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Lecture 41- Factors Affecting Tolerance of Stress — Transcript

by SWAYAM BHU · 3,896 words · 641 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:16Namaskar. I'm Shubra Sha your course
0:20instructor and we have now arrived at
0:23the stage where we are going to talk
0:25about the factors affecting stress
0:28tolerance that is individual differences
0:32in tolerating day-to-day stress.
0:35This is lecture one of module 9 of a
0:39stress management course and the lecture
0:42focuses on the factors affecting
0:45tolerance of a stress. Let us have a
0:48quick recap. We are going to delve
0:51deeper into the concept of a stress
0:54tolerance factors influencing a stress
0:57tolerance with special reference to
1:01individual differences with respect to
1:04personality traits.
1:06How this personality comes into play in
1:10the perception and then tolerance of a
1:13stress will be taken care of. So let us
1:17move on and start reading more about the
1:21concept of a stress tolerance.
1:25Stress tolerance basically refers to the
1:28level of a stress which you can manage
1:32without having any significant damage to
1:35your physical or mental health.
1:39The capacity to handle stress can vary
1:43depending upon many factors like
1:46personality traits like age, health
1:50conditions, skills that you have to cope
1:53with the situations and many more things
1:56like that.
1:58For example, in various researches,
2:00researchers
2:02state that the skill to persevere
2:05through or handle overwhelming
2:08situations, requirements or tensions are
2:12called stress tolerance.
2:16That means what we are supposed to do
2:19that in the situations we are which are
2:22somehow overwhelming means which are
2:25intense which can capture most of our
2:28cognitive and emotional resources. How
2:31do we deal with those situations? How do
2:34we navigate through those situations
2:37without getting significantly affected
2:40by them in any negative manner? refers
2:44to our stress tolerance. Similarly,
2:48Lazarus and Folkman defines it as the
2:51ability of effectively regulating stress
2:55levels and upholding productivity and
2:58health when faced with challenges
3:02is called stress tolerance. Now the
3:06important points of this definition are
3:09if you look at the definition they say
3:12effectively regulating stress levels
3:15means stress is definitely there we have
3:18to regulate that stress. How effectively
3:22we can do that is an indicator of our
3:27stress tolerance
3:29and and when faced with such stressful
3:33situation can we maintain the
3:35productivity
3:37at least near to what we used to have
3:40when we were not so stressed.
3:43This is another indicator of stress
3:46tolerance which is proposed by Lazarus
3:49and Folkman in their 1984
3:53definition.
3:55Now here is the list of certain factors
3:58that can be important in deciding how
4:02tolerant a person can be. What are these
4:06factors? Let us have a quick review. The
4:09first factor here is individual
4:12differences.
4:14which may can which may occur at many
4:16different levels. But here in this
4:19particular lecture we will be focusing
4:21more on the personality traits.
4:24Then we will uh discuss about coping
4:28strategies. How adopting different
4:30coping strategies can result in
4:33different type of consequences
4:36in stress management process. This will
4:38be dealt with in uh in upcoming
4:41lectures. Okay. Similarly, we will also
4:44talk about the life experiences and
4:47demographic and psychological factors as
4:50well.
4:53We all are different and similar too
4:57simultaneously.
4:58For example, if you look at a growing
5:01child, every child passes through the
5:04same developmental stages. But then
5:08their response in each developmental
5:11stage is unique in itself. So no two
5:14children are exactly alike in the way
5:18they develop. Although the stages of de
5:21development are by and large universal,
5:25every individual is supposed to move on
5:28from infancy to toddlerhood and then to
5:31childhood and puberty and adolescence,
5:34young age, old age etc etc. But what
5:38they do, how do they take up the
5:41challenges of these stages? how
5:43successfully and how easily they
5:47navigate through these developmental
5:50stages is unique for each one of us.
5:54Similarly,
5:56another example of it is when we are
6:00given learning opportunities, some
6:02people can learn the skills quickly
6:06whereas others may take more time. This
6:09is not a permanent uh feature for all
6:13types of a skills. Maybe a quick learner
6:16for mathematics can be a slow learner
6:18for music and a slow learner for
6:22mathematics can be a very quick learner
6:25of badminton or any other kind of a
6:27sports. So individuals also differ in
6:31terms of their learning capacities for
6:34different kind of content. So individual
6:37differences are basically
6:40very deeprooted and they are very wide
6:44in terms of their impact. Uh that is why
6:47it is important to talk about certain
6:51factors
6:53which predominantly defines our ability
6:58to tolerate stress.
7:01I'm going to present you with certain
7:04factors like that in which the first
7:07thing is the genetic predispositions
7:10means the kind of genetic endowment that
7:13we inherit from our parents and from our
7:17ancestors.
7:19These genes are going to reflect
7:22themselves
7:24in the physiology and morphology of the
7:27body and also they turn they seems to
7:31define many of our psychological
7:34dispositions too.
7:36So this is the first big factor. The
7:40second important factor in this list is
7:43past occurrences means the past
7:46experiences with which we grow up. These
7:50past experiences involve so many things.
7:54The socialization that we have got means
7:57the kind of parenting that we have
7:59experienced. Our socioultural meal, the
8:02setting in which we grew up, the kind of
8:06education that we received, the value
8:08system that we inherited from our family
8:11or from our community.
8:14At the same time any other significant
8:17event happened during our early stages
8:22of development or the incidence which is
8:25strong enough or incident uh intense
8:28enough to change our psychology in some
8:32way.
8:34Similarly, the third important factor is
8:36of course personality which we will
8:38elaborate right now. And finally, the
8:42stress coping methods which we have
8:45learned and which we put to use more
8:47frequently in order to counter stress.
8:52Now coming to personality.
8:55Galden Alport a famous psychologist
8:59defines personality by saying that it is
9:02a dynamic organization of
9:06psychopysical systems within the
9:09individual that determine his
9:11characteristic behavior and thought. In
9:15itself this definition encompasses many
9:18important points to understand and
9:21elaborate. Let us do it serally. The
9:25first important thing is dynamic
9:28organization. So the personality is not
9:30a static thing. It is a dynamic
9:33organization. Dynamic means that is
9:37changing.
9:39It can change over time in response to
9:42environmental demands. Okay. So if we
9:45have inherited certain traits or we are
9:48predisposed to respond in a certain
9:50manner, it is not a fixed thing. It is
9:52not a static thing which cannot be
9:55changed in any kind of situation.
9:58Human behavior is largely contextual and
10:02it is contextual because personality is
10:05dynamic. It allows you to make
10:08reasonable accommodations and changes
10:10over time. Then it is made up of the
10:15psychoysical symptoms. Means personality
10:19is neither the physical makeup of an
10:23individual nor it is the psychological
10:26makeup. Separately these two are the
10:29elements of our personality not the
10:31whole personality. Whole personality is
10:34constructed by an involvement of both
10:39these factors. the psychological aspect
10:42of a person and the physiological
10:44characteristics of the person. And
10:47finally, what these physiological
10:49systems do? They exist within the
10:54individual. And what they do, they try
10:57to determine his characteristic behavior
11:00and thought.
11:03Their function is to determine the
11:06typical way, the conventional way in
11:09which the person usually responds to the
11:13situation.
11:15The way he or she usually process
11:19information, arrives at a conclusion,
11:22generalize their conclusion and try to
11:26do attributions of important actions or
11:30happenings. So the way they think and
11:33the way they behave both these things
11:36are supposed to be determined by the
11:39dynamic organization of the
11:42psychopysical
11:44systems which exist within the
11:47individual and which is practically
11:50known as personality. Okay, hope it is
11:54clear.
11:56Let us move on. While we describe
11:59personality, while we classify people
12:02depending upon their personality, we
12:04adopt two main approaches. One is the
12:07trait approach, another one is the type
12:09approach. I'm sure most of you have
12:12heard about these terms. So, I'm not
12:14going to elaborate upon these approaches
12:18uh a lot at this point of time. rather I
12:21will just touch them up and uh talk
12:24about more about their consequences in
12:27terms of stress perception and its
12:30management. So a trait approach means
12:34the personality is made up of traits.
12:37What are traits? These are like stable
12:39characteristics. These are like uh
12:42predispositions in responses towards
12:45situational demands, environmental
12:47demands. So the most popular trait
12:51theory of personality is of course the
12:53big five factor theory proposed by MRA
12:56and Costa and it says that every
12:59individual has five major dimensions of
13:04personality
13:06which are known as openness,
13:08conscientiousness,
13:10extraversion,
13:12agreeableness and neuroticism.
13:17When an individual has high of these
13:21traits, the behavior, the personality
13:24would be different. When the individual
13:27has low of these traits, their behavior,
13:30their personality would be different.
13:33A proper uh you know description of what
13:36happens when an individual is high with
13:40respect to a particular trait or low
13:43with respect to a particular trait has
13:45been given on this slide. and it is
13:47available for your scrutiny. So let us
13:50focus on this slide and see what it
13:52says. Openness basically means the
13:55capacity to imagine
13:58uh you know it is the capacity to feel
14:01idea have ideas new ideas about thing
14:04and to act about to you know try out new
14:09alternatives of behavior new actions.
14:13People who are high in this particular
14:15trait are curious. Usually they have
14:18wide range of inter interest and they
14:20are very independent. Whereas people
14:23with low openness are usually practical.
14:26They like to behave in conventional ways
14:29and they prefer routine over adventures.
14:32Similarly, if we think about
14:34conscientiousness, this is the dimension
14:36which focuses on individual competence,
14:39self-discipline, thoughtfulness and
14:42goal-driven behavior. So, someone who is
14:45high on this aspect will surely be
14:47hardworking, dependable, that is
14:50reliable. If you give some task to the
14:52person, you can be rest assured that the
14:54task will be done within the time limits
14:57and that too nicely. And these people
14:59are organized, very organized. Usually
15:02since beginning, since very beginning,
15:04they are quite organized. On the other
15:07hand, people who are low on this
15:08dimensions are very impulsive. That
15:11means they do not think before acting.
15:15Whatever comes to their mind, they are
15:17impatient to say it out or do it. Okay?
15:21Without giving it a second thought. They
15:23are quite careless and may be
15:25disorganized. The third important
15:28dimension is extraversion which is
15:30defined by the outgoing and warm
15:32approach of a person who loves to seek
15:35adventures. On the other hand, people
15:38low on extraversion are quiet. They are
15:41reserved and they are withdrawn. So they
15:44may have very few friends and they may
15:46like to be on quiet places on peaceful
15:50places instead of being on places which
15:53are crowded and uh being very much
15:55surrounded by the people. Agreeableness
15:58is basically a nature which is or a
16:01trait which expresses itself in
16:03cooperative behavior in trustworthiness
16:06of a person and the good nature of a
16:09person which is you know easy to get
16:12along with. So people high on this
16:15dimension are usually helpful. They are
16:18trusting. They are empathetic. Whereas
16:21low scoring people can be critical. They
16:24can be uncooperative or suspicious. And
16:27neuroticism is defined by the presence
16:30of uh unstable emotions.
16:35Easy yielding towards negative emotions.
16:38So people who are high in terms of
16:40neuroticism are anxious, unhappy and
16:43prone to negative emotions. Whereas
16:46those who are low on this particular
16:48trait are usually calm, eventeered and
16:52secure.
16:54If you compare this particular section
16:57that is the low side with the high side,
17:00you can easily make assessments about
17:04which part is going to create more
17:08stress
17:10for an individual. Of course, there is
17:12no fixed routine that people who are
17:16high on this trait will not be stressed
17:18and people who are low on this trait are
17:21going to be stressed all the time. There
17:23is no such thing. First thing that you
17:25should keep in mind is personality is a
17:29unique combination of these five traits
17:32and whatever we see is an impact of this
17:37unique combination. Their combination
17:40and permutation may give you a very
17:42unique a very different style of dealing
17:45with the situation from other people.
17:48And the level to which you are going to
17:51experience a stress will be completely
17:55governed by their combined effect
17:58instead of their individual effect.
18:02Moreover, when I use the term combined
18:05effect, it does not refers to arithmetic
18:08sum of scores over these five
18:11dimensions.
18:12Please keep in mind that arithmetic
18:16computations or mathematical addition is
18:19not the way in which you can assess the
18:22impact of all these dimensions.
18:26Sometimes even one dimension can make
18:30very significant changes as compared to
18:34increase or decrease in the score of the
18:37other dimensions.
18:39However, if I take it at a very simple
18:42and superficial level, usually people
18:45who are low in terms of openness can
18:49experience more stress if they are
18:51supposed to get away from their
18:54conventional way of working or if they
18:57are supposed to work in an environment
19:01which is constantly changing. Whereas
19:04people who are high in terms of openness
19:06would feel more stressed if they are put
19:10in a less stimulating environment where
19:13things are relatively fixed and are not
19:16supposed to change very quickly. So what
19:20I'm trying to tell you is there are
19:23particular contexts in which people with
19:27high d uh openness and low dimens low
19:31openness can feel stressed. Similarly
19:34for each dimension
19:36because whenever a particular trait is
19:40present in higher qualities
19:44there will be certain context which will
19:47make individuals stressed and there will
19:50be some context in which the individuals
19:52can cope in a better way. So they would
19:56feel less stressed. If I talk about
19:59conscientiousness,
20:00people who are impulsive usually feel
20:03more stressed because they do not think
20:06of the consequences.
20:08But people with high level of
20:11conscientiousness can feel significant
20:14level of stress if they are asked to
20:17take immediate decisions about a
20:19particular issue which is important for
20:21them or for their family or community or
20:25any other
20:27uh related thing because they have an
20:29habit to think about it twice and get
20:33into elaborated reflections before they
20:35act. So the presence of these traits fix
20:40up the context in which the person can
20:43feel more stressed or less stressed. Now
20:47the second step uh the second approach
20:50of classifying personality and this is
20:52known as the type approach where we try
20:55to classify personality according to the
20:59cluster of traits they show and we keep
21:02them in one or the other type of
21:05personality. You might have think uh you
21:07might have heard about the
21:09classification of introverts and
21:11extroverts. You might have uh learned
21:14about the classification of sat raj tam
21:17which is a part of Indian philosophy
21:19that people may have three types of
21:22personality predominant by predominantly
21:26uh based on these three dimensions. So
21:28people having more of s aspect will show
21:32different kind of behavior than those
21:34who are having more of rajas and tamas.
21:39Similarly, there is there was one
21:41classification given by Freedman and
21:44Rosen man which is known as
21:46classification of personality as
21:48personality A and personality B. And one
21:52more personality type was added to it
21:56which was proposed by Kissen and Isis in
21:591962 later on and it was extended upon
22:02by Timoshock in 1987 and this particular
22:07personality type is known as personality
22:11type C. So finally we have personality
22:15type A, B and C. And in the upcoming
22:19slides we will see how this
22:22classification
22:23predicts something about the perception
22:26of a stress or what kind of uh qualities
22:30characteristics
22:32people are going to display who have one
22:35or the other type of personality.
22:39So first of all the characteristic of
22:41personality a
22:44these people are goal oriented and
22:47ambitious. Okay. And they are always
22:50driven by a competitive spirit. They are
22:53eager to advance in their pursuits. They
22:56want to outperform all others.
22:59They have a constant sense of time
23:02constraint. They are impatient. They
23:04cannot wait. And at the same time they
23:08always remain in a state of
23:11hyperactivity. They want to work more
23:14and work quickly so that they can do
23:17more and more of it in less and less
23:19time as if something very wrong can
23:23happen if they take a minute more in
23:26completing the activity or so.
23:29Moreover, they are also driven by a
23:33sense of excellence. So they are always
23:35after excellence. Whatever I should do
23:37it should be excellent. It should be
23:39perfect. And they also carry a sense
23:42that no one else can perform up to the
23:45level they can. So they put 100% of
23:49their effort. No doubt they get good
23:52good results very good results but at
23:54the same time they fail to distribute
23:56their workload because according to them
24:00no one else can carry out
24:02responsibilities the way they can do in
24:05order to maintain the quality of
24:07performance they all the time uh keep
24:10everything with them. They try to finish
24:12everything to do so they frequently
24:15engage in multiple tasking and whenever
24:18there is a multitasking it increases the
24:21cognitive load many times. So they are
24:24all the time hardpressed they are they
24:26get irritable quickly and they cannot
24:30sit quietly even for some time.
24:35Mostly they are rigid in their
24:38mannerism.
24:39quickly they become angry and they can
24:42be agitated very easily. If anything
24:46happens which doesn't suits their style
24:48or their expectation they will be highly
24:51agitated. So these are the qualities of
24:54type A personality. The second type of
24:57personality is type B and these are
25:01non-competitive individuals. They
25:03typically prioritize personal growth
25:06over achieving specific goals. So
25:09whatever potential they feel they have
25:12they want to maximize their own
25:14potential at their own pace without
25:18getting much into the competitions.
25:20Okay. They like to prefer working at
25:24their own pace and uh they prefer
25:28steadiness. They prefer having a focus
25:31in their life instead of moving uh
25:34instead of spending some times on this
25:36activity and then on some other activity
25:38and then some other activity they will
25:42continue with their focus and uh they
25:46will remain on a particular activity for
25:48a longer period of time. Such people are
25:51peaceful and composed. They take tasks
25:55on sequentially that is one by one
25:58approaches challenges. So the important
26:02characteristics are here. They take up
26:04tasks sequentially. It is their way of
26:06working instead of doing multitasking
26:09which was a preferred way of working for
26:11type A people. Okay. They approach
26:14challenges with serinity and appreciates
26:18accomplishments without getting
26:20discouraged by setbacks.
26:23So if there is something uh problematic
26:26which happens in the process of goal
26:29attainment which keeps them from
26:32reaching to their goal for sometimes or
26:35which makes it difficult to attain the
26:37goal. They will not get discouraged.
26:40They will not get disheartened. They can
26:42maintain their focus on the goal for a
26:45longer period of time. they will not be
26:47irritated and at the same time they can
26:50appreciate every small uh step towards
26:54the goal attainment process. They are
26:57versatile. They have a patient mindset.
27:00They are accommodating. Any kind of
27:03change, any kind of deviations can
27:05easily be accommodated and they are
27:08easygoing towards others. They manages
27:11their emotions effectively. In contrast
27:14to what type A people do, they get
27:17agitated, they get uh you know uh angry
27:20very quickly. But type B people are not
27:24known for this kind of behavior. Then
27:27what happens with type C personality?
27:29They focus on attaining their
27:31aspirations. They are enthusiastic about
27:35reaching milestones
27:37just as type A people do. But they have
27:43a passive attitude. The difference
27:45between type A and type C comes here.
27:48Now you can focus on this that they have
27:50a passive attitude and they are
27:53interested in people pleasing. Instead
27:56of type A people what they do they are
27:58highly competitive. They think that no
28:01one else can do the task the way they
28:03can. So they are far more excellent than
28:06other people. Type C people don't do
28:09like this. They are interested in
28:12attaining the goal very much interested
28:15committed to their goals but at the same
28:17time they value the personal and social
28:20relations also. So they try to keep
28:24people happy. Whosoever is around them
28:27they try to have a compatible
28:28relationship with them also. And then
28:31they sometimes have a predisposition to
28:35suffer from helplessness. Means
28:37sometimes they think that because uh
28:40that person didn't respond successfully
28:43I could not achieve my goal because that
28:45happened I could not achieve my goal
28:48everything is not in my hand so they
28:51develop learned helplessness okay so
28:54[snorts] many times if they fail to uh
28:57attain their goal successfully they can
29:00come up with multiple excuses which will
29:02definitely be related to the external
29:04environment and people around them.
29:07Okay. So this was all about the
29:09personality types. Let us have a quick
29:12recap in the form of comparison. What
29:16happens that with personality A
29:18personality A people are highly focused
29:22about their goals. They have a strong
29:24sense of time urgency. They are
29:26workholics and have a very keen sense of
29:29perfection at hand. They fail to
29:32distribute their work. are not suitable
29:35to work in team because they always see
29:38others as being inferior to them and
29:41also they get easily agitated, irritated
29:44if anything happens which doesn't suit
29:48their rigid mannerism. Similarly, if we
29:51look at personality B, they are very
29:54much different from type A people. They
29:57love to work on their own pace. They
29:59enjoy focusing on their own capacities
30:03and abilities. They are accommodating,
30:06usually good with other people who are
30:08around them and can manage their
30:11emotions effectively.
30:14Then type C personality has certain
30:17similarities with type A people. For
30:19example, they are also very dedicated
30:22towards their goal. But they differ from
30:24type A personality at a very different
30:27aspect which is people pleasing. That
30:30means they do not attain their goal at
30:33the cost of the happiness and
30:35relationships
30:37what we have with other people. Rather
30:40they can compromise with their goals a
30:42little bit. Okay. And uh most of the
30:45time they feel helpless because they are
30:48too much dependent on others. They try
30:50to take everybody together. So this many
30:53times uh face difficulties in the goal
30:56attainment process and they regulate
31:00their emotions mainly by suppression or
31:04repression. They cannot ventilate their
31:07emotions. They cannot manage them
31:10properly. So what we have finally
31:12learned? We have learned that the
31:15complex mix of genetic predisposition,
31:18personality characteristics,
31:21then coping styles and past experiences
31:27make us respond in a certain manner
31:30towards stressful situation and make us
31:34perceive the level of a stress as we do.
31:38It defines our hardiness. It defines our
31:42stress tolerance. The more we have uh
31:46hardiness, the less stress we feel, the
31:48easily we can manage it without getting
31:52impaired from the existing level of
31:55stress.
31:57This was all for this lecture. As
32:00always, these are the references and the
32:03recommended readings that can be
32:05utilized to enhance your knowledge
32:08further. Some more references.
32:14Here goes the list.
32:18Thank you very much for your patient
32:20listening. Thank you.

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