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Linguistics part 2 : Animal language Vs Human language — Transcript

by HM English · 1,992 words · 300 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:02[Music]
0:05good afternoon good evening students I
0:07hope we're doing good welcome back to
0:09the channel today we are going to carry
0:11on with linguistics for first-year
0:13students last time we have spoken about
0:15the language in general we have spoken
0:19about linguistics language versus
0:21language and also the origins of
0:23language that was quite very important
0:25now we move to another lecture that is
0:28about as you can see animal
0:30communication versus human communication
0:32we are going to make a comparison
0:34between the two and of course we are
0:38going to do our best in order to
0:41distinguish between the two you and try
0:43to spot the difference the main
0:44differences and the main similarities if
0:46it is found of course before I start
0:50please leave a like on the Facebook page
0:51of this channel in order to be notified
0:53whenever I post something new and also
0:56subscribe if it's not done that would
0:57encourage me to do more and also to be
1:00notified whenever I post something new
1:02as well if you are looking for other
1:03videos concerning civilization or
1:06literature you can find them on this
1:08channel you just have to go to videos
1:11playlists and you will find them
1:12organized as well you will find
1:14civilization British both British and
1:16American and also literature both
1:18British and American now we start with
1:21the our lecture before I start with
1:25animal communication that just start
1:26with a small definition of this
1:29communication animal communication some
1:34define it as a process of sending
1:37communicative signals from animals or
1:39from one animal to another or a group of
1:43animals to another group it is not
1:48necessary to have only one animal trying
1:50to communicate but you can have a group
1:51trying to communicate with another group
1:53or with another animal the sender target
1:58of I mean the sender targets a specific
2:01receiver which means if a dog is trying
2:06to communicate it would talk
2:10get another dog and not a cat a dog
2:13cannot communicate with a cat this is
2:17universal and you have to know that now
2:20without being said we will move to how
2:23do animals communicate way of
2:25communication we have approximately four
2:28four ways of communication for animals
2:33we have acoustic signals visual signals
2:36chemical signals and electrical signals
2:39for the acoustic signals I explained
2:42they are verbal which means they can be
2:43heard for example birds communicate
2:46between each other through verbal
2:48signals perhaps tweeting all the other
2:51birds can understand that kind of
2:53communication dogs as well dogs
2:55communicate between each other through
2:58barking cats as well horses as well and
3:02wolves wolves usually they whole in
3:04order to communicate with other wolves
3:07of the pack for example we have visual
3:10signals this is quite important like the
3:12bees bees do not have to communicate
3:14through verbal signals all they had to
3:18do is to do some specific gestures in
3:21order to send messages or signals to
3:24another group of bees for example and we
3:27have compared chemical signals chemical
3:30signals such as ends they release a
3:34chemical substance on the ground for
3:36example and another group of ants would
3:39let's say you recognize that chemical
3:42substance and they would react to the
3:44message or to the signal and finally we
3:47have electrical signals which are mainly
3:50used by aquatic animals for example
3:53dolphins or whales they communicate
3:56through electrical signals I hope this
3:59is clear for now because obviously it is
4:02easy to understand these stuff now we
4:04move to the characteristics of animal
4:07communication which is start way the
4:10purpose the purpose with or the purpose
4:12of the animal communication is either
4:15for food warning in case of a danger and
4:19mating
4:21and second characteristic is what was
4:24what we we define it for being limited
4:28which means it is not productive I
4:31exemplify if we take a dog of 1760 for
4:37example that dog would communicate with
4:40other dogs in the same way that a dog of
4:452019 which means this kind of
4:48communication or the communication for
4:50animals does not change it does not
4:54improve right
4:57it is also instinctive I mean dogs are
5:02born with the capacity of communicating
5:06they did not have to learn communication
5:09but they knew you already how to
5:10communicate this is instinctive and
5:13removed to a the fourth characteristic
5:16which is specific species like I said
5:20before dogs can only communicate with
5:23other dogs a dog never communicate with
5:26a whale for example the or the fifth I
5:31think it's the fifth yeah it's the fifth
5:34characteristic it is stimulus dependent
5:38a stimulus it is it's like you're giving
5:43a reason this is a stimulus loosely
5:47dependent it means the animal depend on
5:52that stimulus I exemplify to understand
5:55you have a dog for example a pet a cat
5:59or a dog so this dog whenever it is
6:04hungry it has to communicate with its
6:07owner in order to get food which means
6:10the stimulus is hunger whenever there is
6:14hunger the dog has to respond by
6:17communicating or will have a certain
6:21communication between the dog and its
6:23owner for example the dog barks whenever
6:27it is hungry so the owner gives it food
6:30this is about stimulus dependent
6:32stimulus is hunger dependent is the fat
6:34that the dog has to communicate to get
6:38food from its owner even outside
6:40whenever they are they are strayed they
6:43have to communicate whenever they are
6:45hungry in order to get food are either
6:48with other animals or strangers anyways
6:52this is the characteristics of the
6:55animal communication now we move to the
6:57human communication the first
7:00characteristic which is the most
7:02important one according to me it is
7:04productivity and creativity this is very
7:08important you see productivity humans
7:10create new words and new expressions I
7:15mean they describe new objects and new
7:21situations for example internet or
7:23mobile internet if you go back to the
7:251700s the word did not exist so humans
7:29created the word in order to describe a
7:34new invention even children for example
7:37children create their own language to
7:40communicate with their parents for
7:41example and the most important thing
7:45about creativity is the fact that we
7:47have such limited number of sounds we
7:51humans can produce a limited number of
7:53sentences this feature cannot be found
7:56in the animal communication of course
8:01this is the first characteristic the
8:04second characteristic is stimulus free
8:07remember the animal communication we
8:10have stimulus dependent which means
8:12whenever there is a stimulus the dog has
8:14to communicate or the animal in general
8:16the animal has to communicate but for
8:19humans whenever there is a stimulus a
8:22human being can choose not to
8:24communicate I give a very easy example
8:26in order to understand for example as a
8:30human being a person is hungry right so
8:33this person who for example his sitting
8:37with a group of friends so this person
8:39is hungry he can or they can decide not
8:43to tell the others that I am hungry
8:47there is a stimulus I am hungry but I
8:49don't say it I just keep it to myself
8:51when I go home I can eat and satisfy the
8:55hunger this is a difference animals when
8:58there is a stimulus they have to
8:59communicate otherwise they're not
9:01animals but whenever we're talking about
9:05humans whenever there is a stimulus we
9:07can choose not to communicate this is a
9:10second characteristic the third
9:11characteristic is context dependent
9:14alright this is quite important humans
9:18produce language according to the
9:22context which means they communicate
9:24according to the context or the
9:25situation which means when and where for
9:28example we do not use the same language
9:30in a party or in a funeral you cannot
9:35act happy in a funeral so you are
9:38dependent to the context you are obliged
9:41to the context you are linked to the
9:44context so this is the third
9:47characteristic like I said the best
9:49example that you can give is the party
9:51in the funeral we use different language
9:53now another characteristic the fourth
9:57one that is quite important is called
10:00displacement right which means when
10:04where we communicate for example humans
10:10can indicate time they can talk about
10:13past present or future
10:15but the animals cannot do that the
10:18animal let's say a reasoning or the
10:21animal communication is limited to here
10:23and now and like humans humans can refer
10:27to past and future and even present
10:30right this placement or this
10:35characteristic permits humans to talk
10:36about different things in different
10:38places as well a dog for example cannot
10:42communicate the fact that he was or it
10:44was in the garden right but a human
10:48being can talk about something that has
10:51happened to them a long time ago ten
10:54years fifteen years ago right this is
10:56called displacement another
10:58characteristic which is called
11:01cultural transmission you remember when
11:06we talked about when we talked about the
11:07animal communication we said that it is
11:09instinctive which means they were warned
11:12knowing how to communicate humans are
11:16not like that humans acquire language in
11:20a culture with other speakers and they
11:23do not get the language from parental
11:26genes humans are born with a
11:29predisposition to acquire a language a
11:32predisposition to acquire a language
11:35what however humans are not born with
11:38the ability to speak a specific language
11:41for example you have a baby who is was
11:43just born that baby cannot speak English
11:47directly but that baby with time he has
11:53the capacity or he is able or he can
11:59learn how to speak a language but babies
12:02or humans are not born knowing how to
12:05speak a specific language this is why we
12:09call it the cultural transmission we
12:11transmit the language or the way of
12:13communication from a generation to
12:17another in the society through culture
12:21this is how we learn a language we are
12:23not born with a language and then we
12:27have arbitrariness our betweenness is
12:31quite important in terms of
12:35characteristics of human language
12:37well arbitrariness means that or it
12:41means the fact that there is no natural
12:44relationship between a world and the
12:47meaning it describes which means the
12:54meaning is arbitrary
12:56for example we
13:00have the word pen right if we call the
13:06the object pen it's not because the
13:09object makes it the noise of ten just
13:12like we said before or no my topic words
13:15onomatopoeic words just to refresh your
13:18memory there are words that describe the
13:25sound they make for example we have the
13:28word knock knock describes exactly
13:32knocking on the door these are called
13:35onomatopoeic words but not all words are
13:39onomatopoeic because some objects are
13:42noiseless just like the pen so we say
13:45the word pen is a result of a convention
13:48for example as linguists we decide to
13:52call I don't know a TV for example we
13:55decide to call it a book if we all agree
13:59from now on the TV is called
14:01a book this is arbitrary nice there is
14:03no relationship between the word and the
14:05thing it describes I hope it is clear
14:07for now and the right the last the last
14:11characteristic double articulation or
14:15what we call duality so human language
14:20is organized at two levels the first
14:22level is physical which we can produce
14:25for example endless sounds but there are
14:29meaningless units at another level
14:31meaning is produced through the
14:33combination of different sounds of
14:36course I hope this is clear for today if
14:40you have any kind of question concerning
14:42linguistics because I know that
14:44sometimes it is a little bit confusing
14:46feel free to ask questions in the
14:48comments below or contact me in the
14:49Facebook page of this channel I hope it
14:53is Cle I'm sorry I hope it is clear and
14:57um yeah so I tell you see you in the
15:03next video peace
15:05[Music]

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