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Lecture 44- Coping, Experience, Demography and Psychological Variables — Transcript

by SWAYAM BHU · 2,231 words · 357 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:16Namaskar and welcome to lecture four of
0:20module 9 of the stress management
0:23course. This lecture focuses on coping
0:27mechanisms, past experiences,
0:30demographic and psychological factors as
0:33moderating stress tolerance of
0:36individuals. Here is a quick recap which
0:40gives a list of the factors which we are
0:43going to consider in this presentation.
0:48First of all, let us talk about coping
0:50strategies. Coping means an effort to
0:55bring the homeostesses back. Whenever an
0:59individual is confronted with a
1:01stressor, the equilibrium of his or her
1:05life gets disturbed.
1:08When the equilibrium is disturbed,
1:12it causes certain challenges for the
1:15individual which can manifest themselves
1:20in his physical health, work
1:22performance, psychological health and
1:26social relationships.
1:28In order to bring the optimum level of
1:31functionality and productivity back, the
1:34individual tends to take certain steps
1:38which can reduce the perception and
1:40experience of a stress and make the
1:43situation more manageable for them.
1:48So what happens that whatever we do the
1:51actions the steps the efforts whatever
1:54we take in order to reduce stress in our
1:57life are collectively known as coping
2:01strategies.
2:03These coping strategies can be divided
2:06into different kind of uh classes which
2:10we will discuss in further modules but
2:13for the time being we are taking up
2:16coping as a factor influencing the
2:19stress tolerance of an individual. So
2:22right now we are not going to study all
2:25the classifications and detailing of
2:27coping strategies which will definitely
2:30be done in later modules but we will be
2:34more focused about how picking up one or
2:37the other coping strategy can influence
2:41the experience and perception of a
2:43stress and the way we try to manage it.
2:48So here we have certain coping
2:51strategies like problem focused coping,
2:54emotion focused coping and social
2:57support seeking behavior.
3:00Problem focused coping means the act of
3:04identifying and resolving issues which
3:07are causing problems. So first of all we
3:09have to analyze the environment in which
3:12we are in and we try to see that which
3:15particular aspect of the environment is
3:17creating problem for us. Once we
3:20identify that particular part or issue
3:23we try to moderate it. We try to resolve
3:27it so that it should seize causing a
3:31stress to us. It can be done by
3:34restructuring of the environment or by
3:37simply removing some aspects of it which
3:40are supposed to cause a stress for
3:43individuals.
3:47Similarly, the second kind of coping
3:50strategies that one can adopt are known
3:53as emotion focused coping strategies.
3:57According to PenBBeaker,
4:00emotional expression is a valuable tool
4:03in processing and coping with the
4:06stress. How do we process information
4:09about stressors which are present in our
4:12life and how we try to cope with them?
4:16So if we try to manage our emotions in a
4:20better way, we try to regulate our
4:22emotions more efficiently, we can reduce
4:26the experience of stress up to a
4:29substantial level, bringing us back to
4:33our normal life and to our normal
4:38productivity level.
4:41This can also help enhancing the
4:43well-being of a person and assist in
4:48stress management.
4:50The third type of coping behavior
4:53focuses more on seeking social support.
4:56So if I'm not able to do it myself, can
5:00I ask others for help? Can I ask others
5:04for giving wise counsel to me so that I
5:08can take advantage of their experiences,
5:12their techniques and manage my life in a
5:15better way. Yes, this is the third
5:19effective way of coping with the stress.
5:22So what we do, we try to connect with
5:25others for emotional solace, practical
5:28assistance and stress relief. See what
5:31we are doing. We can ask others to give
5:35emotional solace. Means if I I feel very
5:38low, if I feel like crying, there may be
5:41someone else upon whom I can count. I
5:45can discuss my emotional state with the
5:48person and the person can help me
5:51uh in catharsis in releasing those
5:55pent-up emotions or in analyzing those
5:58emotions or in regulating those
6:01emotions. Then I can also ask for
6:03practical assistance. If I really have
6:06so much to do in a limited time, can I
6:10divide my work with others? Can I give
6:13it to someone else? Just the way we uh
6:17we take help of our househ helpers. If
6:21we have so many things to do in a
6:23limited number of hours, we try to all
6:27lot some work to others.
6:30So, so that they can assist us in doing
6:34our task successfully. And then
6:39we can talk to others. We can connect to
6:42others experiences in order to have some
6:46relief from the stress we are
6:48undergoing.
6:50You might have heard about cancer
6:53societies means societies of those
6:56people who at some time suffered from
7:00cancer and successfully
7:03overcame that. Now what they do they
7:06form a society and they try to provide
7:10emotional solace to those who are now
7:13undergoing
7:15uh treatment for cancer who have many
7:18many fears and anxieties in their mind
7:21regarding cancer and its treatments and
7:24its outcomes. So by connecting with
7:27others who have experienced similar kind
7:30of problems and were successful in
7:34dealing with them can provide us enough
7:37stress relief because it gives us a hope
7:40that we can also conquer the situation
7:44successfully.
7:46Then social connection is another way of
7:49social support seeking. For example, if
7:52we nurture the social bonds,
7:56if we nurture the ties, the emotional
7:58ties with others with significant people
8:02around us, we can have a feeling of
8:04belongingness and a feeling of support
8:08by perceiving that there are people to
8:11stand by me whenever I need them.
8:17Next is the life experiences. The
8:19experiences of past life have a great
8:24great impact on the stress tolerance of
8:27people. Normally it has been found that
8:30people who were exposed to a great
8:34magnitude of a stress in their past life
8:39somehow develop a kind of immunity
8:41towards stress perception and later on
8:45when they are confronted with stressful
8:48situations they find it easier to cope
8:51with them because they have experienced
8:53such kind of a stress or maybe more
8:56stressful situations in their past and
8:58they have dealt with them successfully.
9:01So now they uh have developed certain
9:05skills, certain techniques to deal with
9:08stressful situations. Moreover, now they
9:11have a sense of hopefulness, a sense of
9:14optimism that at the end of the day
9:17everything will be all right. There has
9:19been situations like that earlier also
9:22and they were resolved successfully. So
9:25again I will be able to do the same
9:27thing.
9:29On the other hand, people who had
9:31suffered from some kind of trauma
9:35which resulted in uh almost a breakdown
9:39of individuals emotionally, physically,
9:43socially
9:45may have a higher than usual perception
9:48of a stress. Whenever they are
9:51confronted with any kind of problem,
9:54they may perceive it disproportionately
9:58intense
10:00as compared to its actual intensity, its
10:04objective potential to uh present some
10:08harm to the person. So if there are so
10:11many traumatic experiences in the past
10:14life, even a small stressor can act as a
10:18precipitator for a full-blown panic
10:21attack.
10:24So basically it is the kind of life
10:27experiences, the way the person dealt
10:29with them and the kind of outcomes that
10:33the person had. All these three factors
10:37taken together
10:40decides how the person is going to deal
10:44with the stressful situations in future
10:47or how he or she will perceive the level
10:51of a stress in any situation in the
10:55future life. You know repeated exposure
10:58to stressors can lead to desensitization
11:02and increased stress tolerance.
11:05It happens in the same way as we saw
11:08that people living near the railway
11:12stations quickly get adapted to the loud
11:16noise created by engines of trains.
11:20Whereas if we go to railway stations and
11:23sit there for some time only,
11:27uh the sound produced by the engines,
11:30the loud, the sharp sound produced by
11:33them can be very disturbing and
11:36distracting for us. We may not want to
11:39stay there for a long period of time
11:41being exposed to those kind of intense
11:44sounds. But those who live there 24
11:48hours, carry out their life near railway
11:52stations or near railway tracks quickly
11:55become immune to those kind of sounds.
11:59So if the same stressor comes again and
12:02again repeatedly
12:04this is going to make the person immune
12:08towards that stressor leading to
12:11decreased perception of a stress and
12:14increased tolerance towards it.
12:18Similarly we have talked about the
12:21traumatic experiences. So the traumatic
12:24experiences which were shattering which
12:28has which have shattered the
12:30self-concept of the person the physical
12:33and the mental well-being of the person
12:35usually brings the tolerance to a lower
12:40level as compared to what it was prior
12:43to the experience of that traumatic
12:46experience.
12:48It was also clear by the fact that many
12:51people who are unable to handle such
12:54traumatic situations successfully
12:57develops post-traumatic stress disorder
13:00which is identified by a high amount of
13:05a stress and anxiety responses
13:08in face of even minor stressors once
13:12they are faced with some sort of
13:14traumatic stress.
13:17Then the challenges and adversities of
13:20life somehow help in building resilience
13:24and increases a stress tolerance of
13:26people. So the challenges and
13:29adversities of life somehow help
13:32building resilience in people towards
13:35stress and they increases the level of
13:38tolerance towards stressful situations.
13:44If we consider demographic factors, we
13:47find age and gender to be important
13:50factors in bringing about differences in
13:55stress tolerance. However, there is no
13:58fixed pattern that can be adopted in all
14:02the context and which can suggest that
14:06people of a particular age range will be
14:09more comfortable dealing with stressors
14:12or there will be somebody
14:16belonging to a particular gender maybe
14:18males or females who are more
14:20comfortable and efficient in handling
14:22stress.
14:24The effect of these demographic
14:26variables are largely contextual. So
14:30males can show their stress tolerance in
14:33different context and females can do in
14:36different context. Similarly,
14:39when you go through different age
14:42groups, their stress tolerance appear in
14:46different kind of context. For example,
14:49children are usually
14:52uh resilient towards a number of things
14:54because their emotions are more fleeting
14:57than adults. They get into emotional
15:00states quickly and then they come out of
15:03them also easily. So they can simply
15:07manage to
15:09have experiences and then they simply
15:12forget about them or they learn to let
15:15them go. But it is not that easy for
15:17adults. However, children are more
15:21vulnerable to traumatic events. If
15:25something traumatic happens to them, it
15:27can have a much more strong impact on
15:30their mental health as compared to
15:33adults. So that is why it is important
15:36to keep in mind that demographic factors
15:39do not have a definite impact over
15:43stress tolerance. Rather their impact is
15:46largely contextual. It vary from one
15:49context to the other. May it be age or
15:53gender.
15:54Then if I talk about the psychological
15:57factors, self-efficacy, a concept
16:00proposed by Bandura is of immense
16:03importance. Self-efficacy refers to the
16:07belief individuals have in their
16:09capacity to overcome challenges. So the
16:12more efficacious I find myself, the more
16:16confident and comfortable I will be in
16:19entering into various situations which
16:22can be potentially stressful for many of
16:25us. And if I find myself lacking uh
16:29capacity to deal with those stressful
16:32situations successfully, I will try to
16:35avoid them. I will prefer not to enter
16:38into them. Okay. So self-efficacy is one
16:41big factor making differences in stress
16:44tolerance and then the capacity to
16:47manage emotions which is popularly known
16:49as emotion regulation mechanism which is
16:52a component of emotional intelligence of
16:56people managing identifying one's
16:59emotion and then managing it properly.
17:02This is a big factor causing differences
17:05in the capacity of stress tolerance. So
17:08people who can manage their emotions
17:10well can deal with the stress well and
17:13those who failed to manage their
17:15emotions quickly sinks into different
17:18kind of a stressful situation.
17:21So this is what we learned about the
17:23four factors and here is a recap.
17:27In this particular lecture we talked
17:30about four factors that can have a role
17:33in stress tolerance. First one of them
17:37was coping mechanisms.
17:39The more coping mechanisms are available
17:42to a person, the better he or she is in
17:46handling stress. So the stress tolerance
17:49would be more. Then the stress tolerance
17:53will also be affected by the kind of
17:56coping we are picking up. whether I'm
18:00interested in re-upraising
18:03the stressor cognitively or I prefer to
18:06work on my own emotional states or I
18:10quickly realize that I'm not alone able
18:13to handle it all. So let us turn towards
18:16other people who I can count upon for
18:20help for advice and for mentoring.
18:24Maybe I can ask for practical help as
18:27well. So coping mechanism was one big
18:30factor followed by the life experiences
18:34or the past experiences. Then we talked
18:37about demographic factors like age and
18:41gender. And finally we ended up talking
18:44about psychological factors that is self
18:47efficacy and emotion regulation
18:50abilities in moderating the ability of a
18:54stress tolerance of individuals.
18:59As always, here is a list of recommended
19:02books and articles that can enhance your
19:06knowledge further.
19:09You can go through them if you want to
19:12know more about these topics. Thank you
19:15very much for your patient listening.
19:17Thank you.

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