YT YouTube2Text

YouTube2Text → Transcripts → METABOLISM - PART 2 [BY SIR CRIS] (10/09/2026)

METABOLISM - PART 2 [BY SIR CRIS] (10/09/2026) — Transcript

by Teacher Challey, RPh., MSPharm · 6,056 words · 1,241 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

Open in transcriber Summarize with AI Download SRT/VTT

Full transcript

0:00reference okay so regarding carbohydrate
0:03lipid and protein metabolism it is
0:05interesting to note that the common
0:07product once these compounds are
0:10catabolized
0:12or broken down is acetylchoa
0:15we have to drink this in the manga
0:17varying processes that occur so that
0:20acetyl coa will be extracted from them
0:23so number one again number one uh let's
0:26talk about uh carbohydrates so usually
0:29on ginagameta metabolic fuel under
0:32carbohydrates i glucose right glucose
0:35and the specific catabolic process
0:37napinagada ananda glucose is what you
0:39call as glycolysis that's why later
0:43maddie discuss nothing on specific steps
0:45that occurred during glycolysis but for
0:48now take note that the usual product or
0:51the major rather the major product of
0:53glycolysis are two molecules two
0:56molecules of pyruvate in which pyruvate
1:00will undergo succeeding catabolic
1:02pathways parasha imaging acetyl-coa so
1:06mamma yamada discussed
1:08specific events here and you know the
1:10drill
1:31which you will encounter later okay
1:34everyone every one thing entire is a
1:36powerpoint you can see that the
1:39substrate needed for glycolysis is
1:41glucose and you learned in lobster now
1:44six carbon sugar and glucose right six
1:47carbon and the product of glycolysis we
1:50have pyruvate can you count how many
1:52carbons are present in pyruvate we have
1:56one
1:56we have two
1:58and we have three meron
2:02so we have three carbon atoms so what
2:05can you observe and point
2:21yes catabolism okay catabolism because
2:24we break down the
2:25substrate very good next what about for
2:28lipids okay for lipids remember um major
2:33product non-lipids
2:40[Music]
2:48is
2:50fatty acid into thio esters ethioesters
2:54so later i will show you the structure
2:56of a thioester and thioester is being
3:00formed again this is being formed
3:02because of the addition of coenzyme a
3:05because
3:06of the addition of co enzyme a which
3:10will be tackled later okay and then
3:13after formation of
3:15thioester that is the time that ang
3:19lipid or fatty acid laluna imaga
3:22undergone a catabolic pathway a
3:24catabolic pathway and that catabolic
3:27pathway is called beta oxidation okay
3:30that is beta oxidation the bangit kobasa
3:33lesson one and beta oxidation
3:36yes okay
3:39and my corresponding atp calculation
3:41time i discussed that's why you can see
3:44you can see on the uh given figure so
3:48it's a figure
3:51acid
3:52carboxylic acid long chain hydrocarbons
3:55right so on first step is formation of
3:58thioester ethioester because of co
4:02enzyme a because of the addition of
4:05coenzyme a
4:06and as you check the structure of
4:09thioester this is basically an ester
4:12this is basically an ester however
4:15instead of oxygen instead of oxygen the
4:18one being attached is sulfur okay sulfur
4:22instead of oxygen so dioester and then
4:24after that
4:25anthoester will undergo finally
4:28beta oxidation and this will undergo
4:31beta oxidation uh until such time that
4:34acetyl coa will be produced for the nth
4:38time kappa acetyl coenzyme
4:40red
5:00[Music]
5:02okay nice moving on let's have a protein
5:05metabolism recall class that the monomer
5:09units of proteins are amino acids right
5:12and amino acids should be utilized right
5:15away the wasabi
5:16in general among amino acids are not
5:19stored in the body and they are rapidly
5:23catabolized for energy utilization and
5:26protein build up or protein formation
5:29and melon
5:30specific chemical processes or reactions
5:36amino acids
6:00group and also the carbon skeleton so we
6:02will tackle these fates later okay
6:08on carbs lipid and also protein
6:10metabolism so bhagavatam proceeds a
6:13carbohydrate metabolism some uh some
6:17tips to remember regarding the chemical
6:19reactions of course for these metabolic
6:22reactions to happen we need different
6:25enzymes so men and i am a certain uh
6:28certain clues or hints
6:31identified
6:33chemical reaction for example for
6:35carboxylase carboxylase is responsible
6:38for the addition of carboxylate a
6:41functional group a carboxylate
6:44and then a decarboxylase as the term
6:47suggests
6:48de means removal so we are removing uh
6:51carbon dioxide for instance and then
6:54dehydrogenase demand is responsible for
6:56the removal of hydrogen and also
6:59introduction of double bonds and then
7:01isomerase naman isomerase is responsible
7:04for isomerization as we tell and then
7:07finally
7:08siguro familiar nachodito kinase is a
7:10transferase remember and unkindness is
7:14responsible for the transfer of what
7:16group that is phosphate hyphosphate so
7:19in expectation if kinase comes into play
7:22there's phosphorylation okay there is
7:24phosphorylation so the reason chiato
7:27binance
7:28loose case
7:30my encounter as we discuss the different
7:33pathways
7:35so halimba what's a figure
7:37uh actually madalina shambhala mankase
7:40and kaines is responsible for the
7:43transfer of phosphate group so it is
7:45expected that kappa nagar or
7:48non-phosphorylation
7:50fructose 6-phosphate alibaba
7:536-phosphate it will become 1-6-bis
7:56phosphate because of
7:58transfer of phosphate by the kinase
8:01question sino-amma gigging source
8:07phosphate that is atp that's why you can
8:10see here another is a removal or what
8:13you call hydrolysis of adenosine
8:16triphosphate kayanaging adenosine
8:18diphosphate alongside okay so
8:21is amping a galligano phosphate group
8:24adenosine triphosphate which will be
8:26added to the substrate oxylabing
8:28substrate the fructose-6-phosphate okay
8:34enzymes
8:37are you still there everyone
8:40okay very good
8:41so i think we can now proceed on the
8:43specific chemical reactions number one
8:47we start with carbohydrate metabolism we
8:50discussed that the usual fate of glucose
8:53which is a carbohydrate is glycolysis so
8:56that's why we are going to discuss now
8:58glycolysis and uh i bet you already have
9:02an idea what glycolysis is cases
9:06okay glycolysis is considered as a
9:09linear 10 step an aerobic pathway that
9:13converts glucose into as i've said two
9:16molecules of pyruvate this is an example
9:20of a catabolic reaction because we tend
9:23to break down
9:25glucose into smaller units called
9:27pyruvate molecules okay and then it was
9:31mentioned non-linear pathways
9:38linear pathway
9:40this is in contrary to the cyclic
9:42pathway citric acid cycle
9:45citric acid cycle last meeting
9:47citric acid cycle the final product the
9:51final product in the citric acid cycle
9:54will be used again for the first
9:56reaction to happen okay and that is very
9:59good oxaloacetate
10:01peroditos
10:03young ending product that is pyruvate
10:06will no longer be re utilized
10:08paramagnetic glycolysis
10:10is straight pathway lab now we can
10:13divide uh glycolysis into two major
10:16phases
10:20phase and generation phase so the steps
10:23one to five is comprised or are
10:25comprised of energy investment phase
10:28pakistan investment usually panagio
11:07whenever you hear the term investment
11:09yes you give you give first you know
11:11investment now you would expect that in
11:13the future you will get something in
11:15return but sometimes
11:17investment fails so means
11:20but anyway so pakistan energy investment
11:25atp are being hydrolyzed two atp
11:27molecules
11:29gagastos
11:31gastrostylenone
11:32atp molecules
11:40mobile
11:54this is energy generating phase
11:58steps
12:08we're in step six to ten we can expect
12:11again we can expect that along the way
12:14habangina and pyruvate
12:18nadh is sung nadh and then dalawang atp
12:22molecules okay for each pyruvate form
12:26okay for each pyruvate form so pakistan
12:30uh for each pyruvate form that tells us
12:33that we have to multiply this by two
12:36okay we have to multiply this by two
12:38everyone do you understand why do we
12:40have to multiply
12:43yes okay very good because
12:48along the way
12:49magawang is
13:05general steps glycolysis now this figure
13:09summarizes the two phases of like
13:11glycolytic pathway so unanimous from
13:15steps one to five that is the energy
13:18investment phase
13:22fifth step later i will show you so we
13:24have step one
13:26two
13:27three
13:28four and then later five and you can see
13:31guys you can see na investment shop
13:34because
13:35reactions that we need app as money okay
13:40or as energy so meron dalawang
13:43atp nana hydrolyze becoming adp so
13:46that's energy investment phase and then
13:49time will come that you will generate
13:51you will harvest your investment so
13:54invest or such generation phase demand
13:57that means from step six again step six
14:00hang gang 10
14:02sorry step 6 sangangtan we tend to
14:06make okay we tend to make new sources of
14:09energy in the form of not age which is a
14:13check
14:14that can be converted eventually
14:16to atp and then merum
14:19dalawang app molecule synagogue question
14:23is or both pyruvates
14:47steps in glycolysis so now it is kasana
14:51isa
14:52first stop we have the energy investment
14:54phase so on step one since i'm adding
14:57raw material is glucose the first step
15:00that would happen is phosphorylation of
15:02glucose anusabinate in everyone
15:05phosphorylation our expectation is
15:07addition of phosphate and the source of
15:11phosphate is from adenosine triphosphate
15:15okay so the phosphate group listen the
15:18phosphate group from adenosine
15:20triphosphate will be transferred by
15:23hexokinase it will
15:39step is glucose 6-phosphate okay the
15:42product form is glucose 6-phosphate
15:46so step one like invest batain atp
15:50yes okay
15:51in investment atp is a step one next uh
15:55step two on step tournament it involves
15:58isolation or rearrangement of gluo6
16:02phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate uh
16:05take note everyone that glucose and
16:07fructose
16:08are
16:09isomers okay and through rearrangement
16:12pedinating will convert and glucose
16:146-phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate
16:17and in this case a responsible enzyme is
16:20the phospho hexose isomerase okay so
16:24that is the enzyme responsible
16:26next uh take notes a step two no uh
16:30expenditure of atp all right well again
16:33atp moving on
16:36everyone
16:38okay nice moving on we have step three
16:41as you can see
16:44in a phosphorylation of the substrate
16:47phosphorylation of the substrate
16:50gagastoston atp okay
16:54phosphate group in substrate so you need
16:56atp as a source
16:58and since phosphorylation occurs also at
17:01the third step we need kinase enzyme
17:04oled alkyne is enzyme that's why on the
17:06third step meron and mantayana expand
17:10the atp i mean
17:13so that is via phosphofructokinase
17:16and the intermediate product formed is
17:19called fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
17:22fructose 1 6 bisphosphate has two
17:25phosphate groups apparently
17:27that are found first so
17:30uncarbon
17:38so this are the first uh three steps so
17:41recaptions the first three first three
17:43steps mero
17:46expand na na atp we have two atp
17:50molecules so overall the first three
17:52steps of glycolysis add phosphate groups
17:55and isomerize glucose into fructose and
17:59there are two atp molecules nana utilize
18:04parama modifinatin and glucose that
18:07would be ready for these acidic
18:09reactions so next uh pedina tyson step
18:12four
18:14all right so step four in a month uh
18:16step four facilitates cleavage of
18:19fructose one six bisphosphate via the
18:22enzyme aldolase remember uh
18:26everyone remember that we are talking
18:28here about fructose fructose is a six
18:32carbon sugar this is a six carbohydrate
18:36and since uh there is cleavage here that
18:39means to say that the six carbon
18:42fructose one six phosphate will be
18:45cleaved off
18:53carbon presently
18:57that's why through cleavage nugget gets
18:59based in a sabico i nega gets so through
19:02a cleavage of fructose 1 6-bisphosphate
19:06the products dihydroxyacetone
19:09and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate they have
19:12three carbon atoms both okay they have
19:15three carbon atoms
19:17so let's check number one for
19:19dihydroxyacetone
19:21other are apparently three carbons
19:23present and for glyceraldehyde
19:253-phosphate there are also three carbons
19:28present so it matches the substrate
19:31fructose or fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
19:35so young
19:42acetone and glyceraldehyde they only
19:44have three carbon atoms so you tend to
19:48connect this with pyruvate
19:50or
19:59step five actually uh there is only
20:02isomerization
20:04of one of the three carbon products and
20:07that is
20:08dihydroxyacetone and dihydroxyacetone
20:11will undergo isometization molecular
20:14rearrangement a molecular rearrangement
20:18that is an dhp i'm a gigging
20:21glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate i am a
20:24gigging glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
20:26natural so question everyone after step
20:295 at the end of step 5 how many
20:32glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate do we have
20:35already
20:36okay so tanda and marinating the one
20:40molecules the lava molecules
20:42non-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and mind
20:45you again
21:15and then final step where in my
21:17generation of energy ultimately pyruvate
21:20is formed
21:23glyceraldehyde
21:26multiplies at dalawa 1900
21:33okay what about the others
21:36okay good so
21:38nothing on steps one two five omaha
21:42hey rick
21:45first five steps energy investment how
21:48many atp and augustus
21:51very good
21:53chemical reactions
21:56expand
22:03okay phosphorylation very good
22:05phosphorylation and then you can see
22:07also namely isomerization
22:10okay
22:31in step number six
22:33step number six facilitates facilitates
22:36oxidation of this molecule a this
22:40molecule glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
22:42forming one 3 bisphosphoglycerate so
22:46sabinetin it facilitates oxidation
22:49reaction right it facilitates oxidation
22:51reaction a question
22:54oxidation do we need an oxidizing agent
22:57yes
22:58oxidizing agent so in this regard anupo
23:02angnaging oxidizing agent nathan are not
23:05only oxidizing agent nathan
23:08not very good so this served as the
23:12oxidizing agent
23:15electron transport chain and redux
23:23oxidizing agent was it oxidized or was
23:26it reduced
23:28all right very good so it was reduced
23:31kaya you expect nakapagnari
23:34nada
23:48is not h right so not h generation
23:53reducing equivalent
24:01electron transport chain okay it's an
24:03electron transport chain so that is step
24:06number six next so step number seven
24:09demand uh the phosphate group is being
24:12transferred into adp so in this case me
24:16phosphorylation
24:18however it's from 1 3 phosphoglycerate
24:22adp okay
24:24adp and that is made possible by the
24:27enzyme
24:28phosphoglycerate kinase so in this case
24:31a phosphorylation i directed towards
24:35adenosine diphosphate
24:37step seven methylene degenerate
24:41is sung atp okay so step seven maritime
24:44generator is
24:48so that is step seven so that's why the
24:51product after step seven you can see
24:56that is a phosphate group so it became
24:59three phosphoglycerate
25:01okay origami step six and seven
25:04and maggie gained nothing to step six we
25:07have uh nut h
25:09so step seven
25:10is atp
25:12next so step eight isomerization among a
25:15ray that is from a three
25:18phosphoglycerate via mutase enzyme it
25:21becomes two phosphoglycerate where in
25:23the phosphate group has been rearranged
25:26magnitude as a second carbon is a second
25:29carbon
25:34energy equivalent
25:35step number eight
25:37next uh step nine step nine is
25:40dehydration wherein water is being
25:43removed okay water is being removed from
25:46two phosphoglycerate forming phosphoenol
25:49pyruvate and then for the last step
25:52again for the last step other is uh
25:56there is phosphate transfer again to adp
25:59okay and phosphate group from
26:01phosphoenol pyruvate will be transferred
26:05to adp kaya gigging app sha kayaking
26:18so note everyone that at step number 10
26:21i step number 10
26:513-phosphate
26:56so on point d2 is along the way along
26:59the way habangina
27:02pero pyruvate itself can create its own
27:05energy it can have its own energy
27:07equivalent
27:10okay so we have isan nadh at the lawn
27:13atp question do we need to multiply this
27:16by
27:18two okay so we will multiply this by 2.
27:26substrates now glyceraldehyde
27:283-phosphate so in summary okay the
27:322-glyceraldehyde phosphate units are
27:34converted into two pyruvate units in
27:38phase two of glycolysis at tandaan along
27:42the way pakistan along the way habang
27:44ginago and pyruvate
28:11so what are the net results of
28:14glycolysis remember meron dalawang faces
28:18glycolysis
28:25and then energy generation phase energy
28:29generation for both pathways for both
28:32glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate meron
28:36h
28:40atp
28:42and then pyruvate
28:49products so there are two atps used
28:56later on computer you know atp and then
28:59four atp molecules are made in the
29:02second phase that is energy generation
29:05so the net result is the synthesis of
29:07two atps from glycolysis so
30:21through oxidative phosphorylation or
30:24magnesia through
30:26atomic oxidative phosphorylation
30:28that causes synthesis of
30:312.5
30:33atps
30:34per per nod h okay 2.5 uh atp's per
30:40night age
30:412.5
30:43h okay
30:46so at least
30:58[Music]
31:02can we proceed on the next
31:22glycolysis remember that the substrate
31:26of glycolysis is glucose okay glucose
31:29and um
32:04and then the ultimate products are
32:06number one we have
32:08pyruvate i pyruvate two molecules of
32:11pyruvate and then aside from that we
32:14have two reduced equivalents
32:19a electron transport chain is an
32:21electron transport chain and also along
32:25the way along the way melon
32:41nineteenth overall
32:43[Music]
32:44okay so yan po ang glycolysis so
32:48everyone i'll just focus on glucose as
32:51the substrate so human power point uh
32:54slides now
32:58don't study them anymore i don't study
33:00them anymore so i'll just focus on
33:02glucose
33:08are we good
33:12okay so proceed every once a
33:15pyruvate
33:17uh take note everyone that pyruvate as
33:19the final product of glycolysis may
33:22undergo three possible fates right three
33:25possible fates and the pentatosa uh
33:28organisms
34:18or deficit
35:02so starting off with aerobic respiration
35:06so on aerobic or during aerobic uh
35:09aerobic condition where oxygen is rich
35:12pyruvate is being oxidized
35:16oxidized forming acetyl coenzyme a and
35:20then
35:20acetylcho enzyme
35:23automatic
36:21we need an oxidizing agent we need an
36:24oxidizing agent and that is
36:37that is
36:38oxidizing agent and as you know as you
36:41know
36:42oxidizing agent
36:47h
36:53yes
36:55equivalent money equivalent money or
36:58energy
37:05review
37:53and it's for you to figure out
37:57so it has something to do with the one i
37:59mentioned earlier okay so
38:02analogy
38:17so done with
38:19uh done with aerobic aerobic condition
38:22paranormal aerobic when oxygen is
38:25lacking so kappa oxygen is lacking of
38:29course
38:33instead it is lactate or lactic acid and
38:37note class now in this regard in this
38:40regard and tendency
38:44abundance
38:58so
39:13exercise when atp needs are high halibut
39:18of course you need so much oxygen
39:21especially those muscles that are
39:24stressed
39:30so in that regard tendency instead of
39:33synthesizing atp
39:36oxygen lactate accumulate and
39:39accumulation of lactate in muscles can
39:41cause soreness and also cramping
39:50lactate
40:20[Music]
41:07okay
41:08so an oxygen death is created and when
41:11the vigorous activity decreases the
41:14person must take deep breaths of air to
41:16repay this debt
41:18uh
41:33muscles the ones that we contract
41:35usually during exercise no you learned
41:37also that the heart is a muscle right it
41:39is a cardiac muscle in fact so kapag
41:42meron
41:43absence of oxygenation
42:09problem is lactate enzyme or human
42:12galactic related enzymes okay so
42:36[Music]
42:48microorganisms
42:50microorganisms they can also
42:53they have the ability also to convert
42:56further pyruvate but in this regard
42:59alcohol
43:01and that is the process called
43:02fermentation okay that is the process
43:05called fermentation so fermentation is
43:08an aerobic conversion of glucose to
43:11ethanol and also carbon dioxide helped
43:14by yeast and also microorganisms
43:17so this happens because of the enzymes
43:20pyruvate the carboxylase removing carbon
43:23dioxide
43:25removing carbon uh removing carbon
43:27dioxide and then further oxidation by
43:31alcohol dehydrogenase
43:33and that is makakapak produced io
43:35finally non-ethanol and in fact if you
43:38are familiar fermentation is the
43:40principle na na cano conduct or in apply
43:44the manufacturers of different alcoholic
43:48beverages so the ethanol in alcoholic
43:51beverages is obtained by fermentation of
43:53the sugars in grapes and other related
43:56sources yes ah so winemaking uh
43:59unfortunately
44:02winemaking
44:04is sir patrick though
44:07yes okay so so wine making applicable
44:10tongue fermentation so microorganisms
44:19pharmacognosy
44:44okay so since we were able to finish
44:47discussing uh the usual fate of pyruvate
44:51it discussed nothing in totality and atp
44:54yield sabbah
44:56glucose
44:59so let's say
45:02let's say
45:03some molecule non-glucose
45:05undergone a glycolytic pathway so first
45:08things first
45:09and glucose
45:10through glycolysis
45:14pyruvates
45:16pyruvates
45:45through glycolysis through glycolysis of
45:48glucose number one okay number one meron
45:51tayong dalawang app
45:54nano degenerate question
45:57atp
45:58gross
46:402.5 per nod each okay 2.5 2.5 per night
46:45h very good next
46:50[Music]
46:53next step i am a
47:19is
47:36and then finally and then finally
47:42citric acid cycle
47:44electron transport chain and oxidative
47:48phosphorylation organica
48:19[Laughter]
48:40that's why we have 20 atp so all
48:43together
48:45an atp yield kada issan glucose let's
48:48add
48:49two plus five
48:51plus five
48:52plus 20 and total i 32 atp's okay 32. so
48:58on total atp yield
49:00sakada
49:0332 atps okay 32 question is this gross
49:07or net
49:14net okay net 34 pagross okay get
49:18snapback at 34 angros
49:25okay
49:28okay
49:57one point five and then okay now
50:00feeling going deep start indica
50:02double checking my activities
50:05start on conversion anyway
50:08nineteenth
50:25reaction involves a glucose and then
50:30we have 580 pinga because we have two
50:32nadhs not to mention american dalawang
50:35net atp and then after that jung
50:38dalawang pyruvates will be oxidized to
50:42become acetyl-coa but i told you nakada
50:47is it dies into acetyl-coa
50:50is
51:04and then oxidative phosphorylation in
51:07totality we have 20 atps here and total
51:11net total net i 32 atps
51:20creates
51:53so for example
51:55uh when blood glucose levels rise after
51:58meal pak snapping rice after meal we are
52:01bosog
52:02so
52:21that would
52:22cause an increase in blood glucose level
52:25and usually an effect on glucagon eye
52:28catabolic or anabolic
52:55and we have different uh substrates for
52:57gluconeogenesis so some of them are
52:59lactate amino acids and glycerol i told
53:03you those amino acids that enter
53:05gluconeogenesis are glucogenic amino
53:08acids
53:10glucogenic amino acids and glucogenic
53:26or strictly
53:28strictly whatever okay both
53:31strictly ketogenic
53:36yes
53:46amino acids they are purely glucogenic
53:50okay next
53:53gluconeogenesis is an anabolic pathway
53:56and palatine daniel's anabolic pathway
53:59as long as lumakin structure really
54:02making structure question market
54:04anabolic and gluconeogenesis
54:06i know an end product of gluconeogenesis
54:09that is glucose elon carbon smells
54:12glucose
54:14very good i know a manga source says
54:19gluconeogenesis
54:22glycerol
54:37gluconeogenesis i anabolic pathway
54:40and gluconeogenesis is also known as the
54:43quarry cycle right no need to uh no need
54:46to
54:47uh study the specific details here angus
54:58enzymes are not enzyme hormone
55:01during gluconeogenesis
55:19particularly the type of lipid
55:22discus not indeed needed for energy are
55:25the triacer glycerols
55:29that discuss
55:50glycerol okay glycerol so in this regard
55:54important to note here that tugs are
55:56hydrolyzable a hydrolyzable
55:59first step a first step that would occur
56:01here is ang triacylglycerol which is a
56:05hydrolyzable lipid will be hydrolyzed by
56:08the enzyme lipase a lipase
56:11and
56:12uh via the action of lipase the products
56:15are
56:16one molecule of glycerol
56:18one molecule of glycerol and three
56:21molecules of fatty acids i
56:23again we have glycerol and then we have
56:25fatty acids now remember
56:28again
56:40so let's start with glycerol catabolism
56:45hydrolyzed
56:49glycerol component
56:52in short glycerol metabolism
56:55glycerol backbone of tongue is being
56:58catabolized into
57:01dihydroxyacetone phosphate a dye
57:05hydroxy
57:07acetone
57:08phosphate or dihydroxy acetone so
57:11glycerol backbone is converted into ana
57:16dihydroxyacetone phosphate
57:18which could enter glycolysis remember
57:22that dihydroxy acetone phosphate
57:27glycolysis
57:28now after isomerization
57:31now after isomerization negative
57:34glyceraldehyde phosphate shock
57:36glycerol dihydrophosphate so the point
57:39here is glycerol can be used
57:42paramagne
57:44dihydroxyacetone and eventually magamet
57:46for pyruvate synthesis through
57:49glycolysis okay so the first step is
57:52phosphorylation
57:54of glycerol via glycerol kinase forming
57:58now glycerol triphosphate and forming
58:01now glycerol triphosphate and then after
58:03that
58:04after that we have oxidation oxidation
58:08forming
58:09eventually
58:10dihydroxy acetone phosphate
58:16phosphate
58:18system
58:34glycerol
58:37energy
58:39energy
58:43next
58:44is a fatty acid component a fatty acid
58:47component
58:48attacks
59:05a terminology number one is the term
59:08beta although not mentioned
59:10before
59:11beta here represents the beta carbon
59:14okay it represents the beta carbon
59:17maximum beta carbon alpha carbon
59:20alpha carbon yes
59:24carbonyl group so let's say altigen ty
59:27is a power point let's say this is the
59:29carbonyl group c double bond o the
59:32carbon adjacent to it is the alpha and
59:35then greek alphabet enters
59:37next carbon is the beta carbon okay so
59:41this carbon is being oxidized right this
59:44is being oxidized so later
59:48undergone oscillation and eventually
59:52undergone a beta oscillation
59:58for electron or citric acid muna citric
1:00:02acid cycle and then eventually for atp
1:00:06synthesis okay for atp synthesis
1:00:08and one interesting uh information to
1:00:11note about beta oxidation there are
1:00:15multiple atp or multiple acetyl coa in a
1:00:19naga
1:00:20multiple acetylchola units
1:00:26a multiple acetyl-coa
1:00:33okay
1:00:34so for everyone they introduce nana 10
1:00:36and beta oxidation by telling what
1:00:39beta-carbon is and an
1:00:47uh let's have a five-minute health break
1:00:50bhagavatayama proceeds at specific steps
1:00:52update oscillation uh before time
1:00:55officially break
1:00:57our health break
1:01:03okay uh going back with our discussion
1:01:06since we are going to discuss the faith
1:01:08of fatty acid once it was uh removed or
1:01:13extracted from triacylglycerol it will
1:01:16undergo beta oxidation remember class
1:01:20that the prerequisite for beta oxidation
1:01:22is that
1:01:23fatty acid must become a thioester so
1:01:26that
1:01:27is a carboxylic acid
1:01:31imaging thioester so recall when we say
1:01:34thioester estersa pero sulfur angela guy
1:01:39instead of oxygen okay and this is held
1:01:42by
1:01:43coenzyme a a addition of coenzyme a so
1:01:47that is for instance we have the fatty
1:01:49acid steric acid here is steric acid so
1:01:52through the addition right through the
1:01:54addition of coenzyme a so ethylene
1:01:57coenzyme a
1:01:58and via the aid of the enzyme acyl coa
1:02:02synthetase we have now a thio ester here
1:02:06a thio
1:02:08ester which is an a silico enzyme a okay
1:02:12so
1:02:13hindi
1:02:14carboxylic acid and structure in steric
1:02:17acid but instead it became a thio ester
1:02:20okay
1:02:22so that is sr a s
1:02:26so this is a prerequisite
1:02:30chemical reactions or steps under beta
1:02:33oxidation so first step to notice about
1:02:36steps beta oxidation the first step is
1:02:40oxidation a first step is oxidation and
1:02:43that is oxidation of a silicon a
1:02:47acyl coa
1:02:48and that is uh being facilitated by the
1:02:52enzyme acyl coated dehydrogenase acyl in
1:02:56the hydrogenase and also
1:02:59it requires the presence of an oxidizing
1:03:02agent fun it requires the presence of
1:03:05the oxidizing agent fund and through
1:03:08oxidation
1:03:10between the alpha and beta carbons
1:03:13because of oxidation between alpha and
1:03:16beta carbons
1:03:20h2 is unreduced equivalent h2 and as you
1:03:24can see between the alpha and beta
1:03:27carbon there was a double bond okay
1:03:29there was a double bond form because of
1:03:31oxidation so in short step one now form
1:03:35a double bond between alpha and beta
1:03:37carbons and make generation of reduced
1:03:41equivalent 5 h2 next so step tournament
1:03:45is hydration hydration tells us that
1:03:48there is addition of water addition of
1:03:51water
1:03:53to both alpha and beta carbons that's
1:03:55why market name
1:03:59and you can tell that the uh that the
1:04:02double bond was broken already okay
1:04:07and you can see
1:04:09on beta carbon it became a beta alcohol
1:04:12so
1:04:13nothing better alcohol
1:04:18attached oh each group
1:04:23step one we have oxidation
1:04:25and the second step we have hydration
1:04:28remember step one melon rocket
1:04:31rocket
1:04:33generate
1:04:35h2 what about on step number three so
1:04:38step number three naman
1:04:40uh there is also oxidation but in this
1:04:44case
1:04:44the one that we need is already nad
1:04:48right
1:04:49now
1:04:51so on oxidation this happens at the beta
1:04:55alcohol okay so it happens
1:05:05sorry
1:05:06not
1:05:10so step number three yes there is
1:05:11oxidation via the aid of
1:05:15the oxidizing agent nad
1:05:17and as you can see on the beta alcohol a
1:05:21beta alcohol
1:05:22instead of o h there was formation of c
1:05:25double bond o okay so there was
1:05:27formation of c double bond o
1:05:31so makikita natanza step number three
1:05:34meron naman
1:05:37that was generation of another reduced
1:05:40equivalent which will enter the electron
1:05:43transport chain and then finally on step
1:05:46number four there is cleavage when we
1:05:48say cleavage that means again that means
1:05:52the bond between the alpha okay between
1:05:55the alpha
1:05:57and the beta carbon is being cut okay it
1:06:01is being cleaved off natangar
1:06:17this one you know encircled this is
1:06:20already
1:06:21acetyl-coa okay this is already the
1:06:23structure of acetyl-coa and this
1:06:26acetyl-coa
1:06:28will now enter
1:06:30the citric acid cycle
1:06:32and then the process will proceed until
1:06:35back up
1:06:36atp okay until
1:06:39atp
1:06:41oxidation
1:06:43oxidation is
1:06:53making up one acetyl-coa so what happens
1:06:56next
1:06:57are you still listening class
1:07:19between the alpha and beta carbons
1:07:26a number of carbons non-steric acid
1:07:29remember a stearic acid has 18 carbons
1:07:32okay 18 carbons atom
1:07:35acetyl-coa made the law one carbons
1:07:39carbons so through beta oxidation the 18
1:07:43carbon steric acid through beta
1:07:45oxidation
1:07:46has been cut the bavasana
1:07:49carbons
1:07:51and then use 16 carbons
1:07:54babbling
1:08:08oxidation
1:08:50the result is a new
1:08:53acyl co-a having two fewer carbons too
1:08:57few were because of cleavage that occur
1:09:00okay between the alpha and beta-carbon
1:09:02naputo between alpha and beta-carbon
1:09:05this new acyl coa can then proceed
1:09:08through beta oxidation again cleaving
1:09:11off two
1:09:12or more or two more carbons until
1:09:14finally
1:09:18acetyl coa that would be utilized for
1:09:20atp synthesis so for example using
1:09:23abigain
1:09:2618 carbon fatty acid a18 carbon so the
1:09:29first round suffers from the beta
1:09:31observation
1:09:53we expect that there are how many
1:09:56acetylcho a we have nine okay we have
1:09:59nine
1:10:00very good
1:10:43a total of eight cycles of beta
1:10:45oxidation are needed to cleave the eight
1:10:48cc bonds carbon to carbon bonds such
1:10:51that every carbon of the original fatty
1:10:54acid ends up in an ascetical a so to
1:10:57summarize what i said
1:11:00halimbawa we have here the structure of
1:11:03stearic acid having 18 carbons 18
1:11:07carbons at the first round etion first
1:11:10round okay and then second third fourth
1:11:14fifth seventh eighth alright eight
1:11:18and then
1:11:19ah sorry
1:11:21one
1:11:22two three four five six seven
1:11:52minus one i minus one
1:11:55divided by two
1:11:56minus one
1:11:58the last round is
1:12:00uh uneleinated
1:12:06number
1:12:25so complete beta oxidation of
1:12:28stearic acid for example having 18 18
1:12:32carbons forms the following number one
1:12:35nine acetyl-coa molecules a nine ascetic
1:12:39question
1:12:48question
1:12:54yes i don't step you on step one or step
1:12:57three
1:12:59okay very good so third step is a third
1:13:03step and then may h
1:13:08yes
1:13:16step it
1:13:24so that is or this or rather these are
1:13:27the products of fatty acid catabolism
1:13:30through beta beethoven so i know
1:13:32realization all together
1:13:40acid metabolism
1:13:42and fatty acid in the form of thugs
1:14:46so for example stearic acid
1:14:49we have 18 carbon fatty acid steric acid
1:14:52so step one converting the fatty acid
1:14:55into
1:14:56thioester
1:14:58ester prerequisite
1:15:00yes
1:15:06expand atp
1:15:08expand
1:15:38and then next add up the atp from the
1:15:41redusco enzymes made during beta also
1:15:44this one halimbawa sorry halimbawa meron
1:15:4718 carbons 18 carbons for a stearic acid
1:15:52since walloon cycles
1:15:56factor so 8 times 2.5 and then 8 times
1:16:001.5 so total of 32 if i'm not mistaken
1:16:04hey 32
1:16:18a total of 19. so if you are going to
1:16:21add this okay 90
1:16:24plus 32 a 90 plus 32 we have
1:16:27two
1:16:28uh
1:16:2912 tamabako 12
1:16:36[Music]
1:16:58epp
1:17:03[Music]
1:17:16first question how many rounds how many
1:17:19ghanyan how many total atp so it beat
1:17:22oxidation okay so practicing
1:17:26although it's quite easy
1:17:40about fatty acid metabolism especially
1:17:42during excess production usually when we
1:17:45have uh with if we don't have enough if
1:17:48we do not have enough carbohydrates of
1:17:50course
1:17:51triacylglycerols are being catabolized
1:17:54and remember ibang naging faith and
1:18:03and one of the possible outcomes aside
1:18:06from acetyl-coa formation
1:18:10and examples of these ketone bodies are
1:18:14number one we have
1:18:16acetoacetate
1:18:17aside from that beta hydroxybutyrate and
1:18:20then lastly we have acetone
1:18:23uh ankiton bodies especially when excess
1:18:25could result to acidotic tendencies so
1:18:28pakistani acidotic tendencies among
1:18:31acidosis and this could be fetal so
1:18:34ketone bodies are small molecules which
1:18:37are readily soluble in blood and in
1:18:39urine and
1:18:43if there is a chance or tendency that
1:18:45may accumulation or building up of
1:18:47ketone bodies that could result to
1:18:49ketosis and this could be fatal to the
1:18:51patient okay
1:18:57one of the causes possible causes of
1:18:59death is keto acidosis
1:19:02acidosis because of too much ketone body
1:19:05formation
1:19:08okay so we are done with this so overall
1:19:12we are finished with uh lipid metabolism
1:19:15so brief review about uh
1:19:17lipid metabolism
1:19:20glycerol fatty acid
1:19:23glycerol dihydroxy acetone okay the
1:19:26hydroxyl acetone phosphate nagagamite
1:19:30and for glycolysis eventually
1:19:33and in some cases gluconeogenesis and
1:19:35then fatty acid we have beta oxidase
1:19:43major events
1:19:45number one is
1:19:47esther formation
1:20:16acid has something to do with its
1:20:18chemical structure so balika not an
1:20:21unstructured amino acid important uh
1:20:24component amino acid structure is the
1:20:27amino group okay is the amino group so
1:20:30this amino group has to be removed okay
1:20:33this has to be removed because
1:20:36this could be fatal if accumulated okay
1:20:39this could be fatal if accumulated
1:20:40that's why angola is marimusha so
1:20:49so for example we have here the
1:20:52amino acid so to facilitate to
1:20:55facilitate
1:20:56ultimate removal of the amino group from
1:20:59the amino acid
1:21:00this amino acid in general in general
1:21:04has to react with an alpha keto acid and
1:21:07this astoria with the so-called alpha
1:21:10keto acid
1:21:12now
1:21:21so the chemical reaction is called
1:21:24transamination so
1:21:26nothing cluster transamination trans
1:21:28means to
1:21:29uh to move okay or elephant transfer
1:21:33that's right so that tells us na in
1:21:37transamination the amino group okay the
1:21:40amino group from the amino acid will be
1:21:43transferred to the alpha keto acid if
1:21:46this will be transferred to the alpha
1:21:48keto acid
1:21:50acid
1:21:52amino group amino acid and
1:21:57acid that comes from that comes from the
1:22:00alpha keto acid is the c double bond o a
1:22:04c double bond o group a that is the
1:22:07carbonyl group
1:22:14again a new useful alpha keto acid that
1:22:17reacts with amino acid in general so the
1:22:20common is the alpha ketoglutarate okay
1:22:22that
1:22:27and that is alpha ketoglutarate so
1:22:30through transamination i repeat through
1:22:32transamination i know i'm a gigging
1:22:35products okay animal gigging
1:24:35and then an amino group from the
1:24:37glutamate will enter urea cycle okay
1:24:41this will enter
1:24:42urea cycle okay this will enter urea
1:24:44cycle and
1:24:46finally
1:24:48remove
1:24:50an amino group in the form of urea okay
1:24:53this will be removed in the form of urea
1:25:10in the form of glutamate
1:25:13so union usual form amino acid when it
1:25:15received the amino group from the
1:25:18original amino acid okay so alimbawa uh
1:25:21this one
1:25:23this one
1:25:24it is
1:25:35and then the goal is for the amino group
1:25:38from the original amino acid to be
1:25:40removed eventually
1:25:52original
1:26:21and then mare remove nasa finally okay
1:26:26a transamination often uses alpha
1:26:28ketoglutarate as the alpha keto acid so
1:26:31this is the structure of alpha clito
1:26:33glutarate and through
1:26:49okay while alanine which is a sample
1:26:50amino acid it became it became an alpha
1:26:54keto acid that is pyruvate
1:26:58so pyruvate is the carbon skeleton
1:27:01already this is the carbon skeleton
1:27:04and carbon skeleton has its own faith
1:27:07right it has its own faith meaning
1:27:12a pathway paramaging energies eventually
1:27:15but i bet meron
1:27:17the mere fact that we
1:27:19that we mentioned nana gigging pyruvate
1:27:22and alanine for example aluminum
1:27:24oxidation eventually provided the oxygen
1:27:27reach into acetyl-coa at megagamet into
1:27:30energy
1:27:33so that is
1:27:34the fate of amino acid particularly your
1:27:37amino group it must be removed or it
1:27:40must be removed now carbon skeleton
1:27:43carbon skeleton depends
1:27:58through urine right in the urine and
1:28:01then on carbon skeleton
1:28:05possible
1:28:06carbon skeleton
1:28:08carbon skeleton
1:28:10amino acid na devoid in a devoid of
1:28:15amino group or a devoid of amino group
1:28:18now gets by ebik sabine and devoid but
1:28:21i've been devoid not removed i mean
1:28:25now meet that possible fates number one
1:28:28um carbon skeleton could be pyruvate
1:28:31could become pyruvate and pyruvate will
1:28:34be a source of energy as well and
1:28:37pedestal ascetica
1:28:43or it can it can enter through any
1:28:47intermediate citric acid cycle bottom
1:28:50line bottom line nito everyone kappa
1:28:53ganito and fate non carbon
1:29:09so this figure
1:29:11summarizes the
1:29:13list of amino acids that can enter the
1:29:16citric acid cycle and other possible
1:29:19fates so for example
1:29:21again for example for alanine cysteine
1:29:24and other related amino acids
1:29:35based on our previous discussion and uh
1:29:38for other amino acids like isoleucine
1:29:41using and other related amino acids
1:29:49so everyone
1:29:50observe
1:30:05so strictly ketogenic um leucine atlas
1:30:07in y
1:30:09not ketogenic they are converted into
1:30:12acetyl co a they are being converted to
1:30:14acetyl-coa and eventually ketone bodies
1:30:18strictly
1:30:47classifications and amino acids based on
1:30:50metabolic fate so we have glucogenic
1:30:53amino acids these are catabolists to
1:30:55pyruvate
1:30:57or they can be an intermediate
1:31:00to citric acid cycle
1:31:02next uh we also have ketogenic amino
1:31:05acids
1:31:07they are converted into acetyl coa and
1:31:09other related compounds to acetyl coa
1:31:13and they can be used as precursors for
1:31:16ketone body formation so the point here
1:31:19is
1:31:20amino acids
1:33:04and this glutamate
1:33:06will serve as precursor
1:33:16group through the urea cycle
1:33:20is
1:33:31of the amino acid could become could
1:33:34become pyruvate like in the case of alan
1:33:43other amino acids
1:33:46citric acid cycles
1:34:02this depending on the amino acid that we
1:34:06are referring
1:34:09okay
1:34:10so overall class netapposnaten um
1:34:14carbohydrate lipid and also protein
1:34:17metabolism
1:34:19and carbohydrate lipid and protein
1:34:21metabolism so overall that ends our
1:34:25discussion uh

About this transcript

This page contains the full transcript of METABOLISM - PART 2 [BY SIR CRIS] (10/09/2026) by Teacher Challey, RPh., MSPharm, generated from the public captions YouTube serves with the video. The transcript has 6,056 words across 1,241 segments, with the original timestamps preserved so you can click any line to jump to that moment in the embedded player.

What you can do with it

Use the transcript to take notes, quote the speaker, build a study guide, generate a summary with ChatGPT or Claude via the YouTube Summary tool, or export it as a timed subtitle file with YouTube to SRT. You can also re-open it in the transcriber to translate the transcript into 100+ languages.

Free YouTube transcript tool

YouTube2Text is a free YouTube transcript generator — no signup, no daily limit. Paste any YouTube link and get the full transcript instantly, with timestamps, click-to-jump, translation to 100+ languages, AI prompts for ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini, and exports to TXT, SRT, VTT, or Markdown.