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Master Nmap in 27 Minutes: 60 Commands Every Hacker Needs — Transcript

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0:00This is Sentinel. 60 Nmap commands, 27
0:03minutes, one live lab. No boring theory,
0:06no endless slides, just real commands,
0:08real targets, and real [music] results.
0:10We're testing network discovery, stealth
0:12techniques, firewall behavior, and
0:14attack surfaces across isolated Windows,
0:16Ubuntu, and Metasploitable machines.
0:18Everything is running inside a private
0:20VirtualBox lab for educational purposes.
0:2260 commands, 27 minutes. Let's start.
0:25Command one, the foundation. The most
0:27basic scan. We just type Nmap followed
0:30by our target IP, 192.168.56.106.
0:35Why start here? Because by default, Nmap
0:38automatically scans the top 1,000 most
0:40common TCP ports. Look at the screen. In
0:42just 2.27 seconds, we have our result.
0:45The system tells us 998 ports are
0:48closed, but port 22 for SSH and port
0:513,000 for PPP are wide open. In a
0:54real-world external pen test, these two
0:56open ports would be our immediate attack
0:58vectors. This is basic reconnaissance.
1:00Command two, who else is hiding on our
1:03network? In a real scenario, you rarely
1:05know your target's exact IP up front. We
1:07need to map the environment. We use the
1:09dash SN flag, also known as a ping scan.
1:12We are telling Nmap, "Don't waste time
1:14checking ports. Just sweep the entire
1:16subnet and tell me who is alive." Look
1:18at the output. In 7.42 seconds, it swept
1:21all 256 addresses, and we have exactly
1:24six active hosts on our network. This
1:27confirms our primary targets at the 105,
1:29106, and 107 addresses are up and
1:32running. Command three, surgical
1:34precision. Sometimes we don't need all
1:37the noise. If you're specifically
1:38hunting for web servers, scanning
1:40thousands of ports will just trigger the
1:42admin's alarms. To stay quiet and save
1:44time, we use the dash P flag followed by
1:46port 80. Our request to the
1:48Metasploitable machine came back in just
1:502.12 seconds, confirming that port 80 is
1:53indeed open for HTTP traffic. Fast,
1:56clean, and highly targeted. Command
1:57four, scanning a specific range. What if
2:00we only want to check the most critical
2:02system ports? They usually reside within
2:04the first thousand. By typing {dash} P1
2:07{dash} 1000, we scan our Windows 10
2:09machine strictly within this boundary.
2:12The result shows that out of 1000 ports,
2:14995 are closed, but critical Windows
2:17services like port 80, 135 for MSRP, 139
2:22for NetBIOS, 443, and 445 are sitting
2:26wide open. We know exactly where to
2:28strike. Command five, the exhaustive
2:30[music]
2:31sweep. Nothing stays hidden. Imagine a
2:33clever sysadmin hiding critical services
2:36on high, non-standard ports to avoid
2:38detection. How do we find them? We use
2:40{dash} P {dash}. That single {dash}
2:43tells Nmap to relentlessly scan every
2:45single one of the 65,535
2:48available TCP ports. It's loud, [music]
2:50but it works. Look at the result. In
2:5214.21 seconds, we've exposed every
2:55secret on the Metasploitable system.
2:57We're not just seeing the standard port
2:5922 or 80. We've uncovered unknown
3:01services hiding way up on ports 8180,
3:048787, and even 53541.
3:07Command six, the mistake. In
3:09cybersecurity, one missing letter can
3:12ruin an operation. Watch the screen
3:14closely. I tried to scan a TCP port 80
3:17and a UDP port 53 at the same time. But
3:19look, a yellow wing ring popped [music]
3:21up in the terminal. What is Nmap telling
3:23us? You requested a UDP port, but you
3:26forgot to include the {minus} SU flag
3:28for UDP scanning. Look how smart this
3:30tool is. It caught the error, ignored
3:32the UDP request, and just returned the
3:34TCP result. Always double-check your
3:36syntax. Command seven, the race against
3:39time. In live operations, time is your
3:41most expensive resource. If you don't
3:43have time for a full 1000 port scan, you
3:45use {dash} F for fast mode. Nmap uses
3:48its internal database to filter down and
3:50scan only the top 100 most commonly
3:52exploited ports in the world. And the
3:54result? Our Windows 10 machine was
3:57scanned in a blazing 3.23 seconds,
3:59handing us the most critical attack
4:01surfaces on a silver platter. Command
4:03eight, live monitoring. When your scan
4:05is targeting hundreds of machines and
4:06taking hours, you can't just stare at a
4:08blank terminal. You need to see what the
4:10system is doing in the background. We
4:12achieve this with dash V for versus
4:14mode. Now, instead of waiting until the
4:16very end, Nmap instantly prints
4:18discovered open port to the screen the
4:20exact millisecond it finds one. This
4:22gives you absolute real-time control
4:24over the operation.
4:28Command nine, the microscopic view. If
4:31one dash V gives you updates, what does
4:33double verbose dash VV do? It explains
4:36exactly why Nmap is making its
4:37decisions. Pay attention to the output.
4:40It doesn't just say port 22 is open. It
4:42explains why it thinks it's open,
4:44explicitly stating syn-ack TTL 64. This
4:47means the target server actively replied
4:49to our probe with a positive syn-ack
4:51flag. You aren't just using a tool, you
4:53are watching network protocols talk to
4:55each other. Command 10, the missing
4:57list. Mass scanning.
5:00Hackers don't sit there typing dozens of
5:02IP addresses manually. They load them
5:04all into a text file and feed it to the
5:06scanner. Let's type -iL
5:10throws an error. Failed to open input
5:13file targets.txt.
5:15File not found. The reason is simple. I
5:17forgot to actually create the target
5:19list file before running the command.
5:21The software won't think for you. Always
5:23prep your workspace and verify your
5:25files before launching an attack.
5:26Command 11, full connection, loud but
5:29reliable.
5:30The most classic port scanning method is
5:32-sT, the TCP connect scan. Nmap
5:36completes the full three-way handshake
5:38with every single port. It's incredibly
5:40reliable, but I guarantee you will leave
5:42massive footprints in the target's
5:44firewall logs. Let's check the screen.
5:46In 2.29 seconds, we successfully mapped
5:49every open port on the Metasploitable
5:50system from 21 FTP all the way up to
5:538180. Command 12, ninja mode. What if
5:57you don't want to end up in the security
5:58logs? We use {dash} SS, the SYN stealth
6:01scan. In this mode, Nmap never finishes
6:04the connection. It sends a SYN packet,
6:06gets the response, and immediately drops
6:08the connection before it's logged. On
6:10our Ubuntu machine, this command
6:11executed in a stealthy 2.22 seconds,
6:14silently finding port 22 and port 3000
6:17without raising alarms. Command 13, the
6:20UDP headache. Watch carefully. We are
6:22scanning UDP ports with {dash} SU.
6:24[music]
6:25Notice how the process completely froze.
6:27Look at the terminal. 6 minutes and 36
6:29seconds have passed, and Nmap says it's
6:31only 45.53%
6:34done. Why? Because UDP is
6:36connectionless. Firewalls silently
6:38swallow the packets, and Nmap just sits
6:40there waiting, thinking maybe the packet
6:42got lost, retrying endlessly. We are
6:44hitting control plus C. We don't have
6:46time for this. Command 14, the UDP speed
6:49hack. Let's take control. To make UDP
6:52scanning viable, we add {dash} F to scan
6:54only the top 100 ports, and {dash} T4 to
6:57force aggressive timing. Even though
6:59Nmap warns us about retransmission cap
7:01hit, we pulled the results in just 31.08
7:04seconds.
7:05>> [music]
7:05>> We successfully confirmed that the 137
7:07NetBIOS {dash} NS port is wide open via
7:10UDP on our Windows 10 machine. Command
7:1215, unmasking the services. Knowing a
7:15port is open is useless if you don't
7:17know what's running behind it. We need
7:19the exact software version to find
7:20[music] an exploit. The {dash} SV flag
7:23performs service version detection.
7:25In 13.93 seconds, it revealed that port
7:2821 isn't just FTP, it's explicitly
7:31running vsftpd 2.3.4, and port 80 is
7:34running Apache HTTPD 2.2.8. This is
7:37exactly the intelligence a hacker needs
7:39to find a working payload. Command 16,
7:42the deep interrogation. In our previous
7:44scans, Ubuntu's port 3000 just showed up
7:47as a generic PPP service. Let's apply
7:49pressure by adding missions intensity
7:51five. We force Nmap to interrogate the
7:53port heavily. Look at the screen. In
7:5613.58 seconds, Nmap didn't just identify
7:59the service. It ripped the raw HTML code
8:01right out of the web page, fully
8:03exposing that the famous vulnerable
8:04OWASP Juice Shop application is running
8:07there. That is brilliant analysis.
8:09Command 17, the light touch. If high
8:11intensity alerts the target or takes too
8:13long, you use version light. We scanned
8:16our Windows 10 machine using this fast
8:18lightweight method. In 16.76 seconds, we
8:21easily identified Apache HTTPD 2.4.58 on
8:25port 80 and the MariaDB database running
8:27on port 3306.
8:29Command 18, maximum effort. Let's
8:32unleash Nmap completely. The version all
8:34flag throws every single detection probe
8:36in Nmap's database at the target. In
8:3913.6 e-ro seconds, we stripped the
8:41Metasploitable system bare, generating a
8:43highly detailed report that exposes
8:45exact database versions like MySQL
8:485.0.51a
8:51and PostgreSQL 8.3.0.
8:54Command 19, two birds, one stone. Why
8:57run two scans when you can run one? We
8:59combine version detection -sV and
9:02operating system detection -O. In just
9:0414.97 seconds, we needed to know what
9:07architecture our Ubuntu system was
9:08running. Nmap proudly prints operating
9:11system details, Linux 4.15.5.19,
9:14[music]
9:14right to the terminal. We now hold the
9:16target's complete technical passport.
9:18Command 20, aggressive mode. This is why
9:20Nmap is the king of scanners. We trigger
9:23the -A flag. With one command, it
9:25simultaneously performs OS detection,
9:27version scanning, script scanning, and
9:29traceroute. Look at this massive
9:3128-second analysis.
9:33>> [music]
9:33>> It instantly warns us that anonymous FTP
9:35login allowed is wide open, identifies
9:37the exact Samba smbd 3.0.20 version, and
9:41even dumps the expiration dates of the
9:43SSL certificates. This isn't just a port
9:45scan. It's a full-scale intelligence
9:47operation. Command 21, targeting Windows
9:50SMB. If we are hunting Windows networks,
9:53we focus on the weakest links. Ports 139
9:56and 445 are the standard for file
9:59sharing and printers via the SMB
10:01protocol. In just 8.71 seconds, we
10:04confirm that both the NetBIOS SSN and
10:07Microsoft DS services are active on our
10:09Windows 10 target. Why is this critical?
10:12Because devastating ransomware, like
10:13WannaCry and the EternalBlue exploit,
10:15use these exact ports to compromise
10:17millions of systems worldwide.
10:20Command 22, OS fingerprinting. Let's
10:23find out exactly what build of Windows
10:25we are dealing with. The dash O command
10:27analyzes the specific way the target
10:29responds to TCP UDP packets, its
10:31fingerprint, to determine the OS. In
10:344.71 seconds, Nmap confidently mapped
10:37this machine as Microsoft Windows 10,
10:39specifically pinning it between builds
10:411709 and 21H2. This level of detail even
10:44hints at whether the system is fully
10:46patched.
10:47Command 23, the art of guessing.
10:50Systems don't always give themselves up
10:53easily. Hardened servers often drop
10:55packets to avoid detection. What do we
10:57tell Nmap to do? We use double dash
10:59Oscan-guess to allow it to make an
11:01educated assumption.
11:03In 3.58 seconds, Nmap analyzed the
11:06Metasploitable machine and
11:07cross-referenced its database to guess
11:09that it is running a Linux kernel
11:10between 2.6.9
11:12and 2.6.33.
11:14Even when the scanner isn't 100% sure,
11:17it gives you the best possible
11:18intelligence.
11:20Command 24, the time-saver. When
11:23auditing a corporate network with
11:25thousands of endpoints, you cannot
11:26afford to waste time analyzing dead
11:28hosts. The double dash Oscan-limit flag
11:32is irreplaceable.
11:33It tells Nmap to only attempt OS
11:35detection on hosts that have at least
11:37one open and one closed port, the
11:39perfect conditions for an accurate read.
11:41Our Ubuntu machine met the criteria, and
11:43in 3.62 seconds, its Linux 4.15.5.19
11:48identity was confirmed.
11:51Command 25, mapping the route. How far
11:54away is our target? Seeing the routers
11:56and hops between our machine and the
11:57target is vital for security analysis.
12:00We use the double-dash traceroute
12:01command to map the path. Look at the
12:03screen under the traceroute section. Our
12:05target is just one hop away, sitting at
12:07a 3.19 ms distance.
12:09>> [music]
12:09>> If we were scanning across the internet,
12:11you would see dozens of intermediate IP
12:13addresses listed here.
12:15Command 26, the invisible trace.
12:18What if you want to find the exact route
12:20to a device without poking its ports and
12:22triggering security alarms? We combine
12:24{dash}sn, do not port scan, with
12:26double-dash traceroute. Instantly, in
12:28just 2.08 seconds, we mapped the
12:31location of the Ubuntu machine with a
12:32blazing 0.74 ms ping speed, a flawless
12:36geographical trace with absolutely zero
12:38port noise.
12:41Command 27, local network dominance.
12:44>> [music]
12:44>> On a local area network, standard IP
12:46packets aren't always the best choice.
12:48ARP scanning is the ultimate guaranteed
12:51method for local discovery.
12:53The {if}tpr command sweeps the network
12:55using ARP requests, which no local
12:57operating system firewall can block or
12:59hide from. Although sweeping the entire
13:01subnet took 2.13 seconds, the result is
13:04definitive. Out of 256 possible
13:06addresses, it mapped exactly six active
13:08devices in real time.
13:11Command 28, bypassing ICMP blocks. What
13:15do you do when a strict firewall blocks
13:17all traditional ICMP pings? Most
13:19computers will appear dead to the
13:21scanner. This is where UDP ping shines.
13:23Using {dash}pu53, we send a probe
13:26directly to port 53, the DNS port.
13:28Firewalls almost always allow DNS
13:30traffic through and look at [music]
13:32that, the Windows 10 machine revealed
13:34itself returning a response in just
13:350.022 s latency confirming the host is
13:39up.
13:41Command 29, the classic ping.
13:44Sometimes the simplest tool is the most
13:46reliable. We use the dash PE flag to
13:48send a standard ICMP echo request to the
13:51target. This is the most widely used
13:53method to verify if a system is online.
13:56As you can see on the terminal, the
13:57Metasploitable system replied in 2.29
13:59seconds proving our request traveled and
14:02returned with a latency of just 0.0020
14:05s. Command 30, Nmap's x-ray machine.
14:08Watch the screen closely. If you want to
14:10see exactly what Nmap is doing behind
14:12the scenes, double dash packet dash
14:14trace is your x-ray vision. Look at this
14:16massive flood of data hitting the
14:18terminal.
14:19From the initial ARP requests to
14:20hundreds of TCP connections, you see
14:22every sent and RCVD line. We are
14:25watching every single byte of data
14:27leaving our machine and returning from
14:28the target live.
14:30When a scan fails or a firewall blocks
14:32you, elite engineers read this raw
14:33traffic trace to find the exact point of
14:35failure.
14:37Command 31, exposing the reasoning.
14:40How does Nmap actually know a port is
14:41open?
14:42It doesn't just guess. By adding the
14:44double reason flag, we force the scanner
14:46to justify its results. Look at the
14:48terminal. Next to every open port, it
14:50explicitly prints SYNACKTTL64.
14:54This proves that the target machine
14:55actively responded to our TCP SYN
14:58packets with an acknowledgement. Trust,
15:00but verify.
15:03Command 32. Unleashing the Nmap
15:06scripting engine. Port scanning is just
15:08the beginning. The dash SC flag runs a
15:10batch of default safe scripts against
15:12the target. It's like sending an army of
15:14automated mini hackers. In 79.83
15:17seconds, it extracted SSH host keys,
15:20identified the MySQL salt, and flagged
15:22that anonymous FTP login is permitted.
15:25We are moving from reconnaissance to
15:26active vulnerability hunting.
15:30Command 33, auditing authentication. We
15:33want to know how the target system
15:35allows users to log in. We run the
15:37authentication scripts against our
15:38Ubuntu machine. Instantly, Nmap probes
15:41the SSH service on port 22 and reveals
15:44the supported authentication methods,
15:46public key [music] and password. It even
15:48checks if any public keys are accepted
15:50by default. This tells us exactly which
15:53brute force methods might work.
15:55Command 34, the system crash. Watch
15:57closely. I trigger the default and safe
15:59scripts simultaneously and the terminal
16:02completely crashes. ZSH segmentation
16:05fault. This is raw cyber security.
16:08Sometimes, the scripts within Nmap have
16:10memory management conflicts with the
16:12operating system when querying specific
16:13targets. When your tools break, [music]
16:15you don't panic. You drop the unstable
16:17script and move to the next vector.
16:20Command 35, hitting Windows where it
16:22hurts. When you are auditing a corporate
16:24environment, the SMB protocol is usually
16:27your gold mine. Instead of just guessing
16:29the OS, we run the SMB OS discovery
16:32script. In exactly 2.69 seconds, Nmap
16:36reaches directly into the Windows 10
16:37machine and pulls out the exact
16:39operating system details over the
16:40network.
16:41>> [music]
16:41>> If a system administrator left SMB
16:43exposed, they just gave us the blueprint
16:45to their machine.
16:48Command 36.
16:50>> [music]
16:50>> Now that we know it's Windows, we throw
16:51every known SMB vulnerability script at
16:53it using the wildcard SMB-VULN asterisk.
16:57This checks for devastating flaws like
16:59MS10-061.
17:01But, look at the result taking 7.75
17:03seconds. Could not negotiate a
17:05connection. Failed to receive bytes.
17:07What does this mean? The Windows 10
17:09firewall or patching system actively
17:11rejected the malicious payload
17:13negotiation. The defense held up. We
17:15have to find another way in.
17:18Command 37, reading the web without
17:20opening a browser. If you visit a
17:22target's IP in Google Chrome, you leave
17:24browser fingerprints in their access
17:26logs. We don't want that. We target port
17:2880 using the HTTP-title script. In just
17:322.20 seconds, Nmap quietly grabs the
17:35hidden webpage title, returning
17:36Metasploitable 2 Linux. We now know
17:39exactly what web application framework
17:41is running without ever visiting the
17:42site.
17:44Command 38, web administrators often
17:47think hiding a folder makes it secure.
17:49Let's prove them wrong. We use the
17:51HTTP-enum script to blindly brute force
17:54hidden directories [music] on the web
17:55server. In just 4.97 seconds, Nmap
17:58exposes critical unlinked folders. Look
18:01at the terminal. /phpmyadmin/,
18:04/doc/, and /tikiwiki/
18:07are sitting right there. We just mapped
18:09the web server's internal admin
18:10structure without a single click.
18:13Command 39, testing the front doors.
18:16File Transfer Protocol on port 21 is
18:18notorious for misconfigurations. The
18:21FTP-anon script checks the most common
18:23one. Look at the output. Anonymous FTP
18:25login allowed.
18:26>> [music]
18:27>> The server is literally letting anyone
18:28log in without a password. In a
18:30real-world scenario, this is where you
18:32drop a reverse shell or extract
18:34sensitive company data. Command 40, the
18:36brute force assault. If there are no
18:38easy misconfigurations, we force our way
18:40in. We launch a relentless SSH brute
18:43attack against the Ubuntu system. Look
18:45at the terminal. This is automated
18:47intrusion in real time. Nmap is firing
18:49hundreds of login combinations per
18:51minute. Root, root, admin, admin, user,
18:54password. It is actively battering the
18:56SSH port, testing the strength of the
18:58target's password policy.
19:05Command 41, moving to the back end.
19:08Databases are the crown jewels of any
19:10network. We aim at port 3,306
19:13and run my SQL {dash} info in a
19:16lightning fast 2.14 seconds. We don't
19:18just see that my SQL is open. We pull
19:21the exact 5.0.51
19:23{a-3} Ubuntu 5 version, its
19:25capabilities, and most dangerously, we
19:27expose its cryptographic salt. We are
19:29gathering the puzzle pieces needed to
19:31break their encryption. Command 42, the
19:34holy grail. We drop the hammer. We run
19:36the legendary double script vault.
19:38Notice how this scan takes much longer,
19:40nearly 5 and 1/2 minutes. It is
19:42aggressively testing the system against
19:44a massive database of known exploits.
19:46And look at the screen bleed red. The
19:48scan rips the target apart, revealing
19:50the infamous vsftpd version 2.3.4
19:53backdoor, the SSL poodle information
19:56leak, and CCS injection. It even found a
19:58trojan unreal IRCD backdoor. This
20:01machine is completely compromised.
20:03Command 43, Nmap is not just a scanner,
20:06it is a weapon. Finding a hole is one
20:08thing, proving it can be breached is
20:09another. By running the exploit script,
20:12we command Nmap to actively test the
20:13attack vectors it just found. In 42
20:16seconds, it verifies the vsftpd backdoor
20:19and attempts to establish a foothold. We
20:21have crossed the line from passive
20:22reconnaissance to active exploitation.
20:25Command 44, the raw reality of hacking.
20:28Watch closely. I try to run the not
20:30intrusive scripts against our Ubuntu
20:31target and boom, the terminal completely
20:34crashes, throwing a ZSH segmentation
20:36fault. This is unfiltered cybersecurity.
20:39Sometimes, complex script loads cause
20:41memory management failures between Nmap
20:43and your operating system. When your
20:44tools break in the field, you don't
20:46panic. You adapt, drop the unstable
20:48script, and keep moving.
20:52Command 45, the human error. I command
20:55Nmap [music] to execute a highly
20:57targeted brute force attack using my own
20:59custom dictionaries. The result, error
21:01parsing username list users.txt, no such
21:04file or directory. I failed to prepare
21:06my payload files before launching the
21:07attack. The scanner is an unforgiving
21:09machine. It demands absolute precision.
21:12Always prep your workspace.
21:14Command 46, the privilege block. I try
21:17to update the Nmap vulnerability
21:18database to get the latest scripts by
21:20typing double-script-updatedb.
21:23The system fires back, permission
21:25denied. Why? Because modifying the core
21:27security database requires root
21:29privileges. You cannot bypass local
21:31security policies without using sudo.
21:33It's a reminder that even the attacker
21:35must follow the rules of their own
21:36operating system.
21:39Command 47, advanced evasion tactics.
21:42How do we bypass a strict intrusion
21:44detection system? We shatter our
21:46footprint. The dash f flag fragments our
21:49IP packets into tiny 8-byte pieces.
21:52When these broken fragments hit the
21:53firewall, it becomes incredibly hard for
21:55defensive filters to assemble and read
21:57the malicious signature. In 2.82
21:59seconds, we slip right through the net.
22:01Command 48, total control over the
22:04network layer. To be stealthier than
22:06standard fragmentation, we use
22:08double-mtu-24.
22:10This manually forces the maximum
22:12transmission unit to just 24 bytes. The
22:15result [music] is a highly customized
22:16and unusual packet stream, and Windows
22:1910's deep packet inspection is
22:20completely blinded by the weird traffic.
22:22We retrieve the open ports in just 2.64
22:25seconds. Command 49, smoke and mirrors.
22:28If you don't want the admin to block
22:30your IP, you mask it. [music] We use the
22:32dash drnd:10
22:34flag. This incredible feature hides our
22:36real scan behind 10 randomly generated
22:39fake IP addresses. When the Ubuntu
22:41server's security logs check who's
22:42scanning them, they see a chaotic flood
22:44of 11 different IP addresses, making it
22:47nearly impossible to pinpoint the real
22:49attacker. Command 50, framing the
22:51innocent. Random IPs are good, but
22:53specific decoys are [music] better. We
22:55tell Nmap to make the scan look like
22:57it's coming from the Windows machine,
22:58the Ubuntu machine, and our real IP
23:01labeled as me all at the same time. The
23:04Metasploitable system thinks its own
23:05trusted network neighbors are attacking
23:07it. This is how you weaponize internal
23:09[music] trust.
23:11Command 51, the total spoofing attempt.
23:14We try to completely fake our source IP
23:16using the dash S flag, making it look
23:18like the Windows machine is doing the
23:20scan alone. But Nmap throws a critical
23:22warning, "Failed to determine route."
23:24This is a vital networking lesson. You
23:26cannot perfectly spoof an IP address if
23:29your machine's routing table isn't
23:30explicitly configured to handle the
23:32return traffic for the deception. The
23:34packet can be faked, but the network
23:36still needs a route back. Command 52,
23:38disguising the attack vector. Firewalls
23:41are paranoid, but they often blindly
23:43trust certain types of traffic like DNS.
23:46By using {dash} {dash} source port 53,
23:49we manipulate our packets so the
23:50firewall thinks our invasive scan is
23:52just harmless domain name system
23:54traffic. The security rules let us right
23:56in, and we map the target in just 2.64
23:59seconds. Command 53, breaking the
24:01signatures. Advanced firewalls know what
24:03a standard Nmap packet looks like based
24:05on its exact size. So, we change the
24:08size.
24:08>> [music]
24:09>> After a quick typo correction in the
24:10terminal, we use {dash} {dash} data
24:12length 25. This injects 25 bytes of
24:15random garbage data into every packet.
24:17The firewall's signature database no
24:19longer recognizes our traffic, and we
24:21bypass the alarm systems. Command 54,
24:23scrambling the radar. When you scan an
24:25entire subnet, going sequentially from
24:27IP.1 to 255 can trigger automated
24:30defense systems almost instantly
24:32>> [music]
24:32>> because the traffic looks artificial. We
24:34use {dash} {dash} randomize hosts to
24:36scramble the scanning order across 256
24:39IP addresses. Instead of moving in a
24:41predictable sequence, the scan sweeps
24:43across the network in a completely
24:44unpredictable, chaotic pattern, making
24:46it much harder for sequential detection
24:48algorithms to identify the scanning
24:50pattern.
24:52Command 55, probing the armor. At At
24:55local network layer, your MAC address is
24:57your true identity. We try to spoof it
24:59to an unknown vendor using {dash} {dash}
25:02{spoof} {dash} {MAC} zero, but look at
25:04the result. Host seems down. The Windows
25:06firewall or the network switch caught
25:08the unusual MAC address and dropped our
25:10connection. This is an important
25:12security lesson. True security systems
25:15don't just watch IP addresses, they
25:17watch the hardware, too. Command 56,
25:19testing packet integrity. We send
25:22intentionally corrupted packets using
25:24{dash} {dash} bad sum. If a system
25:26replies to a packet with a bad checksum,
25:28it can reveal that the traffic isn't
25:29being properly filtered, but our target
25:31ignores all 1,000 ports returning
25:34filtered. That tells us something
25:35important. A security device is sitting
25:37in front of the target inspecting the
25:39traffic before it reaches the host.
25:41Every packet is being checked and
25:43anything that fails the integrity check
25:44is dropped.
25:46Command 57, mapping the rules. The
25:49{dash} {SA} TCP ACK scan isn't meant to
25:52find open ports. It's designed to map
25:55out firewall rule sets. By sending an
25:57acknowledgement packet out of nowhere,
25:58we wait to see what the firewall does.
26:00Does it drop the packet or does it send
26:02a reset? In our test, all 1,000 ports
26:05are reported as unfiltered on the
26:06Windows machine. That gives us critical
26:08intelligence. The firewall is not
26:10actively blocking our specific IP range.
26:12The rules are mapped. Now we know where
26:15the barrier isn't.
26:17Command 58, the ultimate stealth
26:19sequence begins. We send a null scan
26:22using {dash} {SN} with absolutely zero
26:24TCP flags set. It's an unusual packet,
26:27one that shouldn't normally exist.
26:29Windows drops it, but the Linux-based
26:30Ubuntu machine reacts differently.
26:32[music]
26:33It returns an open or filtered response
26:35for our target ports. We are exploiting
26:37a fundamental difference in how
26:38operating systems handle unexpected
26:40protocol traffic. Same packet, different
26:43operating system, different response.
26:45Command 59, the infamous Xmas scan.
26:49If zero flags didn't work, what about
26:51all of them? We use {dash} sx. This sets
26:55the fin, psh, and [music] urg flags
26:58simultaneously, lighting up the packet
27:00like a Christmas tree. This chaotic
27:02packet is designed to bypass standard,
27:04poorly configured router firewalls,
27:06especially those that only look for syn
27:08packets. Different flags, different
27:10packet, different detection challenge.
27:13Command 60. For our final command, we
27:15execute the ghost protocol, {dash} t0,
27:17the paranoid timing template. Look at
27:19the terminal. I hit space, but it's
27:21completely frozen at 0.00%
27:24done. Nmap is now waiting 5 full minutes
27:26between sending every single packet. The
27:28goal, to minimize detection by intrusion
27:30detection systems. A full scan like this
27:32could take weeks to finish. So, we're
27:34pulling the plug here. And that's
27:35command 60, exactly 27 minutes.
27:3960 practical, [music] raw, and sometimes
27:42broken commands executed in a live lab.
27:45You saw firsthand that real
27:47cybersecurity isn't a movie.
27:49Files go missing, syntax errors happen,
27:52scripts crash, and firewalls fight back.
27:55The true skill lies in how you
27:56troubleshoot, and how you adapt when
27:58those defenses fight back.
28:01So, which of these 60 commands was your
28:03favorite? And which one are you going to
28:05test in your own lab? Let me know in the
28:08comments below. If this operation
28:10upgraded your arsenal, hit the like
28:11button and subscribe to Sentinel. Keep
28:14your defenses strong, and I'll see you
28:16in the next operation.

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