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Lecture 43- Role of Hardiness Traits and Cultural Differences in Stress Tolerance — Transcript

by SWAYAM BHU · 2,710 words · 469 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:16Namaskar friends. I'm Shubraha your
0:19course instructor and we are going to
0:22learn about the role of hardiness traits
0:25and cultural differences in stress
0:28tolerant which is lecture three of
0:30module 9 of the stress management
0:33course. So in this particular lecture we
0:36are going to learn more about the
0:40individual differences in stress
0:42tolerance and particularly about the
0:45hardiness trait and how it affects the
0:48perception of a stress and response
0:51towards stressful situation. Moreover,
0:55we will also examine the role of
0:58cultural context in which a person lives
1:04to see how this is going to moderate the
1:07perception and experience of a stress.
1:14Friends, the whole research around
1:17hardiness started with a basic question
1:21that if personality characteristics,
1:24neuroticisms,
1:26hostility, emotional instability
1:29can moderate the relationship between
1:32stress and the health outcomes such as
1:36psychosomatic illness problems and
1:40increase the risk of developing such
1:42illnesses. Can there be certain
1:46characteristics which again moderate the
1:49relationship between stress and
1:51psychosomatic illness but
1:55which can reduce the risk of developing
1:58health related outcomes instead of
2:00increasing the vulnerability towards
2:03them. With this basic question, people
2:07started looking for the factors which
2:09are capable of buffering the impact of a
2:13stress on a person's health. And this
2:16led to people to discover the hardiness
2:20traits.
2:22First of all, Kobasa with his
2:25collaborators conducted a study on 800
2:29American male participants and they
2:32tried to see if all of them are exposed
2:35to a certain level of stress, what
2:39happens to their physical and mental
2:41health.
2:42Kobasa found that among these 800 men,
2:47some of them developed a very intense
2:51health disorders, psychosomatic
2:54illnesses, hypertension, hypoglycemia,
2:57amma, uh coronary heart diseases and
3:00things like that. Whereas others were
3:03not so vulnerable towards these diseases
3:07and they actually developed very few of
3:10them.
3:12So Kobasa and his collaborators started
3:15looking for the differences in the
3:18personality of those who developed a
3:21number of health problems when exposed
3:23to chronic stress and those who didn't
3:26develop so many problems
3:29equally exposed being equally exposed to
3:32the stress for the same period of time.
3:36And they found that there are certain
3:39traits which they collectively termed
3:42hardiness.
3:43This hardiness is supposed to buffer the
3:46impact of stress on health by building
3:50resilience to stress.
3:53It also decreases the susceptibility of
3:56stress related health issues and the
4:00hardy individuals are found to focus
4:03more on their selfdevelopment,
4:05self-growth when they are trapped
4:08amongst problematic situations or
4:11stressful situations. They perceive them
4:14as opportunities
4:16to grow further to enhance their
4:18capacities instead of perceiving this as
4:22insurmountable problems which they may
4:26not be able to solve successfully.
4:30So, so what are the elements or traits
4:32of hardiness?
4:36Hardiness mainly comprises of three
4:38elements. The first one is known as
4:41commitment.
4:43And if you can see commitment means a
4:47sense of purpose and involvement in life
4:50activities. Means whatever I'm doing all
4:53these things are important. They are
4:56meaningful and the person feels involved
5:00in those kind of situations instead of
5:02being uninvolved or disengaged or you
5:06can say taking them carrying them
5:08mechanically.
5:11This particular sense of purpose, sense
5:13of involvement
5:15stretches itself in multiple domains of
5:18life including their work life that is
5:21their professional life. Then the
5:24relationships they have that means the
5:28social domain of life and finally the
5:30personal values. Whatever values they
5:33have they sincerely
5:36feel connected to those values they want
5:40to possess those values and want to
5:42reflect them act according to those
5:45values. Moreover, hardy individuals have
5:49strong commitment for what they do and
5:53they can find meanings in their
5:56experiences. If they experience
5:58something, they would like to reflect
6:00upon those experiences and they try to
6:03conclude or draw some meaningful
6:06inferences out of them which can be
6:09carried further to enhance their
6:12efficiency in future interactions in
6:15future situations.
6:17The second important element of
6:20hardiness is control. Now this control
6:24dimension refers to one's ability to
6:27influence the events and the outcomes.
6:31Whatever they are doing in whatever
6:34domain they are operating may it be the
6:36work life or the social life or any
6:39other kind of area they are busy with.
6:42They think that the desired outcomes are
6:46contingent upon their own actions
6:49instead of being regulated by some sort
6:52of external agent. This sense of control
6:57gives them a motivation to take
7:01proactive steps in order to modify the
7:04situations, modify the goals according
7:07to their wish, according to their
7:10requirement.
7:12And the third important element included
7:14in hardiness is challenge. Challenge
7:18means they are ready to challenge their
7:21comfort zone. We all have our comfort
7:25zone. Comfort zone means the activities
7:28in which we find ourselves comfortable
7:31doing or we think that we are capable of
7:34doing such activities effectively or the
7:37social settings in which we find
7:39ourselves very comfortable, very cozy,
7:42very congenial. On the other hand, there
7:45may be tasks which may feel challenging
7:47to us because we have never tried them
7:50or uh we perceive as if we lack the kind
7:54of abilities required to do those task.
7:57Maybe there are certain situations,
8:00social situations in which we are
8:02reluctant to enter into because we don't
8:04know how to handle them. So what happens
8:07that most of us prefer to be within
8:11their comfort zone but if we keep doing
8:14that what happens we fail to explore our
8:19potentials. We fail to enhance our
8:22potentials because we do not challenge
8:24ourselves. We do not push ourselves to
8:27new kind of activities and to enter into
8:30new situations which may ask you to
8:33adapt which may ask you to you to have
8:37some innovative thinking so that you can
8:39go through them successfully. So
8:42challenging oneself is again an
8:44important characteristic that hardy
8:46people have. So this is a concept of
8:49three C's. First C is commitment.
8:54Second control and the third is
8:57challenge.
9:00There has been much researches over
9:03hardiness in India.
9:06These researchers mainly focus on
9:09occupational stress. Of course, as we
9:12saw that Kobasa and his collaborators
9:14also started looking for hardiness
9:17traits working with American people in a
9:21particular organization. So the very
9:24first area in which people started
9:27looking for such kind of traits was work
9:29setting and therefore the studies
9:32related to occupational stress are many.
9:37Followed by educational sector where
9:40people find they try to find how
9:43students with hardiness traits can
9:46handle academic stress in a better way
9:50as compared to those students who do not
9:53have hardy traits in themselves.
9:57Following by the studies
10:00uh done with adolescence in the segment
10:03of developmental psychology and such
10:06studies focuses upon finding out how
10:09adolescence can resist undue pressures
10:13in their life by being hardy. If
10:16somebody is trying to push themselves
10:18towards drug addiction or smoking or
10:22alcohol consumption or any other kind of
10:25substance abuse or if people are there
10:28to encourage them to indulge into some
10:30sort of you know unsocial or antisocial
10:33behavior conduct behaviors related to
10:36conduct disorders such as rule breaking
10:39and things like that how much they can
10:42resist if they have hardiness traits in
10:45themselves. Then gender differences are
10:48also explored. Although the findings are
10:51far from being decisive, some studies
10:54report males to be more hardy, whereas
10:57other studies report females to be more
11:00hardy. Maybe there are separate context,
11:04different contexts in which males and
11:06females can express their hardiness
11:09traits. And finally, cultural
11:12differences among hardiness has al also
11:15been examined in various researches.
11:20If somebody has hardiness as a trait in
11:23his personality,
11:25the they have clear benefits over those
11:29who lack hardiness traits.
11:32How such individuals are uh having a uh
11:37cut
11:39What are the benefits which a person
11:42with hardiness trait can have over those
11:45who do not possess such characteristics?
11:48The benefits involve low perceived
11:51stress means being exposed to similar
11:55levels of stress. People with hardiness
11:57traits perceive the stress as less
12:00whereas people who lack such traits can
12:03come up with a situ with a perception of
12:06very high stress.
12:08Then people with hardiness traits can
12:11easily develop effective coping
12:13mechanisms as compared to their
12:16counterparts who lack hardiness. Then
12:20psychological distress is also reduced
12:22for people with hard hardiness traits.
12:26They experience enhanced resilience that
12:28is ability to answer back whenever they
12:32are confronted with problematic
12:35situations.
12:37They can do a positive appraisal of
12:39stressors means they can see an
12:41opportunity in all kind of problems. And
12:45finally, there are few cases of burnouts
12:49in people with hardiness traits as
12:52compared to those who lack hardiness.
12:58Moving on, we are going to focus upon
13:01the cultural differences in stress
13:04tolerance.
13:05Friends, you may remember that in the
13:07very beginning of module 9 which focuses
13:10on individual differences in stress
13:12tolerance, we highlighted many factors
13:16which can create such differences in
13:19which personality was there, hardiness
13:22was there, cultural differences was
13:24there.
13:26Besides that, past experiences, coping
13:29skills, demographic variables and
13:31psychological factors were also there.
13:34So continuing with this list, we are
13:37going to talk about the cultural
13:39differences, the role of socioultural
13:42meal, the role of particular
13:44socialization practices in modifying the
13:49stress tolerance of an individual.
13:53There are several mechanisms through
13:56which culture can manifest its effect on
14:00stress tolerance of a person. This may
14:03include the social support structures,
14:07whether there are whether there is an
14:10availability of social support network
14:12or not. Whether the social support
14:15network available is informal in nature
14:18or we have to sort professional help all
14:21the time. What kind of coping mechanisms
14:24are preferred in a particular culture?
14:28Whether they prefer primary control or
14:30secondary control means changing oneself
14:33according to the situation or changing
14:35the situation according to oneself
14:39or what kind of coping mechanism they
14:41want to adapt.
14:44Then cognitive appraisals how
14:46individuals perceive and interpret
14:49situational events which are stressful
14:52in nature. This is also largely shaped
14:56by their cultural experiences.
14:59Values and belief are another factor
15:03which are successfully and significantly
15:07moderating the relationship between a
15:10stressful event and the individual's
15:13experience and perception of this
15:15stress.
15:17How the individuals are tuned to respond
15:22to adversity,
15:24how they are going to interpret the
15:27stressful situation, everything is
15:30largely colored with their values and
15:33belief systems. And finally, the norms
15:37for emotional expression is another
15:41important factor which can create
15:44differences in people coming from
15:48different cultural backgrounds.
15:52In this table, I have tried to make a
15:56comparative analysis of what is
15:59happening in India against other
16:02cultures of the world which have been
16:05selected from different parts of the
16:07world. And of course they differ from
16:10Indian culture in terms of certain basic
16:13characteristics like individualism,
16:16collectivism, like uh uh you know
16:20dependence, interdependence and things
16:22like that. So if I try to compare India
16:26with other cultural settings with
16:28respect to social support, coping
16:31mechanism, cognitive appraisal, values
16:34and beliefs, emotional expression and
16:37potential stresses.
16:39You can have what we find. You can just
16:41see what we find.
16:43In India, we have enough social support
16:46and most of the support that we get is
16:49through the informal route. it is
16:52through the family members or the
16:55househel available to us. So mostly
16:58whenever we need help we rely on
17:01informal sources like our own family
17:03members, immediate family members or
17:06members of the extended family,
17:08neighborhood, relatives, peer group,
17:12household workers and people like that
17:15because there are strong emphasis on
17:19family and community ties. On the other
17:23hand, in highly individualistic cultures
17:26where the individual is of prime
17:28importance, individual's goal is more
17:32important than the collectivistic goals.
17:35People depend more upon professional
17:37help. So for each and everything they
17:41have to seek professional help. If they
17:44need child care for their young
17:47children, they may have to go to a crash
17:51or they may have to hire professional
17:53instead of uh requesting the
17:56grandparents or the uncle, aunts or the
17:59neighbors to keep the child for some
18:01time. This also happens but this is uh
18:05relatively
18:07less common practice as compared to what
18:10we see in India. Here this kind of
18:14informal support makes up the major
18:16chunk of social support system. Then
18:20most of the Asian cultures have a strong
18:22family and community ties. So we can uh
18:26expect the same thing happening there
18:29also as we find in India with respect to
18:32social support system. So if we look at
18:34Japan or China or even Latin American
18:38cultures like Mexico wherever the family
18:41ties are strong wherever the community
18:44or the culture is collectivistic
18:47emphasizing more on interdependence and
18:50responsibility towards each other. We
18:53can find easy availability of social
18:56support system which would be mainly
19:01informal in nature as compared to
19:03formal. Then as far as the coping
19:06mechanisms are concerned, Indians are
19:09very much uh
19:12Indians usually rely on spirituality,
19:15acceptance of the situation and changing
19:17oneself towards it towards the situation
19:21according to the situation and seeking
19:24family support to manage all the
19:27problematic situations they are in.
19:30Whereas highly individualistic cultures
19:33can f emphasize more on the problem
19:36focused strategies of uh managing
19:40stress. That means they will uh try to
19:43work upon the problem itself. Instead of
19:47adjusting oneself according to the
19:49situation they would try to modify the
19:52situation according to one's own need.
19:56And if they face problems, if they face
20:00stress which is not uh easily
20:03manageable, then they would turn their
20:06faces towards seeking professional help.
20:08So they will simply go to a counselor or
20:11a therapist. But in India, it is still a
20:14rare behavior, an uncommon behavior that
20:16for managing stress of daily life, we
20:20consult a psychotherapist or a
20:23counselor. Instead, we talk to each
20:25other. We talk to our elder family
20:27members and we try to uh take guidance
20:30from them. Okay. Then in East Asian
20:35culture we find social harmony. Um they
20:39try to maintain uh their good family
20:43ties, good societal ties. It is
20:46important to observe restraint in
20:49expressing emotion. And similarly in a
20:52country like Mexico their emotional pro
20:58their problem solving skills are more
21:01focused upon managing emotions. Emotion
21:05regulation is the prime element of their
21:08problem solving skills. They also draw
21:12social support heavily.
21:15In terms of cognitive appraisal, you can
21:17also find differences. In India,
21:19influence of k
21:22observing dharm or religion. Then
21:25potential of tolerance for ambiguity or
21:28uncertainity is very high.
21:30Individualistic cultures usually prefer
21:33having personal control over the
21:35situation and the other two cultures can
21:39have primarily focus on the social
21:43harmony and social expectations. So
21:47their emotional expression, emotional
21:49regulation is again a prime factor in
21:53stress management. Similarly, all these
21:56cultures differ in terms of their values
21:59and beliefs. Also, emotional expression
22:02also varies among these cultures. So you
22:05can just observe this table to see how
22:09culture comes in and starts influencing
22:12the stress tolerance of a person as well
22:16as it also moderates the way a person is
22:21going to perceive and cope with the
22:24stressful situations.
22:27So let us have a recap of what we have
22:30learned about hardiness traits and
22:34cultural differences in stress
22:36tolerance.
22:38We have learned about what is hardiness
22:40and what are its components. They were
22:44challenging oneself. They were you know
22:48uh competence developing and things like
22:52that.
22:54cut. In this particular lecture, we saw
23:00what is hardiness and how is it useful
23:04in moderating the perception and
23:08experience of a stress. We learned about
23:11three C's which make the main elements
23:14of hardiness traits. Thereafter we also
23:19learn about the distinct advantages of
23:22having hardy personality against not
23:27having it whenever we are exposed to
23:30chronic stress.
23:33In addition to that we also learn a lot
23:36about the cultural differences among
23:40people with respect to stress tolerance.
23:44We learned the mechanisms through which
23:47culture can reflect itself in this
23:51coping behavior and we also tried to
23:55have a comparative analysis of Indian
23:59culture with those of other cultures
24:02while talking about the stress tolerance
24:06behavior and the coping mechanisms.
24:11That's all for this section.
24:14These are the recommended readings to
24:16enhance your knowledge. Here are some
24:20more things that you can read.
24:24Some more books. Thank you very much for
24:27your patient listening.

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