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Lecture 11 - The Influence of Environmental Design on Social Interaction — Transcript

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0:11hi everybody. So,
0:14uh, picking up on last week's lecture
0:17where we were talking about
0:19environmental
0:20stressors and we talked about social
0:22networks being very positive for health.
0:25Can you think of any social networks
0:26that might be negative for health? I
0:29mean, are social networks always a great
0:31thing or is it contextual? Does it
0:33depend on, you know, what type of
0:34network you're in, who's in the network,
0:36what you're doing. So, Haruna, will a
0:38bureaucracy be a social network?
0:41Bureaucracy. Yeah, that can be a kind of
0:43a stalifying social network. What other
0:46kind of networks might not be so good
0:47for the spirit or behavior or health?
0:50What's your name? In a gang. Being in a
0:52gang. So, that might lead you into some
0:54pretty tricky situations that aren't so
0:56safe or helpful.
0:58other kinds of networks, prison systems.
1:02Yeah, you can think of others. You know,
1:04we we saw those networks on obesity. So,
1:08if in your network people are getting
1:10heavier, there's a tendency you're going
1:11to get heavier. So, there there are some
1:13situations where social networks per se
1:15are not going to be the ticket in terms
1:17of good health. So, we want to go over
1:18some of uh issues like that. Um but
1:22first I want to get go through the
1:23material today and yesterday I mean last
1:28uh Tuesday we were talking about
1:30responding to the environment. How
1:31people respond to environmental
1:33stressors like temperature, extreme
1:36heat, residential
1:38relocation, work overload overtime,
1:42uh natural and technological disasters.
1:44So there are a lot of stressors that put
1:46strain on our immune systems and on our
1:48physiology. So we were talking about
1:50those kind of responses last Thursday.
1:53Today we're talking about how people
1:56respond to environmental design and how
1:59that affects social interaction. So
2:00that's a different kind of response to
2:02the environment. And we can look at
2:04different levels of environmental
2:06design. So we've got facilities design
2:08like a building. This classroom is a
2:10facility. Neighborhood design which is
2:12more of a messo or intermediate scale.
2:15and then urban design or urban planning
2:17where you have the layout and the plan
2:20for a whole community. So how does
2:22design at these different levels affect
2:24our social behavior, our social
2:25interactions? Now some of these slides
2:28again will be a bit of a review. We'll
2:30pick up on some things we talked about
2:32in earlier lectures. We talked about
2:33environmental determinism which is the
2:37philosophy or the assumption that
2:39environments have direct and invariant
2:41relationships on us. So we get exposed
2:44to a germ, we get sick. That's the germ
2:46theory. Or you live close to people in a
2:48residential setting, you become friends.
2:49That's proximity determines friendship.
2:52And we have that study at at MIT by
2:56Festinger and his colleagues. And we
2:58have Winston Churchill uh emphasizing
3:00that point there. And going back to my
3:03experience as a college student at the
3:04University of Chicago, my first dorm was
3:07this high-rise here called Pierce Tower.
3:10And it was quite different than some
3:13dorms I lived in later, which is this
3:15one here, Burton Judson Courts, which
3:17was more of a low-rise Gothic kind of
3:19environment, you know, really old style
3:23uh dining rooms and nice courtyards. And
3:26I have to say that in this environment
3:28here, when you read that paper by
3:30Halahan about what it's like to live in
3:33high-rise dormitoies, that was it for
3:35me. It was a very crazy place. We uh had
3:38a lot of noise at all hours of the
3:40night. Sometimes we would roll the piano
3:41into the elevator and get a wash tub
3:44bass and somebody on the guitar and we
3:46go up and down at three in the morning
3:47playing music and the door would open
3:49and people would say, "Oh, who's making
3:51all that noise?" And the door would
3:52close. We'd be on to the next floor. So,
3:55and even crazier, some people when they
3:58were in various states of inebriation
4:00would actually go out that window and
4:03walk around the outside window and come
4:05in the other side. they could actually
4:07do this. And once in a while people fell
4:09and that wasn't so good. Uh but it was a
4:11very, you know, active, noisy, very
4:14social dormatory. When I moved into this
4:17place, it was more subdued, not as much
4:20noise, um a little bit more laid-back
4:22kind of environment. So question is, do
4:25these dormatory structures really have
4:27deterministic effects on us? And one of
4:30the themes that comes out a lot in this
4:31course is that the physical and the
4:33social environment are highly
4:35interdependent. What goes on in the
4:37physical realm often affects the social
4:39realm. We see that in the study by
4:41Appleard today on traffic volume going
4:43through a neighborhood in San Francisco
4:45and how that affects people's
4:47neighboring patterns. For example, we
4:48see that in the Hollahan study in terms
4:50of the uh number of stories that a
4:53college dormatory has at the University
4:54of Texas and how students are feeling
4:57about dorm life whether they're living
4:59on the top floors or the bottom floors.
5:01So question is are there there these
5:03deterministic effects of the physical
5:05environment on social behavior? So we'll
5:07see some examples of where that comes
5:08out.
5:10So this is the study by Hollahan and it
5:13was done at the University of Texas with
5:16110 freshmen. They wanted freshmen
5:19because they didn't want students that
5:20had had a lot of choice in living in
5:23kind of their preferred dorms. They
5:24wanted people that were assigned to the
5:26highrises, the lowrises, and then to see
5:28what happened. Can anybody summarize
5:30just quickly what the key findings of
5:33that study were? Yes. Your name again?
5:37Michelle.
5:39Yes. So, the lower floors, if you were
5:40living on the lower floors, when
5:43students filled out these questionnaires
5:44on their evaluations of residential life
5:47and the social climate scales that we
5:49talked about, Rudy Moose, uh, developed,
5:51and we'll see, we'll we'll go over that
5:53again today. They were more positive if
5:55they're on the lower floors than on the
5:57higher floors. What about women and
6:00men's students? Any differences there?
6:02Yes, Leslie.
6:04Yeah, generally the females uh were
6:07reacting more positively to the social
6:10opportunities of the dorm, to the
6:12relationship opportunities and personal
6:14development that the dorm afforded
6:16compared to the males. So that was
6:17another trend that they found. What
6:18about the differences between the
6:20high-rise 13story dormitories like I was
6:22living in that dorm at Chicago versus
6:25the low-rise dorms which might have had
6:27three or four stories? Anybody remember
6:29what happened there?
6:32Yes, your name Dave. Dave again the the
6:36people living in those high-rise dorms
6:39less positive college experience or
6:41residential experience. So these are
6:44some of the dimensions that they ask
6:46students about on the university
6:49residence uh residence environmental
6:53survey and one dimension is about how
6:56social relationships get established
6:58among members of a particular residence
7:00hall.
7:01Does that residence hall provide for
7:03your personal development and encourage
7:04it? Remember we talked about smaller
7:06behavior settings sort of cultivating or
7:08enhancing people's personal development
7:10in terms of leadership style. So
7:12depending on the size of the facility
7:14you can have very different outcomes in
7:15terms of development and also does the
7:18organization emphasize maintenance
7:21staying static or does this emphasize
7:23change and there are a lot of companies
7:25in our uh industrial world that are very
7:28focused on sort of maintenance uh you
7:32know some of the the blue chip utility
7:34stocks uh that are on Wall Street are
7:36all about sort of maintaining that sort
7:39of blue chip constancy
7:41and reliability. Whereas other companies
7:43are very much into sort of capturing the
7:46moment and current trends, whether that
7:48be Google or Facebook. Uh so their
7:50environments reflect that emphasis on
7:52change. They're very flexible
7:54environments and they have a a different
7:56feel or ambiance or social climate we
7:58would say than companies that have more
8:01rigid kinds of work environments. So
8:03these are some of the social climate
8:06dimensions that were affected by the
8:08physical features of the the residence
8:11halls. Now when we start talking about
8:13social climate we need to go back to
8:16this exemplar of a dysfunctional
8:18environment Puitiggo in St. Louis where
8:2233 11story buildings were constructed on
8:24this 57 acre site in St. Louis near
8:27north side and originally the uh Puit
8:33buildings were going to be for
8:34African-American residents and the IGO
8:38complex was going to be for white
8:39residents and they were named after like
8:42Wendell uh Puit was an African-American
8:45uh World War II pilot and Igo was a
8:49congress US congressman. But when
8:52segregation was ruled
8:54unconstitutional, they merged uh the you
8:57know the racial composition of those
8:58buildings and a lot of people at that
9:02time felt uncomfortable with that. But
9:03more than that, the structure of those
9:05buildings uh really discouraged what has
9:09been called defensible space. People
9:11feeling like they have a kind of
9:12security or defensibility of their
9:14environment. One of the things that
9:16happened is because revenues were very
9:18tight u during the time these were
9:21built. It was 1951 to
9:231956. Um a lot of amenities from those
9:26buildings were cut out. So rather than
9:28having the elevators stop at every
9:29floor, they stopped on the fourth floor,
9:32the seventh floor, the 10th floor. They
9:33had these skip stop elevators and they
9:36thought that would be more efficient.
9:37Plus, they had these sort of public
9:39areas, internal public areas outside the
9:42elevator where you had different
9:43apartments opening onto them. But what
9:45this did is it brought a lot of
9:47different strangers to each floor who
9:49didn't really live on that floor. So,
9:51you had less recognizability of the
9:54residents at each floor. It made it a
9:56more kind of unpredictable environment,
9:58if you will. And a lot of the crime that
10:01happened in those buildings were in
10:02these interior spaces near the elevators
10:04where you have people getting off from a
10:06lot of different floors. They don't know
10:07who's who. And so that defensible space
10:10factor was very low in those buildings.
10:13And you have a lot of graffiti. You have
10:14a lot of vandalism. And the way these
10:16buildings are cited to the street,
10:19there's very little opportunity of the
10:21residents knowing if someone comes in
10:23along here to this entry point, did they
10:25belong to this building, that building?
10:27Uh there were close to 3,000 residential
10:30apartments in Puitigo. So you wanted to
10:33give people kind of that transition
10:35space when we talk about intimacy
10:36gradients going from very public to
10:38semi-public semi-private to private
10:40apartments. You want to give people that
10:42transition so they can recognize who
10:44belongs who doesn't. Pruitigo was was
10:47pretty bad on those different
10:48dimensions. Now we're going to show you
10:50a film that was developed around the
10:52time Puitigo was being constructed and
10:55after it was constructed in the 1950s.
10:58As you know, in 1972, that whole project
11:00had to be demolished. It was so
11:02dysfunctional, no one would live there,
11:04and there was so much crime, so much
11:06vandalism that people just checked out
11:08and and the city had to demolish the
11:10whole thing. So, they wasted millions of
11:11dollars on that project, even though
11:13initially it was heralded as a great
11:16architectural solution to low-income
11:17housing.
11:20These developments are run by the St.
11:21Louis Housing Authority. This is a far
11:24cry from the crowded collapsing
11:26tenementss that many of these people
11:27have known here in bright new buildings
11:30with spacious grounds they can live. It
11:33was a very beautiful place like a big
11:35hotel resort. I'd say it was like an
11:38oasis in the desert. All this newness. I
11:42never thought I would live in that kind
11:45of a surrounding. What happened?
11:49Well, one day we woke up and it was all
11:50gone.
11:52We pulled up with the moving van. I knew
11:55at that point that it was hell on earth.
11:57Puanigel looks like a battleground.
11:59Vandalism and neglect have left fear
12:01among the remaining occupants. In the
12:03middle 50s, St. Louis thought it had
12:05solved its lowcost housing need, but
12:07instead a monster was created. The
12:09experiment had gone terribly arrive. It
12:12was just uncontrollable.
12:19[Music]
12:22Prudigo is such a symbol that we tend to
12:25forget that it is no different than the
12:27city that surrounded it. What happened
12:29to St. Louis was tragic, but that's
12:32simply not how we've told the story.
12:35Puitigo was always fighting against this
12:40terrible rip tide of destruction in the
12:43midst of an economy that was dying.
12:48the strong, tightlyknit communities and
12:51families in which I grew up had begun to
12:53shatter and it wasn't there. It was one
12:55of the most tragic things I've I've
12:59seen. It seemed to me that we were being
13:02penalized for being poor. That caused so
13:07much anger.
13:10Persons that don't have a decent place
13:11to stay are willing to take these kind
13:13of chances. where we live. We're taking
13:16chances. This is it. This is out of
13:20control and we are no longer going to
13:21put up with it. We're not going to
13:23tolerate this anymore.
13:25I'm saying as tenants, we've got to draw
13:28a line and say no more.
13:31No more.
13:33[Music]
13:51The destruction of Pruadigo was heralded
13:54as the end of modernist architecture by
13:56some architectural critics. And the
13:59architect who developed the plans for
14:01Puitigo was the same architect who uh
14:04designed the World Trade Center in New
14:06York. and he was very much influenced by
14:09the high density design philosophy of
14:12corbusier lake kobusier in France and uh
14:16next next week when we start talking
14:17about urban design in more detail we'll
14:20see what those sort of principles were
14:22of modernist modernist architecture but
14:25that kind of shows you what was
14:26happening at crew Iigo and and what did
14:28in that whole investment and that whole
14:31project yeah your name Kevin Kevin do
14:34you think the demolition of the building
14:36would have happened if it was built in a
14:38different location with a different
14:39culture in a different area. That's a
14:41good question. I think uh u one of
14:45the observations of Prudiggo is that it
14:47was built in a an area that was already
14:49somewhat stigmatized in St. Louis as
14:52being poor u and being dangerous. And
14:57also you had the flight away from the
14:59city. There were a lot of people that
15:00didn't want to live in the downtown
15:01core. And Puitigo was intended to try to
15:04bring people back to the the central
15:06city just like in New York and Manhattan
15:09you had these really large uh public
15:11housing authority u apartment complex is
15:14multi-story but St. Louis was a
15:16different kind of environment and people
15:18were less keen to live in the center of
15:20the city. So when you site these kind of
15:22buildings in places that already have
15:24some things going against them some
15:26cards stacked against them they're less
15:28likely to be successful. So that's a
15:30good point.
15:34Now, some of the research that came out
15:36of Puadigo by people interested in
15:38environment behavior emphasized the
15:40design features of those structures that
15:43made it difficult to establish
15:45defensible space or bringing the
15:48environment under occupants control of
15:50it. The feeling that they have some
15:52control over what goes on in that
15:54environment. And one of the major
15:57proponents of defensible space was Oscar
16:00Newman, an urban sociologist. Uh this is
16:03his book on defensible space. And these
16:05are some examples of the projects that
16:07he studied in New York and in other
16:09cities. These are from New York. The
16:11Tilden buildings. Uh these low-rise uh
16:15Brownville houses and the Van Djk
16:17buildings here. And then u a development
16:21called Brookallin which was more
16:23low-rise. and then this van Djk uh these
16:26kind of buildings here where you see
16:28that same kind of pattern as Puitigo you
16:30have these geometrically arranged uh
16:33mega structures but it's very hard for
16:35people to establish any kind of
16:37secondary territory in here uh or
16:40transition between public street and
16:42private apartments it's a kind of a no
16:44man's land and that's one of the
16:46problems with these low defensible space
16:50environments now what Newman found is
16:53that If you compared the buildings that
16:56had six or less stories with those that
16:59were greater than six stories and these
17:00buildings here have 14 stories and then
17:03you cross that variable with project
17:05size number of residential units per
17:07building less than a thousand or greater
17:10than a thousand apartments.
17:12What happens is this mean of 67 here in
17:16terms of the number of cases of crime uh
17:20is highest where you have the highstory
17:22buildings and the very dense uh large
17:26number of apartment residences. So you
17:28get that jump in crime there number of
17:30crimes per thousand residents uh when
17:33you combine the the height of the
17:35building and the density of the
17:36building. So that was a key finding uh
17:39from his research. Now he found some
17:41other things that were pretty
17:42interesting. Um when he plotted the
17:45building height in the number of floors
17:47and these are height bracket here
17:49different categories of buildings with
17:51two stories, four stories, six, eight.
17:53He found this linear relationship
17:55between robberies per thousand families
17:58and building height, number of stories.
18:00So this looks like environmental
18:02determinism, right? You you the more you
18:04go up in height, the more robberies. So
18:06there's something about that density and
18:08height that's breaking down the social
18:10fabric where people can't recognize each
18:12other, they don't care about each other
18:13as individuals, and it's more of a
18:15jungle almost.
18:17Another thing that Newman found is that
18:19when you broke down and disagregated
18:22where the crime happened
18:24uh in the the threetory buildings, the
18:28uh mid-rise 6 to sevenstory or 13 to 30
18:31story buildings. Certainly in these
18:34categories here inside the apartments
18:36and on the outside grounds, you had
18:38somewhat of a jump higher numbers for
18:40the higherrise buildings. But where you
18:42really see the jump is in the interior
18:45public spaces. And these are those
18:47unprotected spaces around the elevators
18:49where people really didn't recognize
18:52each other and it was kind of a a very
18:55low defensible kind of situation and
18:57that's where you get uh the greatest
18:59increase because of the height of the
19:01building or the number of stories. So
19:02that was a pretty interesting finding
19:04that he came up with and in general he
19:07uh concluded that there are certain
19:10factors that enhance defensible space.
19:13So one is to provide clear definitional
19:16territorial definition of space which is
19:18to say give people those intimacy
19:21gradients that are clearly visible
19:22between the public to the semi-public to
19:25the private. Don't go immediately from
19:27the public to the private. Like in
19:30engineering plaza uh the tall
19:33engineering building the original
19:34engineering building you have a a public
19:37plaza out there and then you go into an
19:38elevator and you go right up to where
19:40the offices are. There's no lobby.
19:42there's no transition between the plaza
19:45and some kind of entry into that
19:47engineering building here on our campus.
19:49So that's what he means by sort of
19:50breaking out that transition between
19:52public to private and defining the
19:55territory. Remember we talked about
19:56territoriality and personal space and
19:58how you define territories whether it's
20:00a dorm room or some other kind of
20:02environment by personalizing it by
20:04putting up evidence of group identity
20:06and things like that. positioning
20:08windows so that residents can survey
20:10interior and exterior public spaces.
20:13Newman was really big on surveillance.
20:15If people can look out their window and
20:18know who belongs and who doesn't belong,
20:20that puts eyes on the street in a sense
20:22so that it's less likely that somebody's
20:24going to be there and sort of be
20:26unrecognized as not belonging and
20:28therefore be able to commit some kind of
20:30a crime that if they were recognized
20:32wouldn't have happened.
20:34adopt building forms that avoid
20:35perceived stigma and vulnerability. And
20:38there are certain building forms that we
20:40see repeating in the Newman defensible
20:43space research puit Cabrini Green in
20:45Chicago which was another dysfunctional
20:48residential complex where you have these
20:50mega structure high-rise buildings with
20:52no sort of semi-public semi-private
20:54space adjacent to them and that conotes
20:58that reads sort of poor lowincome not
21:01defended. So there's certain symbolic
21:03meanings of those building forms that
21:05have to be avoided according to Newman.
21:08And then finally, uh, as we were saying
21:10before, try to locate those buildings in
21:12areas that don't always already have
21:14some stigma attached to them. So people
21:16are going to be biased against living
21:18there or going there in the first place.
21:20And areas of environments do acquire
21:23these symbolic meanings. Uh, for
21:26example, South Central LA after the
21:28riots there, uh, people riding on the
21:31freeway through that area were very
21:32reluctant to stop and have a hamburger,
21:34for example. They didn't want to have
21:35fast food there. Um, I had a I worked
21:38with a graduate student who did a
21:40dissertation where she photographed
21:42various areas in South Central LA in
21:44other parts of LA like Westwood,
21:46Burbank, and she put different labels on
21:48them. She took a South Central LA uh,
21:51image or photograph and called it
21:53Westwood. people were much more positive
21:55about that environment even though it
21:56was actually in South Central LA. So
21:58people develop these biases and these
22:00prejudices based on the history of
22:02what's happened in those
22:06environments. Now from an environmental
22:08psychology point of view and an urban
22:10design or facilities design point of
22:12view, there are strategies we can use to
22:15enhance defensible space. So that's what
22:17I want to talk about next. you know what
22:19are some design strategies we can use to
22:23create a stronger sense of personal
22:24space. One of them or stronger sense of
22:27defensible space. One strategy is to use
22:29color and enclosure. So here you've got
22:32this recreational sort of semi-public
22:34semi-private area attached to these
22:36buildings by virtue of the fact that
22:38you're repeating this color scheme here
22:40in this outside environment. The same
22:42color scheme that's on the front door.
22:44So it's sort of tying that space to that
22:47environment.
22:48So people that are in that space are
22:50presumed to be residents or visitors of
22:52the residence. Another thing that we
22:55want to try to do is go back to Chris
22:57Alexander's notion of intimacy
22:59gradients. Uh he claimed in this book a
23:02pattern language that it's important to
23:04lay out buildings or neighborhoods
23:06according to a sequence that begins with
23:08the public entrance and leads into
23:11slightly more private areas and finally
23:12to the most private domain. So, even in
23:14these low-income apartments, you give
23:17the residents at least a symbolic porch
23:19where anybody going from the sidewalk
23:21onto the porch is entering a kind of
23:23semi-public semi-private zone. So, it's
23:25a transition into the more private part
23:28of the the uh apartment. And also in a a
23:31work environment here you might create
23:34this sort of social space buffer zone
23:36semi-public semi-private for team
23:38interaction where the individual can go
23:40into the private workspace pull this
23:42door closed and have more solitude. So
23:44you want these intimacy gradients as
23:46much as possible in in various kinds of
23:48environments. Now I'm going to uh go to
23:50the other slides for a minute and show
23:51some examples of these strategies.
23:55So, here we are back at Puitigo before
23:57it was torn down. And you can see the
24:00lack of an intimacy gradient here.
24:01You've got the public street and you go
24:04right into the guts of the building. Uh
24:06you not really defining this area as
24:08attached to the building in a meaningful
24:11way. Lot of graffiti in the interior
24:13public spaces around the elevators and
24:15the
24:16stairwells. Uh you had play areas that
24:19were kind of minimalist. They they had
24:21to cut out of those projects the
24:23original plans. They had to cut out
24:25gardens. They had to cut out the more
24:27enhanced play areas and playgrounds and
24:29they gave people some hoops and some
24:31areas to uh play raetball. But basically
24:34the parents had a hard time keeping
24:36surveillance of over where their kids
24:37were because they were so high up on the
24:40top floors. So eventually this whole
24:42thing had to be torn down. And if we go
24:45into some of the strategies that can
24:47help enhance defensible space, one of
24:49those strategies is elevation. So I'm
24:52going up the stairs now. And that
24:54doesn't necessarily take me to a more
24:56private area of this room. But in this
24:58space, as you go up the stairs, you go
25:01from the public parking lot to these
25:04different landing zones here, these
25:06different levels, and finally, you get
25:07up into the private apartment. So you're
25:09making a transition as you go through
25:11this landscape. So you can use
25:13elevation, you can use landscaping to
25:15conote that you're moving from a public
25:17to a private area. You're trying to beef
25:18up those those uh intimacy gradients.
25:22Okay? You can do that again with color.
25:24You can try to tie this public sidewalk
25:27to the uh residential structures by
25:30bringing those colors up on the wall
25:31here, just as they did in that other
25:33slide I showed you where they're
25:34bringing the color uh to match the
25:36doors, the front door colors. And here
25:39again, they're using that colored
25:40asphalt to define this outside area as
25:43attached to this residential facility.
25:46So that people who are out here are
25:47assumed to be part of that community. So
25:50it helps sort of communicate through the
25:53environment who belongs, who doesn't,
25:55and that increases more defensible
25:57space. Another strategy you can use is
26:00site planning. So in this particular
26:02instance, the designers created a kind
26:04of L-shaped block and they created a
26:08buffer zone that was bounded by these
26:10two sides of the apartment building so
26:12that residents could look out of their
26:14windows here on this buffer zone which
26:16is you know attached to these buildings
26:18only and that provides the transition
26:21from the public street into the
26:23semi-public semi-private play area here
26:25or sitting area and then into the
26:27apartments. So you create this kind of
26:29buffer zone for the different entries of
26:32that building. So that's using site
26:33planning. By by you know citing the
26:35building in a geometric way, you create
26:37that greater defensible space
26:38surveillance opportunities.
26:42And here again is that apartment
26:43building uh in Maryland where they're
26:46creating these small porches and they
26:48look very minimal, but at least they're
26:50giving the residents some inclination
26:53that they have this transition from
26:55public to
26:57private. Here in Baltimore, uh you have
27:00those porches again signified by some uh
27:03plant decorations to give give that
27:06community some social identity that
27:08people care about that community that
27:10there's a sense of sort of uh
27:12jurisdiction over that place by the
27:14families that live there. And one other
27:16strategy that's been used, and we'll
27:18talk more about this when we get into
27:20the role of nature in human behavior,
27:23but uh some low-income communities in
27:25New York and other large cities have run
27:27gardening programs for the residents
27:29where they give the residents some
27:31gardening supplies, some seeds, some
27:34tools, and they have a contest at the
27:36end of the summer to see who grows the
27:37best vegetables and who wins that
27:39contest. And these these programs are
27:42very uh helpful in sort of bringing the
27:45residents together. Sometimes gang
27:46members will get involved to protect the
27:48gardens and there's a whole kind of
27:49synergy that happens uh to create more
27:53positive social climate, more defensible
27:55space. So you try to create activities
27:57near those environments that accomplish
28:00that. Okay. So just recapping the
28:03examples that I've talked
28:05about, these are some strategies that
28:09you can use as a designer to enhance
28:12defensible space. Color coding of
28:14secondary territories to attach them
28:16more clearly to primary territories. The
28:17primary territories are the apartments
28:20themselves. Site planning of buildings
28:22to create natural buffer zones that can
28:24be surveyed by the residents. using
28:27elevation and landscaping to mark
28:29transitions between public and private
28:31areas. Establishing interaction spaces
28:34like gardens for residents adjacent to
28:37apartment buildings. So what you can do
28:40is you can capitalize on these different
28:42strategies to take an environment that
28:44might be low-inccome, it might have some
28:46limitations to it, but through
28:48environmental
28:49design enhance the social climate, the
28:52social properties of that environment.
28:56Now we said that physical and social
28:59environments are highly interdependent.
29:01They influence each other in major major
29:03ways. This is a great example. This
29:06study that was assigned for today by Don
29:08Appleard. How many of you have read
29:11Appleard's work before? Any of
29:14you? Well, he's a really influential
29:17urban designer uh who taught at the
29:19University of California, Berkeley for
29:20many years and he unfortunately died
29:23very early in an automobile accident.
29:26But some of his signal contributions to
29:29the field were to study the effects of
29:32traffic and traffic volume on social
29:34behavior. And he did this really
29:36interesting study in San Francisco where
29:38he com he took the same basic
29:40neighborhood with the same racial
29:41composition and so socioeconomic status
29:45but some of the streets had 2,000
29:47vehicles going through them per day. The
29:49moderate traffic streets had 8,000
29:51vehicles per day and the heavy traffic
29:53streets had 16,000 vehicles today. So
29:56you've got a lot more traffic volume in
29:58that bottom situation there. And he then
30:01asked people to draw their home
30:03territory. what did they regard as their
30:05home territory in those different
30:07environments, those different streets?
30:09And what he found is in the lightly
30:10traveled streets, people referred to
30:14their their territory as the whole
30:16block. I feel that my home extends to
30:18the whole block. Street life doesn't
30:20intrude into the home. Only happiness
30:22comes in from the street. That's a
30:24pretty positive comment. Uh I definitely
30:26think of my of this whole building as my
30:28home. I feel a sense of responsibility.
30:31These are some of the comments that his
30:33respondents made when he surveyed them
30:35about their neighboring behavior. Who
30:37did they neighbor with? How broad was
30:39their conception, their cognitive map of
30:41their territory? On the moderately
30:44traveled street, you had u a more
30:47shrunken notion of social territory. You
30:51had people not as many people drawing
30:53the whole block. Some were drawing the
30:54whole building. Some were drawing just
30:55their immediate apartment.
30:58And uh in the heavy traffic street,
31:00that's where you saw the most contrast
31:02with the lightly traveled street. So
31:04people here are saying it's impersonal
31:05and public. Noise comes from from the
31:08street and intrudes into my home. My
31:11territory is just this apartment, not
31:12even that. So what happens in these
31:15neighborhoods, these streets, is that
31:16fewer kids are outside playing. It's a
31:18less walkable environment because of the
31:20pedestrian safety concerns. And you see
31:23this kind of deficit at the social level
31:27created by the higher traffic volume. So
31:29you've got the physical environment
31:30knocking down and diminishing the social
31:33interaction and neighboring. So it's a
31:35it's it looks like a pretty
31:36deterministic effect. And it might be
31:39different depending on certain
31:41contextual features of neighborhoods,
31:43but generally high volume traffic does
31:46tend to do that to neighborhoods. It
31:47makes them less sa safe. It makes them
31:49less child-friendly and less sociable.
31:52Now when we look at pedestrian safety, I
31:54was talking about, you know, children
31:56not playing on those heavily traveled
31:58streets. Uh when you look at these
32:01different types of transit and deaths
32:03per 100 million miles
32:05traveled, driving is associated with 1.4
32:09uh deaths per 100 million miles
32:11traveled. Flying just 0.2. So flying
32:13tends to be a lot safer than driving,
32:15but walking is associated with nearly 50
32:18deaths per 100 million miles traveled.
32:20So pedestrians have a a harder go of it
32:23in our cities, especially in some
32:26freeway dominated cities like Houston,
32:28Miami,
32:30LA. So in the next part of the lecture,
32:33I'm going to give you a little break
32:34now. In the next part of lecture, as we
32:36finish up, I want to go through traffic
32:37calming strategies. How do you take a
32:39neighborhood and calm down the traffic,
32:42slow it down so it's safer for
32:44pedestrians, but also make the
32:45neighborhood more walkable so that it
32:47provides more amenities for people to
32:49actually be out in the neighborhood and
32:51walking around? So, take about a 5m
32:53minute break. Okay, we're back.
32:57Next thing we're going to do is we're
32:58going to see a um a short video by
33:01Donald Appleard that was made using the
33:04Berkeley Environmental Simulation
33:06Laboratory and it demonstrates how he
33:09developed some ideas about traffic
33:11calming. So it's a pretty good
33:13indication of how the research developed
33:14at Berkeley. So I'd like you to see this
33:17and it's kind of a cross between
33:19environmental assessment research and
33:21simulation research as well as traffic
33:24calming.
33:32Nearly everyone lives on a street.
33:34People have always lived on streets.
33:37They are the only true public places in
33:39our cities. Here is a residential street
33:41in San Francisco where many families
33:44with children live. It's late afternoon
33:47after school and the children are all
33:49out on the street. They play around
33:52between the cars for the street is
33:54almost the only open space
33:55available. But traffic here is light.
33:59Not too many cars can drive through. In
34:02fact, it's quite a unique street. On
34:04most streets in San Francisco, the
34:06traffic has all but suppressed this kind
34:08of street life. Now, this film is going
34:11to show a few ways in which more livable
34:14streets can be created. We will do it by
34:16bringing a street into the laboratory.
34:19Here it is. A two-way street with
34:22parallel cars parked on each side. Quite
34:25dangerous because children can dart out
34:27from behind
34:29them. Now, the first thing we can do is
34:31this. We can group the parked cars.
34:34Right angle parking stacks them more
34:36compactly and makes some room for other
34:38resident
34:40activities. A street corner plaza can be
34:43created in front of the market.
34:45The wider sidewalk along the houses can
34:47be used for individual front gardens and
34:51residents can come out on the
34:53street. The street is narrower and one
34:56way. Parking is a little difficult. All
34:59helping to slow the
35:20cars.
35:27[Music]
35:32Another solution is diagonal parking.
35:36This makes the sidewalk wider.
35:43Children who are hidden behind other
35:45kinds of parking stand a better chance
35:48to see and be seen by passing cars. But
35:52we could make a more effective change by
35:54turning the end of a street into a
35:56carac. The parking spaces lost are
35:59placed along the end of the street,
36:02leaving enough space for a communal
36:04garden.
36:23While reducing and narrowing the traffic
36:25space is one way of increasing resident
36:28space, sharing the street space is a new
36:32alternative. In the Netherlands, such a
36:34street is called a vonf. W O N E RF, and
36:40that means residential yard or a garden
36:43street. Here, pedestrians have the legal
36:45right of way. Car drivers are allowed
36:48into the space, but only if they drive
36:51under 15 mph.
36:59A curb or ramp must be passed over on
37:02entry and the sidewalks are expanded to
37:04take in the whole
37:07street. We have accommodated the same 18
37:10cars that were in the other
37:12alternatives. Naturally, empty parking
37:14spaces will be used by children and they
37:16have been found to play more in the
37:18street space. These streets have become
37:21so popular in Holland that over 800 Von
37:24Evan have now been
37:26constructed in the late afternoon hours.
37:29This street could become alive with
37:31people and yet remain a peaceful
37:33sanctuary away from the
37:37[Music]
37:47traffic. In this film, we have started
37:50to redesign the inner city street. Our
37:54next film will take a look at the future
37:56residential street as energy
37:59conservation becomes more urgent. For
38:02example, smaller, more energyefficient
38:04cars. Here is the first one on the
38:07block. What if everyone had one? They
38:10require about 1/4 of the space of a
38:12current American car. And the moving
38:14lanes could be much narrower, all
38:17opening up more space for resident use.
38:24Now, the redesign of streets and cars
38:27can not only protect residents and
38:29children from the negative effects of
38:31traffic, they can make the city a place
38:34where people might really like to live.
38:47[Music]
39:08Go. Another one.
39:14[Music]
39:20So that's a great example of using an
39:23environmental simulation lab. In that
39:26case, it's a scale model dynamic
39:28simulator that they built in the
39:30basement of Worcester Hall, which is the
39:32architecture and planning building at
39:33Berkeley to simulate different chunks of
39:36San Francisco, Marin County for these
39:38kinds of studies. and they've used it
39:40extremely
39:42effectively. It also ties back to a
39:44theme we mentioned when we were talking
39:46about sustainability, the green roofs
39:47movement u and the whole idea of
39:50bringing nature into the city on our
39:52roofs on the street level. And we're
39:55going to see this theme over and over as
39:57we get into the urban design part of the
39:59course. We talk about the effects of
40:01nature on behavior and health. Now what
40:04Appleard was showing you there were some
40:06design strategies to slow down or calm
40:08the traffic. So these are elements like
40:11speed bumps, median strips, narrow road
40:13widths, pedestrian safety signals that
40:16reduce speed of vehicular traffic. And
40:19he talked about Holland, the verfs or
40:22street gardens. And these are some of
40:24the things that typify them. They use
40:26these kind of posts to protect the areas
40:29near the buildings uh for children to
40:31play in here. The streets are very
40:33narrow. Uh the parking is such that you
40:36can't cram as many cars in there. Uh
40:39they sometimes uh put a little bend in
40:42the street so you can't go as fast and
40:44there's a lot of signage. So these are
40:46all elements that are used to try to
40:48slow down the traffic. And I want to
40:50show you some uh 35 millimeter slides
40:53here of strategy that strategies that
40:55have been used in other u areas in
40:58Europe and the US. So this is Holland
41:02again and uh they use narrow streets.
41:06They use these sort of roundabout
41:07elements to slow down traffic and u they
41:12often close off their public squares.
41:14This is Delft, Netherlands, where they
41:16they've closed off this whole central
41:18area of the city for uh mostly
41:21pedestrian activity and festivals and
41:23fairs. So, it's a very pedestrian safe
41:26uh defensible kind of
41:28environment. This is Fuel Hall in
41:31Boston. And again, it's a a very large
41:34urban area where they're using trees,
41:36they're using a lot of amenities like uh
41:39restaurants along here, benches where
41:41people can sit uh to create a sociable
41:44space. So, even though you're in the
41:46heart of Boston there, you've got a kind
41:48of protected area for pedestrians,
41:50you're making it very walkable and uh
41:53very low impact from traffic along the
41:55adjacent streets there, even though it's
41:57very close to the the downtown uh
41:59commercial district.
42:01How many of you have been here? Anybody
42:03been here? Yeah. What your name? Susan.
42:06Susan. Yeah. I was just Wait, was that
42:08is that part of Boston? What you were
42:10just showing? Uh this this here though.
42:11Well, yeah, the previous one was Boston.
42:13No, I was in Boston two weeks ago. Oh,
42:15okay. So, you did you go to Fanuel Hall?
42:17Yeah. Yeah, it's a nice area. Anyone
42:20know where this
42:22is? So, this is Seattle. It's called
42:25Pioneer Square. And again, they've used
42:29the trees. say they've used some
42:30protected area here for meal space, lot
42:34of walkability in this kind of
42:35environment. Uh and it becomes a very
42:38attractive place for tourists and for
42:40residents alike. Now, closer to home,
42:42you all have probably seen this street
42:45uh near
42:46UCI. Even in Irvine, there's been an
42:48investment in street trees. So, you've
42:50got this planting here and these wide
42:53sidewalks that make that area a little
42:55bit safer for pedestrians, a little bit
42:57more amendable for walking. Uh, here on
43:00Michaelelsson, you have a kind of
43:02pedestrian device that's set up where
43:04you push the button here and basically
43:07the street lights up when the pedestrian
43:09goes through so cars can see them. So
43:11these are all strategies to slow down
43:13the traffic, make that environment a
43:15little safer, safer and more walkable uh
43:18for people living in the
43:20area. Now in Zurich, you see another
43:24European kind of convention and that is
43:26to put a lot of emphasis on bikes, on
43:29rail transit. So, they've got an
43:31incredible tram system there where you
43:33can get anywhere in the city really
43:34quickly. And you get on one of these
43:36trams and they give you a really good
43:37picture, a cognitive map of the next
43:40stop coming up. And uh you can cover a
43:42lot of ground. Even though those running
43:44right through the middle of the city, uh
43:46they go pretty fast. This is the Zurich
43:48train station. And the the train system
43:50in Switzerland and Italy and Europe in
43:52general is a lot more developed than
43:54what we've got over here. And then you
43:56go through European cities like Zurich
43:58and you see this prepundonderance of
43:59bicycles. So people
44:01are through their culture they're sort
44:04of reinforced to ride bikes to walk and
44:07to be less dependent on automobiles than
44:09we are over here. That's another way of
44:12of slowing down the traffic. Now this
44:15term walkability of neighborhoods comes
44:17up a fair amount and I want to sort of
44:18go into what exactly we mean by a
44:20walkable neighborhood. So, this is that
44:23area in University Park with those nice
44:25trees along the sidewalk. The school is
44:27over here, University Park Elementary,
44:30and you've got this median strip that
44:32was put in at great expense to kind of
44:34slow down the traffic on Michaelelsson
44:36Drive. Now, by walkability, we mean
44:40overall support for pedestrian travel in
44:43an area. It takes into account quality
44:45of pedestrian facilities, roadway
44:47conditions, land use patterns, community
44:50support, security, and comfort for
44:52walking. You know, do you give
44:53pedestrians benches to sit down on? Uh
44:57do you give them other kinds of
45:00facilities like those signals that they
45:02can push to alert people that they're
45:04crossing the street? So, specific
45:06factors that enhance walkability of a
45:08neighborhood would be the presence and
45:11quality of sidewalks and crosswalks. If
45:13you give people, you know, specific
45:14places to walk and you don't put them
45:16right up on the street, for example, and
45:18where you have lower traffic volumes and
45:20speeds,
45:22u how safe do people feel when they're
45:23walking? That's an important component,
45:25a subjective component of walkability.
45:28Do you give them street trees, water
45:30elements, other natural elements that
45:31people are naturally drawn
45:33to? Connectivity between streets. A grid
45:36system like in Manhattan is very
45:39connected. All of those north, south,
45:41east, west streets are interconnected,
45:42so you can walk around that city and get
45:46your services very quickly. However, if
45:48you live in a culde-sac neighborhood
45:49like Woodbridge or some other area of
45:53Irvine or Newport Beach like East Bluff,
45:56you go into one of those neighborhoods
45:57and you've got these lot very curvy
45:58streets and that's great for separating
46:01people from high traffic, but it doesn't
46:03make the neighborhood as walkable
46:04because you can't get to the grocery
46:05store as easily or you can't get to a
46:07restaurant as easily. So mixed use
46:10planning uh and clustering land uses
46:12together in different ways uh in a high
46:15density situation is more promotive of
46:18walkability than these culde-sac sprawl
46:20situations. Even though some people like
46:22the suburbs, they like to get away from
46:24traffic. It it does cut down certain
46:26aspects of walkability and it gives them
46:29less proximity to valued destinations.
46:31So areas that have mixed uses, you could
46:33do a lot of things in a square mile.
46:35Whereas in another neighborhood, you've
46:36got to like if you live in Turtle Rock
46:38Irvine, you've got to drive down Turtle
46:39Rock Drive to get to the Safeway or the
46:41Cleaners or anything else. So these are
46:43some walkability
46:45dimensions. And here we're comparing a
46:47grid street structure with a sprawling
46:51suburb. And this makes the point that in
46:53this culde-sac in Belleview, Washington,
46:56there are very few shops and services
46:58within walking distance. So you can get
47:00a nice contact with nature and walk
47:02around your neighborhood, but in this
47:04situation, you're going to have a lot
47:05more proximity to mixed residences and
47:08businesses. So this becomes a more
47:10walkable place. And you can go to a a
47:12website online called
47:15walkscore.com and plot any neighborhood
47:18and see the walkability coefficient. So
47:21the next slide shows actually it's one
47:23of the later slides. U yeah this this
47:26shows the walkability of UC Irvine. uh
47:28they're saying that we have a
47:30walkability score of 77 out of a
47:32possible 100. So it's a very walkable
47:34environment from you know sort of near
47:36the best range. Uh so the campus is
47:39pretty walkable. A lot of services
47:40nearby in the marketplace you can get to
47:42quickly. But if you go into one of the
47:45residential villages or neighborhoods of
47:47Irvine, much less walkability. So you
47:49can try plotting walkability of Turtle
47:51Rock in Irvine or Northwood. You're
47:53going to see less of that walkability.
47:56Let's go back to the earlier. So these
47:58are some more specific features of
48:00walkability um that promote it. So they
48:04say picture a walkable neighborhood. You
48:05lose weight every time you walk to the
48:07grocery store. You stumble home from
48:09last call without having to wait for a
48:11cab. You spend less money on your car or
48:13you don't even own a car. When you shop,
48:15you support your local community
48:17economy. You talk to your neighbors. So
48:19it creates more social support, social
48:21climate. What makes a neighborhood
48:23walkable? Well, it has a center usually
48:25that draws people together. Uh, it has
48:28higher density. Lower density
48:30environments aren't as walkable
48:31generally because they don't have that
48:33mixture of land uses. So, mixed income,
48:36mixed use of land, uh, tends to promote
48:39walkability. Parks and public space that
48:42bring people together for recreation,
48:44pedestrian centric design where you're
48:46looking out for the needs and comforts
48:48of pedestrians, and nearby schools and
48:51workplaces. Those these are all factors
48:53that enhance
48:54walkability. And there's a whole
48:56movement now called the complete street
48:58movement, which is to make city
49:00streets complete in the sense that they
49:02serve not only motorists, but they also
49:04serve pedestrians. They serve vendors.
49:07There's a lot of things going on on
49:08those streets. So, they're accessible.
49:10They serve people that may have
49:11disabilities. They have these uh street
49:14furniture for people that need them.
49:16shade, well-connected streets, uh not
49:19too fast in terms of the traffic, and
49:22very comfortable in terms of protected
49:24bus shelters, crosswork, crosswalk
49:26timers, bike lanes, things like that.
49:28So, these are some features that enhance
49:30walkability of neighborhoods. So, we're
49:32looking at how things like defensible
49:35space, walkability, pedestrian safety
49:37can enhance the social climate, and the
49:40healthfulness of a neighborhood where
49:42people are going to interact more
49:43positively and more regularly and create
49:45those sort of neighborly bonds that make
49:47for a strong
49:49community. Now, environmental
49:51psychologists have gotten very precise
49:55in measuring what are features of
49:57neighborhoods that contribute to
49:58walkability. So these are some surveys
49:59that were designed by a UCI team,
50:02Mariela Alfonso, who got her PhD in PPD,
50:05Chris Day and Marlon Bornett. And
50:08they've developed these different uh
50:11guidelines for different types of
50:13crosswalks. So you've got the white
50:15painted lines, you've got the color
50:16painted, the zebra striping, different
50:18road surfaces and textures. So you can
50:20rate an environment as to whether it has
50:23any of those particular amenities. Also,
50:25you can look at it in terms of
50:26pedestrian crossing signs and signals.
50:29Uh, and you you can rate it as to
50:32whether it has a pedestrian activated
50:34signal like I showed you on
50:35Michaelelsson or underpass, overpass for
50:39pedestrians. So, these are all features
50:40that make it easier for people to walk
50:43through their communities as well.
50:45Sidewalks, green belts, trails, paths.
50:48Some communities not only have the
50:49traditional street, but they have these
50:51side trails or scenic vista areas uh
50:55where pedestrians are drawn because of
50:57the the views and the kind of sociable
50:59quality and the natural quality of those
51:02environments. So you can rate the
51:04environment. Does it have those kind of
51:05green built amenities? Street trees are
51:07very important. You have some of these
51:09neighborhoods that look like gardens,
51:12uh, overarching trees where it provides
51:14a kind of canopy, uh, very natural feel
51:17compared to this kind of monolithic
51:19concrete in some neighborhoods. And
51:21that's what we're talking about, the
51:22Bonaventure Hotel. And I'll show you
51:24some sides of that in the next part of
51:25the course. Outdoor dining and meal
51:28spaces tend to humanize a space. And
51:30Pioneer Square, that example I showed
51:32you in Seattle is a good example of
51:35that. Um in Europe you see a lot of
51:37sidewalk cafes to have people occupy
51:42these social spaces adjacent to the
51:43building so that they can you know
51:45relax. These are called third places.
51:48And when we get into the next part of
51:49the course we'll talk about the
51:51importance of having communities with a
51:53rich array of third places. First places
51:55are homes. Second places are workplaces
51:59and schools. But third places are these
52:01relaxed like Pete's Coffee, a bookstore,
52:04a lounge where you can go to hang out
52:06with people, strangers or friends, and
52:08let your hair down and just kind of
52:09relax. And and the best cities tend to
52:11have a lot of these interesting third
52:13places. Irvine doesn't have so many
52:15third places actually. You know, the
52:17night life here is pretty restricted
52:19after about 10 p.m., right? So if you go
52:21to a place like Laguna Beach or
52:23Westwood, you got a lot more of those
52:24third places that are active throughout
52:26all hours. street furniture, you know,
52:29are you providing sitable spaces for
52:32people that want to use that area or
52:34covered shelters here in case it rains,
52:36bike racks, things like
52:38that. So, looking ahead to the next part
52:42of the course, we've gone through these
52:45different ways that people relate to
52:46their environments through cognitive
52:48mapping, personality in the environment,
52:50attitudes and assessment,
52:52um sustainable behavior, human spatial
52:55behavior. We've talked about
52:56environmental stressors, how those
52:58affect us. We've talked about social
52:59interaction, the impacts of behavior
53:01settings on people developing leadership
53:03skills. So, these are all representing
53:06these interpretive, operative,
53:08evaluative, and responsive ways of
53:10dealing with the environment. And
53:11obviously, they're not exclusive. People
53:13are using these different strategies all
53:15the time. And when they're able to not
53:18just react to things, but also operate
53:20on the environment, we call that
53:21optimization. they're able to try to
53:23bring the environment into line with
53:25what they want to be more attuned to
53:27their goals and needs. When they're just
53:29stuck in the reactive mode here, they're
53:32adapting passively, but they're not able
53:33to optimize. They're not able to change
53:35the environment in a way that reflects
53:37what they want. So, as we've gone
53:39through these different areas of
53:40research in environmental psychology,
53:42now the question is, can we translate
53:44them into principles of design, whether
53:46that be classrooms,
53:48workplaces, health care centers, urban
53:51neighborhoods, how do we take these
53:54design findings and these environmental
53:56behavioral findings and translate them
53:58into improving our environments? We call
54:00that translational science or action
54:03research, research in the service of
54:04action, trying to make the community
54:06better. So, that's where we're going. We
54:07we've kind of reviewed some of the basic
54:10findings, basic science and
54:11environmental psychology. Now, we want
54:13to apply it and that's the next part of
54:14the course. Now, before we do the
54:17midterm review, since we're talking
54:19about environmental assessment of
54:22streets today and street quality, I
54:23thought I'd play one more segment of the
54:25pothole patrol and then uh we'll do some
54:28midterm term reviewing. Well, at six.
54:32Now, we all know that this year
54:33Halloween falls on a Friday, but the
54:34pothole patrol, a Wednesday tradition,
54:37simply couldn't wait. Following your
54:40emails, the crew went to Berkshire
54:42Street today where the tricks and treats
54:44came two days early.
54:47[Music]
54:53Oh
54:54dear. Captain, look at this.
54:58Let's call me
54:59Mateies. Oh, there she blows.
55:08Hello out there. I love children,
55:11animals, and Halloween. It's everyone's
55:13favorite holiday, and the pothole
55:15patrols bringing the noise and the hot
55:17mix to this quiet Shreveport street.
55:20I've been going around it long enough.
55:23How long? Well, I don't know for sure.
55:26Are you scared of the camera? Well,
55:28don't You're not scared of pandas, are
55:30you? No, I'm not scared of you. It's
55:32just me. Don't let the costumes fool
55:34you. This is Henry and this is
55:37Trinity. We're still doing our thing.
55:39This street needed fixing the
55:43potholes. I hardly expected this.
55:46Michael definitely loves him. Yeah, we
55:49know. We just like to stay in character.
55:51Hello, sir. Hey, Patrick. How you doing,
55:53sir? Doing all right. What do you think
55:54about this pothole crew? Well, I think
55:57they're doing a good job. This is
55:58something I've been out here about nine
56:00years and uh this is something been I
56:02think the customers really appreciate a
56:03little more out here. Pleasing the
56:04citizens. It's my job. Face down in the
56:09ple of the mixes and black. He's a big
56:13strong man with an alligator head. Don't
56:15you take his boots
56:18away. From the pothole patrol to you,
56:21have a safe and happy Halloween.
56:28All right. So, let's let's do some uh
56:31questions. Midterm reviews, uh study
56:34guide. Some of you were puzzled by
56:35questions on the study guide. Somebody
56:37asked on the a message board, what's
56:39meant by the user needs gap? What's the
56:42user needs gap? Anybody remember that?
56:45What's the
56:49gap? Yeah, Haruna. Okay. So, Haruna is
56:52saying it's a communication gap. The
56:54designers talk to the developers who are
56:56paying them to design an environment.
56:58And a lot of times the developers don't
57:00know what their endusers are going to
57:02need like the office workers or the
57:04students that occupy a classroom. The
57:06university administrator uh commissions
57:08a classroom but they haven't necessarily
57:10done an assessment to know what the
57:12students want or what they prefer. So
57:14there's a gap there's a communication
57:15gap between the end users and the
57:18designers and developers. So that's what
57:19we mean by that gap that has to be
57:21bridged by doing this type of research
57:24which alerts the designers to some of
57:26the uh congruence issues. How do you
57:29make an environment more congruence or
57:30better fitted to what uh the occupants
57:33need? Other questions that came up um
57:37somebody
57:38asked why would a highly legible
57:42environment in terms of um Kevin Lynch's
57:45notion of environmental legibility
57:47cognitive mapping why why might a highly
57:49legible environment might not not be
57:50good in all circumstances anybody know
57:52why that would be this gets back to what
57:55Dr. Misra lectured on environmental
57:58cognition. Somebody take a guess. Okay,
58:01Aruna. Okay, so there's some value in
58:03mystery and serendipity. And when
58:05everything is too grid-like and too
58:07predictable, people get bored. That's
58:09one of the wraps on Irvine. It's too
58:10predictable. It's too stayed. It's not
58:13interesting. It's so planned that
58:16there's no happen stance or serendipity
58:18here. So the extreme legibility is where
58:21you have boredom. But the extreme
58:23illegibility is where you have people
58:25getting lost and confused and stressed.
58:27So you want that happy medium. Uh where
58:30you don't want either
58:32extreme urban image. Can you elaborate a
58:35little bit more on urban imageability?
58:37Yes. Yeah. App um Kevin Lynch in image
58:42of the city, one of the uh paperback
58:45books for the course talks about two key
58:48characteristics of environments based on
58:50the design. One is legibility. Can you
58:53find your way? Is it clear how to get
58:55from point A to point B? Imageability is
58:58simply does it evoke and create strong
59:01memories? Is it easy to remember because
59:03something strikes you there that's
59:05really interesting. So it's not so much
59:08navigability, how do you get point A to
59:09B, which is legibility and coherence,
59:12but rather imageability. How strong of
59:14an image does that create in you? And
59:16how do we create using design features?
59:19How do we create stronger imageability?
59:20So you can put a landmark near an
59:23intersection and a node and by putting
59:25those different elements together create
59:27more imageability. So, you've got the
59:29Handcock building on Lakeshore Drive in
59:31Chicago. And as you come around that
59:32bend and you see that tall building and
59:35the edge of the lake, it's a very vi uh
59:38visual imageable kind of scene and it
59:40makes a kind of iconic image of Chicago
59:43just like the Sydney Opera House is a
59:46highly imageable representation of the
59:48city of Sydney, Australia. So, that's
59:50what we mean by imageability. Okay.
59:53Amber's saying, "Why are you
59:55distinguishing between urban
59:56imageability and just plain old
59:57imageability?" And imageability is the
59:59more general term, but you can apply it
1:00:01to a city, you can apply it to a suburb.
1:00:04Yeah. Yeah. The last walk technique in
1:00:07the Mgrim and Jodlay study was uh you
1:00:11know, they were trying to come up with
1:00:12different ways of assessing people's
1:00:14cognitive maps of their neighborhoods or
1:00:15their cities. So one way you assess
1:00:18cognitive map is you ask people to draw
1:00:19a sketch map and you see how accurate it
1:00:22is or you see how many elements which
1:00:24elements show up in that map. So they
1:00:26looked at Parisian's maps and they saw
1:00:28that the Eiffel Tower shows up in just
1:00:30about every map. The river, the Sen
1:00:32River shows up in just about every map,
1:00:33but there were certain other elements of
1:00:35Paris that didn't show up so much. So
1:00:37they wanted to come up with some other
1:00:38ways of measuring people's cognitive
1:00:40maps. So one way of doing that is to
1:00:43assess what areas of Paris mean the most
1:00:45to them. They're most sentimentally
1:00:47attached. Remember we talked about place
1:00:49attachment, place identity. So they
1:00:52asked people to do the last walk
1:00:53technique. If this was your last day in
1:00:55Paris, where would you walk? What's your
1:00:57most favorite part of the city where
1:00:58you'd want to spend the day? And most
1:01:01people chose the Shanzel
1:01:03uh that beautiful treelined area to
1:01:05walk. So they used it as a kind of
1:01:07measure of sentimental attachment to
1:01:09Paris, favorite parts of Paris.
1:01:12cognitive mapping research really came
1:01:14out of some studies of rats. And what
1:01:17they found in those studies is that if
1:01:20you trained up a rat to run a maze like
1:01:23an L-shaped maze where they go from the
1:01:25starting point to a top left hand
1:01:28compartment where they get food pellets
1:01:30and then you put them in a different
1:01:32kind of maze where let's say it's radial
1:01:34and they have 16 different routes that
1:01:36they can travel and you put those
1:01:38trained up rats who learn the L-shaped
1:01:40map how to get food in the L-shaped and
1:01:42go to the northeast and you put them in
1:01:44this new radial maze design. The vast
1:01:47preponderance of the rats choose the
1:01:49route going to the northeast. They don't
1:01:51go to the southwest. They go to the
1:01:52northeast. So Edward Tolman, who was a
1:01:55psychologist at UC Berkeley, and they've
1:01:57named their psychology building Tolman
1:01:59Hall because he was a pretty famous
1:02:01psychologist. He discovered that even
1:02:03rats had the ability to develop spatial
1:02:06uh representations of their environments
1:02:08to find their way around. And a lot of
1:02:12his experimental psychology colleagues
1:02:13thought that was crazy that rats don't
1:02:15have mental maps. And so that term was
1:02:19sort of out of favor for many years. But
1:02:21then Kevin Lynch at MIT who was an urban
1:02:23planner came along and said, you know, I
1:02:25can do research on people's cognitive
1:02:27maps and he started interviewing people
1:02:29in Boston, New York, Philadelphia about
1:02:33their images of their cities and what
1:02:35they recall about their cities and why
1:02:37they're highly imageable. So, uh, Beth
1:02:39has put up this slide here, uh, where
1:02:41you've got in the Tolman study, the rat
1:02:44is running from, uh, point A to point B,
1:02:49and then in the next maze after they're
1:02:51trained up to do
1:02:52that. Okay, so that's this is the
1:02:55radial. So then they put them in this
1:02:56radial maze and they close off the route
1:03:00to D because that's sort of the obvious.
1:03:02Okay, I'm just going to go forward. But
1:03:04they found that that uh path six going
1:03:08to the northeast point B was the most
1:03:10frequently traveled route. So if you
1:03:12wait go over which leverage point
1:03:14leverage point. Yeah leverage point
1:03:17means that there are certain behaviors
1:03:19that exert high leverage on how much
1:03:21energy we use for example. So when Beth
1:03:24talked about finding the high leverage
1:03:26efficiency behaviors, we want to find
1:03:28the behaviors that account for most of
1:03:30the energy use like in a household that
1:03:32might be the kind of car people purchase
1:03:34or it might be the kind of air
1:03:36conditioning and heating system they
1:03:37have. Um so we want to try to influence
1:03:40those behaviors or we want to try we
1:03:42want to try to find decision makers who
1:03:44are making energy conservation decisions
1:03:46for their companies uh that affect
1:03:48hundreds of people. They are in a high
1:03:50lever position because they're choosing
1:03:52products that might be energy star rated
1:03:55or not, more efficient or not. So, we
1:03:57want to leverage our efforts at changing
1:03:59behavior on those behaviors or people
1:04:01that make the most difference.

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