50to know kung paano ba napo-produce yung
17:52human insulin. And the different
17:54processes na nangyayari sa katawan ng
17:57tao which includes the production of
17:59human insulin is being controlled by our
18:01DNA and being controlled specifically by
18:04our gen. Yung gene na or segment ng DNA.
18:07So hindi lang iisa, pwedeng marami ngang
18:09segment ng DNA ang nagtuturo sa katawan
18:12natin to process or to produce insulin.
18:16So may target na tayo sa number one. So
18:18I mean sa number may chosen trade na
18:20tayo sa number one. Now ang number two
18:22natin hahanapin na ng mga scientist yung
18:25gene na iyon sa tao. Now for example
18:29nahanap na yung specific gene na nag ah
18:32sasabi sa katawan ng tao to produce
18:36insulin. So kukuhain iyung G na iyon and
18:38that now leads us to step number three
18:42which is prepare tools or prepare DNA or
18:46editing system. So what happens here is
18:48that we will find a way para ma-insert
18:51na ngayon iyung nakuha nating gene from
18:54humans that tells us how to produce
18:56insulin papunta doon sa bacteria na
18:58gagamitin natin as a medium. Now uh we
19:02have what we call uh just be um uh
19:06familiar with the term no plasmid. You
19:09don't really need to know about it. Just
19:11just remember na plasmid is where the
19:15specific gene na galing sa humans that
19:18tells how insulin is produced. I plasmid
19:22doon siya nilalagay. Plasmid is part one
19:25part of uh the bacteria. So it's like a
19:28synonymous to the DNA of the bacteria
19:29but it is independently replicating. So
19:33doon ina-attach iyung ah
19:37gen na nakuha sa humans that tells us
19:40how to make insulin. So sa plasmid siya
19:42ng bacteria nilalagay. Kasi nga yung
19:45plasmid, it is something that is
19:47considered as a DNA as well but an
19:49independent one. Now the fourth step is
19:53modify cells, deliver or added genetic
19:56uh material. So once na yung insulin gen
20:00or yung gen natin na nag nagt how to
20:02produce insulin ay na-insert na sa
20:04plasmid, scientist
20:07introduce that specific modified plasmid
20:11into the bacterial cell. So 'yung
20:14plasmate isa-summer na siya doon sa sa
20:17bacterial cell. And then uh 'yung
20:19plasmid na 'yun as I said kanina it
20:21replicates independently. So dad-damage
20:23siya ng nadami sa loob ng bacteria. It
20:25will be part of the process of the
20:27bacteria. And that is specifically
20:30called transformation.
20:32So you are modifying the cell you adding
20:35a certain process to it you are
20:37modifying when I say cell like the
20:39bacteria single celled organism you're
20:41modifying it so therefore you are
20:43transforming it into something
20:46um with a new with a new trait na by the
20:50way um kapag ang DNA ng isang organism
20:56ay sinama sa isang organism for example
20:58sinama yung DNA ng tao sa DNA ng
21:00bacteria we call that recombinant DLA.
21:04So it's a combination of genetic
21:06material from two different uh sources.
21:10Now let's proceed to step number five
21:14which is checking the result. So after
21:16gawin iyon of course it has so many
21:19replication no hindi lang sa isang gawa
21:21ay okay na or perfect na agad. The the
21:25the fifth step
21:27identify whether the process work or
21:30not. So kung nakuha ba or na-adopt ba ng
21:33bacteria yung specific gene na nilagay
21:36ng mga scientist sa plasmid at nakapag
21:40replicate yung plasmid at nag-process na
21:42ng bacteria yung pagpo-produce ng
21:43insulin kasi pwedeng hindi makapag-adapt
21:46yung bacteria na yon. So therefore,
21:48ibang bacteria yung gagamitin or baka
21:50naman nakapag-adapt yung bacteria pero
21:53hindi naman pala insulin yung
21:54napo-produce niya. So bakai ibang gen
21:56maling gen yung nakuha from humans. So a
21:58lot of checking will be done. Maraming
22:00checking na gagawin just to make sure na
22:03we are getting what we are uh really
22:07looking for na specific trade. And then
22:09sixth one, after ng checking ng result,
22:12after na malaman or i-double check
22:14whether tama ba yung bacteria na
22:15ginamit, tama ba na insulin yung
22:17pino-produce niya, we will now then
22:19evaluate whether
22:22um let's say for example nakapag-produce
22:23ng insulin. whether the insulin is
22:25something na useful ba to human. So for
22:28example, the bacteria were able to
22:31produce insulin, not necessarily na
22:34gagamitin mo agad iyung insulin. You
22:35need to evaluate the the result of that
22:38kasi baka mamaya it will cause a genetic
22:40trouble naman kapag inapply na siya or
22:41ginamit na siya sa ginamit na siya sa
22:43human. So a lot of study will then be um
22:47happening in step number six to identify
22:50whether that desired output is something
22:53will be useful and something na pwedeng
22:55gamitin and safe na gamitin para sa mga
22:57humans. So basically this is like the
23:00workflow of uh the genetic engineering.
23:03Again review lang tayo. Pipili ka ng
23:06trait na gusto mong ma-achieve and then
23:08find the target. hahanapin mo sa human
23:11sequence, sa human DNA segments kung
23:14alin doon 'yung nagsasabi ng trait na
23:17gusto mong makuha. And then pag nakuha
23:19mo na 'yun, you will prepare the tool
23:21whether kung saan mo siya ia-apply. And
23:24then kapag ina-apply mo na siya, you
23:26will now modify it. You will now engage
23:28it to a certain bacteria or certain
23:30organism. Again, kapag naghalo na yung
23:33sequencing ng isang organism sa isang
23:36organism, we call that recombinant DNA.
23:39And then kapag nag-undergo na ng process
23:41ng new process yung pinaglagyan mo ng uh
23:44specific gene na bago, we call that
23:47transformation. And then after the
23:49transformation we check the result
23:52whether nakuha ba natin yung gusto
23:54nating outcome or hindi natin nakuha.
23:56Maybe it's either the gene is incorrect
23:58or the medium that we are using, the
24:01bacteria that we are using, the organism
24:03that we are using. It's not correct. We
24:04do a lot of uh we do a lot of uh parang
24:09pagbabago-bago or pag uh pag ah produce
24:12ng mga ng what you call this pag-produce
24:16ng mga replicate dito just for us to
24:19verify whether tama na ba or nakukuha na
24:22ba natin yung desired characteristic and
24:24let's say for example nakuha na natin
24:25yung desired nating rate or
24:27characteristic which is to produce
24:29insulin we will now be evaluating that
24:32uh result kung yung insulin ba na yon is
24:35something that is safe that is that
24:36something that is functional that is
24:38something na useful sa humans before we
24:41truly introduce that as a main product
24:44of our genetic engineering so syempre
24:46ang goal natin makakuha ng product na
24:48usable na makakuha ng product na useful
24:51if for example the product na nakuha
24:53natin is not useful therefore we redo
24:55the full step because we don't want a
24:57product from the genetic engineering na
25:00will be useless so we will redo it until
25:02such time na we can have a product that
25:05is functional and helpful for humans.
25:10All right. So since we are done um
25:13discussing about the genetic engineering
25:15workflow like the organized steps in
25:17terms of how genetic engineering is
25:20being done, let's now proceed into
25:23discussing about the products of it.
25:25kung ano ba yung mga product ng genetic
25:28engineering? So of course we have the
25:31GMO or the genetically modified
25:33organism. So when we say GMO, GMO is an
25:37organism whose genetic material has been
25:39altered using genetic engineering or
25:42aside from a genetic engineer, we also
25:44have different relevant genetic
25:46modification techniques. So hindi lang
25:47kasi genetic engineering niyo pwedeng
25:50gamitin in terms of the modern
25:51biotechnology, no? Marami pang ibang
25:53techniques. Now, when we say GMO, hindi
25:56na siya iyung or genetically modified
25:58organism. Hindi na siya iyung usual or
26:01iyung natural organism na meron tayo.
26:03For example, iyung mga plants, for
26:06example, iyung corn, no? Kasi the the
26:08examples that we will have um mamaya is
26:12much specific now. But let's just use
26:14the corn. No, I natural corn, it has of
26:17course natural characteristics based on
26:20its traits, based on its DNA but we also
26:22have uh a GMO ng mga ng corn. So ibig
26:27sabihin may improved version ng corn na
26:31nangyari or naging product ng genetic
26:33engineering because we alter specific
26:36sequence or specific segment ng DNA ng
26:40corn so that the corn will have a
26:43different that is more um more mas
26:47maganda or more um useful or more
26:51beneficial than the natural corn. So
26:53again when we see GMO we are altering
26:56the the natural sequencing or the
26:59natural segments of DNA into producing a
27:02new organism na may better trait
27:04compared doon sa original one. So kapag
27:07pinakialaman mo na yung DNA ng natural
27:10na organism like mga halaman or mga
27:13hayop the product of that whatever the
27:16organism next to that will be it will be
27:19called as GMO or genetically modified
27:22organism. So let's try to see the
27:23different examples of GMO.
27:28All right. So first example of GMO we
27:30have here is the BT corn.
27:33And well before we proceed discussing
27:35about what BT corn is, so let's try to
27:37understand muna bakit BT corn yung tawag
27:39sa kanya. So BT stands for
27:41basilteringenensis.
27:44So that is the bacteria na ginamit to be
27:47able to modify the sequencing of uh the
27:53core no kasi this uh variety
27:58of basilus um bacteria it has the
28:03ability to produce proteins na can kill
28:08pests or specific na mga insects no so
28:13the the scient
28:14What the scientist did is that since may
28:16protein na pino-produce ong bacilus na
28:18to para mapatay yung mga particular
28:22insects bakit hindi gamitin yung protein
28:25na yon yung sequencing na
28:28nakakapag-produce ng protein na iyon sa
28:30mga crops para yung mga insects na kaya
28:33niyang patayin hindi na hindi na makain
28:35yung mga bunga ng ng mga plants na to or
28:38hindi na kailangan maglagay ng
28:39pesticides or whatever. Now what the
28:42scientist did is that kinuha nila yung
28:46gene or specific segment ng DNA ng
28:48basilus ringenensis na ito and then in
28:52nila sa sequencing ng corn. So ngayon
28:56yung corn na wala naman siyang ability
28:58the natural corn na wala naman siyang
29:00ability to produce this kind of protein
29:02since sinama siya sinama rather yung gen
29:06ng basilus na kaya mag-produce ng ganong
29:08protein sa corn. Afterwards 'yung corn
29:11nagkaroon na siya ng ability to produce
29:14ng ganng klaseng protein. So ngayon
29:16'yung dahon niya, 'yung leaves niya and
29:17every parts of the corn has a coating
29:20from this protein na kapag may dumapong
29:22ganitong klase ng insects ay namamatay
29:25kasi nga meron na siya nung protein na
29:27yon na naturally nanggagaling naman sa
29:30basilingenensis.
29:32I hope that you're getting the point,
29:33no? So ang pinanggalingan ngayon ng gene
29:37ay yung bacteria at inapply siya sa
29:40plant or sa other organism.
29:42Now,
29:44not necessarily na kaya ng or resistant
29:49na talaga yung corn sa lahat ng klase ng
29:51insects. Kasi yung specific protein na
29:55pino-produce ng basilosingenensis
29:59is hindi naman lahat ng insect ay
30:01naaapektuhan. So kung ano lang yung
30:04insect na naaapektuhan doon sa protein
30:06na iyon, yun lang din or doon lang din
30:08immune yung BT corn. So kasi same lang
30:12naman sila ng protein na pino-produce.
30:15So at the end of the day, syempre hindi
30:17lang naman iisa ang pest or insect sa
30:19isang farm. So at the end of the day
30:21meron pa ring um ah meron pa ring task
30:25yung mga farmer na maglagay ng
30:27insecticide kasi nga hindi naman lahat
30:29ng insect kayang i-repel nung protein na
30:32galing sa basilosingensis.
30:35I hope that you're getting the point,
30:36no? But of course, oops. Of course,
30:40hindi naman yan ii-introduce as a GMO
30:43kung meron siyang negative effect doon
30:45sa mismong corn, no? So, wala naman
30:47siyang negative effect doon sa corn. Um,
30:50so it's it is just something na may
30:52negative or nagwo-work against sa mga
30:55insect. Yun yun yung one example of GMO.
30:59It's a corn. If we will try to make a
31:02comparison no yung normal corn natin
31:04like normal corn may corn ka but this
31:06GMO is a corn that is resistant to
31:10specific na insects kasi nga nilagyan
31:13siya ng sequencing ng bacteria na to
31:15that produces protein that can act
31:18against particular insects. I hope that
31:21you're getting the point. It is a GMO
31:23kasi there is a transformation. There's
31:25another process naaragdag sa kanya
31:29versus its natural process talaga.
31:34Now let's move on to our next example
31:37which is the golden rice.
31:40Remember sa ating previous example yung
31:42BT corn the main purpose of it is to
31:45help the corn
31:48be resistant against some certain
31:50insects no para hindi siya puntahan ng
31:53mga specific insects na na kayang
31:56i-repel ng specific protein na galing
31:58yung sequencing sa basilus bacteria.
32:02Now, if we will try to look at this one,
32:05the second GMO which is the golden rise,
32:09we are looking sa isang GMO na dinvelop
32:13for a different reason. So it is not
32:15about to protect the plant for the
32:17insects or for for the pest but rather
32:20to improve the nutritional value nung
32:24rice. So bakit siya tinawag na golden
32:26rice? If we try to look at the picture
32:30of this rice, no? The name comes from it
32:33kasi yellow siya, yellow siya, golden
32:35siya which is associated sa presence ng
32:38beta carotine. So what is the beta
32:42carotine?
32:44Beta carotine is this is a pigment found
32:47naturally sa mga foods like carrots, mga
32:49sweet potatoes.
32:51And this gives the food yung mga orange
32:55or yellow color nila. And this beta
33:00carotine
33:02uses by our body para maging vitamin A.
33:07So basically kapag maraming beta
33:10carotine marami ring pwedeng gawing
33:12vitamin A 'yung katawan natin. So why do
33:14we need vitamin A in the first place?
33:16Vitamin A this is an important vitamin
33:19in terms of maintaining yung ating
33:21vision para mas maging normal or
33:24maliginaw yyung ating vision. It also
33:26supports in our immune system. It also
33:29repairs or helps in terms of uh of our
33:33cells and our tissue functions. It also
33:38um basta meron siyang meron siyang
33:40positive contribution sa katawan natin.
33:42And kapag may deficiency ka ng vitamin
33:45A, of course lahat ng benefit non
33:47reverse or kabaliktaran. So kapag less
33:50yung vitamin A mo, magkakaroon ka ng
33:52problem in terms of your vision.
33:54Mahihirapan kang um mahihirapan ka in
33:57terms of uh if you got sick for example
34:01um the immune system can also be
34:03affected and uh that is where the
34:06biotechnology comes in no so instead of
34:09just having the ordinary rice na wala
34:11naman siyang beta cararotine this golden
34:14rice now will have a beta cararotine and
34:18this will help us achieve more nutrition
34:22compared doon sa normal rice na kinakain
34:25natin especially us we are Asian country
34:28no so syempre pag sa Asia super
34:31prominent ng pagkain ng kanin no lagi
34:34siya lagi tayong may kanin may ulam tayo
34:36lagi tayong may kanin unlike sa other
34:38countries na hindi naman masyado
34:39kumakain ng ricayo we are really a
34:42consumer ng ricad
34:45consuming rice with just carbohydrates
34:49on it why not consume rice that has an
34:53extranut which is the beta carotine. So
34:56that this that is the purpose of this
34:57golden rice that is the purpose of this
35:00GMO na
35:03we are producing a product that is more
35:07useful or we can utilize it more
35:10compared to the original one. So we can
35:13also connect this to the term what we
35:15call biofortification.
35:17So when we say biofortification this
35:19means improving the nutritional content
35:23of a food or a crop ganon. So again when
35:27when you heard the term bio
35:29fortification ibig sabihin non
35:32pinapadami pinapadagdagan
35:34yung nutrition ng isang pagkain or ng
35:38isang crop by using biotechnology. So
35:41this is an example of that
35:44and uh yeah it's more of that it's more
35:48of um this this GMO is intended more of
35:53helping addressing the vitamin A
35:55deficiency. So kapag may pagkulang yung
35:58tao sa vitamin A so this golden rice is
36:00much much um better way para mas
36:03magkaroon ng supply ng vitamin A. But at
36:07the end of the day vitamin A lang naman
36:09yung kaya niyang i-produce mainly. So
36:11it's not something that we can use to
36:13address mal nutrition no? Kasi specific
36:16lang din yung ah na nabago natin or
36:20nadagdag natin dito sa GMO na to. Hindi
36:22naman lahat ng nutrition nandito na.
36:24Hindi naman lahat ng vitamins nandito
36:26na. We are just being specific with
36:27betacarotine. So we are just specific
36:30with vitamin A. So this is not something
36:32na ay kapag golden rice yung pinakain ko
36:34dito sa Maloria to magiging nutritious
36:36na siya. Not necessarily kasi nga
36:38vitamin A lang naman siya. So we need to
36:40be clear na GMOs na under ng
36:46biofortification is something na can
36:48really help right away in terms of
36:49addressing malnutrition. Kasi nga
36:51specific lang iyung improvement not like
36:53a whole improvement like a miracle naand
36:55andiyan na lahat no wala namang ganon in
36:57terms of biotech. So little by little
36:59it's a little step into achieving better
37:02product.
37:04So yeah, it's it is unlike the unlike
37:07the corn na pest resistance, yung gold
37:10rice naman or golden rice naman, it is
37:12more of adding nutrients doon sa usual
37:15rice or compared doon sa usual rice.
37:17Still, it is GMO kasi we are modifying
37:22the gene of uh this product or the
37:26product of rice.
37:30Okay. So now let's proceed to our next
37:32example which is virus resistant papaya.
37:35Now let's first understand the problem.
37:38Why do scientist develop this virus
37:41resistant papaya? Kasi we have of course
37:44a virus no that causes a lot of uh the
37:49papaya products na ano na magka na
37:52maging not really usable. So we call
37:55this the papiring spot disease as you
37:57can see in the picture no. So hindi na
38:00nagiging functional yung bunga ng papaya
38:02as well as the papaya plant itself. So
38:05it is caused by a virus. So what the
38:08scientist did is that they get part of
38:11the virus or
38:14they uh um like get a specific genetic
38:18material from that papaya ring virus and
38:21introduce that to the sequence of papaya
38:24itself. That is actually the common way
38:27in terms of how to be resistant to
38:29viruses. No, so you will get part of the
38:32virus, you will introduce that to the
38:34medium, you will introduce that for
38:36example in papaya so that papaya will be
38:38able to um produce an RNA
38:44uh silencing process for that specific
38:47virus. kumbaga if we will try to put it
38:49in an analogy if you have a system and
38:53then you let your system know kung anong
38:58itsura ng spam message. yung mga spam
39:01email for example now a certain spam
39:05email comes in to your system since alam
39:09mo na kung ano itsura ng spam email
39:10because you introduce that already to
39:12your system then therefore you will be
39:14able to identify ah it is a spam email I
39:17will put it and I will delete it will
39:21silence it so that's the same concept
39:23when it comes to virus resistant papaya
39:26since scientists introduced part of that
39:28specific virus to the sequencing of the
39:31papaya. The papaya now were able to
39:34identify that specific sequence of the
39:37virus. Now when the virus comes in into
39:41the papaya kasi the what the virus do is
39:44that it targets the cell of the organism
39:47and pupunta siya sa DNA para
39:49mag-replicate siya ng mag-replicate para
39:50dumami siya. Dadami yung virus because
39:52of the host cell. Now, if the cell
39:55itself knows exactly how the virus looks
39:58like, kasi virus is not being detectable
40:00by the cells, that's why
40:01nakakapag-replicate, nakakapag-replicate
40:03yung viruses. Kasi hindi alam ng cell,
40:05ay virus na pala to. But if that
40:07specific cell knows already how the
40:09virus looks like in terms of its genetic
40:12material, then the cell will be able to
40:15produce the right um RNA for it to be
40:20able for that specific cell to be able
40:22to silence the virus. So I hope that
40:24you're getting the point, no? Kumbaga,
40:25let's try it again. Since kilala na ng
40:29cell nung papaya yung virus, meron na
40:33siya agad nagagawa to resist that virus.
40:38Unlike if in a normal papaya na hindi
40:41naman niya hindi naman niya alam yung
40:43sequencing ng virus, hindi naman
40:45na-introduce sa kanya. Sa pagpasok ng
40:47virus sa kanya, hindi niya alam na virus
40:49'yun. Dumadami ng dumadami yung virus
40:50hanggang sa masira na siya. Not unlike
40:53doon sa GMO na papaya, in-introduce na
40:55yung sequence ni virus. Pag na-recognize
40:58ni papaya na may ganong sequence, it
41:00will treat it as a virus. It will
41:02silence the virus. It will be immune to
41:04that specific virus. Only to that
41:07specific virus lang, no? To the um to
41:10that uh
41:12that causes ring spot doon sa papaya n
41:15sa papaya plant. But in terms of other
41:17viruses, that doesn't mean na immune na
41:20din itong papaya na to doon. depende
41:22kung ilang sequencing ang ini-introduce
41:24sa kaniya. Kung isang sequence lang ng
41:26uh virus 'yung in-introduce sa kaniya,
41:29doon lang siya uh specifically immune.
41:31Pero 'ag mas marami, mas marami siyang
41:34kayang i-resist na virus. So it depends
41:37no it depends kung gaano siya minodify.
41:39But the point being here is that
41:42we are altering the sequencing
41:45of this papaya plant para kapag
41:48napuntahan siya ng virus na to, the
41:50papaya can act and silence that virus
41:53and hindi siya maapektuhan. So magiging
41:55ito yung nasa baba 'di ba? Healthy
41:57papaya siya. But again only to that
42:00specific virus na in-introduce sa kanya.
42:02Ag may other version ng virus hindi niya
42:05'yun kayang i-resist or hindi niya hindi
42:07niya kayang maging um resistant doon
42:10kasi another set of virus naman 'yun.
42:12Hindi niyo na makikilala 'yun. So hindi
42:14niyo na magagawan ng RNA silencing
42:18process yung virus na yon. But still
42:21meron pa rin siyang benefit no. Kasi
42:24this um papaya ring spot disease is very
42:28common lalo na sa atin sa tropical
42:30region no. Maraming papaya
42:31nagkakasira-sira na lang at hindi
42:33nagiging usable. But because of this ah
42:37maraming masa-save na papaya. Mas
42:38magaganda, magiging mataas yung yield ng
42:40papaya kasi mas magiging functional yung
42:42mga papaya compared doon sa iba na
42:45mabilis mahawaan or normal papaya na
42:48kapag may um papiering spot disease ay
42:52mahahawaan agad or maaapektuhan agad.
42:55Yun lang.
42:58Our next example is genetically
43:00engineered salmon and you might be
43:02wondering why scientist would have to
43:05genetically engineer a fish why would
43:07they have to do that in the first place
43:09no so the reason for that is for that
43:13specific fish for the salmon to reach
43:16the market size sooner compared to its
43:19natural process of growing no kasi may
43:23different varieties tayo ng salmon and
43:25yung sa Pacific Ocean
43:27Um, malalaking version ng salmon yung
43:30meron tayo doon. So, mas mataas yung
43:33growth um development nila, mas mabilis
43:36yung growth development nila sa genes
43:38nila. So what the scientist did is that
43:41yung regular na samo na meron tayo na
43:43binebenta sa market which takes time to
43:45to grow, genetically engineered, kinuha
43:48nila yung sequence
43:51ng hinanap nila yung sequence nung
43:53malalaking salmon or salmon rather.
43:56Tapos kinuha nila yung sequence ng
43:58growth process and then nilagay nila
44:01doon sa gene ng regular salmon na
44:03ginagamit natin. And then yeah, lumaki
44:07na siya or lalaki na siya agad-agad
44:08compared doon sa natural one. Now there
44:12is an ongoing um discussion about this
44:15no? Kasi some people argue na okay
44:19bumilis nga yung paglaki niya because
44:20you modify the gen in terms of focusing
44:23doon sa growing. What is the nutrients
44:27or the development of nutrients within
44:30that fish? Still the same doon sa
44:34natural na fish na lumalaki kasi mabilis
44:36nga siyang lumaki. Does that mean na
44:38yung nutrients na meron doon sa regular
44:39fish meron din diyan sa malaking fish na
44:41iyon. So that is still an ongoing
44:43debate. And what if for example that
44:45genetically modified salmon was able to
44:48go sa natural environment sa mga dagat
44:51and was able to um breed with a natural
44:54one yung hindi GMO na fish
44:58na salmon. what will happen, no? So,
45:00there's still parang an ongoing study,
45:02an ongoing discourse about this. And uh
45:07yeah, but but the purpose of this one of
45:09this GMO is for the the fish to be
45:12marketable para mas lumaki siya ng mas
45:14mabilis than its natural process or mas
45:17mabenta siya so that the economy of
45:19salmon will be good, will be
45:21progressing. It's more of um no
45:24producing products ng mas mabilis partas
45:28agad yung yield and mas ma magcycle agad
45:34yung economy ng ng ng ganitong klaseng
45:37product.
47:12So our next example is the engineered
47:14bacteria that produced insulin. Ito yung
47:16sinasabi ko kanina. So I think lal
47:19dadaanan na lang natin to kasi
47:21napaliwanag ko naman na to kanina. So
47:24the insulin or the the gene from the
47:27human that tells how to produce insulin
47:30will be transferred to a bacteria so
47:32that that bacteria will have a new
47:35process in its system na magpo-produce
47:37ng insulin. Again galing iyun doon sa
47:39gene na sa galing sa tao. And then when
47:42that bacteria produces insulin of course
47:45that will be collected and that will be
47:47used para gamitin ng mga tao that needs
47:50insulin. yung mga taong may condition na
47:52diabetes
47:53and so it's more of like producing or
47:57letting an organism or a microorganism
48:01produce something that is or that came
48:06from the gene or the sequence of humans.
48:09So this is something na napaliwanag ko
48:11na kanina so I suppose na okay na to at
48:14daanan na lang natin. So maybe a little
48:18good to know information lang. the first
48:20recompinent human insulin. So ibig
48:22sabihin 'yung first na approve na
48:25insulin galing sa bacteria
48:27is or was um
48:31approved back in the US 1982. So just
48:35remember this year. So prior to that,
48:38yung mga insuly na ginagamit natin or
48:40noon ay galing sa mga pancreas ng mga
48:43hayop galing sa pancreas ng cowo yung
48:45katulad ng nasabi ko kanina. So from
48:471982 moving forward saka nagkaroon ng
48:50ganitong available insulin na galing sa
48:52cultured bacteria or engineered bacteria
48:55na nilagyan ng gene na galing sa humans
48:58that tells how to produce insulin. All
49:01right, let's proceed.
49:04Let's proceed to our final example the
49:07herbicide tolerant soy beans. Um first
49:10let's try to understand a problem that
49:12uh our farmers are trying to solve here.
49:16When farmers grow mga soy beans, weeds
49:21can grow alongside the crops or the
49:24soybin. So yung mga weeds naon they
49:26compete with the soy bans for sunlight,
49:28for water, for space, for nutrients, for
49:31their resources basically. So if the
49:34weeds grow too much
49:37obviously they they can reduce the
49:39growth of the the soy beans and that
49:42will affect the yield of the soy beans
49:44or the crop itself. So yung mga farmers
49:47they use um herbicides which this are
49:50chemicals na designated para macontrol
49:54yung unwanted na mga weeds mga unwanted
49:56plants.
49:58But iyung challenge here is that if the
50:02her reside kills the weeds, pwede rin
50:06niyang ma-damage yung mga soybin plants,
50:09yung mga crop itself, no? So ang ginawa
50:11ng scientist,
50:14they genetically engineered the soybin.
50:18So instead na sobe na normal na pwedeng
50:21maapektuhan doon sa chemical na
50:24herbicide na ginagamit pampatay ng mga
50:26unwanted plants no iyung soybe na ginawa
50:30nila or minodify nila is that it will
50:34not be affected by this chemical so they
50:37they genetically engineered the soin and
50:40they designed it to tolerate
50:43ah iyung chemical na herbicide no so
50:45they find some um way or some processes
50:50in terms of how paano ba ano bang mga
50:53chemicals yung makakapag ah inhibit ng
50:56herbicide para hindi siya maapektuhan
50:58saan ba galing yun at ano pa at nilagay
51:00nila yun sa soybin. So when the farmer
51:02applies iyung mga appropriate na ng na
51:05na pang-control mga herbicide for
51:07example
51:09kahit na malagyan yung soy hindi siya
51:11maapektuhan so hindi siya mamamatay or
51:16hindi siya ma ma ma ma ma ma ma-alter
51:20yung effect niya or magiging malourish
51:22yung plant or whatever. So walang ganong
51:25effect ngayon yung herbicite doon sa
51:28soybean na GMO as compared doon sa
51:31normal na na soyin. So the GMO can
51:36tolerate the herbicide
51:38while iyung herbicide
51:42it does the job of controlling iyung mga
51:45weeds or iyung mga unwanted plant. So
51:47ang benefit nito syempre mas flexible
51:49sir na i-manage yung mga mga unwanted
51:52plans para sa mga farmers kasi kahit
51:54mag-spray spray sila diyan hindi naman
51:56maapektuhan yung soy beins. Pero syempre
52:00it triggers ano a potential problem no?
52:04Kapag paulit-ulit na ngayon na
52:07ine-esprayan ng same na herbicide yung
52:10mga ah mga unwanted plants, pwedeng
52:15makapag-develop sila themselves ng ah ng
52:18ah ah
52:20immunity doon sa herbicide na yon. So
52:24pag nag-spray ngayon ng panibagong
52:27herbicide na na klase yung farmer doon
52:33sa soybean hindi na siya magiging immune
52:36doon. Kumbaga immune lang siya sa
52:38herbicide A. Pag herbicide B na yung
52:41ginamit hindi na siya immune. Are you
52:43getting the point na
52:46the the scientists are able to develop a
52:49soy bein na immune sa herbicide A? Pero
52:53kapag yung mga damo-damo diyan at yung
52:56mga unwanted plants nakapag-develop ng
52:58immunity themselves using or sa against
53:01the herbicide A hindi na magiging
53:03effective yung pangatay na yon. So gamit
53:06ngayon si farmer ng herbicide B which is
53:09hindi na imune si soy beans non. So
53:10kailangan na namang i-genetically modify
53:13yung yung soy beans. So you're getting
53:15the point no? So that's that's the
53:16common debate. That's a common argument
53:18na pinag-uusapan ngayon because the
53:21herbicide tolerance is not the same
53:27sa lahat ng pagkakataon or sa lahat ng
53:29version niya.
53:31So maybe the takeaway here is that
53:34genetically engineer engineered product
53:37like this can help crops tolerate
53:41specific mga herbicides. Pero
53:46it is still after the responsibility of
53:49the farmers to practice yung mga
53:52necessary management ng mga dam. Bunutin
53:55mo na lang 'yan mag nag-GMO ka pa.
53:59Bunutin mo na 'yung mga damon kapag
54:01gumastos. 'Di ba? That's the point here.
54:04You still have something to do out of
54:06it. It's the purpose of it is to develop
54:09para magamit mo 'yung pampatay ng mga
54:11unwanted plants na hindi naapektuhan
54:12yung soy beans. Pero at theating yung
54:15point na makakapag-develop ng immunity
54:17yung mga unwanted plants na hindi na
54:19magagamitan ng ganyang chemical.
54:20Magpapalit ka ng chemical. Hindi
54:22na-immune doon yung serv mo. Gagawa ka
54:24na naman ng GMO na immune sa ganung
54:26klaseng chemical and paulit-ulit na lang
54:28yung process. Tanggalin mo na lang yung
54:29d para tapos na ang problema natin. Kaso
54:32nakakapagod siya ' ba. I'm also tired
54:35guys.
54:36I'm tired. I'm tired recording.
54:40I hope you're okay. Hindi kayo naiinitan
54:42kasi suspend ng class natin because of
54:44super
54:46init daw ba sa room ko naman ako
54:49masyadong nainitan.
54:52Hay naku pero ang tired na.
54:55Anyway, let's continue.
54:58All right. So, this is the summarization
55:01of the different examples of the GMO.
55:05So, we have again the BT corn. So it's a
55:08plant na corn and the target rate is for
55:12the purpose of it being a GMO is to
55:15protect uh the corn from certain insects
55:20or pests. Now we have the golden rice it
55:22is also a plant the target rate is the
55:27betacarine
55:28it and
55:30uh improving the nutrient content and
55:33the virus resistant papaya plant as well
55:36resistance for a specific virus
55:39in papaya you also have the engineered
55:42of salmon the growth related
55:44characteristic is a target rate
55:47insulin producing bacteria manufacturing
55:49of insulin and um the uh herbicide
55:54tolerant soy bean so tolerance for
55:57particular herbicide
55:59so this are the summarization of uh the
56:04examples that we discussed so we will be
56:06proceeding now to the next slide which
56:09will tell us about the different
56:11techniques uh that is associated with
56:13biotech
56:15so now we will talk about the processes
56:19or the techniques used in uh modern
56:22biotechnology because we're done
56:24discussing about examples of uh the GMO
56:27or the product of biotech. Now we will
56:29talk about some of the techniques na
56:30ginagamit in biotech. First of that is
56:33the recombinant DNA technology and I
56:35think this is something that I mentioned
56:37already kanina. So a little recap no
56:41when we say DNA it contains the genetic
56:44instruction used by the living organisms
56:47as a blueprint and then portions of DNA
56:50or the segment of DNA we call that gene.
56:53It uh it contains the instructions for
56:57particular um like processes or
57:00particular part of the organism. So ano
57:03bang ibig sabihin again a recombinant
57:06DNA? So it simply means combining
57:08combining different genetic material
57:11from different sources. So in uh
57:14recompinent DNA technology scientists
57:17are combining selected DNA sequence to
57:22create a new DNA molecule. And uh if we
57:26will try to connect this to our earlier
57:29example in terms of bacteria producing
57:31human insulin. So humans ba sabi ko
57:34kanina po ulit-ulit tayo. Humans have
57:35the gene that contains the instruction
57:37for making insulin. Bacteria on the
57:39other hand do not have that kind of
57:42natural process no gen na nagsasabi na
57:45mag-produce ng insulin. So scientistic
57:48the gene sequence ng humans na nagsasabi
57:50na mag-produce ng insulin or kung paano
57:52mag-produce ng insulin and then it is
57:55being combined with a suitable DNA from
57:58a bacteria's plasmid para mag-undergo na
58:01iyung bacteria in terms of producing
58:04insulin. So to make it shorter combinant
58:07DNA simply means this is a combination
58:11of different sequence or different DNA
58:14from two different species or two
58:17different organism into producing a
58:21product that will be useful and that
58:23will be beneficial for us for humans.
58:26Again, we call this recombinant DNA
58:29because it contains genetic material
58:32combined from different sources.
58:35That's just a simple definition of this.
58:40Now let us proceed to genome editing and
58:43the crosscast 9. Uh there's actually a
58:47short version for clustered regulatory
58:51interspaced shortendromic
58:54repeats. That's actually a tool that the
58:56scientist used for them to be able to
59:00modify genes. No will try to look back
59:02no DNA contains the genetic material
59:05specific segment of the DNA. We have the
59:07genes. So the genes tells whether a
59:10specific trait of a certain organism
59:12will be if we want to modify a specific
59:16trait. Therefore we must find the gene
59:18responsible for that. No so when we say
59:20genome editing that means we are
59:23modifying we are doing something to the
59:25gene whether we are silencing that gene
59:28or we are disabling that gene we are
59:30altering that gene para hindi siya ah
59:33mag-manifest doon sa organism. For
59:35example, you the color of the ice is
59:39black pero you want to alter it to make
59:41it blue something like that. So you will
59:43find the gen responsible for
59:45pigmentation of the eyes and then you
59:47will alter it. So using the crisper cat9
59:50is the tool that is being used to open
59:53uh the DNA sequencing and find the gen
59:55and to replace the gen to alter the gen.
59:57Let's just put it that way. say genome
59:59editing that is when you are trying to
1:00:02to change to modify or whatever you want
1:00:05to do in the in the gene depending on
1:00:08the goal and then the crisper casn is
1:00:10the tool that you are using for you to
1:00:13be able to undergo or to for you to be
1:00:15able to properly do the genome editing
1:00:20next we have the tissue culture or
1:00:22growing cells or tissue under controlled
1:00:24condition so what happens here naman is
1:00:27that we are getting certain parts of the
1:00:28plant and then we are putting it in a
1:00:32control environment or controlled
1:00:34environment tapos we are supplying
1:00:36proper nutrients right temperature right
1:00:39moisture we are controlling basically
1:00:41the growth of uh of uh this specific
1:00:45cells or tissues na kinukuha natin then
1:00:47eventually afterwards syempre after
1:00:49tissues pwede siyang mag-develop into
1:00:52you know a sprout pwede siyang pwedeng
1:00:54magkaroon ng ng ah pwedeng magkaroon on
1:00:58out of that specific uh cell or out of
1:01:01that specific tissue na kinuha natin
1:01:02from the original plant that can um grow
1:01:07ng
1:01:09mga ng mga what do you call this ng
1:01:15small plantlets. So instead of like
1:01:18getting ah or instead of like magtatanim
1:01:21ka out of the seed ng isang halaman, you
1:01:24can just get that plantlets from your
1:01:26cultured tissues or cultured cells para
1:01:28itanim directly sa soil para lumago
1:01:31siya. So it's more of like being able to
1:01:35multiply the plants
1:01:38not undergoing like the traditional
1:01:41process na kailangan sa seed siya galing
1:01:43because you cultured already or you you
1:01:46put the tissue or the the cell under a
1:01:49controlled condition. So you are it is
1:01:52most likely na it carries the right
1:01:55amount of nutilation kasi nga it is
1:01:57under a controlled a controlled setup.
1:02:00But in this kind of in this kind of
1:02:04technique you are not in any way
1:02:06altering any DNA sequencing because you
1:02:09just simply get yung tissue and then
1:02:11kinulture mo iyung tissue in a good
1:02:13condition para tumubo siya into plant de
1:02:17para ma-reproduce mo iyung plant na
1:02:18iyon. So in this kind of technique it is
1:02:21something that do not really
1:02:24um modify uh sequencing. So it is maybe
1:02:30just like a technique
1:02:32to reproduce plants under modern
1:02:36biology, modern biotechnology rather,
1:02:39but not merely a GMO because you are not
1:02:41really altering anything.
1:02:44Now let's talk about the gene therapy.
1:02:48So
1:02:50when we say gene therapy of course from
1:02:52the term it is addressing something
1:02:54about the gene.
1:02:56Um
1:02:58for example
1:03:00uh
1:03:02let's try to imagine the person na may
1:03:03condition no may problema siya sa isa sa
1:03:05body part. So for example may problema
1:03:07siya sa blood ah may problema siya sa
1:03:10hemoglobin for example.
1:03:12Now what the gene therapy or how the
1:03:17process of gene therapy uh is is kapag
1:03:22kinuha kumuha ng sample ng ng blood niya
1:03:25kasi nga may problem siya sa hemoglobin
1:03:27and
1:03:29the scientist will then get the gene
1:03:33responsible for that hemoglobin to be at
1:03:35rest and the the modification
1:03:38of that specific gene for hemoglobin
1:03:42is ia-address, aayusin and then ilalagay
1:03:46ulit. Pag maayos na yung yung DNA na
1:03:49yun, yung G na yun sa DNA na yon,
1:03:51ibabalik siya doon sa patient na may
1:03:53problema sa blood, sa hemoglobin and um
1:03:57of course through the self production
1:03:59reproduction. So it will be replicated
1:04:01and replicated. So the the
1:04:05goal is to
1:04:08um address the problem or a condition of
1:04:12a certain patient
1:04:15through the modification of gene
1:04:18and the reproduction of that modified
1:04:21gen
1:04:23that's the the idea of it. It's not like
1:04:26a guaranteed, no? It's not like a
1:04:27guaranteed na na solution to certain
1:04:31conditions, no? That can be one of the
1:04:33options and sometimes it works,
1:04:34sometimes it doesn't, ganon. And it's
1:04:36also being used sa mga cancer patients,
1:04:39no? Ina-alter iyung gene, inaayuse iyung
1:04:41gene para um the immune system will be
1:04:44able to fight back sa mga cancer cells.
1:04:47But again, it's not 100% guaranteed na
1:04:50magwo-work siya. So it is something na
1:04:53ginagamit in the medical field. Gene
1:04:55therapy just to make a distinction of
1:04:58when we say genetic engineering it is a
1:05:00method na ginagamit sa biotech but when
1:05:03we say gene therapy it is a medical
1:05:05application so genetic engineering can
1:05:08be used in different fields no pwede sa
1:05:10iba-ibang mga bagay yan but when we say
1:05:13gene therapy this is specifically for
1:05:16treatment or um parang prevention of
1:05:21diseases genetically it's more of like
1:05:24in a medic field rather than more uh
1:05:27more applicable to different field. No,
1:05:29it is specifically for medical field.
1:05:33So it's more of as I said it's more of
1:05:35like modifying the gene so that genetic
1:05:40um genetically based diseases will be
1:05:43addressed but still of course uh it is
1:05:46not a 100% guaranteed na solution for
1:05:50every genetically based na mga diseases
1:05:53or conditions.
1:05:57Next one is DNA profiling. So it is
1:06:00analyzing genetic information. This is
1:06:03more applicable forensic science. No,
1:06:06this is commonly used in that. So what
1:06:08happens here is that
1:06:10DNA are being analyzed in a specific
1:06:12region of DNA for uh the scientist to be
1:06:16able to identify whether that DNA
1:06:19belongs to a certain person. Kung kanina
1:06:22for example may dalawang tao to'sal
1:06:25alamin mo kung kanino ong saliva na 'to.
1:06:27So that is DNA profiling. And as I said
1:06:30it is commonly used sa mga sa mga ah
1:06:33forensic investigation may dugo, may
1:06:36saliva or whatever it is na nanggaling
1:06:38sa may sa tao sa human that contains DNA
1:06:42that can serve as an evidence to a crime
1:06:45ganon. So the forensic scientist will
1:06:48then do the DNA profiling and identify
1:06:52and compare it to the DNA of the persons
1:06:54of interest. So who among them matches
1:06:56this? Kaninong blood to? Kaninong
1:06:58kaninong saliva to or whatever. So by
1:07:01then they can uh at least somehow uh
1:07:05have a basis for for uh a certain
1:07:10conclusion. No. Okay. So you have you
1:07:13are here in the in this place kasi you
1:07:15have
1:07:16you have for example a hair na
1:07:18nagma-match sa DNA mo based on DNA
1:07:20profiling. So some sort of things na
1:07:22ganon. And um
1:07:25it is commonly on forensic science but
1:07:28at the same time kapag
1:07:29halimbawa sino yung tatay mo sino yung
1:07:31nanay mo ganon sinoung totoong may anak
1:07:33dito something like that this is also
1:07:35being being or DNA profiling is also
1:07:39being done there and uh
1:07:42if we will try to to compare no DNA
1:07:47profiling versus genetic engineering
1:07:48again genetic engine engineering
1:07:51commonly broad siya. But if it is DNA
1:07:53profiling, it is more of like analyzing
1:07:55the DNA to be able to figure out
1:07:56kaninong DNA yan. More of more of like
1:07:59that more than anything else. And it
1:08:02doesn't have any relationship in terms
1:08:05of
1:08:06the produce uh the the production of GMO
1:08:10or things like that katulad ng
1:08:11pag-usapan natin kanina. This is more of
1:08:14like forensic science than anything
1:08:16else.
1:08:58Okay. So we have here the PCR. This is
1:09:01about copying a selected DNA sequence.
1:09:03PCR means uh the polymerized chain
1:09:07reaction. So at some point kadugtong
1:09:10siya ng DNA profiling no? Kasi the
1:09:12purpose of PCR is to duplicate yung mga
1:09:15sample. or yung mga specific regions ng
1:09:17DNA. So for example sa forensic science
1:09:20na may collected evidence ka pero very
1:09:22few lang or konti lang. For example bat
1:09:24lang ng dugo sobrang konti or saliva or
1:09:26whatever na pwedeng kuhaan ng DNA pero
1:09:28sobrang konti lang. The PCR is the one
1:09:32duplicating the region of that specific
1:09:35um the specific DNA no and it is being
1:09:40used para of course magkaroon ng other
1:09:42resources no para agag nagkamali sa isa
1:09:44because we we never know no mawala iyung
1:09:47sample magkamali or whatever still you
1:09:50have a backup of uh the same um DNA
1:09:54sequency kasi you were able to multiply
1:09:57it using PCR technique no And it is not
1:10:00just about forensic science. Sometimes
1:10:01it is also being used doon sa mga
1:10:05um study or research that uh has a very
1:10:09limited resources. But the point of this
1:10:12PCR is that it is a tool or a technique
1:10:16that duplicates the DNA sequencing if
1:10:19needed or if necessary for you know
1:10:23having more resources para mas
1:10:25ma-explore pa. If a certain um condition
1:10:30might not work for this uh for this
1:10:32sample, then I still have another sample
1:10:34because I was able to duplicate it using
1:10:36PCR technique. So again PCR just put in
1:10:39mind it is duplicating uh the DNA
1:10:42sequencing
1:10:44to to better understand specific
1:10:46phenomena or to to better have a more
1:10:49accurate result or to have a resources
1:10:53na kailangan if it is um quite limited.
1:10:58Now let's proceed to IBF for invit
1:11:00fertilization.
1:11:02Uh this is about assisted reproductive
1:11:04technology. Ito yyung nabanggit ko
1:11:06kanina at the beginning of the
1:11:07presentation when
1:11:09kapag may for example may asawa hindi
1:11:10sila nagkaanak or magkaanak by natural
1:11:13process so they can try the IVFR in
1:11:17vitra fertilization.
1:11:19So
1:11:21before we discuss the IVF let's first
1:11:24understand the term itself. So when we
1:11:26say inv vitro it means outside a living
1:11:29body when we say invitro that means
1:11:33outside a living body that means it is
1:11:36under a controlled condition now when
1:11:38was there fertilization so syempre it
1:11:40means the union of the sperm cell and
1:11:42egg cell so outside the body union of
1:11:45sperm cell and egg cell so in IVF
1:11:50instead of having the fertilization
1:11:53happen inside sa reproductive tract
1:11:56where the egg cell will meet the sperm
1:11:58cell normally in theop tube it is
1:12:02brought out sa laboratory so hindi siya
1:12:05sa loob ng ng reproductive system ng
1:12:08babae mangyayari rather sa laborator so
1:12:12again katulad nga ng sinabi ko kapag may
1:12:13couple na nagkakaroon ng problem in
1:12:16terms of
1:12:17having a baby depende sa cause no so
1:12:22pwede na mag-undergo na lang ng IVF
1:12:25para magkaroon ng embryo at maging
1:12:28magkaroon ng baby in the future.
1:12:31So um the the first thing that uh that
1:12:36the doctors uh are considering
1:12:41is that of course is the ovary of the
1:12:44woman produces mature egg ba? Tapos if
1:12:48yes then the mature egg will be
1:12:50collected and the sperm sample as well
1:12:52if the sperm is good uh it will also be
1:12:55collected and be prepared.
1:12:59the the scientist will or the medical
1:13:02practitioner will have separately the
1:13:05egg and then the sperm. So in the
1:13:07laboratory the egg and sperm are brought
1:13:09together pag-iisahin sila ah to for
1:13:13fertilization to occur. Kasi maraming
1:13:16factors e kung bakit hindi nagkakaroon
1:13:18ng fertilized egg e. Sometimes
1:13:21it comes with age no? Pag ang babae
1:13:24masyado ng matanda, the tendency is the
1:13:26membrane of the egg cell. magiging
1:13:28makapal siya. So kahit na healthy naman
1:13:31yung egg cell, kahit na healthy naman
1:13:33yung sperm cell, but because the
1:13:35membrane is too thick, masyadong
1:13:37makapal, mapapagod na mapapagod na yung
1:13:40sperm cell na pumasok doon sa eggang sa
1:13:42namatay na lang siya. Hindi siya naka
1:13:43hindi na-penetrate ni sperm cell yyung
1:13:45egg cell. Again, one factor is that
1:13:47super kapal nung membrane ng egg Excel.
1:13:50Again, yung pagkapal ng membrane ng
1:13:52Excel that varies depending on age, no?
1:13:55Kapag mas matanda normally, not all the
1:13:58time, normally mas makapal na ang
1:14:00membrane ng excel ng babae.
1:14:04Now, um let's say for example
1:14:06nag-undergo na nga ng IVF dinala na
1:14:09kumuha na ng sample ng egg, kumuha na ng
1:14:12sample ng sperm and then nag-undergo na
1:14:15ng IVF nga tinurok na, in-inject na
1:14:19iyung sperm papunta doon sa egg. That is
1:14:21called the ICSI.
1:14:24And
1:14:25pagpasok nung sperm doon sa egg, syempre
1:14:27io-observe pa iyun whether nagkaroon ba
1:14:30ng successful fertilization. Kasi of
1:14:32course that is uh something na hindi
1:14:35naman guaranteed no. Hindi naman purit
1:14:37ginide yung sperm papunta sa egg
1:14:40especially it is an outside the body
1:14:43process no. So hindi siya guaranteed na
1:14:45fertilization. But if for example
1:14:47nagkaroon na ng fertilization and
1:14:50magkakaroon na ng embryo after
1:14:52fertilization that that results to
1:14:55embryo imo-monitor na ngayon yung embryo
1:14:57ilalagay yun sa isang machine that uh
1:15:01can
1:15:03preserve the embryo. In IVF normally
1:15:05multiple multiple times siyang ginagawa.
1:15:08Hindi lang isang pirasong egg, hindi
1:15:10lang isang pirasong sperm. So multiple
1:15:13times siyang ginagawa para at least kung
1:15:15hindi magwo-work 'yung unang embryo, you
1:15:17still have different or next embryo na
1:15:20magamit. Pero sometimes pwedeng isa lang
1:15:22din. Depende naman yan sa couple,
1:15:24depende sa patient. Sometimes isa lang
1:15:27tapos pag hindi nag-work uulit ng IVF.
1:15:30Or pwede namang sa isang IVF kuha ng
1:15:32madami para um maraming ma-store na
1:15:37embryo para pag hindi nag-work kuha na
1:15:39lang doon sa machine doon sa pinagtaguan
1:15:42or sa pinag-preservan ng mga embryo
1:15:46and uh it is not guaranteed no it is not
1:15:51really guaranteed hindi porket nag IBF
1:15:54automatic successful na it still depends
1:15:57on the the
1:15:59sperm and the egg na makukuha from the
1:16:02parent no kung it is something na usable
1:16:05or something na really healthy enough
1:16:07para makapagbuo ng ng baby. Sometimes
1:16:11nakakapagbuo ng embryo but kapaglant na
1:16:14doon sa sa reproductive system ng babae
1:16:17minsan doon naman nagkakaproblema. So it
1:16:20really depends no sometimes maybe it's
1:16:21about the faith no kung para sao talaga
1:16:24para sao kahit ah kung hindi para sao
1:16:26hindi para sao kahit natural process or
1:16:29IBF if it's not meant for you and it's
1:16:31not really meant for you no but then
1:16:34again this is one way of trying to have
1:16:37a form of life in a more like not
1:16:43totally natural way like it is a guided
1:16:47by science
1:16:49of producing life.
1:16:55So let's try to review or understand the
1:16:58natural fertilization process. No so the
1:17:00first step is the ovulation. So when we
1:17:02say ovulation this is when uh an ovary
1:17:06releases mature egg which then enters
1:17:09the fallopin tube. Now the second step
1:17:13is the the fertilization itself.
1:17:17When uh there is a sexual activity when
1:17:19the sperm reaches the egg so a sperm can
1:17:23uh enter that egg and then the genetic
1:17:26material from the egg and the sperm
1:17:28comes together and this again the
1:17:31fertilization usually happens in phopen
1:17:33tube uh during a natural conception. So
1:17:36once na na-fertilize na yung egg uh we
1:17:39will now have the zyote. This is the
1:17:41first cell formed pagkatapos ng
1:17:45fertilization and then it also contains
1:17:47the genetic material from both the egg
1:17:49and then the sperm. So next to the zycot
1:17:52magkakaroon na tayo ng mitosis or ng
1:17:55cell division. So one cell that cycot
1:17:58will then becomes two and four and more
1:18:01and more and more as it developed or
1:18:03continue to develop until it becomes an
1:18:07early embryo. Then kapag embryo na siya
1:18:11it will now travel further papunta sa
1:18:15uterus where it will grow it will attach
1:18:19and will grow in the succeeding months
1:18:23or weeks after. Now
1:18:26why is this really important in terms of
1:18:29discussing what IVF really is? Kasi in
1:18:33natural conception fertilization occurs
1:18:36doon sa loob ng katawan ng babae inside
1:18:38a full open tube. Now in IBF katulad ng
1:18:40nabanggit ko kanina doctors will collect
1:18:42the egg and then bring it out. We
1:18:44collect the sperm and then we process
1:18:47everything will create the embryo inside
1:18:50the laboratory. No. And then after
1:18:52creating the embryo, if the embryo is at
1:18:55its right stage, it will then be
1:18:57transferred to the uterus of the woman.
1:19:00So IF
1:19:02assist some of the stages na involved sa
1:19:06reproduction particularly only the
1:19:08fertilization but the embryo or the
1:19:12development of embryo is still happening
1:19:15inside the uterus of the woman. may
1:19:18implantation pa rin or kailangan pa rin
1:19:21siyang ibalik sa loob for the pregnancy
1:19:26um to push to. So the main difference is
1:19:30where the fertilization takes place. If
1:19:33it is a natural conception therefore the
1:19:35fertilization takes place at the at the
1:19:38follow tube inside the woman's body. If
1:19:40it is IPF the fertilization happens in a
1:19:43petish sa loob ng lab. But still once
1:19:46the embryo is there, ibabalik pa rin sa
1:19:49babae sa uterus kasi it needs the
1:19:53woman's body for it to properly develop.
1:19:59So let's talk about how I works. The the
1:20:02stages of the IBF so lahat have the
1:20:06first one of variance stimulation.
1:20:09So what happens here is that the doctors
1:20:12will give the the patient or the the
1:20:16woman the medication na will let the
1:20:20over develop several eggs instead of
1:20:22just like a single egg. Ito yung
1:20:24sinasabi ko kanina na in terms of the
1:20:26IBF pwedeng maraming egg na agad yung
1:20:28kukuhain. Maraming sperm na agad yung
1:20:30kukuhain para hindi ka na kuha ng kuha.
1:20:33Hindi ka na kasi it is partly invasive
1:20:35eh. tutusukin 'yung reproductive system
1:20:37mo hanggang sa marating 'yung 'yung
1:20:39ovary para kumuha ng egg. Kung isa lang
1:20:41'yun, parang sayang naman 'yung process
1:20:43na 'yun. Damihan na natin para
1:20:46afterwards kung hindi mag-work 'yung
1:20:48unang egg, may pangalawang egg, may
1:20:49pangatlong egg ka pa ganun. But it
1:20:51really depends on different ano
1:20:53situations kasi pwedeng kahit na
1:20:56magbigay si doctor ng medication para
1:20:58mas maraming eggs yung ma-produce mo,
1:21:00pwedeng yung katawan mo will not still
1:21:02produce so much egg or ah pwede namang
1:21:04yung mapo-produce sa egg hindi naman
1:21:06healthy enough paano mag-undergo ng
1:21:08fertilization outside. So it really ah
1:21:12is depending no? Tsaka syempre mas
1:21:14maraming egg, mas maraming gastos parang
1:21:16ganon. So
1:21:19um again that's the first step.
1:21:21Magkakaroon ng ovarian na stimulation
1:21:24para mas maraming ma-produce na egg.
1:21:27Para mas maraming chance na maging
1:21:29successful ang IBF. Then after ibigay
1:21:34yung yung medication of course the
1:21:36doctor will still monitor first the
1:21:38patient para malaman if if healthy ba
1:21:41okay ba may may egg production ba before
1:21:45really proceeding to to the next
1:21:47processes no the step two is the egg
1:21:52retrieval so kapag okay na sure na si
1:21:54doctor na okay na may na-produce na egg
1:21:57ng egg sapat na iyung time the eggs are
1:22:01ready na so yung mga medical
1:22:03professionals natin will then collect
1:22:05ung katulad ng sinabi ko kanina may thin
1:22:07manipis na needle na ipapasok sa loob ng
1:22:11ah reproductive system ng babae and
1:22:13kukuhain yung yung egg no it feels a
1:22:17little
1:22:19uncomfortable
1:22:21uh based on
1:22:23the mga bagay na napanood ko or nabasa
1:22:25ko before when I was in college kasi
1:22:26this is something that we discussed
1:22:28before no but uh yeah it's still
1:22:31something manageable naman. And uh the
1:22:34next stage is the sperm preparation. Of
1:22:37course we need sperm if we want
1:22:39fertilized egg ' ba. So in terms of uh
1:22:43the sperm preparation sperms will be
1:22:46collected naman doon sa partner and it
1:22:48will be prepared in laboratory but this
1:22:51one is much easier compared to the table
1:22:53of eggs right and the the the specialist
1:22:57will select iyung pinaka-best sperm
1:23:00among the sperms na na-collect for
1:23:03fertilization
1:23:05and uh the next step is the
1:23:08fertilization. So the eggosperm are
1:23:09brought together in a laboratory. So
1:23:13using the equipment ICI
1:23:17um but the needle will have the sperm it
1:23:20will be injected papunta doon sa egg.
1:23:24Pagpasok non dapat mafa-fertilize iyung
1:23:26egg and then pag na-fertilize iyung egg
1:23:29and it will develop to embryo then that
1:23:32one that step is successful. So magano
1:23:35na tayo, co-culture na tayo ng embryo.
1:23:38But then again, it is not a guaranteed
1:23:41ano ha. It's not always a guaranteed
1:23:42fertilization. Hindi sa lahat ng
1:23:44pagkakataon kahit tinulok na yung sperm
1:23:45doon sa egg na necessarily na magiging
1:23:48mafe-fertilize agad yung egg at magiging
1:23:50or magde-develop siya into ah embryo no
1:23:55po. But then again if if
1:23:59the situation allows at na naging
1:24:01successful iyung fertilization,
1:24:03magkakaroon na tayo pupunta na tayo sa
1:24:05embryo culture. So yung fertilized egg
1:24:08natin imo-monitor siya under controlled
1:24:11setup or controlled laboratory
1:24:12environment and aantayin until such time
1:24:16na iyung embryo is ready or suitable na
1:24:19for transfer. So transfer where
1:24:21ina-transfer na yyung embryo sa uterus.
1:24:24So um depende yan sa cases eh kasi
1:24:27sometimes nanggaling sayo iyung egg,
1:24:29nanggaling sa mag-asawa iyung egg and
1:24:31iyung sperm but still yung woman hindi
1:24:33siya capable of housing the embryo. So
1:24:36may problema siya sa reproductive system
1:24:38niya. Hindi kayang i-support ng uterus
1:24:39niya yyung growing embryo. So pwedeng
1:24:42gumamit ng sorg mother. So pwedeng ibang
1:24:44babae yung magke-carry ng embryo ng
1:24:46mag-asawa. It can be possible. But uh in
1:24:49modern times, we also have what we call
1:24:51the reciprocal IBF. This works for ano
1:24:56for couple na parents na babae. So
1:24:59nangyayari si girl, si girl A sa kanya
1:25:02galing yung egg, si girl B sa kanya
1:25:04ipa-plant yung embryo. So syempre
1:25:06donated yung sperm cell. So pag
1:25:08na-fertilize yung egg doon sa partner ng
1:25:10isang babae na hindi pinagkuhaan ng egg
1:25:12doon ipa-plant yung embryo. So you share
1:25:14both of the motherhood doon sa magiging
1:25:17magiging product na na baby no? Sa kanya
1:25:19galing yung sa kanya galing yung egg or
1:25:22ako yung nagbuntis something like that.
1:25:23So you share like the sentiments of
1:25:26being a mother if you are like a female
1:25:29couple no anyway.
1:25:32So if for example properly na-transfer
1:25:34yung embryo whether sa mismong may-ari
1:25:37ng Excel or sa iba if a sorgate mother
1:25:39ang ginamit whatever it is the next step
1:25:43or the last step is to follow up no
1:25:44kailangan bantayan yyung fertility
1:25:47bantayan yung pregnancy na ng ng ng
1:25:49women and kailangan of course healthy
1:25:53and all until such time na made-deliver
1:25:55na yung baby na panganak na siya
1:26:00and I reminder lang na po na na IBF
1:26:04increases only it increases only the
1:26:07possibility of pregnancy for for people
1:26:11but it is never a guaranteed pregnancy.
1:26:15Chance lang siya of helping people get
1:26:19pregnant but not necessarily a
1:26:21guaranteed way of being pregnant. It is
1:26:25something that we really need to to to
1:26:27be reminded of.
1:26:31Okay. So this is more of like the
1:26:33distinction between IBF,
1:26:35ISI and then UI
1:26:39UI. So let's start with the IBF. Ito nga
1:26:42nasabi natin kanina no in viting outside
1:26:45fertilization meansing of sperm and egg
1:26:48for fertilization to happen. So when say
1:26:52IBF fertilization outside a human body
1:26:55so fertilization in a laboratory. Now
1:26:57when we say naman na ICSI
1:27:02or the inter cytoplasmic sperm injection
1:27:05it is when the sperm is being injected
1:27:10to the egg para ma-fertilize iyung egg
1:27:13and this is being utilized under the
1:27:15IBF. Again the IBF is a fertilization
1:27:20the whole process of fertilization
1:27:22outside the human body or in the
1:27:24laboratory. ICSI is the process wherein
1:27:27the sperm is being injected in an egg.
1:27:31Again still part of the IBF. Now what is
1:27:34IUI? So IUI is the intrauterine
1:27:38insemination. So this time hindi
1:27:41kinukuha iyung egg or the egg is still
1:27:43inside the body. It is just about a
1:27:45sperm. No, the sperm is being injected
1:27:47inside the woman's reproductive system
1:27:50for unexpected fertilization. So kailan
1:27:52ba nagkakaroon ng IUI, no? If for
1:27:55example nagkakaroon ng problem
1:27:57or ng difficulty yung mag-asawa or
1:28:00mag-partner to have sexual intercourse,
1:28:03so hindi nagkakaroon, hindi napo-produce
1:28:05yung yung sperm ng maayos. So IUI can be
1:28:10away para to help them na still
1:28:12magkaroon ng chance yung sperm na
1:28:14makapunta sa sa reproductives naman ng
1:28:16babae and then ma-fertilize yung
1:28:18exophalopan tube or other
1:28:22possible reason kung bakit nag-iui is
1:28:25for example babae ka and then you don't
1:28:27have a husband you don't have a partner
1:28:28but you want to be pregnant you want to
1:28:29have child so pwede kang magkaroon ng
1:28:31sperm dollar but you don't want to
1:28:33engage in a sexual activity so kukuha
1:28:35lang ng sperm doon sa dollar pwede
1:28:37i-inject through yung yung yung yung
1:28:39sperm papunta sa reproductive system mo
1:28:41until such time na magkaroon ng
1:28:42fertilization at magkaroon ka ng
1:28:44pregnancy without having an intercourse
1:28:47or a sexual activity. So those are the
1:28:50possible
1:28:51reasons kung bakit naman nagkakaroon ng
1:28:54IOI. So IF fertilization in a
1:28:57laboratory. ICSI 'yung pagpasok ng sperm
1:29:00sa egg in a laboratory that is part of
1:29:02IBF. And IUI is when uh the sperm cell
1:29:06is injected inside the woman's body for
1:29:10fertilization to occur. But still in IUI
1:29:12nasa loob ang egg at walang ginagawa sa
1:29:16egg. It's just a sperm that is being um
1:29:19uh being injected.
1:29:22So let's talk about uh the benefits,
1:29:24limitations and considerations that we
1:29:26should do in terms of the IBF. No. So
1:29:29the potential benefit of it, syempre
1:29:31very obvious naman it can help those um
1:29:35couple na magkaroon ng fertility or
1:29:37magkaroon ng pregnancy despite na um may
1:29:41mga specific barriers na pwedeng
1:29:43mag-contribute sa kanila not to be able
1:29:45to proceed to pregnancy. For example,
1:29:48the problem is within the fallopin tube.
1:29:49So we can bypass the fallopin tube and
1:29:51just have IBF and then have the the egg
1:29:54fertilized and then implant it to the
1:29:57uterus of the woman and then proceed to
1:29:59the pregnancy. That is the potential
1:30:01benefit of it if everything will go
1:30:03along um na walang problema. So it is
1:30:06something that's the main benefit of
1:30:08IBF. Uh the limitations naman or the
1:30:11risk naman of course it is not
1:30:13guaranteed no uh it gives us the
1:30:16opportunity or chance to have pregnancy
1:30:19still it is not guaranteed. Aside from
1:30:21that it is very costly no napakamahal
1:30:23nito. So it costs so much. So kailangan
1:30:26mong mag-ipon talaga if you want to do
1:30:27IBF. At the same time since it is not
1:30:30guaranteed it and is something na you
1:30:32should be emotionally ready kasi you are
1:30:36trying something you are not certain
1:30:37for. And if it is something na
1:30:40mag-failed, you should, you know, it
1:30:42will cost you so much in terms of your
1:30:43emotion. So dapat you are mentally and
1:30:46emotionally ready when you are uh when
1:30:49you are engaging to IBF. Kasi what if
1:30:52hindi mag-work? Paano mo siya
1:30:53tatanggapin as a woman since you are
1:30:56trying for many times and even the IPF
1:30:58doesn't work 'di ba? How will you feel
1:31:00about it? So you should be emotionally
1:31:02ready for it. And then the medical risk
1:31:05and the treatment also na side effects
1:31:08ay pwede ding nating dapat i-consider as
1:31:12risk natin.
1:31:15And uh
1:31:17yeah, this is this is uh some of the
1:31:19things lang na dapat nating i-consider
1:31:22if we want to engage in IBF. Opo. But at
1:31:25the end of the day, it's a matter of
1:31:27your own preference. whether you want
1:31:30naturally
1:31:32fertilized egg or if you this is
1:31:35actually a good topic for a debate. If
1:31:37you are not capable of fertilizing an
1:31:40egg and having a pregnancy, will you be
1:31:43willing to undergo in IBF and produce uh
1:31:48a science guided
1:31:51na embryo, not a naturally occurring
1:31:54embryo, something like this. So I want
1:31:56to hear your thoughts about this in the
1:31:58next coming days.
1:32:01So this is more of like comparing the
1:32:03inverter fertilization to genetic
1:32:05engineering. So when we say genetic
1:32:07engineering it is more bro no it is
1:32:09applicable to different context and uh
1:32:15it is intended to create or study
1:32:17genetic characteristics kasi if you will
1:32:18try to analyze the invitrofertilization
1:32:21wala namang modification ng genes doon
1:32:23hindi naman natin pinakialaman iyung DNA
1:32:25ng egg or iyung DNA ng sperm what we did
1:32:29in invitrofer fertilization is that we
1:32:31just let the meat we just let the egg be
1:32:33fertilized pero it is not something na
1:32:37minodify natin ang sequency ng DNA. We
1:32:39did not do anything about it. So um
1:32:43invitor fertilization is not really
1:32:45modifying DNA sequencing but it is still
1:32:48considered as a modern biotechnology
1:32:50because of the process that it underwent
1:32:53because of the complex process na
1:32:55nangyari sa isang laboratory though
1:32:57walang modification ng DNA, walang
1:32:59modification ng genes still IBF is
1:33:02considered a modern biotechnology. Again
1:33:04if you will try to compare now invit
1:33:06fertilization is more focused on
1:33:08assisting reproduction it is about
1:33:10fertilizing the egg using a sperm in a
1:33:13laboratory not changing any DNA sequence
1:33:16or whatso
1:33:19it is producing GMO or genetically
1:33:22modified organism or modified materials
1:33:25and it is more of like altering and
1:33:28modifying the genetic makeup of a
1:33:30certain organism
1:33:33so Where is modern biotechnology use
1:33:35that we have in agriculture in
1:33:37production of GMO in medicine for
1:33:40example in insulin in reproduction in
1:33:42IBF industry and enzymes and biological
1:33:46materials biobase materials and then in
1:33:49environment as well. So these are some
1:33:50of many industries or many many um
1:33:55contexts in terms of where modern
1:33:57biotechnology is used for.
1:34:00And that concludes our discussion for
1:34:04this topic. I will just leave you one
1:34:07question. How should society decide when
1:34:11a biotechnology should be used? Consider
1:34:14scientific evidence, potential benefits,
1:34:16possible risk ethical questions and
1:34:19needs of communities in responsible
1:34:22oversight.
1:34:23Strong science answer are always
1:34:26supported by evidence not assumption. So
1:34:30I want you to answer this question in
1:34:31the comment section. How should society
1:34:34decide when a biotechnologies should be
1:34:36used? Try to give a concrete example.
1:34:39Try to to to um support your answer with
1:34:45uh scientific claims. That's it. I hope
1:34:47that you did finish, really finish the
1:34:51video and I hope na we will have our
1:34:56face to face classes na and hindi na
1:34:59magkaroon ng mainit na mainit na
1:35:00environment pa. We can see each other.
1:35:04I'm tired. I don't know how many minutes
1:35:07it will run. Sorry. I hope hindi naman
1:35:11masyadong mahaba. But yeah, don't forget
1:35:13about answering this on the comment
1:35:15section. And thank you so much.

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