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Made In Prehistory: Environment | World History Full Documentary — Transcript

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0:00[Music]
0:07[Music]
0:10how did our ancestors survive during the
0:13Paleolithic how did they start
0:16farming always linked to their
0:18environment early humans went through
0:20the most important revolution in history
0:23and it begins
0:28here
0:48Our Story begins here the planet Earth
0:52the time is a few th000 years before the
0:55beginnings of written history during the
0:57beginnings of the human age our Focus
1:01will be on the vast scope of prehistory
1:03both the Paleolithic and Neolithic or
1:05old and new stone ages and how our
1:08ancestors sustained themselves in the
1:10Ever Changing
1:11environments our own species is thought
1:14to have emerged in Africa around 300,000
1:17years ago during what is called the
1:19middle
1:20Paleolithic most Scholars agree that it
1:23was during this period that humans began
1:25migrating Out of Africa by The Next
1:28Period the upper paleolith IC humans had
1:31populated most parts of the world
1:33displacing and mixing with the
1:34Neanderthal and
1:36denans this didn't mean early humans
1:39left the region that would be the
1:40subsaharan
1:42abandoned humans had spread all over the
1:44continent and like the rest of their
1:46counterparts around the world relied on
1:48hunting and Gathering to
1:50survive some even used early versions of
1:53the bow and arrow which had been in use
1:55since the end of the middle
1:57Paleolithic with their special tool kits
1:59and so cooperation they were able to
2:01live off the plants and animals in their
2:04environments some of the oldest art
2:06we've discovered depict the means of
2:08subsistence of early
2:10humans migrations continued in Africa
2:13throughout the upper Paleolithic and by
2:15the Neolithic some groups settled into
2:18small
2:19communities most of subsaharan Africa
2:22was able to rely on hunting and
2:23Gathering or produce their own food
2:25through pastoralism but those around the
2:28three major river valleys that of the
2:30upper Nile niga and Congo were able to
2:33settle into agricultural
2:35communities it is even believed the nja
2:38valley is the origin of agriculture in
2:40the subsaharan around 5,000 years
2:44ago the first region we know of to
2:47practice agriculture is the near
2:49East here the transition from the
2:52Paleolithic to the Neolithic began
2:5420,000 years ago a period known as the
2:57epipaleolithic
2:58this was towards the end of the last
3:01glacial period when the changing climate
3:03led to different means of survival for
3:05many
3:06humans the Earth is currently in an ice
3:09age called the cazic which began just
3:11under 34 million years ago an ice age or
3:15more accurately named Ice House Earth
3:18occurs when our planet has the presence
3:19or expansion of glaciers like we
3:22currently have on the
3:23poles climate can alternate between ice
3:26house and Greenhouse periods where
3:28temperatures rise and no glaciers exist
3:31anywhere on the extreme is Hot House
3:34Earth in which the planet becomes
3:37uninhabitable Earth when the planet's
3:39surface becomes entirely
3:41Frozen this ice age is still currently
3:44ongoing although we are in an
3:46interglacial period which began as the
3:48ice sheets receded and temperatures
3:50increased around
3:5211,700 years ago after the period of the
3:54younger
3:55dras the Neolithic began around 10,000
3:59BC
4:00and it wasn't long after that areas in
4:02the near Eastern Levant had settled in
4:04more sedentary
4:05communities these were generally along a
4:08very fruitful curve of land known as the
4:10Fertile
4:11Crescent in this part of the world the
4:13Neolithic was divided into two main
4:16periods the pre-pottery Neolithic lasted
4:19until 6,500 BCE and the pottery
4:22Neolithic continued until around 4,000
4:25BCE around the start of the copper age
4:29having been experimented on for
4:30thousands of years prior cereals like
4:32wheat and barley lentils peas and figs
4:36were the main foods produced by the
4:37start of the
4:39Neolithic later those of the near East
4:41would also domesticate sheep goats and
4:45cattle agricultural communities favored
4:47a sedentary lifestyle as opposed to the
4:50previous migratory way of life of the
4:52hunter gatherer but the shift wasn't
4:56instant in various communities there
4:58would be agriculture naturalists herders
5:01and also
5:02Hunters they would trade their foods
5:04with each other giving more people a
5:06more varied diet the rise of sedentism
5:09led to the construction of more
5:11permanent
5:12settlements these would be all over the
5:14near East by the end of the
5:16Neolithic most remained quite small
5:19supporting 100 to 200
5:21inhabitants one of the oldest is Tel
5:24caramel located in Syria thought to be
5:26settled near to 11,000 BCE with no
5:30evidence of
5:31Agriculture settled nearby around 9600
5:34BCE would be the mysterious gockley
5:37tee it is still thought to be a
5:40pre-agricultural settlement but only a
5:42small percentage of it has currently
5:44been excavated so we need more time
5:46before we come to any conclusions about
5:48this Anatolian Wonder we currently have
5:52more information about other settlements
5:54those which we know practiced
5:55agriculture like Abu hura founded around
5:589500 BCE by those who could have been
6:01the world's first
6:03farmers Jericho Oris Sultan in the
6:06present day West Bank was also founded
6:09in the 9000s BCE and would be a
6:11prominent City for thousands of years
6:14the location had already been occupied
6:17by the late epipaleolithic by those
6:19known as the
6:20nuian they predated agriculture but were
6:23a sedentary or semi-sedentary
6:25people it is through the natufians and
6:28later residents of Jero that we have
6:30gleaned so much about the early
6:32transition to
6:33agriculture it seems fairly certain that
6:36initially sedentism is what led to
6:38agriculture not the other way around
6:41chattle hoyak in Anatolia was founded
6:44later around 7500 BCE but also served as
6:48a major agricultural
6:50settlement inhabitants at Jericho and
6:52chattel Hoya could have numbered
6:54anywhere from 3 to 8,000 scores higher
6:57than other settlements of the Levant and
6:58near East
7:00they would eventually turn into the
7:02first large Urban centers of the
7:05world during the later Neolithic the
7:07Yukan culture were thought to have
7:09produced the first Pottery in the region
7:12signaling the pottery Neolithic
7:14period they were situated around shaah
7:17haalan in the Levant from 6,400 BCE and
7:21their Pottery signaled a division of
7:23labor that would only become more
7:25Stark in Oceania and the southeastern
7:28region of Asia the Paleolithic took a
7:31much different form during the glacial
7:34period when sea levels were lower these
7:36areas were composed of three major land
7:39masses East Asia which would primarily
7:42become China and Korea lay to the north
7:45to the South was Sunderland a land mass
7:48composed of Southeast Asia and many
7:50Indonesian
7:51Islands to the south of that was sahul a
7:54Paleo continent composed of present day
7:56Australia New Guinea and Tasmania
8:00though the sea levels were lower
8:02connecting many islands to the mainland
8:04Sunderland and sahul were not
8:07connected because of this we know that
8:09humans needed some kind of watercraft in
8:11order to reach sahul from
8:13Sunderland evidence suggests humans
8:16settled on sahul as far back as 55 to
8:1965,000 years
8:21[Music]
8:23ago it's possible that the first humans
8:26to arrive in Southeast Asia encountered
8:28a species of archaic human called The
8:30denisovans Who were thought to be
8:32genetically linked to the Neanderthals
8:34of Europe interbreeding occurred here as
8:37well and the denans became extinct but
8:40small amounts of their DNA still resides
8:43in many populations including those of
8:45the former Sunderland region and even
8:47Native
8:49Americans there is still much work being
8:51done on the denans and information can
8:53change in the
8:55future evidence suggests that once
8:58humans arrived on S pool settlement of
9:00the continent was quite rapid some of
9:03the first locations settled were most
9:05likely the Magid be Rock shelter and
9:08Lake [ __ ] where archaeologists have
9:10discovered the oldest human remains in
9:12Australia dating to 40,000 years ago as
9:15well as [ __ ] lady the remains of
9:17possibly the oldest chromation and
9:19ceremonial burial in the
9:22world Australia was full of megap fora
9:24when humans first arrived but they
9:26became extinct through hunting climate
9:28change and ecosystem
9:31disruption humans in Australia never had
9:34a Neolithic phase and remained hunter
9:36gatherers until European colonization
9:38thousands of years later to the
9:41Northwest are the vast expanses of
9:44Central Asia in these regions you can
9:47find Monumental mountains Barren deserts
9:50and the wide unending Plains the
9:52grassland steps which would become home
9:54to the nomadic tribes of a later
9:56period because of the harsh climate
9:59humans didn't settle in the region until
10:01quite late only around 50,000 years ago
10:04as the cold conditions
10:06improved arriving from the near East
10:09humans found it possible to survive on
10:11the large plant eaters in the Asian
10:13interior like horses and
10:15Mammoth some of these sites have been
10:17discovered in the alai mountains in
10:19present day Mongolia and in
10:21Siberia the ice sheets continued to grow
10:24though and over 20,000 years ago reached
10:27their greatest extent called the last
10:29glacial
10:30maximum though not everywhere was
10:32covered in ice temperatures were around
10:346 to 7° C or 11 fah colder than in the
10:39modern day it caused drought and North
10:42Asia became a dry desert of
10:44frost many of the more Northern
10:46settlements like in Siberia were
10:49abandoned once the ice sheets began
10:51their recession around 17,000 years ago
10:54settlers returned occupying Siberia
10:57Mongolia and Eastern Russia some of the
11:01oldest Pottery in Asia would be made
11:03here around the banks of the Amore River
11:05before the end of the last ice age by
11:07cultures known as the gruka and the
11:10osapa the pottery wasn't associated with
11:13sedentism or a Neolithic tradition but
11:15was used as a type of Hot Pot in order
11:17to keep warm further to the north would
11:20be the Duke tii the beginnings of a
11:22Paleo Arctic
11:25tradition modern humans began to migrate
11:28into Europe from the near East around
11:30the start of the upper
11:32Paleolithic Europe like southeast Asia
11:35was also already occupied by another of
11:38our distant cousins the
11:40Neanderthal the Neanderthal were more
11:42closely related to the
11:44denivan both would share the same fate
11:47dying out and into breeding with humans
11:49ultimately being
11:51absorbed these early humans to enter
11:53Europe were called chromagnon and would
11:56produce Paleolithic industries of Their
11:58Own the first major one was the oration
12:01from around 43 to 33,000 years ago
12:05before a transition period it was near
12:08the end of this time frame through
12:10natural selection that these humans
12:12gradually became more lighter skinned
12:14than those nearer to the
12:15Equator the or ignation is characterized
12:18by their bone and antler projectile
12:21points they also produced some of the
12:23earliest cave art in the world at the
12:25Sha cave in southern France depicting
12:28many species is now extinct in Europe
12:31they also produced the first figurines
12:33depicting
12:35humans the Venus of Hells is dated to
12:38around 35,000 years ago and though not
12:41human The Lion Man of holenstein stadle
12:43is dated even older at 40,000 years ago
12:47archaeologists have also found tools at
12:49the kostenki site in Eastern Europe also
12:52developed by early modern
12:54humans these tools aren't or ignation
12:57and suggest another group of humans or
12:59perhaps many different groups also
13:01entered Europe from different
13:03areas from around 33,000 years ago the
13:07orig nation transitioned into another
13:09culture known as the
13:11gratian the gratian culture lasted until
13:14around 21,000 years ago they are known
13:18for their figures of women which we call
13:20Venus figurines and their more advanced
13:22hunting kits in Western Europe to deal
13:26with the cold of the glacial period they
13:28fashioned their own own clothing and
13:30lived in partially Subterranean caves
13:32using oil lamps made of Stone Those in
13:35Eastern Europe relied Less on caves and
13:38had more access to the mammoth on more
13:39Open
13:41Fields they developed burial rituals
13:44which included burying the deceased with
13:46offerings and their personal
13:48jewelry in the Czech Republic a burial
13:51of three bodies was found each wearing
13:53necklaces made of teeth the ground above
13:56their burial was covered in red ochre a
13:59common burial color most of the Venus
14:02figurines discovered were from this time
14:05period much of the rupestre cave art
14:07from Western Europe was also created
14:09during this
14:11period the gratian culture seems to
14:13split around 21,000 years ago around the
14:17time of the last glacial maximum with
14:19the saluton emerging in Western Europe
14:21before transitioning into the
14:23magdalenian 177,000 years ago which
14:26would last until the end of the glacial
14:28period in 10 ,000
14:30BCE Barbed bone points were also more
14:33common along with Ivory
14:35implements they not only used animal
14:37bones and ivory for their toolkits they
14:39used animals themselves during hunts
14:42dogs were one of the first animals to be
14:44domesticated and were helpful for early
14:47human
14:48survival as the ice sheets receded after
14:51the last glacial maximum humans began
14:53reoccupying those more northern European
14:56regions trade networks began to grow
14:59grow and would reach their height during
15:00the
15:02magdalenian art flourished as well and
15:04the most famous cave paintings of Spain
15:06and France like Lasco or the cave of
15:09alamira were created during this
15:12period Ivory and Bone objects and tools
15:15were also still widely
15:17used it's even possible some bone
15:19etchings might have been used as crude
15:22calendars the magdalenian would be one
15:24of the most complex cultures of the
15:26Paleolithic in
15:27Europe the first Americans arrived via
15:30beringia a land bridge connecting North
15:33America and Asia that existed from
15:35around the start of the upper
15:36Paleolithic when the sea levels were
15:38lower until around 12,000 years ago it
15:42had previously been thought that the
15:44first Americans quickly migrated to the
15:46new world and used the large meapa as
15:48their means of subsistence which led to
15:51mass
15:52extinctions further research shows a
15:54more complicated picture toolkits were
15:57based on each individual environment and
15:59ecology and megap fora weren't always
16:01the main food source in the Great Basin
16:05the Paleo Indians as the first Americans
16:07were called hunted a wide range of land
16:10animals and gathered a wide range of
16:12plants but they would rely on marine
16:14life mainly small fish like the Tue chub
16:18the Channel Islands an archipelago off
16:20the coast of California shows evidence
16:22of subsistence on muscles shellfish sea
16:25mammals and
16:26birds this also suggests the use of
16:29boats or other kinds of marine vessels
16:32in the Great Plains of North America the
16:34Paleo Indian Clovis culture would
16:37flourish they are known for their
16:39distinct Clovis points which they use to
16:41hunt the mighty Mammoth and other megap
16:43fora it was first believed that Clovis
16:46were the first Paleo Indians in the
16:48Americas around 12 to 14,000 years ago
16:51but more recent evidence has uncovered
16:53sites predating the Clovis by thousands
16:55of years in South America the
16:59archaeological site near traser royos
17:01Argentina provides 40 skeletons and an
17:04assemblage of tools used to hunt South
17:06American megap fora including guanako a
17:09mammal closely related to the llama and
17:12megatherium a giant ground
17:14sloth Paleo Indians all over the
17:17Americas learn to subsist on multiple
17:19sources of food from fish to small
17:21mammals from meapa to
17:24Insects though smaller animals often
17:26weren't worth the calories to hunt hum
17:29worked in cooperation with one another
17:31to expend less energy and collect more
17:34food from the mid 9000s onwards would be
17:38the hollene what we call the human age
17:41the end of the glacial period was
17:43underway the younger drias had finished
17:45and the beginnings of Agriculture and
17:47permanent settlements was about to
17:49commence the Paleolithic made way for
17:52the Neolithic or new stone age how did
17:56humans survive in this new world a world
17:58after after the cold and ice it all
18:01began with the most powerful revolution
18:03in human history we call this the
18:06Neolithic
18:08Revolution this refers to the change
18:10from early humans relying on hunting and
18:12Gathering to producing their own food
18:15either through agriculture or animal
18:17husbandry scientists still do not know
18:20the exact causes that brought about this
18:22shift but the change in temperature
18:24played a part as well as humans having
18:26to adapt to a new environment while
18:28those that didn't died
18:30out from the diets of those in the
18:33Paleolithic we can tell that those in
18:35the near East were familiar with eating
18:37wild seeds full of
18:39protein by the time of the Neolithic
18:41they had already begun to experiment
18:43with these seeds in new
18:46[Music]
18:47ways they began to collect more and
18:50implemented ways to store these seeds
18:52once they grew and ripened and extend
18:54the window to eat them this tinkering
18:57was the beginning of plant
18:59cultivation the first experimentation
19:02with seeds occurred during the
19:03epipaleolithic but it would take
19:05thousands of years until the 9000s to
19:08get to full-scale
19:10agriculture for hunter gatherers this
19:12meant following the spread of wild
19:14plants and staying to observe how they
19:16grew giving humans a motive to remain in
19:19the
19:20area this forced a trend towards a sent
19:25lifestyle staying in one area humans
19:28were able to observe wild plants when
19:30they lived and died and their seed
19:33production this privilege could only be
19:35achieved by those in regions with
19:37abundant enough resources to start with
19:40this is how we know that initially it
19:42was sedentism that predated
19:45agriculture agriculture is the
19:47full-scale plant cultivation and raising
19:50of livestock and culmination of the
19:52plant experiments done during the
19:54epipaleolithic
19:55we have found evidence of smallscale
19:58plant cul ation at sites like ohalo 2 a
20:01small community of hunters and fishers
20:03on the shores of the Sea of Galilee
20:04dated to 23,000 years ago a full 8,000
20:08years before the nuian and 11,000 years
20:11before the Neolithic farming communities
20:13of the ne East but we don't know how
20:16extensive their cultivations
20:19were by around 8,500 BCE the near East
20:23would have many prominent agricultural
20:25settlements like Jericho teles swad and
20:28never
20:29chy agriculture is more than just a
20:32means of food production from
20:34plants agriculturalists often also
20:37domesticated animals like cattle sheep
20:40and goats they were able to produce
20:43grains and meats which needed
20:45storage from this came the rise of
20:48pottery an efficient storage system for
20:50their food so generally speaking when we
20:53talk about agriculture it isn't only
20:56plant cultivation but animal husbandry
20:58and pottery as well those were all
21:01evident from the early Neolithic sites
21:03in the near East and Southeast
21:05Europe near the end of the glacial
21:08period as the world was getting warmer
21:10there was an interruption of almost
21:121,000 years called the younger dras
21:15which temporarily made it
21:17colder this affected the availability of
21:19seeds and other foods which hunter
21:21gatherers
21:22relied because of this humans migrated
21:25where wild grass and seeds were still
21:27available early humans would settle down
21:30in these regions adapt and learn about
21:32their new food
21:34sources those who couldn't
21:37perished the road from early sedentism
21:39to agriculture was a long
21:41process the natufians were an early
21:44sedentary culture with settlements found
21:46in Israel Jordan and Lebanon dating to
21:49the 12th or 11th Millennia
21:52BCE they characterized the first phase
21:55of Agriculture experimenting with seeds
21:57and intentional planting of these
22:00seeds the second phase were the early
22:02settlements at gocke chonu and Nev Chui
22:06in Eastern Turkey dating to the 10th and
22:089th Millennia
22:10BCE the third phase was characterized by
22:13settlements like Jericho with sedentary
22:15hunter gatherers domesticated plants and
22:18domesticated animals the next Millennia
22:21would bring the spread of these new
22:23techniques all throughout the Fertile
22:24Crescent including the early
22:26civilizations in Suma and Egypt
22:30agriculture was based on the
22:31domestication of both plants and
22:34animals the word derives from domus the
22:36Latin name for house domestication
22:40modifies wild species to make them more
22:42suitable for
22:44humans these modifications would forever
22:46change the relationship between human
22:48and mother
22:49nature typically domestication would
22:52occur by choosing a wild species that
22:54could provide food for plant species
22:58they usually usually provided
22:59carbohydrates sugars and starches while
23:02animal species were rich in
23:04protein apart from food sources animals
23:07could provide humans with other benefits
23:09like an ox working the fields or a dog
23:12helping with hunting or
23:14herding sheep could provide wool for
23:16clothing and some animals simply became
23:19pets we still value these same animals
23:22today thousands of years
23:24later one of the first domesticated
23:27animals was the dog possibly through the
23:29gray wolf anywhere from 30 to 15,000
23:32years ago humans developed close
23:35relationships with Wolves early on and
23:37chose the less aggressive and friendlier
23:39ones to
23:40breed this created a feedback loop where
23:43those humans who were more friendly with
23:45their dogs survived
23:46longer later around 10,000 years ago
23:50goats and later cattle and sheep were
23:52domesticated in the East Mediterranean
23:55region it was around this time that
23:57numerous other other plants and animals
23:59became
24:00domesticated in the Fertile Crescent
24:03domestication was of Wheats barley
24:05lentils and chickpeas while rice was
24:08being domesticated in the yangi river
24:11valley in Mexico around 9,000 years back
24:14Maize was being
24:16domesticated sheep goats and cattle were
24:19domesticated in the near East and cattle
24:21domestication also appeared in the Indus
24:23Valley and possibly subsaharan Africa
24:27later plant domestications include
24:29potatoes and tobacco in the Andes region
24:32and squash and sunflowers in
24:34mesoamerica chicken would be
24:36domesticated in Southeast Asia while
24:38horses were in the Eurasian
24:40steps these were developed independently
24:43and most other regions that would
24:45domesticate plants and animals learned
24:47it through migrants or traders of these
24:49initial
24:50regions domesticated plants are quite
24:53different from their wild counterparts
24:55and in many cases are so different that
24:57they can't survive without human
25:00intervention domesticated species of
25:02both plants and animals are usually
25:04products of selective breeding to
25:06highlight certain traits early humans
25:08found
25:09positive this often caused the species
25:12to lose many traits it previously
25:14possessed for example the food we know
25:17as corn today began to be domesticated
25:19in Mexico over 9,000 years ago we
25:22believe from a grass called teos cinti
25:25chosen because of its large seeds over
25:28time corn began to look as it does today
25:31with even larger seeds but they cannot
25:33naturally reproduce
25:35anymore though there are a multitude of
25:37plants and animals on this planet those
25:39that we domesticated over 10,000 years
25:41ago are those that are still most
25:43important to us our most significant
25:46crops are still wheat rice and Maze and
25:49the most domesticated animals are cattle
25:52pigs sheep and
25:54goats our selective breeding process
25:56hasn't stopped and has even increased in
25:58the Modern Age with the addition of
26:00molecular
26:03manipulation from what we can gather
26:06agriculture first developed in the near
26:08East because of the Fertile
26:10Crescent the productive soil gave humans
26:13the opportunity to experiment with plant
26:15and animal
26:16domestication wild plants were a plenty
26:19as well as goats pigs and
26:21orics in this region the most common
26:24food produced was wheat like IR corn or
26:27Emma barley was also produced and
26:30selectively modified from two Road
26:32barley to six Road increasing the size
26:35and amount of seeds in order to produce
26:37more
26:38food legumes fruits and nuts were
26:41domesticated and bred to be larger in
26:44the near East animal domestication began
26:46not long after plant domestication as
26:49wild animals were herded and killed for
26:51their meat it is thought that goats were
26:53the first to be domesticated in the near
26:55East followed by sheep pigs and cattle
26:59they were selectively bred to produce
27:01more meat and to be more
27:03docile though humans artificially
27:06selected certain features some would
27:08occur by consequence of natural
27:10selection domesticated animals would
27:12often have different kinds of hair or
27:14horns than their wild
27:16counterparts teeth would become more
27:18crowded with their reduced jaw sizes and
27:21those used for labor would have more
27:22bone
27:23deformities the overcrowding in small
27:26pens also contributed to the spread of
27:28more sickness and
27:29disease the Fertile Crescent was a
27:32perfect location to begin
27:33experimentation because it was such a
27:35resourcer area though predating
27:38agriculture the natufians of the
27:40epipaleolithic who we previously
27:42mentioned were a Sentry Society of
27:45hunter gatherers living off wild animals
27:47and wild
27:48cereals they did experiment with
27:51different farming techniques though and
27:53are thought to be the forerunners of the
27:54Neolithic farmers at Abu hura in the
27:57Levant
27:58by around 6,000 bcee agriculture was
28:01firmly established in the near East and
28:04from there would spread Northwest into
28:06Europe Southwest into North Africa and
28:09East into Iran and Beyond but there were
28:12many who developed agriculture
28:13independently of the near East although
28:16a bit
28:16later these include the river valleys in
28:19China a few locations in the Americas
28:22along the border of subsaharan Africa
28:24and in the swamps of Papu and New
28:27Guinea at the end of the last glacial
28:29period humans began to occupy the Nile
28:32Valley as it supported a wide variety of
28:34wildlife a perfect place for hunter
28:37gatherers to thrive orx gazelle and
28:40harab beast on land and fish and birds
28:43in the
28:44waters they also took advantage of
28:46nearby plant life like the edible tubers
28:48of cyera
28:50sedges food wasn't a problem but the
28:52flooding from the Nile was quite
28:54dangerous before those of the valley
28:56learned to control it
28:58during the end of the Paleolithic
29:00further south in the central Nile Valley
29:02the kadan culture emerged around 13,000
29:05to 9,000 years ago they were
29:08characterized by their burials in
29:10cemeteries like jabel s Harbor in
29:12Northern Sudan though they were hunter
29:14gatherers they would tend to their local
29:16plant life and are thought to be the
29:18precursors of the later agriculturalists
29:21in
29:21Egypt consensus is that agriculture came
29:24to Egypt from the Levant and the first
29:26area we find Dom domesticated crops is
29:29the town of eladari from around 5,500
29:33BCE domesticated animals date to a bit
29:36later from napap pler in the western
29:38desert one of the oldest Neolithic sites
29:40in Egypt during the early Neolithic the
29:44region received much more rainfall
29:46forming a large lake making it quite an
29:48attractive location to settle pottery
29:51and Sandstone monoliths have been found
29:54here further along was jbel ramla Playa
29:57home to societies of herders and
30:00pastoralists orics goats and sheep were
30:03herded taking advantage of the seasonal
30:05grasslands of the Sahara a region which
30:08at the time was more Savannah than
30:10desert cemeteries were also found here
30:13some dated to around 4500 BCE including
30:16the oldest infant cemetery in the
30:19world near the end of the Neolithic
30:22North Africa became drier leading to
30:24more aridity and less water the savanas
30:27became became more desert-like and
30:29people had to move towards more reliable
30:31water sources like the Nile from eladari
30:35developed the badarian culture which
30:37might have emerged from around 5,000 BCE
30:40and flourished from
30:434,400 this culture was marked by
30:45permanent settlements based on
30:47agriculture fishing and animal
30:49husbandry large pits most likely
30:52granaries would store their crops like
30:54Emma wheat and barley their livestock
30:57like cows and sheep as well as their
31:00dogs used for herding were often given
31:02ceremonial burial human burials were
31:05position towards the South with their
31:07faces pointed towards the West which in
31:10later Traditions would be associated
31:12with the Land of the Dead malachite was
31:15also mined with its bright green color
31:17used for cosmetic
31:19purposes while the badarian flourished
31:22in Upper Egypt another culture emerged
31:24in Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta this
31:27was the MIM culture with their main
31:29settlement at mde Benny Salama just
31:32Northwest of present day Cairo they also
31:35practiced agriculture near their mud
31:37covered houses relying on the near East
31:39Staples of wheat barley cattle goats and
31:44pigs these late Neolithic cultures would
31:47become the basis for the cultures of the
31:49more commonly studied ancient period of
31:51Egyptian
31:53history after the cold period of the
31:55younger dras East Asia experienced
31:58warming which brought subtropical plants
32:00and animals to the yangi valley one of
32:03these plants was wild rice and it was
32:05from this that East Asians first began
32:07to successfully
32:08experiment rice would eventually come to
32:11be the staple food domesticate in East
32:13and Southeast
32:14Asia the two major river valleys the
32:17Yellow River and yangi would each take
32:19slightly different paths due to slightly
32:21different
32:22climates the yangi was wetter and the
32:25major plant domesticate would be rice
32:28they domesticated chicken pig dog and
32:31water buffalo and lived a life of
32:33Agriculture and farming unlike the near
32:36East sheep nor goats appear to have been
32:38domesticated in East Asia during this
32:41period in the north climate was a bit
32:44cooler and instead of rice the main
32:46crops were broom corn and Foxdale Millet
32:49they subsisted from a more mixed economy
32:52by also hunting and
32:54fishing at the site of Tien luon just
32:57south of Shanghai evidence of rice
32:59spikelets dating from the 5000s BCE
33:02shows that domestication of rice took
33:04hundreds of years but over time
33:06domesticated rice gradually became more
33:08of a staple while wild rice
33:11declined it took hundreds of years more
33:14to reach Korea and eventually
33:17Japan in South Asia the earliest food
33:20producers would emerge around the Indus
33:23River the first site discovered called
33:26haraa was discovered in the early 19th
33:28century and would give name to the
33:30harapan
33:32civilization more sites were discovered
33:34along the Indus and its tributaries in
33:36Western Pakistan and Northwestern India
33:38in Gujarat and
33:40Rajasthan some sites were discovered
33:42further out near
33:45Afghanistan most of the sites were
33:47located along a now dried up river
33:49called the
33:50Saraswati the harapan were thought to be
33:53the first food producers in South Asia
33:55but there is evidence agriculture had
33:57been practic much earlier during the
33:59preh harapan
34:00phase at Mega present day Pakistan
34:04agriculture was thought to have
34:05developed around 6,500 BCE most likely
34:09having spread from the near East
34:11although some believe it emerged
34:13independently the main crop was barley
34:16while cattle water buffalo and goats
34:18were
34:20domesticated a bit further along heading
34:23Southeast we find another region to
34:25independently develop agriculture
34:28the melanesians those closely related to
34:31the indigenous Australians and who would
34:33later be called papuans resided in New
34:36Guinea practicing smallscale horiculture
34:38over 9,000 years ago the C swamp is an
34:42archaeological site located in the
34:44highlands of Papua New Guinea it is a
34:47wetland area that was once a large pond
34:50and was used for agricultural purposes
34:52by The melanesians Who Lived in the area
34:54for thousands of years archae iCal
34:58research at the site has revealed a
34:59complex system of raised fields and
35:01canals that were used to grow Taro their
35:04staple crop the C swamp is considered
35:07one of the oldest and most extensive
35:09examples of prehistoric agricultural
35:11systems in the world and is thought to
35:13have been in use for thousands of years
35:17by the 4000s bcee there is evidence of
35:19the cultivation of bananas and sugar can
35:22though this is one of the few places on
35:24Earth where agriculture independently
35:26developed practice didn't spread far
35:28from the
35:31island out of all the continents of the
35:33prehistoric world we inhabited the only
35:36one to not have produced agriculture
35:38independently was Europe from around
35:417500 BCE agriculture slowly flowed into
35:45Europe from the near East and hunter
35:47gatherer communities gradually became
35:49mixed or replaced with Farmers it took
35:52over 5,000 years for agriculture to
35:54arrive in the furthest regions like
35:57Britain and the northern reaches of
35:59Scandinavia during the long process many
36:02dense forests of Europe slowly became
36:04flat Fields used for grazing and farming
36:07there is some debate on how exactly
36:09agriculture spread here with the two
36:11main theories being cultural and demic
36:14diffusion cultural diffusion deals with
36:17agriculture spreading through cultural
36:19practices trade networks from Anatolia
36:22into Europe were firmly established by
36:24the Neolithic and Europeans could have
36:26exchanged their goods for goods from the
36:28near East like crops seeds or
36:30domesticated
36:32animals the demic diffusion Theory deals
36:34with agriculture spreading through the
36:36people themselves possibly from the
36:38migrations of farming communities from
36:40the near East heading into
36:43Europe cultural diffusion seems to be
36:45the more dominant means of agricultural
36:47spread but migrations did occur as well
36:51descendants of Anatolian Farmers known
36:53as the early European Farmers or EF were
36:56the first Farmers to migrate into Europe
36:59starting from around 9,000 years ago
37:03they often came at odds with the
37:04Mesolithic hunter gatherers who had been
37:06there previously but there was often
37:08mixing two major Pottery cultures of the
37:11Neolithic the cardium Weare culture of
37:13southern Europe and the linear Pottery
37:15culture or lbk of Central Europe have
37:18common ancestors in EF populations
37:21originating from the
37:22balans it was through the lbk culture
37:25first in the East that agricult culture
37:27began to flow Westward Across The Plains
37:30of the
37:31duub in subsaharan Africa most of
37:34central and southern Africa remained
37:36inhabited by hunter
37:38gatherers these hunter gatherers had an
37:40advanced toolkit with microliths used
37:43for hunting or digging up
37:45plants microliths are smaller than older
37:47Paleolithic weapons and were adapted for
37:50a wider variety of use like hunting
37:52smaller animals instead of megap
37:55fora they generally lived in smaller
37:57bands and populations would remain
38:00steady as they didn't practice any type
38:02of food
38:03production this meant they followed
38:05migratory patterns of their food to
38:07optimize resource
38:08acquisition over 6,000 years ago in
38:11present day Namibia the twile Fontaine
38:14Valley had been inhabited by the Wilton
38:16culture they developed a bone tool
38:19industry and created wooden implements
38:21to dig up edible roots which was their
38:23main
38:24staple some of the rock Engravings here
38:26date back 9 to 10,000 years ago and span
38:30thousands of
38:31years another group of hunter gatherers
38:33lived far to the east in
38:36Japan these groups were quite unique in
38:38that they were hunter gatherers but
38:40would come to produce stunning Pottery
38:43they were called the German and their
38:45culture is traditionally dated to 14,000
38:48bcee still during the upper Paleolithic
38:51and would continue in different phases
38:52for over 10,000 years until 300
38:56BCE migrating from the mainland they
38:59entered Japan via a land bridge that
39:01existed until the ocean levels Rose once
39:04the glacial period ended separating
39:06Japan from the rest of
39:08Asia jman meaning cord marked was in
39:11reference to their pottery and its
39:13corded
39:14Impressions Pottery itself was
39:16mistakenly only thought to be seen with
39:18agricultural societies yet it has been
39:21found here while the German domesticated
39:23neither plant nor animal at this time
39:26some of the oldest Pottery in the whole
39:28world comes from the jman excavated from
39:31odai Yamoto and is dated to
39:3413,500
39:35BCE fukui and senuk kuji Cave are other
39:39sites with early pottery from what is
39:41called the incipient period the first
39:43German
39:44phase most of the pottery from this
39:47period were fairly simple large
39:49bowls most of these early sites are
39:52found in caves but some like soyama were
39:54outdoor pit houses most of their liic
39:57tools were spear points or other hunting
39:59materials so we believe the early German
40:02subsisted through hunting more than
40:04plant
40:05Gathering the initial German period
40:07beginning in 9000 BCE saw more outdoor
40:10settlements with pit houses called
40:12Tatiana jukio and the beginnings of
40:14their cord marked
40:16Pottery the Nano B site contains over
40:19500 dwellings and excavations have
40:22brought to light over 400,000 items used
40:25by the initial or early Joan
40:28their proximity to the sugaru channel
40:30gave them the ability to sustain
40:32themselves through fishing allowing them
40:33to remain sedentary instead of migrating
40:36to follow food
40:37sources the early German period
40:40beginning in around 5,000 BCE saw a boom
40:43in population size and the increase in
40:46pit houses if the German did practice
40:49plant domestication it was most likely
40:51around this time but seems to have
40:53remained small scale the natsushima
40:56shell Mound was a miden or dump for the
40:59jman near the shores of the Pacific in
41:01the Kanto region of
41:03Japan fish bones shellfish like molusk
41:06shells and Botanical materials were
41:08found in the waste Mound new Pottery
41:11like storage jars and shallow bowls were
41:13made during the early German period laca
41:17Weare was made using laca from the laca
41:19tree and became more common during this
41:21time as well torama was another shell
41:24miden but also had a nearby settlement
41:28up to half of the German calories
41:30consumed here were from plant foods and
41:32there is evidence of smallscale plant
41:34cultivation as well hunting was of
41:37course also largely
41:39practiced one of their wild food sources
41:41was the Japanese wolf a now extinct
41:44subspecies of grey wolf a large part of
41:47the German diet during the early period
41:49was from plants subsisting on roots and
41:52grasses during the warmer months during
41:55the Autumn acorns Chestnut nuts and
41:57fruit were gathered hunting deer boar
42:01and wolves occurred mainly during the
42:03winter fish marine mammals and shellfish
42:06were also largely
42:08consumed though they practiced
42:10smallscale plant cultivation produced
42:13pottery and were semi-sedentary it
42:15wasn't until a later period that the
42:17German would learn larger scale rice
42:19farming from the mainland and even
42:21longer for Japan to become an
42:22Agricultural
42:25Society it took quite a while for Europe
42:28as well though farming had been
42:30introduced by the EF the early European
42:33Farmers the long transitional period
42:36after the upper Paleolithic until the
42:38Neolithic was called the Mesolithic or
42:40Middle Stone Age it was characterized by
42:44the new ways of life of the hunter
42:45gatherers in a post glacial Europe it
42:49continued until the Neolithic expansion
42:51which began in southeast Europe spread
42:54across the
42:55continent this meant different regions
42:57experience different Mesolithic time
42:59frames the most General time frame for
43:02all of Europe being between 8500 to 3500
43:06BCE Southeast Europe adopting
43:09agriculture relatively quickly after the
43:11upper Paleolithic barely had any
43:13Mesolithic period compared to Northwest
43:16Europe the Frank the cave in Greece
43:19occupied during the upper Paleolithic
43:21was abandoned during the cold period of
43:23the younger dras but was resettled
43:26afterwards
43:27these Mesolithic Hunters relied more on
43:29sea life like fish and
43:32mollusks deep sea fishing made tuner a
43:34major part of the diet around 7,000 BCE
43:39the caves show evidence of plant and
43:41animal domestication thought to be some
43:43of the earliest pieces of agriculture in
43:45Europe and possibly where the early
43:47European Farmers originated before
43:49spreading across
43:51Europe as stated earlier agricultural
43:54diffusion in this region was most likely
43:56by pre Pottery Neolithic Farmers from
43:58the near East settling in these regions
44:01before spreading across Mesolithic
44:03Europe the Mesolithic might seem similar
44:06to the upper Paleolithic but the hunter
44:08gatherers in this post glacial
44:10environment had to adapt to different
44:12survival
44:13strategies they had more than just the
44:15cold open Tundra and now established
44:18themselves near the coasts or by lakes
44:20or the Deep European
44:22forests they continued migratory
44:24patterns in search of food sources
44:27relying more on Hunting than Gathering
44:29using larger animals for protein and
44:31adding smaller game like otters and
44:33beavers for their
44:34fur the era culture practiced in Denmark
44:38around the same time as the larger lbk
44:40and cardium cultures settled away from
44:42the dense forests and took advantage of
44:45marine life on the beaches and Shores
44:47hunting and trapping numerous bird
44:50species in Britain one of the most
44:52informative Mesolithic sites is Star Car
44:55in North Yorkshire it has often been
44:58compared to the Neolithic Stonehenge in
45:00importance a structure we will discuss
45:02in our next Mega
45:04documentary it was settled around 9300
45:07BCE as sea levels were still slowly
45:10rising and Britain was still connected
45:12to Mainland Europe back then the
45:15inhabitants of Star Car resided near a
45:17Paleo lake called Lake
45:19flixton the site is so significant as
45:22Britain's oldest structure was found
45:24here along with Organic Red Deer
45:26headdress and Tool kits well preserved
45:29in the water logged Pete normally only
45:32the lithic or stone tools
45:34survive toolkits also changed from the
45:38Paleolithic microlithic technology
45:40evolved along with
45:42watercraft small boats made with wooden
45:45skins were used to travel across
45:46substantial bodies of
45:50water roughly around the same time as
45:52the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Eurasia
45:55the Americas experienced a Transit of
45:57their own the Paleo Indian period
46:00transitioned with the warmer weather
46:03meapa were less numerous and early
46:05Americans changed their hunting
46:06strategies tailoring them to their
46:08respective regions leading to different
46:11cultural
46:12traditions this new period was called
46:14the archaic beginning in around 8,000
46:17BCE lasting for thousands of years more
46:20the archaic was also experienced
46:22differently in each region on the
46:25plateau of present day United uned
46:27States just west of the plains climate
46:29warmed and became wetter allowing large
46:32Conifer trees to grow creating lakes and
46:35forests the archaic peoples living in
46:37the region adapted subsisting on smaller
46:40forest animals like deer rabbits maruts
46:43and different
46:44birds in the Rocky Mountains
46:47specifically the Helen looking Bill site
46:49in Wyoming archaic Hunters would gather
46:51to create tools to use from nearby
46:53courtz site and church
46:55sources from this campsite they hunted
46:58Mountain prey like mountain sheep and
47:00porcupines and traveled down to the
47:02plains for bison the main antagonist of
47:05the Bison though were those who lived
47:07and hunted on the
47:08plains the Clovis culture had
47:11transitioned into the fome which used
47:13different projectile tips often using
47:15bison bone the falam and later Plano
47:19cultures would dominate The Plains and
47:21even spread well into
47:23Canada those in the Southeast seem to
47:25Value Stone sources is more than
47:27anything highquality Stone was often
47:30brought over substantial distances from
47:32the interior to camps on the
47:35coasts nearby would provide
47:37archaeologists with arguably one of the
47:39most stunning and important discoveries
47:41ever in the early 1980s on the eastern
47:45coast of Florida wind over Farms a new
47:47luxury housing development was being
47:50built during the digging of a Muk Pond
47:53one of the crane operators noticed a
47:55sight of concern there were human skulls
47:58in his crane believing this to be a
48:01recent murder the authorities were
48:03called but after examining the skull's
48:06teeth it became clear these didn't
48:08belong to any human of modern
48:11society initial estimates were that
48:13these people lived around 1500 BCE but
48:16radiocarbon dating placed the bones back
48:19to over 7,000 years ago during archaic
48:22North
48:22America further excavations would reveal
48:25the remains of 168 people all well
48:28preserved in the
48:30Pete this Pete was airtight protecting
48:33the remains from Decay from the air and
48:35wasn't acidic like most Pete but
48:37neutral archaeologists quickly realized
48:40this was a
48:41cemetery The Remains were from all ages
48:44from infants to around 60 the
48:47preservation of the bones and Grave
48:49Goods like toolkits and fabric has given
48:51archaeologists invaluable knowledge of
48:53the ways of life in archaic America the
48:56there is evidence of conflict some with
48:58skull fractures and one with a spear
49:00Point embedded in the
49:02pelvis a 15-year-old boy with
49:04spinabifida most likely paralyzed from
49:07the waist down was buried here as well
49:10this demonstrates that his hunter
49:12gatherer Society was committed to his
49:14survival for the long
49:16term While most of North America hunted
49:19the Southwest gathered the peoples of
49:22the Great Basin and the deserts of the
49:24Southwest and Northern Mexico mainly
49:26relied on semi-domesticated plants like
49:29the prickly pear cactus and other small
49:32cacti continuing into meso America we
49:35have found evidence of plant cultivation
49:37early in the
49:38archaic by 7,000 BCE teos cinti a wild
49:43grass was domesticated into an early
49:45form of maze a food which would spread
49:47from there into Northern and South
49:49America becoming the most important crop
49:52but South America independently produced
49:55agriculture on their own as well maybe
49:57even
49:58earlier there is evidence the Las Vegas
50:00culture in Ecuador produced their own
50:03squash and arrow Roots South America
50:06along with the near East China and their
50:08Mesoamerican neighbors are one of the
50:11four earliest independent practitioners
50:13of agriculture in the
50:14world in the Andes present day Peru and
50:18Bolivia the potato was first
50:20domesticated with estimates anywhere
50:22from 8 to 5,000
50:25BCE to the East there is another
50:28proposed region of the world where
50:29agriculture developed
50:31independently this is the Amazon basin
50:34and Remains the most mysterious region
50:36of South
50:37America cassava or manoch was
50:40domesticated here by 7,000 BCE or
50:43earlier Rock shelters in the Amazon
50:46changed archaeologists understanding of
50:48this region as it shows humans had
50:50reached here much earlier than
50:52previously thought today the Amazon
50:55contains the largest number of
50:57uncontacted tribes on
50:59Earth though we're at the end of this
51:01documentary we are far from through with
51:03this period there are many more themes
51:06to go over so join us in a bit as we
51:09delve into part two of our eight-part
51:11Deep dive through
51:25prehistory
51:26[Applause]

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