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Literature Review Process 3/3 Documentation APA Style توثيق المراجعات والمصادر من الادبيات العلمية — Transcript

by Ashraf Elsafty (Prof. Ashraf Elsafty) · 2,048 words · 268 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:01welcome your honors
0:03in this episode, we will discuss writing using the APA format
0:09as one of the essential components of documentation
0:12or one of the major alternatives of documentation
0:14as a component of the literature review
0:16we agreed that literature review is
0:18identification, evaluation, and documentation
0:22documentation can happen by more than one format
0:26what we are going to discuss and try to use now is the APA format
0:33how we can write using it?
0:34let's see an example here
0:36the researcher is writing, for instance,
0:39measuring organizational performance should be
0:51linked to employee performance
0:59I am writing a temporary and approximative text
1:01to make it clear for you and bring closer the image
1:03and the idea of using the APA format
1:08what else can he say? for instance
1:12linking employee performance with organizational
1:25performance is a key to success
1:34therefore, we should start by measuring employee satisfaction
1:47This is only an example of the way of writing
1:49here, we ask the researcher,
1:52is this your own original words?
1:56if he says yes, this is my own words
1:59how can he say it?
2:01as long as the researcher did not say
2:03to whom these words belong, we consider them his
2:05this is considered yours as a researcher
2:07if it is not, you will face problems of plagiarism
2:13what does it mean?
2:16illegal citation, what does it mean?
2:19it means you have taken words, texts, content
2:23or ideas from others and you did not mention it
2:26how can I say that these ideas are not mine?
2:30let's discuss it part by part
2:32the first step when you said measuring organizational
2:35performance should be linked to employee performance
2:38are these your own words?
2:39no, they are not
2:41this is an idea taken from somebody else
2:44from who did you take it?
2:45you took it, for instance, from Ahmed Yasser
2:51what should we write here?
2:53we should write Yasser, when did he write it?
2:58for instance, 2011
3:01then we close the brackets then put comma or full stop
3:05and the text that follows?
3:06that is my own evaluation
3:10good, you started adding your own evaluation
3:13what is this step called? this is called citation
3:18citation means that I have read the work of Yasser
3:22this is the last name, his name is Ahmed Yasser
3:24I have read Yasser's work, from which I could understand this
3:27I mean, we won't find this text in Ahmed Yasser's work
3:29and what are we going to find?
3:30we will find a paper of 10 to 20 pages whatever
3:35what I understood from it as a researcher, I wrote it here
3:38this is my own understanding
3:40however, I took this next sentence, this one for instance,
3:44we should start by measuring employee satisfaction,
3:46we should put quotation marks
3:50I took it from another author
3:53for instance, the author Mohammed Ahmed
3:59so we write Ahmed, and he wrote it in 2015
4:11bracket and full stop
4:13what do we call this? this is called quotation
4:17quotation in the APA format, has many details
4:19found in most of the books and guides
4:22it should not exceed 40 words for the reference
4:25here I did a quotation which means I liked the text
4:29did I copy and paste it or write it?
4:32it doesn't matter
4:33even if the software used by the examiner to test,
4:38says that this is copy and paste
4:40and this is handwritten
4:41it will not matter to us
4:42but if you took this quotation without mentioning the reference
4:46and wrote it as if it is your own words
4:49then here we have a plagiarism case, Illegal citation
4:53how can I avoid it?
4:54by using quotes at the beginning and the end
4:56as well as writing the last name
4:58his name was Mohammed Ahmed and the date
5:02pay attention that punctuation here has a role
5:04for instance, if we place a period here there can be a problem
5:10and we place a period here then we have two problems
5:13in fact, there can be four problems here
5:15first, you didn't mention this citation's author
5:18because you completed the sentence by putting period
5:21it was not associated to any in-text citation at all
5:27you did not mention who
5:28after that, you mentioned an author
5:30and these are not his words, as if they are all connected
5:34you mixed Yasser's and Ahmed's words
5:37and here also, you didn't mention who wrote this quotation
5:40because the period finished the sentence
5:42also we have an in-text citation
5:45you didn't say what you have taken from
5:47so it is possible, with a simplified way,
5:49you take here 1% mistake, 1% here, 1% here and 1% here
5:54which result in around 4% error
5:56what rate does the university
5:58to which I submit the research, accept?
6:01it depends on them
6:03it can be 5% or 10%
6:0620%, 30% and some universities require 0% mistake
6:10and this calculation of mistakes is it 1, 2, 3, and 4? no
6:14the engine testing may consider these as 20% mistakes
6:20you can't decide if this is 1% no, it can be considered as 2 or 3%
6:26and it can be accumulated
6:28calculating the mistakes is not linear
6:31it can be magnificent and grow in a non-linear way
6:36have we finished? let's remove this period and this one
6:42now we have a correct in-text citation and quotation
6:47have we finished? no, at the end of the document in the APA format
6:51as if this is the end of the document, I will write references
6:55and state details of each one of the references
6:59for instance, we took from Ahmed Yasser
7:01first, we write Yasser his last name,
7:04Ahmed with a capital A. and when he wrote it
7:09let's see up here, Ahmed Yasser
7:13he wrote it in 2011, we write 2011 here
7:18close the brackets then full stop
7:20I will leave some simple mistakes
7:21to teach you how to do it in another way
7:24what did he write? for instance, this is the title
7:27measuring employee performance
7:32in which journal? journal of management science
7:40how long was this paper?
7:42if it is 15 pages it was from 300 to 315
7:48in the papers, we do not mention which page
7:50we mention the whole number of the paper
7:53fine, did we finish? almost
7:56great,
7:58I can forget this method
8:00in fact, no one mention it, neither APA format, IEEE, ISO, or Chicago
8:05but what they do?
8:07no, you are writing in your own office or where you study
8:13you can use the guides to help you
8:17but the guides are manual, I can forget something
8:20can I automate that?
8:21yes we have two big programs that help you with this
8:24one is called End Note and this is a paid one
8:28some universities may give account to every researcher or student and so on
8:33another one called Mendeley that you can add to word
8:38and I can even show you how
8:39when you add it to Microsoft word you will have it
8:42as an option in the part of references, here it is
8:48I can use Mendeley to automate this process
8:55if you can not have END NOTE because it is a paid
8:59and Mendeley can be complicated in the beginning
9:04I will show you how to do automation using Microsoft
9:08I will delete all this, ctrl x
9:13and I will delete these in-text citation and quotation
9:18I will delete Ahmed Yasser from here
9:21and Mohemmed Ahmed
9:25here at the references
9:27you will not have this part only if you have Mendele
9:30you fill to have this part
9:32first, adjust the style you will use to write with
9:35scientific format you will use
9:37here we have more than one scientific format APA, Chicago,
9:41GB, GOST, HARVARD, IEEE, ISO, MLA and so on
9:45and Turabian here
9:47adjust the format required by the university
9:50in our example, we are using APA format
9:54insert citation, add new source
10:00I will add a new source to use
10:02what is this source? here you have them all
10:04book, book section, journal article, article in a periodical
10:09conference, report, website, document,
10:12there are alternatives for all the references you may use
10:16let's focus on our most important alternative
10:18journal article
10:20the author is Ahmed Yasser,
10:28his title is measuring employee performance
10:33great, what is the name of the journal?
10:35journal of management science for example
10:38just an example with sample keywords of the fields
10:46what year? 2011
10:49pages from 300 to 312 or 315
10:54is there an option to put other fields?
10:56in fact, yes there are many details you can add
10:57the city, website, publisher, volume, standard number
11:04short title, URL, DOI
11:06which is the symbolic unifying number to any published paper
11:11we do not need that now
11:13I click on ok
11:14it adds the reference, Yasser 2011,
11:18shaded as if it is hyperlink, but I put it in the wrong place
11:23it should be added before the word linking
11:29performance, here it is all the time in the document
11:35insert citation I added it here comma and continue
11:44great, let's repeat again
11:47one more time insert citation
11:49add new source, journal article
11:52we said, Ahmed Mohammed,
11:58I used these names on purpose to use them right now
12:02factors that affect employee satisfaction
12:12in the journal of business performance
12:25the year was 2015
12:28or even 2016
12:30pages from 200 to 230
12:34click ok and here we have Ahmed
12:38pay attention not to forget that it is not only about quotation and citation
12:43your evaluation that is in the middle is very important
12:46evaluate on what basis
12:47the last episode we talked about the problems
12:50variables, major, minor, claim, nine elements, stakeholder analysis
12:55all these details, without that, you will have plagiarism
12:58even though the format is good
12:59pay attention because this happens a lot
13:04but you have a problem because this line is deleted
13:08the researcher is not a researcher anymore he becomes a searcher
13:12there is no evaluation
13:13as if he is doing identification and documentation
13:17there is no evaluation
13:19there should be your own evaluation along
13:22with the criteria of evaluation in the research books
13:25which we talked about in brief before the last episode
13:28I have finished
13:30in-text citation, quotation, brackets, and everything is good
13:34my document has 100 or 150 pages
13:38and there are 100 or 200 references
13:41how am I supposed to do
13:44the reference list?
13:45it will be done automated
13:47under style APA, we will choose the option
13:51you will have something called bibliography here
13:54references, works cited
13:56we chose references and here it is done automatically
14:02but pay attention it will be at the end of the document
14:11of our research, be it a paper thesis or whatsoever
14:16and here at the end of the document
14:21but how does Ahmed come before Yasser
14:23even if I mentioned in the document Yasser then Ahmed
14:29in the APA format, the order goes
14:33according to the last name, with alphabetical order
14:38here, it is alphabetically ordered for the last name
14:43what was the last name here? Mohammed Ahmed
14:45then Ahmed is listed first
14:47but I have mentioned Yasser first, no
14:49Yasser will come second
14:51respecting the alphabetical order of the last name
14:54the same thing I have done manually
14:56but pay attention here, for instance
14:57I have manually put a comma, it should be a period
15:02and the name of the journal is written in italic
15:04here it is
15:07and if it is a book? it will be the name of the book
15:12written in italics
15:14and the name of the publisher or publishing house regular
15:18how can I know all that? try
15:21try all this
15:22you will find in any research book, the different formats
15:25there is more than one guide online you can search
15:29but you can find all the ideas in your book
15:33here I have used the most important example
15:37which is the papers
15:38if there is more than one author ? we will do it differently
15:40if there is more than one author and book ? another different way
15:44in a conference is different from in a paper in journal and so on
15:48this episode focused in first place,
15:52on start making documentation
15:54using one of the writing formats in scientific research
15:59and I used here the APA writing format
16:04thank you so much, goodbye

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