మొఘల్ సామ్రాజ్యం || Medieval India || History of Mughals #mughal #mughalempire — Transcript

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1. 0:00From the early 16th century to the mid-
2. 0:0319th century, the Mughal Empire ruled a
3. 0:06vast region in India. The Mughals
4. 0:09brought many changes to the history of
5. 0:11medieval India. In 1526, Prince Babur,
6. 0:14a descendant of the Turko-Mongol
7. 0:17lineage, founded this dynasty. Under
8. 0:22the reign of rulers like Akbar,
9. 0:24Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb,
10. 0:26the Mughal Empire expanded its
11. 0:28territory. The Mughals built structures
12. 0:32like the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, and
13. 0:34Fatehpur Sikri, showcasing their
14. 0:36architectural skills. Under the rule of
15. 0:39Emperor Akbar, the Mughal Empire
16. 0:42reached its zenith. The Mughals were
17. 0:45known for their grand architecture,
18. 0:47wonderful art, literature, music, and
19. 0:50their constructions. The Mughal Empire
20. 0:53stretched from Bengal in the east to
21. 0:55Afghanistan in the west, and from the
22. 0:57Himalayas in the north to Golconda in
23. 1:00the south. However, before continuing
24. 1:02with this video, please support us with
25. 1:04a like. Also, if you haven't joined our
26. 1:06Telegram channel yet, please do so. Now
27. 1:08, let's move into our topic. First,
28. 1:11let's see who founded the Mughal Empire
29. 1:13and when. The Mughal Empire was founded
30. 1:16by Babur. He was born as a prince in
31. 1:19Central Asia. At just 12 years old, he
32. 1:22became the ruler of a city in
33. 1:24present-day Uzbekistan. Even at a young
34. 1:27age, he became a successful and skilled
35. 1:30warrior. Becoming a ruler at such a
36. 1:32young age gave him a lot of experience.
37. 1:35He knew well how to govern kingdoms and
38. 1:37how to conduct military invasions. Some
39. 1:41historians say that in the early 1500s,
40. 1:44Indian princes invited Babur to India.
41. 1:48However, in 1526, Babur defeated
42. 1:51Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of
43. 1:54Panipat and emerged victorious. He then
44. 1:58established the Mughal dynasty in Delhi
45. 2:00. After founding his dynasty, he fought
46. 2:04many wars for four years to bring
47. 2:06Northern India under his control. He
48. 2:09achieved victory in these battles.
49. 2:11Although he achieved these victories,
50. 2:13he suffered significant losses in these
51. 2:15wars. He ruled his empire from 1526 to
52. 2:211530. He achieved victories over Rajput
53. 2:25and Afghan forces at Khanwa, Chanderi,
54. 2:28and Ghaghra. He was a scholar of
55. 2:30Persian and Arabic languages, and the
56. 2:33most famous of his works is the
57. 2:35Baburnama. His first major battle was
58. 2:38the First Battle of Panipat, which took
59. 2:41place in 1526 CE. In this battle, he
60. 2:44defeated Ibrahim Lodi and conquered
61. 2:46Delhi and Agra. Next, the Battle of
62. 2:49Khanwa took place in 1527 CE. In this
63. 2:52battle, he defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar
64. 2:55and his Afghan allies. Then came the
65. 2:57Battle of Chanderi, which took place in
66. 3:001528 CE. He fought this battle to
67. 3:02protect the Malwa region. Later, the
68. 3:05Battle of Ghaghra took place in 1529.
69. 3:10Babur built a grand palace in his
70. 3:12capital city, Agra. It is one of the
71. 3:16buildings that captures the culture of
72. 3:19the Mughal Empire; however, he died
73. 3:22four years after founding this empire,
74. 3:25in 1530 CE. By the time of his death,
75. 3:28the treasury of the Mughal Empire was
76. 3:30largely empty. After Babur's death, his
77. 3:33son Humayun became the emperor. At this
78. 3:37time, the Mughal Empire was still
79. 3:39growing. By the time he became emperor,
80. 3:43he was young and lacked experience.
81. 3:47However, a strong military leader was
82. 3:49needed to protect the growing Mughal
83. 3:52Empire and expand it further. Humayun,
84. 3:55however, was not very fond of wars. He
85. 3:58preferred poetry over battles.
86. 4:00Therefore, he is considered a weak
87. 4:03ruler. He faced challenges from his
88. 4:06half-brothers. At the same time, Sher
89. 4:09Shah Suri emerged as a powerful ruler
90. 4:12in Bihar and Bengal. Sher Shah Suri and
91. 4:15Humayun fought each other twice. They
92. 4:19fought a battle in the year 1539 CE.
93. 4:22Sher Shah Suri won this battle. However
94. 4:26, they fought another battle in the
95. 4:28year 1540 CE. Sher Shah Suri won this
96. 4:31battle as well. After winning this war,
97. 4:35he drove Humayun out of the region to
98. 4:37Iran. While in Iran, Humayun sought
99. 4:42help from the ruler Safit Shah and
100. 4:46captured Delhi in 1555 CE. He passed
101. 4:50away in the year 1556. After his death,
102. 4:54Akbar became the ruler of this empire.
103. 4:58Akbar ruled the empire from 1556 to
104. 5:031605 CE. He became the ruler after the
105. 5:07death of his father, Humayun. At the
106. 5:09time of his father's death, he was only
107. 5:1313 years old; due to his young age and
108. 5:17lack of experience, his guardian Bairam
109. 5:21Khan looked after the administration.
110. 5:25The Second Battle of Panipat took place
111. 5:28during his reign. Hemu, the Prime
112. 5:30Minister of Bengal, wanted to capture
113. 5:33Delhi. The war between him and Akbar
114. 5:36was the Second Battle of Panipat. Akbar
115. 5:38defeated Hemu in this battle. Akbar
116. 5:41captured regions like Gujarat, Bengal,
117. 5:44Kashmir, and Kabul. He expanded the
118. 5:47Mughal Empire significantly. He
119. 5:50maintained good relations with Rajput
120. 5:53kings. Akbar married Jodhabai, the
121. 5:56princess of Jaipur. Akbar appointed
122. 5:59Rajputs to high-ranking positions.
123. 6:02Among them were Raja Man Singh, Raja
124. 6:04Todar Mal, and Raja Bhagwan Das. One of
125. 6:07his most famous architectural wonders
126. 6:10is the Lahore Fort. He also abolished
127. 6:13the Jizya tax imposed on Hindus.
128. 6:16Looking at Akbar's victories, he
129. 6:19invaded Malwa in 1561 and brought the
130. 6:21Deccan under his control. In 1562,
131. 6:25Akbar entered into a peace treaty with
132. 6:29the Rajputs of Rajputana. In 1568, he
133. 6:33invaded Chittoor because they refused
134. 6:36to accept him as their ruler. In 1573,
135. 6:39Akbar conquered Gujarat. In 1576 CE, he
136. 6:44defeated the Bengal ruler Daud Khan
137. 6:47Karrani and annexed Bengal into the
138. 6:50Mughal Empire. Then, in 1586, he
139. 6:53brought the Kashmir region under the
140. 6:56Mughal Empire. In 1591, he annexed the
141. 7:00Sindh region into the Mughal Empire. In
142. 7:041595, he added Kandahar, in modern-day
143. 7:07Afghanistan, to the Mughal Empire.
144. 7:10Later, in 1601, Akbar decided to expand
145. 7:14his empire southwards and captured
146. 7:17Khandesh, Berar, and Ahmadnagar. After
147. 7:21him, his son Jahangir became the
148. 7:24emperor of this empire. He ruled the
149. 7:28empire from 1605 to 1627 CE. He was
150. 7:33Akbar's son. He started trade relations
151. 7:36with the East India Company. He
152. 7:38continued the traditions established by
153. 7:40his father. He maintained relations
154. 7:43with the Rajputs and expanded his
155. 7:45empire. He introduced trade and
156. 7:47business taxes for the economic
157. 7:49development of his kingdom. He was very
158. 7:52fond of birds. He patronized art and
159. 7:55architecture. However, his health
160. 7:57deteriorated during the final days of
161. 7:59his reign. Then, his wife Nur Jahan
162. 8:02took care of the administrative affairs
163. 8:04. After him, his son Shah Jahan became
164. 8:08the king of the empire. He ruled this
165. 8:12empire from 1628 CE to 1658. He
166. 8:17rebelled against his father Jahangir
167. 8:20and ascended the Mughal throne in 1628.
168. 8:24During his reign, art and architecture
169. 8:27reached their peak. He founded the city
170. 8:30of Shahjahanabad. His reign is
171. 8:32considered the Golden Age of Mughal
172. 8:35architecture. He started the
173. 8:37construction of the Taj Mahal as a tomb
174. 8:39for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The
175. 8:42Red Fort in Delhi and the Jama Masjid,
176. 8:45one of the largest mosques in India,
177. 8:48were also built during his reign.
178. 8:50However, in his final days, wars broke
179. 8:53out among his sons for the throne.
180. 8:57Eventually, in 1658, his youngest son
181. 8:59Aurangzeb imprisoned him. Shah Jahan
182. 9:03died while in that prison. After Shah
183. 9:07Jahan, his youngest son Aurangzeb
184. 9:09ascended the throne. He ruled this
185. 9:14empire from 1658 CE to 1707 CE. He
186. 9:18treated the people very cruelly. He
187. 9:22forcibly converted Hindu people to
188. 9:25Islam. He reimposed the Jizya tax. And
189. 9:28he demolished Hindu temples. However,
190. 9:32he faced a large number of rebellions
191. 9:35in areas like Assam, Rajasthan, Punjab,
192. 9:38and the Deccan. He faced rebellions
193. 9:41from Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Gobind
194. 9:43Singh, and Shivaji. Among them, Shivaji
195. 9:46succeeded in establishing an
196. 9:48independent Maratha kingdom. However,
197. 9:51Aurangzeb spent most of his last 27
198. 9:54years in wars against Maratha rebels.
199. 9:57After the death of Shivaji, Aurangzeb
200. 10:00invaded the Deccan. Aurangzeb conquered
201. 10:03Bijapur in 1685 CE and Golkonda in 1687
202. 10:08CE. But after his death, a struggle for
203. 10:11the throne took place among his sons.
204. 10:15With the death of Aurangzeb, the empire
205. 10:17started to become weak. After him,
206. 10:21Bahadur Shah I ruled the empire from
207. 10:261707 CE to 1712 CE. He was a weak ruler
208. 10:30, and during his reign, the empire
209. 10:33gradually declined. After that,
210. 10:36Jahandar Shah ruled this empire from
211. 10:401712 CE to 1713 CE. Jahandar Shah faced
212. 10:44many challenges during his reign. His
213. 10:47rule lasted for only one year. In the
214. 10:50end, his nephew revolted against him.
215. 10:53He died in that rebellion. Then, after
216. 10:57Jahandar Shah, his nephew Farrukhsiyar
217. 10:59became the emperor. Farrukhsiyar ruled
218. 11:04this empire from 1713 CE to 1719 CE.
219. 11:09After that, Rafi ud-Darajat became the
220. 11:13emperor of this empire in 1719 CE. He
221. 11:17was declared the 10th Mughal emperor.
222. 11:20Then Muhammad Shah ruled from 1720 CE
223. 11:25to 1748 CE. He faced many rebellions.
224. 11:30His reign was damaged by the invasion
225. 11:33of Nader Shah of Persia in 1739 CE.
226. 11:37After him, his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur
227. 11:42ruled the empire from 1748 CE to 1754
228. 11:47CE. He inherited the Mughal throne. He
229. 11:51was defeated by the Marathas at
230. 11:54Sikandarabad. After that, Emperor
231. 11:58Alamgir II ruled this empire from 1754
232. 12:02CE to 1759 CE. He was the 14th ruler to
233. 12:07govern the Mughal Empire. His reign was
234. 12:10filled with conspiracies and challenges
235. 12:12. After him, Shah Alam II ruled from
236. 12:171760 CE to 1806 CE. He brought some
237. 12:21changes to the Mughal army. After him,
238. 12:25Akbar Shah II ruled from 1806 CE to
239. 12:301837 CE. Then Bahadur Shah II ruled
240. 12:36from 1837 CE to 1857 CE. He was the
241. 12:41last emperor to rule the Mughal Empire.
242. 12:44He was removed from the throne by the
243. 12:47British. During the Mughal rule, the
244. 12:49emperor possessed all powers. The
245. 12:52emperor was assisted by ministers.
246. 12:54Likewise, in their time, they collected
247. 12:57taxes as one-third of the harvested
248. 13:00crops. During the Mughal Empire, the
249. 13:02Indian economy was prosperous. Trade
250. 13:05and agriculture also flourished.
251. 13:07Agriculture was the main occupation of
252. 13:09the people during this period; the
253. 13:12Mughals continued the silver coins and
254. 13:15copper dams introduced by Sher Shah
255. 13:17Suri of the Sur dynasty. The 'Dam' coin
256. 13:20was in circulation during Akbar's reign
257. 13:23. Indian agricultural production
258. 13:25increased under Mughal rule. Along with
259. 13:28food crops like wheat, rice, and barley
260. 13:30, people in this period also cultivated
261. 13:32cotton and hemp. The Buland Darwaza was
262. 13:36built by the Mughal emperor Akbar.
263. 13:38Akbar built the Buland Darwaza to
264. 13:40commemorate his victories in Gujarat.
265. 13:43Mughal rulers patronized literature in
266. 13:46languages such as Persian, Urdu, and
267. 13:48Turkish. Persian was the official
268. 13:50language during Mughal administration.
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