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Lesson 13 Road to War — Transcript

by HaltomAPUSH · 3,466 words · 567 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:07[Music]
0:54I hope the United States will keep out
0:57of this
0:58War I believe that it will and I give
1:02you assurance and reassurance that every
1:05effort of your government will be
1:08directed toward that end as war broke
1:11out in Europe in 1939 President
1:14Roosevelt's private thoughts did not
1:16mirror his public pronouncements
1:18convinced the US would eventually enter
1:20another world war he decided to run for
1:23an unprecedented third term as president
1:26his skills forged by the political fires
1:28of the Great Depression and the New Deal
1:31Roosevelt believed he could best steer
1:33the ship of State in a time of immense
1:36crisis we look forward to a world
1:40founded upon four essential human
1:44freedoms the
1:46first is freedom of speech and
1:50expression everywhere in the world
1:54second is freedom of every person to
1:59worship God in his own way everywhere in
2:04the world the third is Freedom from Want
2:09the fourth is Freedom From
2:15Fear Roosevelt knew that the second
2:17world war would be a massive Do or Die
2:20conflict between the forces of
2:22totalitarianism and democracy Dr New
2:25Deal would have to become Dr wind the
2:28war
2:34[Applause]
2:38[Music]
2:40[Applause]
2:45when Hitler came to power in January of
2:481933 he blamed all of Germany's ills on
2:52three things he blamed it on the Versa
2:54treaty he blamed it on the Communist and
2:57he blamed it on the Jews and he set out
3:00to destroy all
3:02three now that meant he wanted War
3:06because only through
3:07War Could You remake the map of Europe
3:10and could you eradicate entire political
3:14and religious
3:15groups he built the finest army in the
3:18world he built the finest Air Force in
3:20the world he reoccupied the
3:21Ryland he forced the annexation of
3:24Austria and brought it into Germany then
3:28in 1938 hit demanded that Germany be
3:31allowed to Annex a part of
3:33Czechoslovakia British prime minister
3:35Neville Chamberlain fearing Another
3:37World War convinced the Czechs to give
3:40in it was a catastrophic
3:43miscalculation I believe it is peace in
3:46our
3:52time Britain had given in at Munich in
3:55order to try and prevent war and they
3:58had failed and so after Munich and after
4:01Hitler took over the rest of
4:03Czechoslovakia Britain came to the
4:05conclusion we have done everything we
4:07could now we are going to have to
4:13fight the war officially began Friday
4:16September 1st 1939 when Germany invaded
4:19Poland as a result of the German
4:21invasion Britain and France then
4:24declared war on Germany the US declared
4:27itself officially neutral
4:30[Music]
4:33the Germans innovated they developed
4:35something called Blitz Creek operational
4:37doctor they masked uh tanks artillery
4:40infantry in uh in one division uh they
4:43also added uh air power to this they uh
4:47put it in a uh command structure gave
4:50that guy the initiative and then let it
4:53go worked
4:55[Music]
4:57brilliantly by the summer
5:00of
5:011940 Germany had conquered Poland had
5:06conquered Norway Denmark Holland Belgium
5:10and France Britain was the only Power uh
5:14standing in the way of total German
5:17control of Western and Central
5:23Europe let us therefore brace ourselves
5:26to our
5:28Dy so bear
5:30ourselves that if the British Empire and
5:34its
5:35commonwealths last for a thousand years
5:38men will still
5:40say this was their finest
5:44to we must be the great Arenal of
5:49democracy for us this is an emergency as
5:53serious as War
5:56itself Roosevelt brings the United
5:59States to a position of all possible Aid
6:02to Great Britain short of actually
6:05entering the war November 1939 Congress
6:09passes uh Cash and Carry then September
6:121940 uh Roosevelt with an executive
6:15agreement with Churchill makes his
6:17destroyers for bases agreement then in
6:20March of
6:211941 Congress passes lendley and so we
6:25incrementally move closer and closer he
6:28understood long before before the
6:29American people did that the United
6:31States had to fight World War II he
6:33would have gotten us there one way or
6:36another when England asks us to enter
6:39this war she is considering her own
6:44future not everyone agreed with
6:46Roosevelt's policies Charles Lindberg
6:49and many others including members of
6:51Congress were strong proponents of a
6:53more isolationist policy there are
6:56different groups of isolations different
6:58uh combin Nations that for whatever
7:02reason wanted to stay out of European
7:05Affairs and did not see Germany as a
7:08direct threat because after all the
7:09Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean they're
7:11the two greatest anti-tank ditches in
7:13the world and they felt that we could be
7:16protected uh by those things but with
7:19Britain on the ropes and Russia fighting
7:22for her very life public sentiment
7:24shifted from isolationism toward helping
7:27the allies
7:29to this end Roosevelt met publicly with
7:32Churchill to declare a common purpose
7:35the Atlantic Charter meeting was held
7:37off the coast of Canada in August of
7:401941 and I think there are three reasons
7:43or three factors behind it first off
7:46this would be the first time that
7:48President Roosevelt and prime minister
7:51Winston
7:52Churchill would be able to meet face to
7:55face since they became the leaders of
7:57their two countries second both men
8:00bring their military staffs with them
8:03some very important military staff
8:05conversations took part at this meeting
8:09third you have the US and Britain
8:12issuing a joint statement of what they
8:15hoped the world would be like once the
8:17war was over that it would be a world
8:19free from Fear free from want free from
8:22aggression and I think what Roosevelt
8:24hoped this would be an emotional tie of
8:27the two countries that would bring up
8:29closer in step with Great Britain and
8:32that would help further to negate
8:36isolationist
8:37[Applause]
8:39Feelings by November 1941 the United
8:42States was on a virtual War footing but
8:45with all eyes focused on Europe it was
8:48an attack half a world away that sparked
8:51the Flames of War
9:04yesterday December 7th
9:081941 a date which will live in
9:13infamy United States of America was
9:16suddenly and deliberately attacked by
9:19Naval and Air Forces of the Empire of
9:25Japan Japan went to war against the
9:27United States because Japan and wanted
9:29raw
9:31materials Japan is an island nation it
9:34is a resource poor
9:36Nation even today Japan depends on
9:40shipping it depends on external
9:42resources for its oil coal and uh iron
9:46ore Etc all of those things that make a
9:48industrial power run but close by in
9:51Southeast Asia you had British Malaya
9:54with huge deposits of tin and production
9:57of rubber you have the duchy Indies with
9:59tremendous oil uh production uh these
10:03were materials Japan wanted now that
10:06Europe was at War Britain could not
10:08properly protect British Malaya the
10:11Dutch could not protect the Dutch East
10:13Indies there was only one policeman in
10:15that whole area that could possibly stop
10:18Japan from robbing the Dutch East Indies
10:21and British Malaya that was the American
10:23Pacific Fleet at Pearl
10:25Harbor by October 1941 the chap dersh
10:29decided that war was going to come was
10:32inevitable with us and therefore if it
10:35was going to come Japan would have to
10:37choose a timing of its
10:40coming now as far as why we got caught
10:43by surprise I think probably the the key
10:46factor was yes we knew Japan was going
10:49to war there was no doubt about that but
10:51we thought their attack would
10:54come in the southeast Asia area because
10:57after all that's where the Raw materials
11:02were tactically it it was a great
11:04success they caught the battleships
11:06there and then destroy a number of them
11:09operationally it was a failure because
11:12the decisive instrument for the conduct
11:14of Naval Warfare was not the
11:19battleship the aircraft carries a
11:21dominant instrument for the conduct of
11:22Naval
11:23Warfare strategically it was a failure
11:25also because one of the assumptions that
11:27the Japanese had was that Americans were
11:28weak
11:30that Americans lacked the moral fiber to
11:32fight the Japanese that was very wrong
11:35as a matter of fact nothing did more to
11:36unite the United States in the attack at
11:38Pearl Harbor I
11:41ask that the Congress declare a state of
11:46war between the United States and the
11:49Japanese
11:53empire in the wake of Pearl Harbor the
11:56United States declared war on Japan
11:59Germany Japan's Ally consequently
12:01declared war on the US almost
12:04immediately some American troops were
12:06flung into
12:07action we shipped out of Hulu on the 1st
12:11of December of
12:131941 and when we got word that Pearl
12:16Harbor had been hit the whole Convoy was
12:19diverted to Brisbane Australia so we
12:22were the first US troops on foreign
12:26soil uh
12:29that's from the outbreak of the
12:31war the Battalion was sent to Java to
12:36fulfill the commitment that FDR had made
12:39to help the Dutch defend the dutches
12:44Indies the Japanese were invading the uh
12:471st of March within 7 days where the
12:51Dutch decide to capitulate and on March
12:538th why capitulation orders came
12:57down to surrender to the
13:00Japanese that that was when we uh the
13:03war ended for
13:05us we went up to Burma to work on a
13:08railroad to link Thailand to Burma they
13:13use 61,000 Allied
13:17prisoners I weighed probably at least
13:20100 lb when I left
13:24bavia in September of
13:2742 and in May of
13:3143 I weighed 60 lb being a prisoner of
13:36war is like being thrown into to the
13:39biggest human lottery in the world you
13:42don't know what's going to happen in the
13:44draw and that's the way I looked at it
13:47you just got lucky in the
13:49[Music]
13:53draw all persons of Japanese ancestry
13:57both alien and non-alien will be
13:59evacuated from the above area by 12:00
14:01noon Saturday May 9th
14:041942 while some Americans were held
14:07prisoner by Japan many Japanese
14:09Americans were held prisoner at home in
14:11the United
14:13States after Pearl Harbor there was
14:15obviously a great shock in this country
14:18and there was genuine fear on the west
14:20coast that the Japanese might possibly
14:22invade there was hysteria and panic and
14:26when you combine that with the long
14:28history of anti Japanese sentiment you
14:30ignited this Firestorm of hostility
14:33toward people of Japanese
14:35ancestry we could only take what we
14:37could carry and most of us were carrying
14:40two suitcases or duffel
14:42bags they were tagged with the number
14:45basically treated like luggage put on a
14:48bus or a train and sent to what was
14:50called an assembly Center they were
14:53almost always at racetracks or Old
14:55County Fairgrounds so many people
14:58remember finding that their new home was
15:00in fact a hastily converted horse stall
15:03people were then transported to the more
15:05permanent War relocation Authority
15:08centers and there were 10 of those and
15:10they were almost always in desolate and
15:13remote
15:15locations nearly 100,000 Japanese
15:17Americans were confined during World War
15:20II in conditions that can at best be
15:22termed inadequate and at worst cruel and
15:27destructive ironically Japanese
15:29Americans served with great distinction
15:31in the armed forces one combat team
15:34became the most decorated unit in US
15:36military history for its size and length
15:38of surface the unit received over 18,000
15:42individual decorations for bravery 9500
15:45purple hearts seven presidential unit
15:48citations and 20 Congressional Medals of
15:51Honor but there were a lot of Japanese
15:53Americans who had deep wounds deep
15:56psychological wounds that have been C
15:59caused by the camps the sense of Shame
16:02this fear being associated with the
16:05Japanese Heritage and there were a lot
16:06of people who who thought the safest
16:08thing to do was to Simply blend in you
16:11know not have ties with anyone of
16:13Japanese ancestry never speak the
16:14Japanese language you know never try to
16:17teach your children anything about Japan
16:21you have to understand many of them were
16:22adolescence or children and so they
16:26could never quite cope with what had
16:28happened to them
16:29in terms of what it meant to be an
16:30American and what it meant to be of
16:32Japanese
16:33[Music]
16:41ancestry he was a famous dret man from
16:44Chicago way he had a pokey style that no
16:47one else could play he was the top man
16:49at his craft but then his number came
16:56up well the first and most dramatic
16:58thing to be said about mobilization is
17:00that it ended the depression the
17:01unemployment rate goes virtually
17:03overnight from 14 15% in 1941 to about
17:081% which effectively is is no
17:11unemployment at all it takes the war not
17:13all the policies of the New Deal finally
17:15to overcome this great deep protracted
17:18economic
17:20crisis we shall send you in ever
17:24increasing numbers ships planes tanks
17:28done that is our purpose and our
17:35pled the second thing is that the United
17:38States affects what was then called and
17:39has been known in the history books ever
17:41since as this production miracle that it
17:43produces War material on a scale of a
17:47quantity and a quality for that matter
17:49such as was virtually unimaginable in
17:51Warfare 40 billion bullets and thousands
17:55upon thousands of long range uh bomber
17:57aircraft uh completely outfits and
18:00deploys 16 million men in the Army uh
18:03millions of Tanks these production
18:05numbers are just astronomical the third
18:07characteristic of mobilization is that
18:09the United States is the only
18:11belligerent in World War II that managed
18:13not only to raise and equip a large
18:17scale Armed Force and in fact in the
18:19process heavily equip its allies but at
18:22the same time to raise civilian
18:24standards of living at home the
18:26availability of good jobs shifted
18:28populations from south to North East to
18:31West as people follow jobs to new homes
18:34one unusual aspect of the economic
18:36expansion was that it lifted
18:40everyone during the war opportunities
18:43opened up in agriculture uh again the
18:46the vast number of men employed in
18:49agriculture uh including um the Latino
18:53population left uh and joined the Armed
18:57Forces but because because of the great
18:59need for food to feed not only the
19:01American people but the soldiers
19:03involved in the war there was a
19:05tremendous need for labor and that
19:09provided increased opportunities for
19:11people primarily from Mexico to um find
19:14jobs in the United
19:17States because of the war effort and the
19:20Manpower needs of the country that
19:22opened up opportunities in defense
19:25Industries so jobs open up for Latina
19:28females in the defense
19:31Industries while minorities benefited
19:33from the economic boom discrimination
19:36persisted pay scales were not always
19:38equal and segregation and racial
19:40violence continued for African-Americans
19:44the struggle to gain access to defense
19:46industry jobs was absorbed into a larger
19:48campaign that called for a double
19:50Victory there was a feeling that you
19:53need to bring democracy at home as well
19:55as democracy abroad you need to fight um
19:58racism at home as well as fight against
20:01fascism abroad so the notion of a double
20:04V campaign was something that
20:06encapsulated the the goals of
20:09African-Americans it was initiated by
20:11the Pittsburgh Courier at the beginning
20:13of the war and became enormously popular
20:17as a way of unifying the black
20:20population to support the war but to see
20:23the war as a means to making social
20:26gains at home as the result of a landmar
20:28negotiation with black labor leader A
20:31Philip Randolph President Roosevelt
20:33issued executive order 8802 which
20:36ensured job access to
20:40African-Americans in some communities
20:43employers dislike to employ women in
20:46others they are reluctant to hire
20:49Negroes we can no longer afford to
20:52indulge such prejudices or
20:56practices Rock by my b
20:59there ain't going to be no war there
21:02ain't going to be no war over here women
21:06too flocked to the workplace to replace
21:08the 15 million men gone to the Armed
21:11Forces for me Defense work was the
21:14beginning of my emancipation as a woman
21:17for the first time in my life I found
21:19out that I could do something with my
21:21hands besides b a
21:24pie women got a taste of employment
21:27during the war um they liked the
21:31financial um
21:33rewards uh some of them liked the
21:36opportunity to do something besides um
21:39child care and and
21:42[Music]
21:49housework morale was really pretty good
21:52during World War II and one of the ways
21:55of coping whether it be with the
21:58separation from husband the increasing
22:01strain because of working all day and
22:04then having housework at night and on
22:06the
22:07weekends I think they cop with that
22:09because they really felt that they were
22:11contributing to a war that was the right
22:14War necessary
22:16[Applause]
22:20War but work did not make everything all
22:23right the war was a time of tremendous
22:25disruption in Family Life couples were
22:28separated children did not receive as
22:31much attention every family sacrificed
22:34in some
22:36way on Saturdays you would go around and
22:39pick up iron or uh any metal and bring
22:45it to a collection
22:48agency I had two uncles that fought
22:52mother was very close to her brothers
22:56and I know she worried very much about
22:59them and
23:01um uh was always tickled to death when
23:04we got a letter you know from one of
23:07them and that they were
23:09okay my mother had seven brothers and
23:13six of them served in World War I I
23:18remember U my mother saying that there
23:20were shortages many shortages during the
23:23war um and that people had to make do
23:26with what they had first couple years of
23:29World War II there immense Gardens that
23:32they put in and the bureau at Pine Ridge
23:35would just plow 40 50 acres and then
23:38people would go in and pick a plot and
23:41then they'd all be growing vegetables
23:43and it was all of a sudden you were
23:45solving some food problems but uh church
23:49services my father couldn't get enough
23:52gas to drive around and hold
23:54service the war was really hard on him
23:57but trauma
23:59of these caskets coming back having to
24:03console the family and and uh a lot he
24:08was football coach at Martin for two
24:11years so you know here were kids that
24:14just a couple of years ago he was
24:17teaching how to throw a football and
24:19they're coming back dead
24:22now so it gets I think very emotional
24:25for me to remember that
24:38the first foreign military attack on
24:40American territory since
24:421812 the most dramatic economic
24:44expansion in American history and what
24:47some have called the single greatest
24:49assault on the
24:51Constitution World War II resulted in
24:53enormous change on the American Home
24:55Front
24:59socially politically economically the
25:01United States was transforming a
25:03technological Revolution you know the uh
25:06microwave oven in your kitchen right now
25:07was developed during World War II search
25:10for submarines you've heard of Rosie
25:13derivator that transformed America the
25:15men went off to war women went to the
25:17factories when the war came to an end
25:20the men came back home the women went
25:21back into the kitchen however their
25:24daughters did
25:25not there was a migration of blacks out
25:29of the uh out of the South my parents
25:32moved out of Arkansas someone went to
25:34Chicago where the uh industry was
25:36booming and then others went to uh
25:39Berkeley and in the bay areas where they
25:41were building those Liberty ships and
25:42they used to brag how how many ships
25:44they could turn out a day ultimately
25:46this migration would be important uh
25:49certainly in the postwar period because
25:51many of those African-Americans would
25:53remain and thus would become a very
25:55important political voting group with in
25:58the northern and western cities it's
26:01during this period that that
26:03African-Americans become more integrated
26:06in American life even as many of the
26:09aspects of segregation continue World
26:11War II as a mobilization of the entire
26:14Society brought many African-Americans
26:16closer to the mainstream you know even
26:19in terms of being in the military even
26:21as a segregated military they were at
26:24least part of the same institution that
26:27was shaping the lives of so many
26:31Americans something like 25,000 Indians
26:34fought in World War II Indian people
26:36fighting for the United States
26:37government and in the process of that
26:40they changed attitudes it changed the
26:42attitudes of Indian people the federal
26:44government of bureaucrats in the
26:47throughout the entire
26:50world we have over half a million
26:53Latinos that participated in the war
26:56whether they were Puerto Rican whether
26:58they were Cuban or whether they were
27:00Mexican and they got a new sense of uh
27:06pride in being American they were being
27:09treated as
27:11equals if you were a soldier you
27:14followed orders and it didn't matter who
27:17you were What mattered was that you
27:20became part of a unit to fight the enemy
27:24and that you did everything in your
27:26power to make sure that you survived and
27:29you accomplished the mission
27:54[Music]
28:07[Music]
28:14[Music]

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