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Micro Chapter 25 — Transcript

by RICHARD MATTHEWS · 13,389 words · 2,082 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00All right. So, in this chapter, we're
0:02going to talk about diseases that affect
0:04the digestive system. There's a lot of
0:06them because we we eat so many different
0:09types of swallow so many different types
0:10of things that there's a lot of things
0:12that can make you sick.
0:15One of those things is E.coli. So, these
0:18ecoli have been um these are this is I
0:22think this doesn't tell you. I think
0:24it's a transmission electron microraph.
0:26looking at them.
0:28Um, they've been colored so you can see
0:30them. They're the yellow shaped rod
0:33shells. Eco is actually a very small
0:35bacterium. A lot of the other ones that
0:37are that we see under the microscope are
0:38pretty big. This one's pretty small. You
0:40got to look really closely to be able to
0:41see it.
0:44All right. So, first thing we're going
0:45to do is go over the parts of the
0:46digestive system.
0:49So the gastrointestinal tract uh is a a
0:53or elementary canal sometimes we call it
0:55is the tract of of um the digestive
0:59system that's going to go from the mouth
1:01to the anus. Now funnily enough it tells
1:03you this in your book actually.
1:05It's technically outside your body. I
1:07know that sounds crazy to say that
1:09that's weird because it's in the inside
1:11but it's a it's a tube that runs all the
1:13way through. And so basically something
1:16can go all the way in it and come all
1:17the way out. So it's it's it's like
1:20basically having a hole all the way
1:22through your body. And it's technically
1:24the stuff inside there may not come in
1:26contact with the inside of your body.
1:27That's why it's called that. It's really
1:28weird kind of way to say that but um
1:30that's what it is. And it consists of
1:32the places where food travels. The
1:34mouth, the fernx, the esophagus,
1:37stomach, and the small large intestine.
1:39Now in addition to having these places
1:41where food's going to go, you also have
1:43these accessory structures that help
1:45with digestion. Teeth and tongue. Yeah,
1:47the food does touch that but isn't it
1:49doesn't go through it goes on it.
1:51Salivary glands, the liver and
1:53gallbladder secrete bile and enzymes to
1:56break down food. And of course the
1:56pancreas secretes pancreatic enzymes to
1:58be able to help break down food.
2:02So that's what it looks like. All right.
2:03So food it's going to come in go through
2:07here esophagus down the esophagus to
2:10stomach down the small intestine all the
2:13way through there and then large
2:14intestine all that's how it goes all the
2:16way out. So those are the parts to that.
2:21Now what the digestive system does which
2:24is really important is to break down
2:27food into smaller molecules. You're
2:29trying to digest it trying to make it
2:30smaller. And the reason to do that is
2:32because when you have smaller surface
2:34area, you get more bang for your buck.
2:35And then what you're trying to do after
2:37that is to absorb absorb the foods. So
2:39absorption is the process of taking up
2:41digestion from aluminum in the intestine
2:43in the blood plasma and lymph plasma.
2:46Now, funnily enough,
2:48the only part of your digestive system
2:50that you absolutely cannot live without
2:52is is the place where you do this, which
2:54is the small intestine. You could
2:56technically without a mouth if you had
2:57to. You could be fed another way.
3:00Sophagus, same way. you can be fed
3:01another way. Stomach even, as long as
3:03you get your B12, you can even live
3:04without that as long as your food is
3:05really pushed up. Large intestine, you
3:08can have a colostomy back. You can live
3:09without that, too. So, there's ways, but
3:13small intestine, no, you have to have
3:16that. You have no other way to get it in
3:17in your body. Okay? Now, uh the about
3:2170% of your immune system actually is
3:23located in the intestinal tract. It's
3:24because there's so much bacteria there,
3:26they have to be ever present. So you got
3:29this gut associated lymphoid tissue or
3:31sometimes called galt um which include
3:33your lymph nodes you have there and the
3:35pyrus patches which are part of your
3:36intestines that help uh whenever
3:38intestinal bacteria may escape from the
3:40large intestine you don't want that
3:41spreading to your large small intestine
3:43because small intestine is supposed to
3:45be sterile.
3:48Next thing we're going to talk about is
3:49the normal microbiota of the digestive
3:52system. uh which part should have should
3:55have bacteria, which one should not have
3:56bacteria.
3:59Now, your mouth has a lot of bacteria in
4:02it. There's millions of bacteria per
4:04milliliter of saliva. I mean, there's
4:06just they're so small. There's so many
4:07of them. There's not that many in the
4:09stomach, though. It's because you have a
4:11lot of uh hydrochloric acid. Anything
4:13that gets down there for the most part
4:15gets burned by that, right?
4:18We also have in small intestine panic
4:21cells which are granulagitic
4:24cells. They produce deincentin proteins
4:26that will kill anything that's there
4:28because it's supposed to be sterile. So
4:29you don't you really only have them in
4:31your mouth and in the large intestine.
4:33You don't you don't really have them in
4:34the stomach and you don't really have
4:35them in the small intestine. Uh in the
4:38large intestine you do have mostly
4:40anorobic bacteria because there's no
4:41oxygen there. Um yeah and you can have a
4:44100 billion bacteria per gram of feces.
4:46so numerous, especially E.coli, really
4:49small
4:50and they're supposed to be there. They
4:52do produce some vitamins like vitamin K,
4:54things like that, and they do assist
4:56with inmatic breakdown of some
4:57polysaccharides. So, you need these.
5:00They're good to have. Um, but they can,
5:02you know, they can induce an immune
5:04response as well.
5:07All right. Next, we're going to talk
5:08about bacterial diseases of the mouth.
5:12So, here is a healthy human tooth. So
5:16this is the enamel on the top there. So
5:19that's tough, right? And then we've got
5:22bone and then the teeth go follow. They
5:26are in the canals here. So the root
5:30canal and blood vessels. So this is what
5:32they look like. So this part right here
5:34at the top is exposed because it's hard,
5:37but bacteria will of course land on it
5:40and they can have some not so nice
5:43effects.
5:45Now because teeth can be colonized by
5:48bacteria, we have the formation of these
5:51biofilms that we call plaque and the
5:54plaque is just stuff that grows on the
5:55teeth and the bofilms are in the are
5:58involved in the formation of dental
5:59carriers or we know those as cavities.
6:02Cavities actually are the most common
6:05human disease. It's it's affects
6:08everybody you know it's very common. Uh
6:11there are about 700 different species of
6:12bacteria in the oral cavity. Uh
6:15streptococcus mutans is the one that is
6:17the most uh carcinogenic
6:22and it's a gram positive coxus
6:27and it converts sucrose to lac lactic
6:31acid. Sucrossse from the food that you
6:34know you eat you put in your mouth. And
6:36that's a problem because the acid can
6:40kind of eat away at your teeth. So it
6:43produces dextrand which is a
6:45polysaccharide that forms the plaque.
6:49So
6:52these
6:53karaogenic sorry karaiogenic bacteria
6:56that means they they form cavities.
6:58That's what that word means. Sorry. Um
7:02other ones are the streptoccus
7:06and the filamentous actinomyes bacteria
7:10as well.
7:14So this is a picture of streptococcus
7:16mutans. Again there are kind of these
7:17long chains
7:19and you can see the the accumulations of
7:21dextrand which is where the plaque kind
7:23of comes from and it kind of builds up
7:26on the teeth. And it doesn't really
7:27matter. Like you can brush your teeth,
7:29but you don't kill them all. And the
7:30ones that you don't get, they start
7:32recolonizing right back right right
7:34back. So it doesn't really take long to
7:39get them on there.
7:42So dental carriers will penetrate from
7:43the enamel down to the dentin and
7:46they're caused by these grandpositive
7:48raw shaped bacteria like strep like um
7:51cer bacillus
7:53um and your filamentous bacteria like
7:54the attenomyces.
7:56The decay may reach the pulp which
7:59contains the blood supply and nerve
8:01cells and that can advance to soft
8:03tissues which leads to abscess tooth
8:05which is like one of the worst pains you
8:06ever want to go through. It's very um
8:09un unsightly. Now you probably already
8:12know this before as being even when you
8:14were children they told you not to eat
8:15too many too much sugar because of
8:16cavities. That's true. The introduction
8:19of the table sugar into the diet is
8:20correlated with level of dental carries.
8:22It's because that's not natural
8:26and your body reacts to that like it's
8:28super fuel basically. So do the bacteria
8:31in your mouth. Oh yes I want to get
8:32this. And they overp proliferate because
8:34they have huge fruit supply in the form
8:36of sugar. So the more sugar you got the
8:38more cavities you got. should make you
8:41know kind of sense.
8:44So there's kind of stages of tooth
8:46decay. You got your got your plaque and
8:49heavy plaque and you don't get rid of it
8:50then it starts to decay the tooth
8:52advance decay and then finally it gets
8:54down and can become abscessed which is
8:58you know very very bad.
9:02So a couple different things. Um
9:06gingivitis.
9:08Gingivitis is common. It's inflammation
9:10infection of the gums or the gingiva is
9:12what that's actually called and is
9:13caused by streptoxide tenomyces myes and
9:17and some of your anorobic gram negative
9:19bacteria as well.
9:22Periodontitis.
9:24This is when the perodontal ligaments
9:25things that are destroyed the bone
9:27supporting teeth are destroyed. This is
9:30caused by the genus profonus.
9:34And then you got some bad ones. Um,
9:38acute necroizing ulcerative gingeritis.
9:41That's bad. That's basically you get the
9:43holes in your gums.
9:45Provatella intermediate is the name of
9:46the bacteria that causes that.
9:52So
9:54you got your healthy gums
9:57right here and plaque can form and the
10:00gingiva can be inflamed because of that
10:02and then periodontal pockets form and
10:05then you have the inflammation of the
10:06periodontal. So it's it's bad.
10:12So
10:14can you identify infections that can
10:16cause persistent swollen red bleeding
10:18gums or things like bad breath? actually
10:21do want you to do this as a discussion
10:24question. I know I don't normally do
10:25that for these, but I do want you to do
10:26this as your first discussion question.
10:28What type of infections could cause sore
10:31r swollen red gums as well as tooth
10:34sensitivity or bad breath? So, name the
10:36genera of bacteria because there's
10:38there's a bunch of them, you know, name
10:39me a couple of them. You don't got to
10:40name like all of them. There's there's a
10:42lot. But name several of the genera that
10:44can form and do this, you know, for your
10:47for your first discussion question for
10:48the chapter, please.
10:52And then when we plate bacteria, you can
10:54see um
10:57what what you see is they grow on the
10:59plate. You can you can check and see
11:00which ones you have.
11:05Okay. These are just a couple of uh
11:07which ones cause dental carriers mostly
11:09septtockis mutans perodontal diseases
11:11mostly uh pyramonus and again acute
11:14necroizing ulcer ginger gingivitis is
11:17prevatella intermedia.
11:22Okay. Next we're going to be able to
11:24again you see where these these
11:25objectives tell you list causitive
11:26agents that means who causes it right
11:29for these different types of diseases.
11:30Staflaccoal food poisoning, shigilosis,
11:32seminosis, typhoid, chalera and peptic
11:36ulcer disease which that's caused by H
11:37pylori actually.
11:41So the first thing I want to do is talk
11:44about what the differences between
11:47uh infection and intoxication are in the
11:50digestive system. These are two
11:52different things. Okay. When infection
11:54is when the pathogen enters the digest
11:56canal and multi multiplies. So it can
11:59enter in different different things. It
12:01can enter through growth through
12:02intestinal mucosa.
12:04Uh it can transllocate through microfold
12:07cells and contact lymphoid tissues
12:10initiating an immune response.
12:14It can have you can have several days of
12:16incubation where microbes proliferate.
12:18You can be contagious during that time
12:19maybe a fever. Um and then of course
12:23some pathogens
12:25make exotoxins
12:27as they grow and they can be released
12:28into the system. So basically an
12:32infection is you got the pathogen in
12:34you. All right. Intoxication
12:37is a little different because this is
12:40caused by the ingestion of the of a
12:41pre-formed exotoxin. So you may not have
12:45the bacterium in you at that point. You
12:47may just have the the toxin present like
12:51like like food po like botulin like b b
12:54b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
12:55b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
12:55b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
12:55bulism. You may not have the claustrdian
12:57bachelinum in your body. You may not you
12:59know you may not even eaten it. It may
13:01even be there anymore. The bacteria
13:04could be dead but you still have a
13:05toxin. Right? So this is a sudden onset
13:09of gastrointestinal symptoms. Uh kind of
13:13uh different than an infection because
13:14the toxin is already there. So it starts
13:17reacting pretty quickly. Uh and
13:19intoxication and fever is not usually
13:21present because you're not dealing with
13:23something that is uh causing an immune
13:26response. You're dealing with a poison
13:27basically which is different.
13:31Now even though
13:35uh infections or intoxications
13:38you know uh are different things they do
13:41have some of the same symptoms. So
13:43diarrhea is one of them. Diarrhea is
13:45common in both infections,
13:46intoxications, dysentery, severe
13:48diarrhea, blood, mucus, which can be
13:51caused by toxins or things like amiebas
13:54like that. Abdominal cramps, nausea,
13:57vomiting. It's kind of your typical, you
13:59know, disease of those. Gastroenteritis
14:02when diseases cause inflammation of the
14:04stomach and intestinal mucosa. Um, and
14:08then of course in places where you don't
14:09really have a lot of clean water, you've
14:12got diarrhea. you know that's the cause
14:14of infant mortality in developing
14:15countries because you don't have the
14:17clean water to be able to provide and
14:19then so it just
14:22you know people can't you know people
14:24can't make it like that. uh one of the
14:27one of the um treatments for uh these
14:32types of diseases like chalera and stuff
14:35like that uh or oral rehydration therapy
14:39where you replace the lost fluids
14:41electrolytes. That's kind of like the
14:42big one because that's really what's
14:44happening with diarrheal disease is
14:46you're losing water. So you're trying to
14:47avoid losing water.
14:51So the first uh bacterial disease of the
14:53lower digestive tract we're going to
14:55talk about is stafylocal food poisoning.
14:58So staflacccusaris you guys know it's
15:00from individuals preparing and handling
15:03food. So you know stafylocus lives on
15:04your skin. So if you don't wear gloves
15:06when you're handling food then it can
15:08contaminate the food and so you have an
15:10intererotoxin that's produced by
15:12stafylocus arius when the organism is
15:16allowed to incubate in the food. So it's
15:18it's warm enough, you know, to to be
15:20able to proliferate. So we call that a
15:22temperature abuse.
15:25So saplas outgrows most bacteria and
15:28high osmotic pressure and high
15:30temperature. So that's going to be what
15:32kind of takes over. So anything that
15:35needs to be refrigerated, you know, so
15:39custards, cream pies, deli meats, stuff
15:42like that. Um those you got to be
15:44careful that sort of thing. And then
15:46when you get uh illness of course it
15:49comes with traditional kind of nausea,
15:51vomiting, diarrhea and commences kind of
15:53several hours after that. So you eat the
15:56tertertoxin so you don't know right away
15:58that's what's you know going on. Um
16:02and fage typing actually can trace the
16:05source of contamination. You can you can
16:07test to see kind of where it came from.
16:10you know, you still have like your
16:12sample of food contest to see.
16:16So, here's kind of a sequence of events,
16:18kind of what I just said. So, you you
16:20you cook your food, you know, or or you
16:23don't, you know, but if you do, bacteria
16:25is usually killed and then the food is
16:27contaminated by a worker that's got
16:28stuff like caucus on the hand. So, uh
16:31even if the food was cooked, if they got
16:34it on the hands, then it, you know, it
16:36gets on there. the competing bacteria
16:38have been eliminated because they've
16:40been killed. So then there's nothing
16:42else to kind of keep it in check. Then
16:44the foods left at room temperature and
16:45organisms incubate long enough to form
16:48and release toxins. That's why you
16:49should like
16:51get the food, you know, don't leave
16:52stuff sitting out basically is what this
16:53is, you know, trying to tell you. Um,
16:55and the thing is even if you reheat the
16:59food, you might kill the bacteria, but
17:02you don't get rid of the toxins because
17:03they're heat stable. So when it's done,
17:06it's done. It don't matter if you reheat
17:07it or not. All right. Um and then the
17:10food containing terotoxins is eaten and
17:12then you start getting thick, you know.
17:14So just be very mindful of that. You
17:16don't leave stuff sitting out too long,
17:18especially if you touched it. All right.
17:24Another bacterial disease of the lower
17:26digestive tract is called shigelosis.
17:29Had a student whose father had this. It
17:31was very serious one time. Uh this is
17:34this is caused by the genus shajella
17:37which is not something that should be in
17:40your digestive system. Uh it's
17:42facultatively anorobic gram negative a
17:45bacillus there um four species. One of
17:48them is most common is I don't it's in
17:50here but shell flex is the one. Um
17:55this is not a zunosis. This goes from
17:57person to person. So you don't get this
17:59from animals. So this produces something
18:01called the sugar toxin. And funny funny
18:03enough E.coli can do this too because
18:05sometimes E.coli will take take DNA from
18:08shagella and use it. So the sugartoxin
18:11destroys tissue right uh to get
18:13shellosis it's a very small infectious
18:16dose attaches to those M cells again
18:18invades and spreads to other cells which
18:20damages the intestinal walls. So it can
18:22really cause some serious hurt inside
18:25your digestive system. So of course
18:26diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever um
18:29that should make sense. you know, you
18:30see that kind of thing with this
18:31disease. Very painful. Um, often treated
18:35with fluoroquinolone antibiotics and of
18:37course oral rehydration for any fluid
18:39you lost during the diarrhea.
18:45So the shella again goes across the M
18:48cell and then ruffles up and enters
18:50epithelial cell. The jella multiplies
18:53inside the cell and then you get
18:58mucosal abscesses here which basically
19:01just tear apart your intestinal lining.
19:02It's very unpleasant. Like you don't
19:03want this at all. It's like being on
19:06fire from the inside.
19:11Now salmonella also salmonella
19:13gastronitis is also a common one. Food
19:17poisoning basically all know this is a
19:20common culprit. Salmonella interica is
19:22the one. It's a gram negative rod. It's
19:25facultative anorobic. The habitat's not
19:28really found in humans so much. Animal
19:30intestinal tracts is usually where you
19:31find it. There's about 2,000 different
19:33stereotypes of this. So, it's very hard
19:35to kind of narrow down. Sometimes it's
19:38divided into your your ty typhoid
19:40causing salmonella and your non- typhoid
19:42causing salmonella.
19:44Um it's you know you really should not
19:48have this in your intestinal tract like
19:50it's a poison or it could be toxic you
19:52know to you. It invades your intestinal
19:54mucosa passes through the M cells and
19:57enters the lymphoid and cardiovascular
19:59system. It can replicate and
20:00macroofagages
20:03and you get you know diarrhea um fever,
20:06nausea, pain, cramps things like that.
20:08Um, salmonella has been um found
20:13extensively
20:15in food items um especially here in
20:18where I where I live at the moment in
20:22Blakeley, Georgia.
20:24And there's an outbreak of salmonella in
20:282009. Yeah. 2009 and the peanut butter
20:32that came from this community and it
20:34made I think nine people sick or killed
20:37n it killed people and so and it was
20:40because there was the plant was not
20:43clean you know. So um yeah it's a real
20:47thing. It's very serious.
20:52So again same kind of thing. You got
20:54your M cell. Salmonella enters the cell
20:57and then it goes into the lymph, you
20:59know, and then your toxins go into the
21:01the bloodstream, you know, bad.
21:07There are about 1.35 million cases
21:10because you can get it from things where
21:12you eat normally like so chicken and
21:14egg. I mean like you don't get chick
21:16chicken or you eat raw eggs like and
21:18that's so common because most people eat
21:19eggs all the time. So um it's common. So
21:24about 420 people die every year of that
21:26you know because for whatever reason
21:28very high um rate of carriage among pet
21:31reptiles so turtles lizards that's on
21:34their skin. So uh how do you prevent it
21:37and this is going to more than you
21:40think. Good sanitation when preparing
21:42handling foods. You know when you're
21:44jumping around the kitchen you're
21:46touching stuff you're spreading all over
21:47the place. All right. You got to be
21:49careful. Uh, and make sure I wash my
21:51hands thoroughly when I'm when I'm doing
21:52things. Every time I touch something, I
21:54don't touch, you know, it's just, you
21:57got to be careful. If you touch the raw
21:58chicken, then you go then you touch the
22:01uh the the garlic powder and you touch
22:04it again later on. You got it on your
22:06hands, you know, then
22:09refrigeration, of course, cooking
22:11poultry and eggs and ground beef
22:12thoroughly,
22:14you know, to avoid it. Salmonella is
22:17diagnosed by the stool culture and of
22:20course the treatment is with you know
22:22getting more fluids in you right
22:24hydration therapy
22:28uh salmonella does have a couple of
22:29different types of fevers that it can
22:31cause so typhoid fever and paratyphoid
22:35fever can be caused by salmonella sub
22:38cereotype ty and sub seinal serereotype
22:41paratype these are not genus names okay
22:44they're not species names you see See
22:46how it's um not in not in italics
22:49because it's not it's not those are
22:52those are stereotypes not species.
22:56This is spread only in human feces. It's
22:58very rare in the United States due to
23:00sanitation. But when you do get this the
23:02bacteria spread through the body and
23:04focuses they release the organism into
23:06the bloodstream. You have a high fever
23:09uh intestinal alternation diarrhea.
23:12Doesn't usually appear the second or
23:13third week. So you may not know where
23:14this came from kind of right away. Uh
23:17and then
23:19you can have people who become chronic
23:20carriers kind of have this all the time
23:22like typhoid Mary you guess heard about
23:24typhoid Mary was a was a cook that
23:26spread this kind of throughout a lot of
23:28people because she was a carrier.
23:31Uh this harbor organism in the
23:33gallbladder. uh salmonella infection can
23:36be treated with uh septraxone or a
23:39zithroyin antibiotics and a chronic
23:42carrier like Mary may require weeks of
23:44you know treatment
23:47and of course there is a vaccine
23:49available for military personnel and for
23:53people who are traveling
23:57now once we kind of figured out what
23:59typhoid fever was caused from sanitation
24:02methods and you know started going Well,
24:04so that kind of dropped, but seinalosis
24:06are still up there, right? Um, so we
24:10still have a appreciable amount of those
24:13as we go through.
24:16Now, chalera, chalera is one of those
24:19diseases that I learned about when I
24:20took the class to be able to teach this
24:22kind of thing. Color is one of those
24:24what they call diseases that changed the
24:26world. Uh, color is caused by vibrio.
24:30It's a kind of a v it's kind of a rod.
24:32is kind of a curved rod. It's called a
24:33vibbrio is what it's called actually.
24:35It's kind of a gram negative rod with a
24:37single polar fellum and cher vibrio
24:40chalera is usually associated with salty
24:42water. Not always associated with salty
24:44waters. Uh and the bacteria grows in the
24:46small intestine produces the
24:48chalerotoxin.
24:49And this is particularly nasty because
24:51what happens is that it causes the cells
24:56of the intestinal tract to lose water
24:59and secrete electrolytes. So you lose
25:01not just water, but you lose
25:04electrolytes because the toxin basically
25:06opens your cells up and bursts them open
25:09and you can't survive that quickly, you
25:11know. So it causes what we call this
25:13rice water stools because basically
25:15you're pooping just water out and it's
25:17kind of this yellowish brown color.
25:19Looks like rice water basically is what
25:21what they call it that.
25:24And
25:25uh you can lose between 20 12 and 20
25:28liters of fluid a day and that you can't
25:30you can't take that. So it causes shock,
25:33collapse, organ failure, dehydration,
25:34kills you quickly. Um the way they kind
25:37of treat calora quickly is with with
25:39treatment includes IV fluid placement
25:41kind of round the clock because you're
25:44pushing it in as you're pooping it out
25:46like you can't survive that type of
25:48thing that you know a long time.
25:52So this is what vibrio chalera actually
25:55looks like. Again it's that curved kind
25:57of broad.
26:00Now chalera is huge thing especially
26:04after natural disasters because whenever
26:07any kind of sanitation and sewage
26:10disposal systems are compromised like
26:12earthquakes, tsunamis,
26:15things like that uh it can really cause
26:19upheaval in these areas.
26:21In 2010, it was in February, there was a
26:25uh an earthquake in Haiti and uh it
26:29caused an outbreak of chalera in Haiti
26:30because of the deficient subject
26:33systems. And um
26:36it looks like that the United Nations
26:39peacekeepers from Nepal may have brought
26:40the pathogen to Haney and and and the
26:42reason they know that is because they
26:43looked at the the pathogen and they saw
26:46where it kind of came from they see it.
26:48It looks like it may have come from you
26:49know other side of the world.
26:54So we see here countries that report
26:56kalera.
26:58Um so and some of them are in cases that
27:02have been imported. So
27:06and where it's spreading. You can see
27:09that the green for as the printing
27:11before printing of this book which is a
27:13couple years ago now. um
27:16that uh it's still it's being reported
27:19in different places as well. Chalera is
27:22not a huge problem in the United States
27:24because of our sanitation. You see
27:26that's not even there's an imported case
27:28but that's we don't really have that
27:30because our sanitation is pretty good.
27:35So again how do we prepare?
27:39Well oral rehydrations and and not just
27:43water. Okay. You lose electrolytes with
27:45cola, too. So, you got to have salt and
27:47sugar. Got to get there's like a like a
27:50solution that you take. It's not just
27:53water. Of course, stockpiling vaccines
27:56to, you know, and of course, duh, this
27:59come as no shock. The ultimate solution
28:02having proper sanitation, storing water
28:04properly, wash your hands. Gosh, do it
28:07right. You know, it's not that
28:09difficult. I do it all the time.
28:12Now there are some non-colora vibrios as
28:15well. So these are again mostly adapted
28:18to salty coastal waters. So like vibrio
28:21parahhemolyticus.
28:23So this is anytime you see hemolytic you
28:26should be like concerned because that
28:28means destroys red blood cells.
28:31So uh this is found in saltwater
28:33estuaries and it's a very common cause
28:34of gastroenteritis because people eat uh
28:37they don't cook their oysters or
28:39crustaceans. So, if you eat raw oysters,
28:42this is a bacteria that could be in them
28:44because just there's no way to get rid
28:45of it if you eat them raw. Uh, and it
28:47can kill you. Infections are
28:49life-threatening. So, if you if you have
28:51a VBO here paralytic shellfish poison,
28:54you need to uh get on antibiotic therapy
28:58really easy to to to cure it.
29:01Now, E.coli
29:03also causes some serious
29:06gastrointestinal problems. So, you got a
29:08couple different types of E.coli. E
29:10coli. So interero hemorrhagic E.coli
29:14that word interero hemorrhagic it means
29:16makes your intestines bleed. That's what
29:18that word means. So this is abbreviated
29:20by eh EC. This produces like a sugartox.
29:24Remember we talked about sugarsis a few
29:26moments ago and I told you that
29:27basically that makes the cells kind of
29:30blow up and bleed and causes the issues.
29:33the E.coli acquire the sugar toxin
29:36probably from shagella actually and uses
29:39it itself. Uh antibiotics actually may
29:42worsen the symptoms of this one because
29:46uh it stops good bacteria as well. So
29:49this is very difficult to treat.
29:51Now, most outbreaks of this are due to
29:54that that serotype 0157 uh H7
29:58and
30:00this is the one you hear about a lot in
30:02in the news because the cattle are the
30:04main reservoir and the the meat can be
30:07contaminated at slaughter. So that's why
30:10and I tell all my students and I tell
30:12you all this too, when you order a
30:14hamburger somewhere and they give you a
30:16choice like how do you want it cooked?
30:19You should always say well done with
30:22hamburger because what's happening at
30:24slaughter and ground beef, you're
30:26grounding all that stuff up and anything
30:27that's on the surface of the meat can
30:29get into the burger. So you don't want
30:32to do a medium burger because it may not
30:34be cooked all the way.
30:36Now with steak that's different. Steak
30:38is because, you know, steak looks like
30:41you got the the muscle tissue and if
30:43there's bacteria on the surface, you
30:45know, it'll be cooked off whenever you
30:46you cook it. if it's in the in the rare
30:49part in the middle is is okay because
30:50that's not going to be hit by bacteria.
30:51So that's different. But ground beef is
30:53all chopped together. So all the
30:55bacteria could be inside of it. So you
30:56don't want to do that, right? Produce
30:59can also be contaminated. You know, uh
31:01spinach has been a culprit of ecoli,
31:03lettuce, spin cop of ecoli. So there's,
31:07you know, several different types of
31:08things that can be can be u can harbor
31:11it. So what it does is it causes this
31:14hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic
31:16ureimic syndrome. So very very bad. Um
31:20this type of ecoli is diagnosed by the
31:21inability to ferment sorbital and then a
31:24lysamino acay test. Basically if you
31:26just put your samples in little wells
31:28and if one of them turns color you can
31:29see what you got.
31:35Another type of ecoli is
31:37interopathogenic ecoli eec. This is
31:40where it causes diarrhea in developing
31:42countries and so it doesn't really cause
31:44the bleeding but it causes bad diarrhea
31:47and this causes the host cells to form
31:49pedestals
31:50where the bacteria can attach and keep
31:52keep going right. Interero invasive
31:55ecoli
31:57causes a shajella like dysentery
32:01very similar you know diarrhea things
32:03like that uh intereroagrative uh ecoli
32:08is only found in humans so that's the
32:10where you where you find that at this
32:12produces an intererotoxin which causes
32:14again the watery kind of you know
32:16diarrhea associated with that makes the
32:19the cells lose it and then
32:22interotoxygenic ecoli That's where you
32:24actually have a toxin uh that resembles
32:27the chalera toxin. Remember we talked
32:28about chalera uh where it basically
32:30makes your all your cells get rid of
32:32electrolytes and and water. So that's
32:35bad also very very bad. You don't want
32:37any of these.
32:39So as the interior hemorrhagatic uh
32:42ecoli
32:43degrade the wall of the of the
32:46intestinal surface
32:49they destroy the surface microvilli and
32:51cause these pedestals to form and they
32:54rest. Um they're not entirely sure what
32:58they do. They think they spread their
33:00spread their uh allow bacteria to spread
33:03from cell to cell.
33:06Now, you guys have heard about this
33:08before, I'm sure. Traveler's diarrhea.
33:11So, traveler's diarrhea is found
33:14whenever a person goes out of town, they
33:16drink the water and it may have this in
33:18it. So the most common cause
33:22is
33:24um
33:27is is etc.
33:30So
33:32um
33:34that's going to be
33:36your your major cause of of travelers
33:39diarrhea which is intererotoxygenic
33:41ecoli.
33:43Uh so basically you get this toxin in
33:45you and you drink water or something. Uh
33:48it can also be caused by salmonella
33:49shell and campalobacttor but most
33:51commonly caused by ecoli. Uh the
33:53treatment for this kind of thing which
33:54you get in places where you don't have
33:56good sanitation oral rehydration therapy
33:59bismouth containing preparations that's
34:01like pepto-bol is what that stands for
34:03bismouth. Um and of course your over the
34:06overthecounter diaral antidaral
34:08medications will will help this but
34:09that's the most common cause of that
34:11sort of thing. Um
34:16basically the way to kind of prevent
34:17this is to not go to places where uh
34:20that's the that's common or as old
34:23saying is don't drink the water right.
34:25So yeah.
34:28Okay. Another uh gastrointestinal
34:30disorder is campalobacteriosis.
34:33Campalobacttor gast gastroenterteritis
34:36is caused by campalobacttor djuni.
34:40Templibacter dejuna is a gram negative
34:44um microilic spirally curved bacterium.
34:47It growth temperature is about 42
34:49degrees Celsius.
34:52Um
34:54uh these these bacteria actually don't
34:58really
34:59uh replicate in food. Um but they are
35:04the leading cause of food born illness
35:05in the United States.
35:07They're very common in the intestines of
35:09poultry.
35:12Um nearly 60% of cattle excrete this
35:14organism in the feces in the in the
35:16milk. Um but retail red meats are are
35:21very less likely to be contaminated.
35:23It's usually chicken. All right.
35:27Um the symptoms of this
35:32fever, cramping, abdominal pain,
35:34diarrhea, dysentery.
35:37Um it can lead to to gileain bar
35:40syndrome which is where you've got
35:42temporary paralysis.
35:45Um
35:47apparently a surface molecule of
35:48bacteria resembles a lipid component of
35:51nervous tissue and that is going to
35:53gonna uh elicit an autoimmune response.
35:55So that can cause a problem for you. Uh
35:58the way to not get this, cook your
36:01chicken thoroughly and pasteurize your
36:03milk. We pretty much do that in the
36:05United States. Um cook your chicken all
36:07the way through. Make sure that it's not
36:09pink, right? Not should never want that.
36:12It wouldn't even be good. Like cook it
36:15all the way through. Uh and then make
36:17sure your milk is pasteurized. This is
36:18more of a problem in places where that's
36:20not not done.
36:24Uh, this one, I'm sure you've known
36:26somebody that had this. So, in 1982,
36:31a physician in Australia cultured a
36:33spiral-shaped microilic bacterium
36:36observing the biopsy tissue of patients
36:37with stomach ulcer. We now know that is
36:41helicoacttor pylori H pylori. You guys
36:44heard about that. So this infects about
36:4630 to 50% of the population in the
36:49developed world
36:52and it grows in the stomach by producing
36:54an enzyme called urase which works on
36:57ura. All right and it converts ura to
37:01alkaline ammonia.
37:03So what that does is it it basically
37:07inflame causes ulcers. All right. So it
37:10disrupts your com stomach mucosa cause
37:12inflammation. So this is where you get
37:14stomach and intestinal or gastric
37:16endodinal ulcers and because of this H
37:19pylori is a is a associated with an
37:21increased incidence of gastric cancers
37:24because it is in there.
37:27So
37:30usually when you get rid of it with
37:31antimicrobial drugs that leads to
37:32disappearance of peptic ulcers. A lot of
37:35times you you take the uh antimicrobial
37:38junk drugs in conjunction with bismouth
37:41sabsilicate which I got. Yeah, y'all
37:43know that that's Pepto-Bismol again. Um,
37:47so that's going to be how you're going
37:49to treat it. Um, it does require a
37:52biopsy, a culture,
37:55uh, and a URA breath test to see this.
37:59So, basically what happens, the patient
38:01swallows, radioactive labelled URA. If
38:03it's positive, carbon dioxide labelled
38:05with radioactivity will be detected in
38:07the best breath in about 30 minutes. So
38:10that's how they know if you have it or
38:12not.
38:15So the mucous layer in your stomach is
38:18going to protect it from gastric acid
38:21which is what you know used to break
38:23down. But heliccobat pylori pylori
38:25actually likes that and what happens is
38:30that it can neutralize it can use uras
38:32to neutralize ammonia which makes the
38:34stomach acid not work properly and then
38:37you get ulcers. All right. So which is
38:40bad. You don't want to get that. So
38:42that's kind of how it works.
38:46Now we also have your cineia
38:48gastroenterteritis. Your cineia is the
38:50same genus that causes the plague. So
38:52it's a toxic bacterium. This is not
38:54caused by the same one actually. Um this
38:57is caused byia interolytica and your
39:00cseudotis.
39:02They are both gram negative basilli.
39:05They inhabit h animal animals and
39:06they're transmitted most often by eating
39:09undercooked pork and meat. Um both
39:12microbes are distinctive in their
39:13ability to grow at refrigerator
39:14temperatures of about 4 degrees CC. So
39:17that means that you can they can still
39:20be growing even in the refrigerator
39:23which can be very bad especially when
39:25you have a blood transfusion. They
39:27people have been transfused blood that's
39:28got this in them it's made them sick
39:29because it's got toxin in it. So um
39:33symptoms of this diarrhea uh fever
39:36headache pain a lot of times people
39:38think this is appendicitis because the
39:40inflammation is kind of there but it's
39:42not that uh because the pain is so gray
39:44on that right side. Um you can get
39:47treatments with uh antibiotics or
39:50graduation therapy is the best way to do
39:51it. Um
39:55yeah it's usually not ridiculously fatal
39:57but yeah
40:00now you also may have heard about
40:02claustrdium profing we talked about this
40:04one in the skin chapter causes gas gang
40:06green you also can swallow this and
40:08causes problem too so this again if you
40:10don't remember clustrdium profing is
40:12grandposit forming obligateely aotic rod
40:15um associated with meats and meat stews
40:17containing intestinal contents and
40:20that's common whenever animals are
40:21chopped up during slaughter uh it
40:24creates a low oxygen level and the
40:25indospores do survive the cooking
40:27because that's not going to get rid of
40:28them, right? They they'll still
40:30germinate. The bacteria cause grow
40:32rapidly and because because they grow
40:34rapidly also produces an exotoxin which
40:36gets in the food and you may not realize
40:38it's even there. Um
40:42so
40:44um it can it can also build up whenever
40:48the the uh food is stored also.
40:52Symptoms of claustrdium provenence
40:54gastricitis are usually mild abdominal
40:56pain, diarrhea occurs about 8 to 12
40:58hours after you get it. Um diagnosis is
41:03made by finding the spores uh within a
41:05couple days of it.
41:09Now cluster difficil associated diarrhea
41:12ciff. You guys heard about this before.
41:15Uh this is a grandpositive
41:17endosperforming anorob and this actually
41:20causes all more deaths than in and all
41:23other intestinal infections combined.
41:25It's very common especially in
41:27healthcare settings. So what happens um
41:32in CIFF is that it's kind of present
41:34anyway
41:36and then whenever you take antibiotics
41:39for something else
41:41then you get this and it can it can be
41:44very bad. So symptoms can range from a
41:47mild diarrhea to life-threatening
41:48colitis and the for the intestinal wall
41:50gets ulcerated and perforates and um it
41:54you can you know you know you can
41:59have um diarrhea and uh dehydration. I
42:03couldn't think of the word dehydration.
42:04You get dihydration it can it can kill
42:06you you know. So again what this does
42:10is it eliminates competing intestinal
42:12bacteria so your good bacteria don't out
42:15compete it and then it overp
42:16proliferates which is you know bad there
42:19are some treatments but again you're
42:21treating it with antibiotics
42:23phyoximin say it right phoxin
42:28and then uh another way to do it is to
42:31uh use of fecal transplants usually it's
42:35from people who are related to you and
42:37that you pop a pill. It's got basically
42:39it's a poop pill basically and it goes
42:41into your uh intestine and gets you, you
42:45know, lit back up. From what I
42:47understand, I never I don't work in a
42:48hospital, but I some of you probably do
42:51and I've I've read and heard that
42:53there's a very specific smell that's
42:56associated with CIFF bacteria. Like you
42:59can you can know like when a person's
43:01got diarrhea, you know it's Ciff like
43:03from the smell. I don't know what that
43:04smell is but some of you may may know
43:06what that is but I something you can
43:08identify pretty easily.
43:10Okay. Basillus cerus says very large
43:14grandposit indospor formula. Um so this
43:18is one of the ones we use in micro lab
43:19to be able to show what grandpositive
43:21rods look like because it's so big you
43:23can see it very easily. Uh basillus is
43:26very common in soil vegetation. It does
43:28produce spores. We also use that to look
43:30at spores in the lab also. and it can
43:32germinate and produce toxins. The toxins
43:35can cause different symptoms. In some
43:36cases, you may see some diarrhea. Others
43:39may involve nausea and vomiting. This is
43:41usually not fatal. It's just like a like
43:44you you ate something wrong and you and
43:46you knew it. You're like, "Okay." A lot
43:47of times you don't even notice what it
43:49was. Like you got, you know, upset
43:50stomach from something you ate. You
43:51like, "Oh, it must been something I
43:52ate." And then moved on with your life.
43:54Because there's no really treatment for
43:56this because it's gone kind of before
43:59you know it really. Um
44:03so yeah
44:05so yeah so it's not it's not
44:07particularly you know fatal or you know
44:09seriously disease causing.
44:12Okay so this one
44:15it says bacterial disease. An 8-year-old
44:17boy has diarrhea, chills, fever,
44:19abdominal cramps. The next month's
44:2112-year-old brother experiences the same
44:23um
44:25symptoms. Two weeks before the patient
44:28became ill, the family purchased a small
44:30red eared slider turtle. That's your
44:32clue. Okay, right there. What's causing
44:33this? Can you identify infections that
44:35could cause these symptoms? All right,
44:37so I do want that to be your second
44:38discussion question for the chapter.
44:40What type of infections could cause
44:42these symptoms? And here's the clue. All
44:44right, what's probably causing that?
44:46Make sure you write that correctly.
44:48Remember, italicize it if it's a genus
44:50name. Don't forget that.
44:53Okay, so just a just a summary of the
44:55bacterial diseases, sapl food poisoning,
44:58shigilosis, remember you want to know
45:00what causes what. Salmonellosis and then
45:02remember the typhoid uh fever and
45:05paratyphoid fever. Those are caused by
45:07salmonella different paratypes of
45:08salmonella. Those are not species names.
45:11Those are paratypes. All right. And then
45:13the vibrio
45:15uh gastronitis,
45:18ecoli gastronitis, the different types
45:20of that you know campaiosis,
45:23helicoacttor pep pip pepsid ulcers and
45:26of course your serinia gastroenteritis.
45:28Make sure that you know that.
45:32And then finally finishing up with ciff.
45:35All right and basilus cerus food
45:37poisoning. This is again not a
45:40ridiculously serious one.
45:43So just make sure that you do know what
45:44causes what.
45:48Okay, next we're going to talk about
45:49some digestive system diseases that are
45:51caused by viruses.
45:54Okay, the first virus we're going to
45:56talk about is MS. And so targets of the
46:03author bulliva virus
46:06mumps uh virus or the parotted glands
46:10it's in their mouth right and
46:14because the parodas are one of the you
46:16know three parts of the salivary glands
46:18it's appropriate to discuss them here
46:20this is what we're talking about it's
46:21not really a digestive thing but it's in
46:23the mouth so we're going to talk about
46:24that typically begins as a painful
46:26swelling
46:29uh 16 to 18 days after exposure
46:32um it's transmitted into saliva and
46:34respiratory secretions as portal of
46:36entry is respiratory tract
46:38uh it does multiply in respiratory tract
46:40and it reaches the saliva glands via the
46:42bloodstream
46:46um characterized by you know
46:48inflammation and swelling of the product
46:50glands fever pain or swallowing things
46:53like that Um
46:57it may in in males it it actually can
47:01funnily enough it can migrate down to
47:03the testes and cause what we call
47:06orchidis. Orchiditis is a swelling of
47:09the testes. So this happens in about 20
47:12to 40% of male patients uh past puberty
47:15and sometimes it can even cause you to
47:18be sterile. That's not common but it can
47:19could happen. Other types of things that
47:21can cause menitis, ovary inflammation,
47:23pancreatitis, hearing loss as well.
47:26Mumps is completely preventable with the
47:29measles mumps rebella vaccine.
47:33This what it looks like, you know, and
47:35so this swelling here of the parotted
47:38gland is how you kind of know.
47:44Another viral disease of the digestive
47:46system is hepatitis. There's several
47:48different types of that. All right. So,
47:51um,
47:53hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.
47:55At least five different viruses can
47:57cause hepatitis, probably more. Um, but
48:00it's an occasional result of, um,
48:04infections by a couple different viruses
48:06and I've written them out for you here.
48:08LTO crypto virus, cytogala virus,
48:10parovirus B19 and of course the actual
48:13hepatitis viruses ABD, ABCD, ne viruses.
48:18Hepatitis of course can result from drug
48:21or chemical toxivity toxicity. So like
48:24you drink a lot of alcohol. Like you can
48:26get that also, right? So
48:29you know I did that one time. I I don't
48:31ever really drink but I I had something
48:33to drink one night before I had blood
48:34work done which is dumb. I shouldn't
48:35have done that. And then they went
48:36testing for hepatitis. I was like no
48:38it's probably not what that is. It's you
48:40know and then they and then of course
48:41the doctor's like they off the alcohol.
48:43And I was like one time don't ever do
48:46that. So be careful. Don't moral of the
48:50story, don't go get blood work done
48:52after you after you drink anything.
48:53They're going to start freaking out.
48:57So hepatitis A is the first one. It's a
49:00causitive agent of hepatitis A. The
49:02virus contains a single strand of RNA
49:04and lacks an envelope and it can be
49:06grown in culture. Um typical entrance is
49:09the oral route. HIV multiplies in the
49:13epithelial lining of the intestinal
49:15tract. VIMIA express the liver, kidneys,
49:18and spleen. It's shedding the feces
49:20before symptoms appear.
49:24Um, it's a contamination of food and
49:26drink. I remember I was in my parents,
49:28they live in Augusta, Georgia, and the
49:30the local steak and shake. It's not even
49:32there anymore. It's been turned to a
49:33Chick-fil-A now, but they had an
49:34outbreak of this at that. It was, you
49:36know, it happens.
49:39um symptoms
49:41uh anorexia, meales,
49:44you know, nausea, diarrhea, fever,
49:45chills, you know, basically things that
49:47indicate you've got something wrong with
49:49your digestive system. And of course,
49:51later on, jaundice, again, because of
49:53the toxicity in the liver and dark
49:55urine. All right. Symptoms last between
49:582 and 21 days. Um a lot of infections
50:00are subclinical. It doesn't even really
50:03I don't even know have it. um
50:07uh doesn't really kill you. It's not
50:09that common. Uh symptoms are more likely
50:11to appear in adults. Uh again, very low
50:14mortality, not really a killer. Um it
50:17does spread from direct person to person
50:19contact. It can spread through vehicle
50:21transmission through I mean I mean like
50:23you know food, stuff like that. Um
50:26there's no chronic form of hepatitis A.
50:29Virus is only shed during the acute
50:30stage of the disease. Right.
50:33uh it is detected via IgM
50:36uh via anti you know hav you know uh
50:40antigens
50:42uh it's treated
50:45for with immune immunoglobin so
50:47antibodies can be given
50:50um and there is an inactivated vaccine
50:53that can prevent you from getting this
50:55it's not ridiculously serious it's just
50:58you know something that you want to take
51:00care of if it if it becomes a
51:05Hepatitis B or orthopedna virus HBV
51:10it's a double stranded DNA virus. Now
51:12this is the difference between epise A
51:14is an RNA virus but B is a DNA virus. Uh
51:17enveloped and this one kind of looks
51:18like retroviruses. So it looks sort of
51:21like you know HIV. It doesn't it doesn't
51:24you know really behave the same way but
51:25it looks like it transmitted via blood
51:27and bodily fluids. All right. So that's
51:30very similar to that actually. It's one
51:32of the STDs you got to be careful of. Um
51:36the serum from patients with hepatitis B
51:38contains three distinct particles.
51:41Largest is the complete birion which is
51:43infectious and capable of replicating.
51:45All right. So the dane particle if you
51:47will is after the viologists who first
51:50observed it. You know spherical
51:52particles and filamentous particles also
51:56they lack DNA and they're
51:57non-infectious. But the hepatitis B
51:59contains a surface antigen HPS. All
52:02right. And this is uh detects antibodies
52:06to them. So it's rapidly detected in
52:08antibbody test. That's how you can kind
52:09of tell if you got it or not. Um it's
52:12very common. About a third of the
52:13world's population shows ciological
52:15evidence of past infection. Most people
52:17have cleared the virus though, so it it
52:19doesn't stick around. It's not something
52:20you'll have forever like HIV or herpes,
52:23something like that.
52:27This is what it looks like. So there's a
52:29particle, spherical particle, tubular
52:31particle, the dane particle. This is and
52:33this is again this is here. This is the
52:35complete uh HPV virus.
52:41Sometimes we develop what we call acute
52:44hepatitis B which is often subclinical.
52:46You might not even know you have it.
52:47Similar to hepatitis A, gradual
52:49recovery. Um and then we do have some
52:52certain cases of fulminant hepatitis in
52:541% of cases. where you do have sudden
52:57liver damage where a person you
53:00experiences abdominal pain and it can be
53:02fatal nausea,
53:05jaundice, you know, dark urine stuff can
53:07can occur and that can be that can be
53:10fatal. You can massive liver damage can
53:11be fatal to you. Chronic hepatitis B,
53:14most individuals with acute hepatitis B
53:16clear the virus, but some fail to do so
53:19and develop what we call chronic
53:20hepatitis B. So 10% of infected patients
53:23can become chronic care carriers. This
53:25may relieve of course liver cerosis,
53:28liver cancer which you know very bad. Um
53:32in the presence of the antigen HB
53:35antigen indicates a vigorously
53:36replicating virus. It's a worldwide you
53:39know disease. There's significant
53:41difference in the clinical expression
53:43between areas of high prevalence and
53:44areas of low prevalence. The way you
53:46treat hepatitis B is with um interferon
53:50and nucleotide analog. So you can um
53:53treat it
53:57difference again. I just said that one
53:59uh high prevalence areas infection can
54:01be acquired at birth or perinatal from
54:03the affected mother and you have a very
54:05high level of immune tolerance for that.
54:07This is when the infection can become
54:09chronic and last you know lifelong and
54:12of course the the risk is very high for
54:14river liver disease you know from that
54:16sort of thing in a low prevalence area
54:19or low exposure you know chance then
54:22exposure is infected body fluids and
54:24results in acute infection. Um this is
54:27again seen in unvaccinated adults risky
54:29behaviors unprotected sex drug abuse
54:31things like that. Um again if your if
54:33your immune system is healthy the
54:35disease is readily cleared and it has a
54:38low incidence of chronic disease and
54:40liver cancer.
54:43Now again the diagnosis of hepatitis B
54:46is made um from symptoms
54:49um followed by test of liver functions.
54:53Cerological test also can be used to
54:56detect HPV antibodies and you know
54:58antigens and of course your blood tests
55:01to detect the surface antigen you know
55:04HB you know AG how you get uh hepatitis
55:08B sexual contact needles syringes
55:11mothered a baby contact with blood you
55:13know blood which is a very real risk for
55:16for u healthcare workers um if blood is
55:21donated is tested for that sort of
55:23Um
55:25infected newborns receive hepatitis B
55:28immunoglobin HPV vaccine um if they have
55:32it.
55:34Um treatment decisions are also made
55:36based on the uh several risk factors
55:39patient age state you stage of
55:41infection.
55:43Um is treatment alpha interferon
55:45nucleicide analoges. Um,
55:49if it is severe, it may require a liver
55:52transplant. That's often the uh the kind
55:54of the the end stage, like last resort
55:56for that sort of thing.
56:00Now, in the 1960s,
56:02a previously unsuspected form of
56:04transfusion, transmit hepatitis, now we
56:07know as hepatitis C, appeared.
56:10And actually
56:12the new form of hepatitis became uh
56:15constit constituted almost all the
56:18infected transpatitis.
56:20Um a lot of times this is transfusion
56:22transmitted. Donated blood is tested
56:25using PCR tested for HB HCV antibodies
56:28but it may not test positive till 25
56:29days after infection. So
56:32um hepatitis C destroys the liver by
56:35using genetic variation to evade the
56:38immune response. So, you can't really
56:40fight it off. And hepatitis C is is a
56:43bigger killer than AIDS. Um, we didn't
56:46think about that, but it's actually
56:47true. Um,
56:50it's a silent killer. Also, it may
56:52progress for 20 years before symptoms
56:54are even noticed. Um,
56:5885% of cases can become chronic. 25 of
57:03chronic chronic cases can develop liver
57:05cerosis or cancer which is you know a
57:08bad
57:10um
57:12it's often clinically inapparent few
57:14people have recognizable symptoms until
57:15you know much time has passed uh and of
57:18course the u kind of treatment of course
57:21is a liver you know liver transplant
57:22that's actually one of the main reasons
57:24why we have liver transplants because
57:25hepatitis C has destroyed it
57:29so it is spread of course by blood
57:32bodily fluids. You can share razors,
57:35toothbrushes, injection equipment and
57:37that is the most common you know route
57:40which is use of drug use. You know a lot
57:42of things can get from the dirty
57:44needles. Um you can treat this with HCD
57:47proteiase which is a enzyme that breaks
57:49down proteins and plyase inhibitors to
57:51stops the virus from forming. There is
57:54no currently no vaccine for hepatitis C.
57:57um it it changes you know so it's hard
58:01to get develop one
58:08other hepatitises hepatitis D which is a
58:10delta virus which is a satellite virus
58:13or void requires uh HPV for replication
58:18that's why they mess satellite virus
58:19means you got to have one to be there
58:21permanently
58:23um in addition to the HPV HDB can cause
58:27a super infection which causes very
58:29serious liver damage which I'll show you
58:32in just a moment kind of what that looks
58:33like. Um hepatitis E orthoh hepoirus is
58:37spread by the uh fical oral
58:39transmission. You eat it basically
58:40similar to hepatitis A and of course
58:42this is going to be very endemic in
58:44places where they have poor sanitation
58:46and that kind of thing can be in the
58:47water supply or the food supply.
58:52This is what a damaged liver from
58:53hepatitis C actually looks like.
58:56So, just checking, you know, uh you
58:58don't got to do this for a discussion,
58:59but um after eating at a restaurant,
59:02there's your clue. 355 people were
59:05diagnosed with the same hepatitis virus.
59:07Which one probably was it? So, again,
59:09make sure that you know it. You don't
59:10have to answer that for a question,
59:11though.
59:13All right. Then, of course, a couple of
59:16the uh diseases. We just talked about
59:18viral diseases. has a b want to know
59:21what causes what you know sort of thing.
59:25Heat has D and E and again know who
59:27causes what.
59:30Now
59:33also looking at uh not just the liver
59:35now but the actual you know digestive
59:38system you know the elementary canal
59:40roto virus which you heard about this
59:42you've heard of like people had a
59:43stomach virus or stomach bug that's
59:45that's this I just had a dean at my
59:47part-time job actually had this just
59:49last week actually been very sick uh
59:51it's common in children
59:54very low mortality it's not like going
59:55to kill you it's a two to three day
59:57incubation low-grade fever diarrhea
59:59vomiting
1:00:01um mortality is much higher in countries
1:00:02where rehydration therapy is not
1:00:04available. All right. Symptoms may
1:00:06persist about a week. Acquired immunity
1:00:09from childhood infections makes it a
1:00:11little bit more less complicated. Um and
1:00:13it is prevented with a a vaccine which
1:00:16is decreased the incidence by 98%.
1:00:19So it looks like it's called just FYI
1:00:23roto virus. See how it's kind of
1:00:25circular, right? Rotator, right? And so
1:00:28that's why that's why it's called that.
1:00:30That's why it looks like that.
1:00:33Noro virus. Norovirus. Norwalk virus
1:00:38um was from named after Norwok Ohio kind
1:00:41of where that came from. Uh gastronitis
1:00:43outbreak there. This from the calc
1:00:45family. Again this is a fecal to oral
1:00:47transmission. You eat you know
1:00:49contaminated food. This is the most
1:00:51common food born illness.
1:00:54Um
1:00:56humans become infected by you know food
1:00:58and water that's been and even aerosols
1:01:00from from vomiting actually. Um again
1:01:03it's like a this is like a stomach
1:01:04virus. You get you get it from something
1:01:06you ate you know very low infectious
1:01:09dose. It's about 10 viruses. So you get
1:01:11this and you can get it very easily.
1:01:13It's got 18 to 48 hour incubation
1:01:16diarrhea and vomiting. You detect this
1:01:18with PCR and EIA test.
1:01:23You saw this probably on the news a
1:01:24couple years ago 2022 there's
1:01:26multi-state outbreak of noravirus uh it
1:01:29was oysters that's where it came from
1:01:31and see I remember I remember reading
1:01:32about that actually when it happened um
1:01:34prevention to not get noravirus um wash
1:01:38your hands with soap and water that's
1:01:39very important hand sanitizer is not
1:01:42really effective against noravirus
1:01:44um so you got to make sure you wash with
1:01:46soap and water disinfect surfaces with
1:01:48bleach especially if you're going to be
1:01:49cooking the treatment of forces
1:01:52rehydration or rehydration therapy.
1:01:58So just to making sure we understand
1:02:01viral outbreak um mid June peaks mid
1:02:04August diarrhea have a swim club the
1:02:08virus is shown isolated from one patient
1:02:09what what could probably cause that
1:02:11again not anything you have to answer
1:02:12for discussion but just want to know.
1:02:17So there's a picture of the viral virus
1:02:20that's actually implicated in that
1:02:21outbreak.
1:02:24And then just kind of uh wrapping up the
1:02:27the the viruses. So make sure you know
1:02:31what causes the mumps or thorubular
1:02:33virus, roto virus causes gastronitis.
1:02:35Make sure you know norovirus, nor rock
1:02:37virus.
1:02:40Now there are some fungal diseases of
1:02:43the digestive system. not quite as many
1:02:44as some of the others, but there are
1:02:47some some fungal diseases. So, some
1:02:49fungi produce toxins that actually cause
1:02:52blood diseases, nervous damage, system
1:02:54disorders, kidney damage, liver damage,
1:02:56things like that. Um, so we're going to
1:02:58talk about some some toxins like urgots
1:03:00and aphotoxins.
1:03:04So, micotoxins anytime anytime you see
1:03:06that prefix mico, it means fungus. All
1:03:09right? And so micotoxins are toxins that
1:03:11are produced by fungi and again I was
1:03:14just telling you they can they can you
1:03:16know have blood disorders, nervous
1:03:18system disorders, kidney damage, even
1:03:20cause cancer.
1:03:23So the first one we're going to talk
1:03:24about really only ones. There's not a
1:03:26whole lot. There's only a couple of of
1:03:28food poisoning type like fung fungus and
1:03:31this is uh um urgus. So there's a um
1:03:37clavus perparia
1:03:40which is a a fungus that is usually
1:03:43found in rye like grain is is usually
1:03:46found in rye and it restricts blood flow
1:03:51to you know the brain and causes
1:03:54hallucinations.
1:03:55You get it from eating it. It's
1:03:58sometimes ground up in rye and you eat
1:04:00the bread and it's got it in it. This
1:04:02actually was implicated in the Salem
1:04:03witch trials of 1692 as being what was
1:04:06causing to hallucinate. So that's kind
1:04:08of what caused that. Another one is
1:04:10aphletoxin poisoned poisoning. This is
1:04:13from micotoxins found as spurgilous
1:04:15flavus. This is likely to be found on
1:04:17peanuts because it's fungus that grows
1:04:19close to them. So um aphtoxins can cause
1:04:22liver cerosis and liver cancer which is
1:04:24very serious. And that's really about
1:04:26it. that there's not really a whole lot
1:04:27of of of fungal diseases of the of the
1:04:30digestive system.
1:04:33We're going to talk now about some
1:04:35protozonean diseases. These are more
1:04:37numerous. Um so we're going to talk
1:04:40about gardiasis which is always the
1:04:42first one we talk about always.
1:04:44Cryptosperidiosis, cycllosporasis which
1:04:46is in the news right now actually if
1:04:47you've been listening and ami dysentery.
1:04:52Now giardiasis is a very common
1:04:54protozoan infection of the intestinal
1:04:57tract. Um
1:05:00it's caused by and this this thing has
1:05:02gone through so many taxonomic revisions
1:05:03not it doesn't even say all of them in
1:05:05here but it's actually more than this.
1:05:06Uh giardia datadinalis is what's called
1:05:09now was called giardia intestinalis also
1:05:12called giardia lamblia at one point. I
1:05:14don't think that's in your book, but it
1:05:15was um it's a flagagillated protozonean
1:05:19and uh I'll show you a picture of in
1:05:21just a second and it forms the cyst and
1:05:23feces in water and then this active
1:05:26feeding form called a trophoid in the
1:05:27body and what it does is attaches to
1:05:30your intestinal wall and you get this
1:05:32from ingesting cyst after person contact
1:05:34or contaminated water uh shed by a large
1:05:38number of wild animals including beavers
1:05:40which I tell my students all the time
1:05:42you know if you're going to go out in
1:05:43the woods and you you drink from a
1:05:45spring. That's not a good idea because
1:05:47beavers poop in it and they can spread
1:05:49giardia that way. So don't do that. Um
1:05:52prolonged diarrhea, measles, weight
1:05:54loss, flatulence, cramps, you know,
1:05:57sometimes you may not realize you have
1:05:58it, but you know, hydrogen sulfide
1:06:00detected in the breath or stools, very
1:06:02very stinky. Um you look at the at the
1:06:06uh microscopic examination of the stool
1:06:09samples to see this is in there or not.
1:06:11I can tell you that the father of
1:06:12microbiology Antonhoy actually found
1:06:15this in his own stool. So you know he
1:06:17had this as well. So it's very common.
1:06:20Usually they look at fecal tests and you
1:06:23see that these are these are not treated
1:06:25with antibiotics. That's not going to
1:06:26work on this. U these are treated with
1:06:28uh antiprozoa medications. So
1:06:30metroniditool quinocrine hydrochloride
1:06:33nitoxinide those are all anti-parasitic
1:06:37u medications.
1:06:41So that's what it looks like. I always
1:06:42thought that kind of looked like it had
1:06:43eyes right there. It's not. But uh this
1:06:46this is the fugella right here. What it
1:06:47looks like. And these are the cysts of
1:06:48giardia. So when you look at uh when you
1:06:51look at giardia, then you look for the
1:06:54cyst in the in the in the uh feces.
1:06:58Cryptosperidiosis is another one that's
1:06:59caused by prozoan infection. This is
1:07:02caused by cryptosperidium parbam or
1:07:03cryptospridium homminus. Uh there was a
1:07:06very bad outbreak of this in 1993 in
1:07:09Wisconsin in Milwaukee because the
1:07:12city's uh sanitation from drinking water
1:07:15actually the system failed and didn't it
1:07:17didn't get rid of it. The way you get
1:07:20this is you ingest o cyst and release
1:07:22the sporzoids and then they invade your
1:07:24intestinal epithelium tissue. So then
1:07:26you get like collar-like diarrhea which
1:07:28is very serious.
1:07:32uh their cattle, you know, shedding
1:07:34cattle feces as well. That's where he
1:07:35who kind of keeps it around. Again, it
1:07:38is transmitted through drinking water
1:07:39and it's and it's resistant to
1:07:41chlorination. Usually, it is removed by
1:07:43filtration, but it wasn't removed by
1:07:45filtration in 1993 because that system
1:07:48failed. So, that's the problem. So,
1:07:51there's about 450,000 people got sick of
1:07:53this in Milwaukee. So, because it's all
1:07:54in the drinking water, it's diagnosed
1:07:57with an FA test or an acid fast stain.
1:08:01And again treated with Nazoxinide is
1:08:03another type of of anti-parasitic
1:08:05medication.
1:08:08Uh this is what it looks like. So
1:08:10there's the OO system infecting
1:08:12intestinal mucosa. So this is very
1:08:14serious. This is a transmission electron
1:08:16micro reaction. You see what it looks
1:08:17like.
1:08:19Now this one is happening right now
1:08:23actually. So it is it is July of 20 26
1:08:27when I'm recording this. And there is a
1:08:30current outbreak of cycllosporais
1:08:33which causes a disease called
1:08:34cycllosporasis.
1:08:36And uh as of today I was looking at the
1:08:38news reports and this may be changed by
1:08:40the time you listen to this but it looks
1:08:41like Taco Bell's lettuce may have been
1:08:45um implicated in that. So for your third
1:08:48discussion question, I realize there's
1:08:50more there's going to be more than more
1:08:51than the the three this time. Tell me
1:08:55what's going on in the media right now
1:08:57about this. So tell me, give me a
1:08:58paragraph about what's going on with
1:09:00cycllospora in the media. What states do
1:09:02we found it in, where it's implicated,
1:09:05things like that. That' be your third
1:09:07discussion question. Now you're if
1:09:08you're listening to this past, if it's
1:09:11not in summer 2026, like because I keep
1:09:13those same lectures, then do a Google
1:09:15search and find out what was going on in
1:09:17July 2026 for this type of disease. This
1:09:21is common. This is in the news right
1:09:22now, you know. So, uh, as as of this
1:09:25recording, which is, um, this was today.
1:09:27Today's July 14th, that's where I'm at
1:09:29right now. So, um, you may get days or
1:09:32weeks of watery diarrhea. Sometimes it's
1:09:34referred to as explosive diarrhea. The O
1:09:37sister ingested from drinking
1:09:38contaminated feces water. It looks like
1:09:41it might be lettuce. They're looking at
1:09:43they they do have acid fast staining of
1:09:45feal smears or used to fluorescent
1:09:47microscopy. And you can treat cyclopsis.
1:09:50is treated with trimethoprim or
1:09:52sulfamethosoxazole which is a type of of
1:09:55medicine.
1:09:57So typosporasis is uh
1:10:01you know not ridiculously common but it
1:10:03is right now it is is this was
1:10:06discovered in 1993 but it's actually
1:10:08make its way to the news media right
1:10:10now. So I want to tell you tell me about
1:10:11this as your third discussion question.
1:10:16Now here is a comparison of the cyst of
1:10:19the two different parasitic partzoas
1:10:21like cordspidium and cycllospora. So
1:10:23this kind of what they look like kind of
1:10:24similar
1:10:28ami dysentery or meiosis you may see
1:10:31this written caused by intimistytica and
1:10:34the the name tells you histytica means
1:10:37destroys tissues. All right so this
1:10:40produces cysts that survive stomach
1:10:42acid. The feeding form the trophosoid
1:10:45produced from the cyst in the intestines
1:10:47and it multiplies in the wall of the
1:10:48large intestine. Then it causes these
1:10:50very serious you know diarrhea and pain.
1:10:54The feces can contain blood and mucus
1:10:56because it's been breaking down the
1:10:57tissues can perforate the intestinal
1:11:00wall causes abscesses. It can it can
1:11:02kill you. It's very serious. Organisms
1:11:04can invade the liver and it's very
1:11:06serious disease. Um you can uh detect
1:11:09this with cerological tests and
1:11:11treatment with again your antipartisone
1:11:13medication metroniditool.
1:11:17This is what the ulcerated typical ulcer
1:11:20leion looks like intica.
1:11:26Next we're going to talk about worms. So
1:11:28the different types of worms can inade
1:11:29this. There's a lot of these actually.
1:11:30So we're going to talk about several of
1:11:32these.
1:11:34Now the one
1:11:36that is most common is the genus escaris
1:11:39it causes escariasis we'll talk about
1:11:40that uh tracheria is another one
1:11:44hookworms
1:11:46is another one shism mansini and the
1:11:49tania these are all the different types
1:11:51of people who are infected so number one
1:11:53of course obviously is is scarce scarce
1:11:56we're going to talk about kind of all of
1:11:58them
1:12:00first one is going to be tapeworms
1:12:03couple different types I kind of just
1:12:05want you to know who causes what.
1:12:07Tannius is the beef tapeworm.
1:12:09Tanniselium is a pork tapeworm.
1:12:11Tanniselium is a little bit more
1:12:12dangerous than the tan saga because it
1:12:14can go to your brain and cause lesions.
1:12:16Fish tapeworm dilibrium latam you get
1:12:18these from eating you get these from
1:12:20eating undercooked pork be.
1:12:22Uh any uh tenasis is an adult tapeworm
1:12:26infects the intestine.
1:12:28Cyus sarcosis is an infection with the
1:12:30laral stage that you get by the eggs.
1:12:33Sometimes the larvae may lodge in the
1:12:35eyeball. So this is called athalic
1:12:37sister carosis. That's fun. I'm going
1:12:39show you a picture of that in just a
1:12:40second. And then sometimes again the lar
1:12:42develop nervous system. We call that
1:12:43neuroscyister sarcosis.
1:12:48So
1:12:50right there. Yeah, it's kind of creepy.
1:12:52Yeah. Um that's what it looks like in
1:12:56the person's eyes. This is actually
1:12:57common in some of your uh underdeveloped
1:13:00areas.
1:13:02Uh, tapeworms have a three-stage life
1:13:04cycle. The eggs are excreted in the
1:13:06feces. And all tapeworms really are.
1:13:08Honestly, it's just little bags of sperm
1:13:11and egg. You know, they really don't do
1:13:13a whole lot. The eggs hatch into a laral
1:13:15system of circus that lodges in the
1:13:16muscle. And then you get it when you eat
1:13:19undercooked meat that's in the muscle.
1:13:22So, you get it from eating,
1:13:24you know,
1:13:26um, pork meat or beef. That's how you
1:13:29get it. And then again I told you that
1:13:31it can become assisted in the brain if
1:13:33it's if it's the if the be the port
1:13:36tapeworontaneous.
1:13:38Uh the way that you find out if you got
1:13:39a tapeworm or not as a diagnosis with
1:13:41eggs or you can see the segment in the
1:13:42feces and um the most common treatment
1:13:46of tapeworms is proquantelite
1:13:49actually is another one. What they
1:13:51usually do is that the way the tapeworm
1:13:52attaches to you it's got a structure
1:13:54it's called a skollex. All right. Kind
1:13:56of looks like this, right? And attaches
1:13:58to your intestinal lining, which is like
1:13:59right here. Whoops. I'm going to do that
1:14:00in a different color. Like this. And
1:14:03then what the medicines do is they break
1:14:05they break it off right there and it
1:14:07comes out.
1:14:11Here is the kinyooxus. Kyooxus is kind
1:14:13of a small one. That's what it looks
1:14:14like. It's not very long. It's right
1:14:15there. Um, and the adult tape one
1:14:19releases eggs. um it goes into the into
1:14:22the the intermediate host and they
1:14:24ingest the eggs and it's going to um
1:14:27larvae are going to hatch and then
1:14:29they're going to go to definitive host
1:14:30and then cycle starts over again.
1:14:34Here are some pictures of the worms.
1:14:36This is the reason why we study this in
1:14:38microbiology
1:14:39because these eggs are microscopic.
1:14:41That's why because the worms themselves
1:14:43are are you know not microscopic but
1:14:46they uh have microscopic eggs. Sitania
1:14:49eggs, dilobothium eggs, indurobius,
1:14:52um, ascaras. This is very common. Turus,
1:14:59hyd disease. Again, that's caused by one
1:15:01I just showed you, kiccus granulosis.
1:15:04Uh, the eggs are ingested and migrate to
1:15:06the liver, the lungs or the brain, and
1:15:08they develop into what we call a
1:15:09hydrated cyst. And that can can
1:15:11seriously that can kill you, right? So,
1:15:13it may
1:15:15they can grow up to hold 15 liters of
1:15:17fluid. That's a lot, right? They may
1:15:19rupture up and cause anaphylactic shock
1:15:21which can, you know, again kill you. The
1:15:23diagnosis for high data disease is
1:15:25ciological tests, X-rays, uh CT scan,
1:15:29magnetic resonance imaging, MRIs, things
1:15:31like that.
1:15:33Uh you'd have to get this surgically
1:15:35removed or you can treat without bendols
1:15:37and other type of anti-worm medication.
1:15:43So there you go. What it looks like. So
1:15:45this is the hyd cyst form by conoxus
1:15:47granulosis.
1:15:51Pin worms, you've heard about this in
1:15:53children. Pinworms common interious
1:15:55vermicularis very tiny nematode. Uh it
1:15:58causes the itching around the anus. A
1:16:00lot of times you can put a piece of tape
1:16:02on there and find the eggs. That's how
1:16:04you know, right? Common in children to
1:16:06get it from like playground stuff like
1:16:07that and get it's they ingest it because
1:16:10it's on their fingers, you know, cuz
1:16:11they're not clean. Uh the treatment with
1:16:14uh pyel pyomate and my bend dissolve.
1:16:16Wait, it's not really fatal. It's just
1:16:18itchy. It's not going to hurt you.
1:16:22So that's what it looks like. No,
1:16:23there's pin worms right there. Whoops.
1:16:25That is not what I meant to do. That's
1:16:26all right, though. Pin worms right
1:16:27there.
1:16:31Hookworms a little bit a little bit more
1:16:33serious. Um this is where they tell you
1:16:36not to walk around barefoot
1:16:39um in the soil because you can get these
1:16:41things and they can. So nicada
1:16:42americanus and silosoma dodel those are
1:16:45two main ones right and they kind of
1:16:48they enter the soil through human feces
1:16:50but they burrow through bare skin in
1:16:52contact with soil so when you walk
1:16:53barefoot over the soil they can get in
1:16:55there and cause issues
1:16:58the symptoms of hookworms anemia
1:17:00lethargic behavior craving for peculiar
1:17:03food this is one I've read about a lot
1:17:05pah so like eating like
1:17:08pencil or you know something that you
1:17:10would not everyone want to eat. It's a
1:17:13you really want to eat it, right? So
1:17:14that's that's kind of the telltale sign
1:17:17of that sort of thing. Um again, it gets
1:17:21in the soil from people poop. So that's
1:17:23not a humongous problem in the United
1:17:25States uh because it's human feces. So
1:17:28anywhere people may have pooped where
1:17:30you're where you're walking barefoot is
1:17:33a way you can kind of get this. But that
1:17:34doesn't happen, it's probably not going
1:17:35to be, you know, very common. It's
1:17:37diagnosed by finding the eggs in the
1:17:40feces and treatment of course is
1:17:41meendazol which is you know very common
1:17:43type.
1:17:50So this is what the silos looks like. So
1:17:51the hookworms are called that because
1:17:52the mouth kind of hooks on to you kind
1:17:54of right there.
1:17:58Again most common one is a scariasis
1:18:00caused by a scarous lumber cordis.
1:18:02There's another one grows in pigs called
1:18:04a scar suum, but that's all right. Uh
1:18:07worms can be as long as 30 cmters. Uh
1:18:11they're this is the most common one. So
1:18:12it's very common people are infected.
1:18:14But the uh eggs shed in the feces are
1:18:16ingested by another person. You eat it.
1:18:18Then they go and larvae pass in the
1:18:20bloodstream, lungs, go to the throat,
1:18:22intestinal tract, and yes, they crawl
1:18:24around inside your body. It's it's
1:18:26really gross. It's really they can come
1:18:28out your nose and your ears. Oh, it's
1:18:31it's really terrible. Come on. Your anus
1:18:33m I It's not funny. But when I was in
1:18:37high school, my teacher was telling us
1:18:38about this and she said if you put like
1:18:39a piece of food, if you starve yourself
1:18:41and put a piece of food, they'll come
1:18:43all the way up and try to grab it. You
1:18:45can pull them out. I don't think that's
1:18:46true, but this is what she told us back
1:18:47in the day. Um,
1:18:50the microscopic examination of feces for
1:18:52eggs is the way to kind of tell if you
1:18:54got a scare, although you'll probably
1:18:55know it. Like, it's not likely you're
1:18:57not going to know you have this. Uh
1:18:59again your garden variety uh
1:19:01anti-helmets beenol bendazol those are
1:19:03the ways you treat it.
1:19:07So it looks like very large you know and
1:19:10funnily enough escaris limbicodies
1:19:12actually have separate sexes the males
1:19:13and females are not on the same they're
1:19:15not hemophetic they actually have male
1:19:16and females so it's pretty interesting
1:19:21whipworms you probably heard about these
1:19:23trachuras trauria
1:19:25uh they're between 30 and 50 millimeters
1:19:26in length that's not very long the
1:19:28distribution is similar to a scarcitides
1:19:31um they again you eat these just like
1:19:34you do you know the other ones and just
1:19:36intestinal glands And the eggs hatch and
1:19:37grow intestinal service. Um
1:19:41the adult worm buries the intestinal
1:19:42mucosa and lives as a parasite. So it
1:19:44can you know feed on your cell contents
1:19:46and blood which you know causes bad
1:19:49stuff to happen to you. Anemia,
1:19:51malnutrition, um slow growth. All right.
1:19:55Um if it's in a child um again it's very
1:19:59similar. Are you treated with the same
1:20:00types of anti-helmets,
1:20:02bendazol?
1:20:07This is what a traurus uh egg looks
1:20:09looks like.
1:20:12Now, uh tchinellosis or tchenasis
1:20:15things, it's caused several different
1:20:17things. Tchinasis, tchinelosis,
1:20:20it's caused by tchinellis, which is a
1:20:22basically a pork worm. It's a nematode
1:20:26that you can get inside from eating
1:20:27undercooked pork, other meats. Most of
1:20:29the time you can look at this little
1:20:30video down here. This is actually most
1:20:32commonly found in bare meat. All right,
1:20:34if you watch the video, now you can't
1:20:36click on it if you're watching it
1:20:37watching this already on YouTube, but if
1:20:38you're looking at this the downloaded
1:20:40PowerPoint, you can just click on it and
1:20:41watch check it out. It's about Steven
1:20:42Reanella, how he talks about how he went
1:20:44to Alaska with his uh his friends and
1:20:48they ate bear meat and it wasn't cooked
1:20:50properly and they all got tinosis or
1:20:51trick tinyosis is what we actually call
1:20:53he called it tchinosis. Uh basically
1:20:55what happens you eat uh the beef and
1:20:58then the your stomach acid you know
1:21:02basically removes the cyst wall and the
1:21:04worm matures into adult and then they
1:21:06produce larvae and they go into your
1:21:08muscles and then it stays there doesn't
1:21:10usually go away even if you treat it
1:21:12kind of the assisted larvae kind of
1:21:14stick around. uh fever, eye swelling,
1:21:16gastrointestinal upset. Main thing that
1:21:18he talks about is the pain like you're
1:21:21on fire. So, it hurts. So, it's not
1:21:24something fun. You can treat it with
1:21:26anti-worming. Again, the same things you
1:21:27give like your dog. He says, "Abendazol
1:21:29bendol." And again, if you want to click
1:21:31on this video, it's actually really
1:21:32interesting. It's not very long. It's
1:21:33about five minutes. And you can you can
1:21:35see that.
1:21:38Uh so again this in this case it was a
1:21:40it was a pig they're talking about but
1:21:42again the the you eat the the the uh
1:21:46undercooked pork it goes down your
1:21:48intestine freeze and it insists in the
1:21:50muscles and very bad.
1:21:58So this one said I want you to know what
1:22:02this probably could be. I'm not going to
1:22:03answer it, but public health officials
1:22:05in Pennsylvania are notified of watery
1:22:07explosive diarrhea. Hint hint. Bowel
1:22:10movements upon persons associated with a
1:22:12residential facility. The disease is
1:22:14associated with eating some kind of
1:22:16plant product. Snow peas. What do you
1:22:19think could be doing this? Right.
1:22:25There's a cyst right there. Right.
1:22:29So, last couple things. So these are
1:22:31just some uh summary. So urgots and
1:22:34athlettoxins caused by clavic perparia
1:22:37and espigilus flavis uh gardiasis I
1:22:40definitely want you to know you can call
1:22:41it this one right you're going to be
1:22:42asked about dadalis you don't got to
1:22:44know all the other names I told you
1:22:45about um
1:22:48cisperidium crisperiosis cyclopicis
1:22:51definitely let you know that because
1:22:51that's happening right now or at the
1:22:53time that I that I recorded this this is
1:22:55happening ambic denter is caused by
1:22:58intimate pistolytica
1:23:02tapeworms Again the different types of
1:23:04tapeworms. Tannis edinadas the beef
1:23:05tapeworm tanis less pork tapeworm kicos
1:23:08granulosis vermicularis pinworms
1:23:10hookworms things like that treatment if
1:23:13you want to know most of them is the
1:23:15same and alendazol proyquant all those
1:23:18are deworming pills
1:23:22and finally a scaras most common type
1:23:26menendazol menazol uh tanelosis that's
1:23:29the last one okay so you do have uh
1:23:33another question. So, and that is tell
1:23:36me what you thought was most interesting
1:23:37about this chapter. There's probably a
1:23:38lot of things. This is pretty fun one.
1:23:40Um, and then the rest of it just
1:23:41dependencies.

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