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Lecture 08 - Human Spatial Behavior — Transcript

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0:09today we're going to be talking about
0:10human spatial behavior how
0:12use space in their everyday interactions
0:14and before I get into today's material I
0:17just want to pick up on a few things
0:18from last week on environmental
0:20assessment yeah they used to be at this
0:23campus back in the 80s a campus
0:25environmental assessment team we had
0:27this team of students going around and
0:29doing assessments on the campus the
0:31library Aldrich Park a lot of times
0:34students were complaining about Aldrich
0:35Park being too wet because of the over
0:37watering and we sponsored a creative
0:40change contest where students were
0:42invited to send in proposals of things
0:45that could be done to improve the campus
0:47and there were a lot of really
0:48interesting proposals that came in one
0:52of them was to paint some of the
0:53classrooms and this is social science
0:57lab building painted red with some
1:00interesting posters put in there to make
1:03that room a little bit more interesting
1:04for the students another proposal that
1:06was funded was to tag some of the trees
1:09and historical spots in Aldrich Park so
1:11if you go into alders Park and walk
1:13around you'll see a number of different
1:15tags metal tags that have been affixed
1:18to show sort of points of interest in
1:20the park now last time I mentioned that
1:28there were a lot of different simulation
1:30approaches from scale models static to
1:33scale models dynamic to full-scale
1:36dynamic and this is a full scale dynamic
1:38lab it used to be in social social
1:42ecology one building and these are some
1:45folks that helped run that lab at Ed
1:47Scharf there is now a senior scientist
1:49at the National Institute for
1:50Occupational Safety and Health in
1:52Cincinnati so we had a whole program of
1:54work environment research going on and
1:56we did studies comparing people's
1:59reactions to adjustable non-adjustable
2:01computer furniture this was in the days
2:03before organ Omikron asure was really
2:05popularized we also varied different
2:10ambient conditions like whether people
2:12were surrounded by natural elements in
2:15the bottom photo that was a natural
2:17environment condition or the more urban
2:18condition where the pictures the posters
2:22were of urban escapes rather than
2:23landscapes and we looked at people
2:25tasks performance their emotions while
2:26they were in those situations working in
2:28this full-scale dynamic simulation
2:31laboratory so that's the view from sort
2:33of the natural environment condition and
2:34you can see how old those monitors are
2:36those are alpha micro alpha
2:37microcomputers early vintage so we've
2:40come away since then but in addition to
2:44these simulation strategies I want to
2:46mention a couple of examples of
2:48diagnostic walkthroughs that can be done
2:50on existing environments this is part of
2:52the post occupancy evaluation approach
2:54and I'll give you a couple of case
2:56studies this is one that I was involved
2:58with with an environmental impact firm
3:01called LSA associates they write reports
3:03on proposed developments to see if they
3:06will qualify for the sequa this
3:08California Environmental Quality Act and
3:10they were moving from a building in
3:12Newport Center this building here on the
3:15fifth floor to a building over in
3:18Jamboree Center on McArthur and main so
3:22they wanted to know what what do you see
3:25when you walk through this environment
3:26that's working well not so well what can
3:28we do to improve our future digs when we
3:30move into the new space so we walk
3:32through and we saw a lot of things this
3:34is the reception office or area for
3:37their old space in Fashion Island and
3:40you can see it's pretty crowded there
3:42you've got you know this couch for
3:45visitors this is the front door this is
3:46a receptionist and over to the
3:48receptionist left is the data programmer
3:51who's working there kind of in the
3:52corner behind that screen very minimal
3:55privacy opportunities there and a lot of
3:58distraction we also noticed some pretty
4:02poor ergonomics in the workstations the
4:04non adjustable monitors and things like
4:07that they had fairly nice space they had
4:10views of Newport Bay and fashion Island
4:12out their windows but their interior
4:14working conditions were not very optimal
4:16they had people working close together
4:18without any kind of separation in that
4:21case this was their conference room
4:23before they moved to the new space so as
4:27we looked at what was going on we
4:30developed a kind of environmental audit
4:32and we put together these posters that
4:35had examples of things that could be
4:38chain
4:38and improved in their future space and
4:40we met with the members of that company
4:43to get them involved to get them
4:45participating in some of those decisions
4:46and the management approved that they
4:48were all for that
4:49and some of you for extra credit might
4:51want to do that type of a poster board
4:53where you go into an environment and you
4:55kind of assess what's working well or
4:56what isn't from the perspective of
4:58things you're learning in this course
4:59about environmental assessment or
5:01wayfinding or personal space and the
5:04like so you present the findings you get
5:08the the people in that organization
5:10involved in sort of deciding what's
5:12coming next all right so one of the
5:15things we did to get the workers
5:17involved in participating is we had them
5:21consider color screens for the new
5:23offices and we showed them this
5:25designer's guide to color and had them
5:28look at these various shades and then we
5:31gave him a questionnaire which said you
5:34know from among those colors that they
5:35viewed list your top three choices of
5:39colors that you would like to see in
5:40your new office and based on that
5:43information the designer who was working
5:45with us Roger Lee from the Bay Area put
5:47together alternative color schemes and
5:49these were shown to the workers this was
5:52kind of in the pastel shades of blues
5:55and mobs this was another version of
5:58that color scheme and alternate color
6:00scheme so the workers kind of voted on
6:02those and they could choose and there's
6:03a question in the study guide about how
6:06does environmental assessment or how can
6:08can environmental assessment be used to
6:09increase people's participation in the
6:12design of their environments and this is
6:13an example where you ask them about
6:15things they don't like about the office
6:17or colors they prefer in the next space
6:18and you get them involved even voting
6:21for those different combinations and I
6:26mentioned last week that the designer
6:27also did these activity drawings in
6:30terms of who needed to work with whom in
6:31the office and then came up with a plan
6:33for the new space that kind of separated
6:36the two divisions of the company on
6:38those two sides with the central
6:40conference room library areas
6:42here the reception space so all of that
6:44was pre-designed programming and it was
6:48based on the post occupancy evaluation
6:50of their existing space and remember
6:52they're moving to a new space so they
6:54want to try to optimize that the
6:57designer also came up with this scheme
6:59that they could have these doors that
7:03were on hinges so rather than having
7:04traditional doors they could slide these
7:07on a gantry for more or less privacy and
7:10when they wanted to work as a team they
7:13could get together in the outer space
7:14like that so it was kind of a neat
7:17design feature and they actually
7:18custom-built these for the new space so
7:21let's take a look at some of the changes
7:24that they made in the new space this is
7:25MacArthur this is Jamboree Center on
7:28MacArthur and main and they were up in I
7:32think the fifth floor of this building
7:34and one of the things you see when you
7:38walk into their reception space now is
7:40they've really optimized kind of the the
7:43separation between the staff and the
7:45public coming into that environment
7:47they're also using environmental
7:50semiotic Saur communication symbolism to
7:53showcase their products here and there
7:55you know they've got a nice clean logo
7:57for their company so they've made some
7:59changes to the reception area based on
8:00kind of what we were seeing in the old
8:02space this is their conference room
8:05which I've showed you before and you can
8:06see compared to the old conference room
8:08now they've got a lot more symbolism of
8:11the workers there their achievements the
8:13things that they have collaborated on
8:15together so when the workers go in there
8:17they get a sense of their shared group
8:18identity and that's really important in
8:20work organizations so here we're using
8:22environmental assessments both pre
8:24design evaluation and post occupancy
8:26evaluation to try to enhance a work
8:30organization and they're their basic
8:33work functions in that that company and
8:36this is a picture of what those swinging
8:39doors look like on the hinges that they
8:41had custom design based on the the
8:43evaluation and these are some of the
8:46employees in their meal area they
8:48previously had a very dingy area to have
8:50lunch and they they put some investment
8:54in to bring
8:54some plants and natural environment in
8:57here and a much cheerier kind of
8:59inviting space and again you know using
9:04the environment to communicate what they
9:06do in that company so when they have
9:07visitors walking through they see that
9:09and they can kind of relate to what the
9:11company's functions are now I want to
9:14show you one other example of a
9:16diagnostic walkthrough
9:18this is based on more of a manufacturing
9:20environment and for many years we had a
9:22UCI health promotion Center funded by
9:24several grants from the California
9:26wellness foundation and we were helping
9:29companies sort of get into compliance
9:31with the worksite injury and illness
9:33prevention law in California and that
9:35was a pretty stiff law because if if
9:37people didn't comply if corporate
9:39managers didn't comply with the
9:41regulations they could be fined seven
9:42thousand dollars a day which is a lot of
9:44money now trying to keep tabs on all the
9:47small businesses in California is very
9:49difficult so not that many people
9:51actually were fined but nonetheless a
9:53lot of companies wanted to get into
9:54better compliance so we began this kind
9:58of effort called reach out for safety
10:01which trained up employees and managers
10:03on how to be in compliance with the new
10:05California state law for worksite
10:08wellness and this is that legislation
10:10which I showed you last time copy of
10:12that Senate bill 198 and this is
10:16Meredith well she's another former
10:17student PhD student in social ecology
10:20who got her degree here then went on and
10:23became an assistant professor at the
10:24University of Kentucky but she was
10:26heading up this work site audit or
10:29diagnostic walkthrough team and so what
10:31these walkthroughs involve is you go
10:33through and you look for safety issues
10:35that might be out of compliance with the
10:37regulations and rather than sort of
10:40turning in these companies and saying
10:42hey these are people that could be fine
10:43what we were trying to do is counsel
10:45them and give them sort of more expert
10:48advice on things they could do to get in
10:51compliance so they wouldn't be fine so
10:52we were it was really something in their
10:54interest and they they appreciated that
10:55and that's why they participated in the
10:57study so when you do a walkthrough for
11:00safety issues you're looking for things
11:01like whether the individuals are wearing
11:04safety equipment
11:05those goggles and earplugs so we're
11:07doing some behavior mapping on how the
11:09employees are actually using the space
11:11are they using the protective equipment
11:13that's mandated as well the law says
11:17that copies of the legislation should be
11:21mounted clearly and visibly in the
11:23workspace so that workers know what
11:26their rights are what's expected of the
11:27company in terms of health and safety so
11:30here you've got a company that's got
11:31that the legal stuff well displayed this
11:34is another example of a company that's
11:36doing that in terms of emergency
11:38procedures and hazards management but
11:42then in terms of using physical traces
11:44in this assessment we found some
11:46companies like this so they've got their
11:48signage up but it's so totally blocked
11:50and the print is so small that no
11:52workers could ever reasonably read that
11:54stuff right they're just blocked so this
11:56is a kind of physical trace that you
11:59know calls out we're not in compliance
12:02they're mandated to have fire
12:05extinguishers well here we have a
12:07missing physical trace somebody's got
12:09their handbag hanging up where the fire
12:11extinguisher should have been and so
12:14this is what sisal means by a missing
12:16trace and so this is how you can use
12:18some of these physical cues and you may
12:20do this in some of your extra credit
12:21projects looking for these things in a
12:23residential situation or a workplace in
12:25terms of how that environments working
12:27or not working other things we did is
12:30measure noise levels so this is a
12:32handheld dosimeter it measures the
12:35decibels of noise in a particular
12:37environment this is actually a community
12:40noise analyzer which goes for several
12:4324-hour periods to analyze the traffic
12:45noise levels in a neighborhood so this
12:47is another way that objective recordings
12:49of light sound temperature can be used
12:53to assess whether an environment is
12:55congruent with the needs of its users or
12:57not and here again is a example of that
13:02kind of poster board based on the
13:04environmental audit and you can see
13:05things here this is actually from a the
13:08LSA and the UCI financial services so
13:12you can see that case here where
13:14someone's using a prop to reduce glare
13:16on the computer
13:17Green the work conference room that has
13:20enough no symbolism at all telling
13:22people you know what's going on what
13:24their identity is in that space so there
13:26are a lot of things you can pull out
13:27based on various principles we've been
13:30talking about to identify areas that
13:33need to be fixed in that environment so
13:35you use those kind of summaries to let
13:39people know you know to flag issues that
13:41they may want to consider for future
13:43improvement now we also said that
13:46physical traces say something about the
13:49social climate not just the physical
13:51quality of the environment but the
13:52social climate so here you've got bars
13:54on a window and you can say well that's
13:57just a physical part of the environment
13:58but what it symbolizes is that there's a
14:00concern about crime in that neighborhood
14:02or you know in that residence so it
14:04creates a kind of climate of fear and
14:06that's one of the problems with gated
14:08communities that people see those gates
14:11and they feel like they must be needed
14:13otherwise you know people would be
14:14victimized so there's a kind of
14:16separation that goes on with that kind
14:18of gating other cues such as this vision
14:23and value statement that we've talked
14:24about before that also says something
14:26about the social climate or the
14:28commitment of that company to certain
14:30social goals and as we said it's kind of
14:33gutsy to put that up on the wall because
14:35there are a lot of lofty values listed
14:37there and the employees go by that every
14:39day when they go into the elevator so if
14:40it's not working so well that becomes a
14:43kind of contradiction right so that's
14:45another example of a cue that says
14:47something about the social climate of
14:48that environment and here you've got a
14:51neighborhood in Baltimore where the
14:53residents have invested and the city has
14:56invested in a kind of beautification
14:58program where plants have been brought
14:59in one of the problems of low-income
15:01inner-city environments is that people
15:03have very little access to nature and
15:06we've already seen how nature makes a
15:08difference in people's recovery from
15:10surgery in a hospital but we'll also see
15:13later in the course
15:14how contact with nature and restorative
15:16environments reduces stress and has a
15:18lot of positive effects on people so
15:20what is going on in this particular
15:22neighborhood in Baltimore is bringing in
15:25the natural environment and creating a
15:27different kind of social climate
15:29on that Street because of the presence
15:31of those plants and other sort of
15:34touches that improve the visual quality
15:36of environment so do any of you have any
15:44questions on any of the examples I
15:46covered there we talked about full scale
15:48dynamic simulation in our earlier
15:51laboratory and social ecology one we
15:53talked about a couple of examples of
15:56diagnostic walkthroughs where you can
15:58use physical traces behavioral mapping
16:00to evaluate the quality of an
16:02environment and to improve it for the
16:03future and that's what we're doing
16:06environmental assessment for typically
16:07to improve an existing environment or
16:09improve a future one and then we talked
16:12about some of these physical traces of
16:14social climates so any comments or
16:17questions at all about that yeah say
16:23your name
16:23sukhiya full scale so kia was asking
16:33what do I mean by full scale simulation
16:36a scale model is like a miniature little
16:40model that you show people or it could
16:42be a model of Marin County like we
16:44showed at the Berkeley Lab or at the
16:46University of lund where you drive a
16:48camera through it and you get these eye
16:50level views to approximate what
16:52pedestrians would see those are scale
16:54models they're drawn to scale or the
16:56creeks they're constructed to scale but
16:57they're sort of tiny miniature versions
17:00full scale simulation is like at the
17:04Lausanne University lab where the people
17:07come in and they arrange Legos and they
17:08build these actual full-scale appartment
17:11replicas or designs or in our social
17:15ecology lab where we brought people into
17:17an actual office environment lab and
17:19buried the conditions they were working
17:21under to see how they affected their
17:23work so that's more of a full scale
17:24dynamic situation rather than a scale
17:28static situation when you show somebody
17:30just a static model and ask them that
17:32did they think they would like living
17:33there and working there that's a little
17:35bit of a different that's more of a
17:37stretch for people because you have to
17:38imagine what would that look like you
17:40know if it were built out
17:41full-scale so scale models sort of make
17:43you require that you make that leap
17:46there's also photographic stimulant
17:49simulation where you show people
17:50pictures and we talked about photo
17:52montage where you can change the what's
17:54shown in the pictures so that you can
17:57gauge whether people like the earth
17:59tones add a lot or they like more vivid
18:01colors or they they don't like high
18:03structures along the coastline this is
18:05something they did in coastal planning
18:07in Oregon so these are different types
18:10of simulation approaches and we said
18:12that environmental simulation is part of
18:14the pre design assessment it's it's
18:17giving people previews of a future
18:18environment to gauge their reactions and
18:21avoid the kind of design mistakes that
18:24we've seen in pruitt-igoe we've seen in
18:26cabrini-green in chicago and you can
18:29think of other design mistakes where you
18:31have a dorm or a classroom that just
18:34doesn't work very well for the students
18:35so we're trying to avoid those
18:38investments in environments that just
18:40have to be torn apart and bulldozed
18:42anyway right so it's a waste of a lot of
18:43resource so that's one of the reasons we
18:45have this emphasis on environmental
18:46evaluation and environmental attitudes
18:49all right so I want to switch now into
18:53the material for today which is human
18:56spatial behavior and we've been talking
18:58about how people respond to environments
19:01their reactions to environments the
19:03reactive mode if you will of people
19:04dealing with their environment and you
19:07know people that are in dysfunctional
19:09environments and they can't do anything
19:10about it they're kind of stuck in a
19:12reactive mode they don't really have a
19:13lot of opportunity to be active and
19:17change the environment to their liking
19:19well we're going into more of some
19:22research areas now that emphasize
19:23people's active use of space for example
19:26like when you're in a social interaction
19:27or you're setting up your dorm room how
19:29do you structure that space in a way
19:32that's more optimal for you so you're
19:34taking kind of an active role in
19:37improving stress if somebody's standing
19:40too close to you or setting up a
19:42territory that works more effectively
19:44for you so here we've you know we've
19:47covered this active cognitive mode where
19:50people are interpreting their
19:51environment
19:52environmental cognition cognitive
19:53mapping and how personality affects how
19:57people interpret their environment in an
20:00active way but we also said that
20:01personality can be influenced by the
20:04environment in a reactive way so one of
20:05the things I want to say about this
20:07diagram is it's a useful device to kind
20:10of locate different areas of research in
20:13the field but the fact is we're all kind
20:15of cycling between these active and
20:17reactive modes ideally we're kind of in
20:20an environment we're interpreting it
20:21we're evaluating it at the same time
20:22we're behaving in it as long as we have
20:25that kind of good reciprocal interactive
20:27relation with our surroundings we're
20:29doing all those things together and it's
20:31in the service of optimizing the fit or
20:34improving congruence that we use our
20:36interpretation and our actions and our
20:38evaluations to sort of bring the
20:39environment closer to what we want
20:41ideally that's what we're trying to do
20:43so today we're kind of moving up here
20:46the active behavioral way of dealing
20:49with environment and next time we're
20:51going to talk about how do you get
20:52people to behave in an ecologically
20:55positive manner to protect their
20:58environment to go green for example
20:59today we're going to talk about
21:01proxemics which is human spatial
21:03behavior the use of space and everyday
21:05interaction and as you read the Edward
21:08hall chapters from his book there's some
21:10very interesting examples of how these
21:13spatial zones and traditions or
21:15strategies vary from one culture to the
21:17next and a lot of times you can get
21:19misunderstandings between people from
21:20different cultures because they're sort
21:23of working from very different
21:24expectations about space so some of this
21:28research begins back with studies of
21:30animal populations living in very
21:33crowded dense environments and this was
21:35an early famous study of a herd of deer
21:39living in a winter climate on an island
21:44off of the coast of Maryland and what
21:47they observed was a die-off of sort of
21:50the majority of animals in that herd
21:52died and they kind of wanted to know
21:54what was going on there was a crowding
21:56was it the harsh temperatures and one of
21:59the things about crowding is that it
22:03affects us depend
22:04other things in the situation so if
22:06we're dealing with a situation of
22:08crowding where we want more intimacy or
22:11we want more solitude that crowding is
22:14going to affect us more adversely than
22:16if we want to go to a party or we want
22:19to go to an athletic event where we want
22:20more people to be present so here
22:23they've got a kind of convergence of
22:25harsh temperature density on that island
22:28and it led to a die-off and the authors
22:31of that study claimed that part of that
22:34was due to crowding stress the animals
22:36being too close together and they you
22:39know in line with Wynn Edwards study
22:41that we read about territorial spreading
22:44out of an animal population when it gets
22:45too dense to avoid a crash and over
22:49consumption of food resources it was
22:51kind of in that vein this is another
22:53study kind of in that sort of tradition
22:57by John Calhoun at NIH where he did this
22:59study of rats we've mentioned this
23:01before they called it the behavioral
23:02sync there were areas in that in that
23:05experimental community where a lot of
23:09bad stuff happened especially around the
23:11feeding areas and then some of those
23:13ramps going from one compartment to the
23:15next the animals would attack each other
23:18the subordinate animals would be
23:19attacked by the more dominant animals
23:21the animals trying to get food if they
23:25weren't dominant would be pushed out of
23:27the way or attacked and wind Edwards and
23:30Calhoun interpreted this as being part
23:33of the internal checks on population
23:35that you know remember their food was
23:37optimized they had all the food they
23:39wanted the temperature was optimal
23:40predators were not there they tried to
23:44control microbes biological you know
23:47infections but still as an animal
23:49population starts to exceed its
23:51boundaries these these impulses toward
23:55territoriality spreading out and the
23:58dominance hierarchy kick in and they
24:00become much more observable so these are
24:04some of the things that were observed in
24:06crowding among non-human species and
24:10also in the 60s this book the Population
24:13Bomb by dr. Paul Ehrlich was published
24:16and it was basically decry
24:19the population explosion in the world
24:22and the fact that density was going to
24:23be our ruins this was a book by Jonathan
24:27Friedman at Columbia University in the
24:29early 70s which argued that density
24:31really is neutral it doesn't affect
24:32people positively or negatively but
24:35rather if somebody is living in a slum
24:38area and they're under hardship
24:40yeah densities not going to affect them
24:42very well this paper that I did as a
24:45graduate student distinguish between
24:47density a physical condition of space or
24:50lack of space and crowding a
24:53motivational state where people feel
24:55stressed because they don't have enough
24:56space for whatever they want to get done
24:58so density effects are determined by
25:01sort of the personal and situational
25:03factors and what people are trying to
25:05accomplish in a given situation so these
25:09are some of the distinctions between
25:11density and crowding density is a
25:13physical kind of concept a mount of
25:17space and you can either talk about
25:19social density which is the number of
25:21people per a given unit of space or you
25:24can take the same number of people and
25:25vary their square footage and that's
25:27called spatial density so there's social
25:29density and spatial density but all of
25:32these variants of density are basically
25:35measures of physical space right
25:38crowding on the other hand is a
25:40psychological experience and it refers
25:43to kind of a discomfort that arises from
25:45the perception that you don't have
25:47enough space for what you want to do so
25:49this situation here obviously you've got
25:52pretty high density but if that's
25:54chronic and people are that huddled
25:56together for long enough period of time
25:57they're gonna start feeling crowding
25:59stress because they can't get away from
26:01that situation and this is a model that
26:07and I don't want you to you know try to
26:09memorize all the details of these boxes
26:12but basically there are features of the
26:14environment
26:14the way the physical environment is
26:16arranged social status and social
26:19situate social conditions in that
26:21situation and together with individuals
26:24personal attributes like whether
26:25someone's a stimulation seeker or they
26:28are introverted or extroverted or
26:30something
26:30like that it's that combination of the
26:33dense environment or some kind of social
26:36strain combined with a personal
26:38attribute that makes people more
26:40sensitive to crowding stress that you
26:42begin to get that stress experience and
26:44the stress experience can manifest
26:46itself in terms of psychological
26:48symptoms like the belief the feeling
26:51that you don't have enough space or a
26:53kind of emotional imbalance feeling
26:55infringed on or peripheral to what's
26:57going on in the situation you can also
26:59get physiological stress and this is
27:01something that hans selye i talked about
27:03in his book the stress of life in terms
27:05of the reaction of the thymus gland the
27:08the enlargement of the adrenals the
27:10stomach ulcers those are symptoms of
27:12physiological stress and then people
27:14respond to that crowding stress
27:16behaviorally perceptually by trying to
27:20work back and change the environment or
27:22change themselves and by changing
27:24themselves they might try to withdraw
27:25from that environment they might try to
27:27get to know and like people in that
27:29situation a little better than before so
27:34they're trying to modify you know
27:35themselves personally right so these are
27:38different kind of adaptations that
27:40people can employ to try to reduce the
27:43feeling of crowding stress so people's
27:46susceptibility to crowding depends on
27:48their personal attributes a lot of
27:50social things going on in the situation
27:51culture and the physical environment so
27:53here again we're seeing that whole
27:55notion of systems equilibrium the kind
28:00of combination of environment and person
28:02features that that determine whether
28:04someone is going to feel that fit or
28:06they're going to feel stressed in that
28:07setting now where would you want high
28:11density where would that be desirable
28:13well obviously if you're in a situation
28:17where more people makes it a more
28:19exciting or interesting setting you want
28:21greater density you want that at a party
28:23you want that at a sports event or a
28:25concert you know if you go to a concert
28:27in Coachella and nobody's there it's
28:29like not really worth going to you want
28:31it to be an event something you remember
28:33is you know everybody showed up so
28:35density is not always an undesirable
28:37thing by the same token there are a lot
28:41of situations where you absolutely do
28:43not want high density
28:45you want more privacy you want more
28:46separation from people whether you're
28:48trying to study quietly in a library or
28:51get some privacy with somebody that
28:53you're close with romantically involved
28:55these kinds of situations you start to
28:58feel that crowding stress a lot sooner
29:00right so here's an example of what we
29:02mean by that equilibrium model of
29:04crowding stress you know somebody's
29:06tolerance for a density or just one
29:08other person being in that situation is
29:10going to be a lot lower in these
29:12situations than the ones I showed you
29:13before because of the nature of the
29:16situation and what they're you know what
29:17they're doing there so obviously high
29:21density is not a good or a bad thing in
29:24itself now we've been talking about
29:30crowding where people don't have enough
29:32sort of separation between themselves
29:35and other people and you can also have a
29:37situation of isolation where you feel
29:39like you don't have enough contact with
29:41other people you want more contact
29:44you're under crowded so how do people
29:47kind of maintain this balance between
29:50crowding stress on the one hand and
29:52feeling isolated on the other so there
29:55are behavioral mechanisms according to
29:57Robert Summer that people use to
30:01optimize their contact with other people
30:04so what do we mean by personal space
30:06well we said that it's an area around
30:10somebody's body it's an invisible kind
30:12of zone and if people go into it too
30:15closely you start to feel uncomfortable
30:16you start to feel that stress of too
30:19much proximity so personal space is one
30:22of the mechanisms that we use to adjust
30:24our space in our everyday interactions
30:26and either clam up and not be as open
30:31with people or to approach them and
30:34reduce our personal space needs so that
30:36we can have more contact depending on
30:38the situation according to Edward Hall
30:42who's an anthropologist he found some
30:44very sort of consistent zones of
30:48personal space in his research across
30:50many different cultures so one zone is
30:53the intimate zone 0 to 18 inches inches
30:56of content
30:57with somebody else the personal distance
30:59zone of a foot and a half to four feet
31:02out social distance 4 to 12 feet out or
31:05public distance where you go into a
31:08lecture and you're interacting with the
31:11speaker who's up on a podium and you're
31:13separated from that person so these are
31:15different sort of zones of personal
31:17space that people use and these go
31:19across a lot of different cultures
31:21generally the need for personal space
31:23seems to be a cultural universal thing
31:25but how its managed is quite different
31:28you know some cultures use clothing
31:30veils to sort of reduce the contact that
31:34somebody has visually with other people
31:37some people use behavioral mannerisms to
31:40cut down contact with other people so
31:44we're going to take a look at some of
31:45that
31:45so it's culturally variable for sure
31:49there are cities and their cultures that
31:52are close personal space and generally
31:55what Paul found is that in the Middle
31:57East in Latin America in Asia you find
32:02and in some European areas you find
32:05closer personal space norms people are
32:07used to kind of getting in close with
32:09each other they like a lot of sort of
32:11high contact interaction even with
32:14strangers they're not put off by that
32:15and yet there are other cultures where
32:19you have much larger personal space
32:22needs and these would be northern Europe
32:26Canada and these are you know gross
32:29generalizations obviously but as hall
32:31interviewed people across many different
32:33cultures these are some of the patterns
32:35that he found that there was a cultural
32:36variation in people's use and need for
32:40personal space
32:47now this is a bit of a busy slide which
32:50you can territorial behavior which we're
32:52going to talk about we've talked about
32:53it with Wynn Edwards but we're going to
32:55talk about it as applies to humans
32:56not just non-human species these
32:59concepts are these processes work
33:01together to optimize people's control
33:05over their privacy so in an ideal
33:08situation where you have an environment
33:09that you can modify you want to maintain
33:12you want to hit that sweet spot of just
33:15the amount of privacy or lack of privacy
33:16want with other people in that situation
33:19if you don't have control over the
33:21situation people can come in and
33:22infringe on you and do whatever they
33:23want and you have no control over it so
33:26privacy is the central concept and it
33:29sort of binds the other processes
33:31together it's a regulatory process where
33:34a person or group makes themselves more
33:36or less accessible or open to others and
33:38then personal space and territoriality
33:40are mechanisms that help that person
33:43achieve their desired level of privacy
33:45so if you want more privacy you step
33:47away you increase your personal space or
33:49you set up a territory in your room
33:51where you say you put on your door you
33:54know please don't disturb me now or
33:55visitor's are not welcome
33:57so you set up territorial devices to
33:59push people away crowding is a social
34:02condition where privacy mechanisms have
34:05not functioned effectively so you have
34:07an excess of undesired social contact
34:09and privacy related behaviors these all
34:13these behaviors are working as a dynamic
34:15system so remember we said that you know
34:17people environment relationships are
34:18part of systems that's why we went over
34:20systems theory and they strive to
34:23maintain a kind of equilibrium or fit
34:25between the person and their environment
34:26so that's what this model says and in
34:29this slide it's kind of a diagrammatic
34:33portrayal of what Altman is saying he's
34:35saying that you start with some ideal
34:37level of privacy given somebody that
34:39you're interacting with the situation
34:41they may be a stranger they may be
34:42somebody you don't like that maybe
34:43somebody really like a lot you want to
34:45get to know better and based on that
34:47ideal you adjust your personal space
34:51your territorial behavior your verbal
34:53behavior what you say to somebody or
34:56your nonverbal behavior how you glare at
34:58them or
34:58I'll at them and these are that
35:00differentiated set of system behaviors
35:02remember we said systems get
35:04differentiated so you can hit the ideal
35:07level of privacy or you can achieve your
35:09privacy ideal by varying these different
35:11behaviors and that's what we mean by
35:13differentiation and systems and if you
35:16don't do that effectively you might get
35:17isolated so here you've got much more
35:20privacy than what you wanted and or you
35:23could get crowded where you have less
35:25privacy than what you wanted so these
35:27things play out and they determine what
35:29your actual achieve level of privacy is
35:31and the optimum would be you know where
35:34you're achieving the level of privacy
35:36you want so this is basically an
35:38equilibrium model sort of tying together
35:40these different concepts of personal
35:42space territory crowding isolation and
35:46privacy so social isolation you have too
35:50much privacy relative to what you want
35:51that's a kind of stress remember we said
35:53stress is an imbalance between
35:54environmental demands and your ability
35:57to cope with that environment crowding
35:59is a different kind of stress where you
36:00have you know less privacy than what you
36:02want so those are those are basic
36:04differences in that model of those two
36:06concepts now territoriality and we're
36:10going to talk about differences between
36:11human and non-human territoriality
36:13because they're quite different you know
36:15in the Wynette words article
36:16territoriality was all about feeding and
36:18breeding those were the main biological
36:21functions as to why animals claim and
36:24defend territory in humans it gets a lot
36:26more nuanced you know we have copyrights
36:29so we have patents we have our cars that
36:31become our territory we have multiple
36:33residences you know our room back at
36:36home and our dorm room
36:37so human territoriality gets a little
36:40bit more complex so Altman defines this
36:43as a self other boundary regulation
36:45mechanism that involves personalizing or
36:48marking a place or object and
36:52communicating that it's owned by you by
36:54a person or group so you're marking
36:56something to communicate your identity
36:59that you own that space and we saw
37:02examples of that in the corporate
37:03conference room we also saw examples of
37:06it in a dorm room where people
37:08items of interest on their wall to sort
37:10of reflect who they are this is done to
37:13regulate social interaction and to
37:15satisfy social as well as physical needs
37:19so a social need might be you want to
37:23express your political leanings so you
37:24put up posters in your dorm room for
37:27Obama or for Romney or whoever you're
37:29supporting to kind of communicate to
37:32people that that's what you're about
37:33socially and then defense responses
37:36sometimes occur when people invade your
37:38territory
37:39okay so territory can be set up but it
37:42doesn't always hold people from back
37:44from infringing or violating it so we're
37:46going to show a couple of videos here
37:48that convey what we mean by
37:50territoriality and I think as you see
37:53these maybe you can relate to them in
37:56things that have happened are we
38:02surprised that Elaine hey hey hey what
38:12where do you think this relationship is
38:16if you aren't thinking of instituting an
38:19open door urination policy let me
38:22disabuse you of that notion right now my
38:24friend
38:25so uptight let's all just have a big P
38:29party
38:30hey everybody grab a bucket we're going
38:33up to Jerry's it's a paint party we said
38:39that territoriality began to be studied
38:42in animal populations there and there
38:43was a lot of interest in how animals
38:45mark their territory for feeding and
38:49breeding purposes the next example is
38:53from sort of a human example when you
38:59enter the restroom always select the
39:01urinal that is as far away as possible
39:03from men who are using other urinals
39:06here are some illustrations of various
39:08urinal situations and the proper course
39:11of action for each situation number one
39:15all urinals are empty correct action
39:19take the urinal on either edge this
39:23allows others to most effectively comply
39:25with the rules that are to follow
39:28situation number two one urinal is taken
39:32correct action the urinal on the right
39:35is the optimum choice here this
39:38minimizes the chance of any contact
39:40whatsoever with the other man in the
39:42bathroom situation number three two
39:46urinals are taken correct action the
39:50middle urinal which is equidistant from
39:52the other two occupants
39:56situation number four three urinals are
39:59taken correct action no urinal is
40:04acceptable the loo has now reached
40:07critical mass leave and come back later
40:10or use a storm under no circumstances
40:14should two adjacent urinals be in use at
40:17the same time maybe a little
40:18over-the-top example but I think the
40:22fact is that people do have territorial
40:25needs of behaviors not just you know
40:27related to bathrooms but how they set up
40:30the rooms and people are quite sensitive
40:32to territorial infringement so it
40:35becomes important to kind of understand
40:37how is this accomplished how is it
40:39carried out in various situations and to
40:42what extent does it prevent stress or
40:45does it sort of improve people's
40:46experience of their environments so what
40:49constitutes an effective territory so to
40:51speak and as far as the restroom
40:54research goes actually there's been a
40:56lot of work on restroom behavior and as
41:00I mentioned parity between women and
41:02men's restrooms because of the longer
41:05queues and waiting times that women
41:07experience in public restrooms and
41:10there's been testimony in Congress by
41:12environmental psychologists about this
41:13so it's not something that actually
41:15hasn't been studied so that's why I went
41:17ahead and threw it up there all right
41:21as you read Edward Hall in his his
41:26chapters in the hidden dimension he
41:28talks about cultural use of space
41:31cultural differences in territory but in
41:34addition to those spacial behaviors
41:37there are what he calls semi fixed and
41:40fixed features of spaces that people use
41:42to adjust their their territory so a
41:45fixed feature would be an attribute of a
41:47setting that cannot be readily modified
41:49by occupants so the way these front
41:52doors are designed together that's fixed
41:54nobody's going to change that around a
41:55semi fixed feature attribute of a
41:58setting is where people can arrange
42:01their furniture they can decorate their
42:03walls they can do things to that
42:05physical environment that gives them at
42:07least some flexibility or customize the
42:09bill
42:10in terms of how they're going to use
42:12that space so Hall is saying that we
42:15kind of are stuck with or we have to
42:18conform to and adapt to what the fixed
42:20features are you know if our window of
42:23our bedroom is out over a very busy
42:25highway there's not a whole lot we can
42:27do about that in terms of changing the
42:29design of that environment so six semi
42:32fix though you can actually modify and
42:34adjust pretty readily now there are
42:37different types of territories urban
42:39Altman
42:40talks about primary secondary and public
42:42territories a primary territory is one
42:46where you spend a lot of time you have a
42:48lot of your personal psychological needs
42:50wrapped up in that space and its primary
42:53to your identity to what you want to get
42:56done
42:56you know when you go into your your room
42:58or your office you want to be able to
43:00get your work done and not get
43:02interrupted or you want to have privacy
43:04with a friend that's a pretty important
43:06space to you secondary spaces are a
43:09little more public and their group
43:12spaces so groups set up a territory
43:14temporarily where they want to have a
43:16conversation or they put their books
43:18down in a library to mark a place where
43:20they're going to meet a public territory
43:23is not really owned or under
43:27jurisdiction of any particular
43:28individuals or groups it's just a
43:29completely open space so a beach if you
43:32go to you know Corona del Mar Beach you
43:35know basically it's not a behavior
43:36setting that's owned or populated by
43:39particularly people doing a particular
43:40behavioral program it's an open public
43:43setting or territory where you can set
43:46up your blanket anywhere you want and
43:47there's no sort of jurisdiction there
43:49and one of the things you're seeing in
43:51the class I think is that we're using
43:52examples in with different terms so you
43:56can talk about an interior identity cue
44:00or self-directed identity cue but you in
44:03Gosling's paper but you can also talk
44:05about it as a physical trace somebody
44:06can go in look at that room and have a
44:09kind of cue as to what you're interested
44:11in so it's a physical trace so we talked
44:14about that an environmental assessment
44:15we've also talked about behavior
44:17settings so this is a kind of temporary
44:19behavior setting this is a more
44:21permanent
44:22anchored behavior setting in a
44:23particular building or space this would
44:26be a public space that isn't really a
44:29behavior setting the way Barker defined
44:31it so it's more of a public territory
44:32yeah say your name Amanda yeah no that's
44:57that's a very common kind of thing where
44:59a particular group appropriates a public
45:01space and makes it their second area or
45:04even primary territory and one of the
45:06reasons that the Fun Center off of the
45:09405 freeway and Michelson got built for
45:12sort of the younger some of the younger
45:13age people in Irvine is that for a while
45:17a lot of the teen age groups were sort
45:19of going into the parking lot of
45:20wholesome choice or some of the other
45:23shopping centers and sort of taking it
45:24over as their hangout their meeting
45:26space and so a lot of people felt that
45:29there was a need for behavior settings
45:31that catered to people of younger age
45:33just as there's a need for senior
45:35centers in Irvine so there was an effort
45:37to try to diversify those settings and
45:39put some investment in you know that the
45:42bowling alleys over there and the the
45:44recreation zone yeah but a lot of times
45:49these these kind of spaces a public you
45:52know walkway or sidewalk can be taken
45:55over and you can see indications of that
45:58through graffiti through gang markings
46:00and the like so territories typically
46:02get marked they get personalized in some
46:04way so a few more slides talking about
46:08territoriality at the human and
46:10non-human level so some of the
46:13differences between human territoriality
46:17is that they tend to be larger scale
46:19than the animal territories and more
46:21complex so we can have multiple
46:23territories like I mentioned between
46:25cars and multiple residences we can have
46:27a national territory we can have a home
46:31territory where you know our dorm or our
46:33home environment where we grew up we can
46:36belong to a lot of different groups so
46:38you know that's quite different than in
46:41most animal populations where you're in
46:42a single residential group in a
46:45particular area with humans there's much
46:47more emphasis on social motives for
46:49creating territories so protecting your
46:52ideas through a patent or copyright for
46:54example it's not all about feeding and
46:57breeding as it is in animal populations
47:00we can have multiple locations for our
47:02territories territories can be other
47:06people objects ideas and sometimes
47:09people you know we relate to others as
47:12if they're their territory or their
47:13object we can talk about variability and
47:16complexity in response to territorial
47:19invasions so in animal populations
47:23you'll have a kind of defense or
47:25aggressive response to try to keep out
47:27an invader in a human situation you
47:30might have a verbal response saying you
47:32know I don't really want to talk to you
47:33right now please you know I'm not open
47:36for business here or I don't want you to
47:37come in my room right now when I take a
47:38rest so you can you know put people back
47:42burbling or non-verbally so that's quite
47:44different than in animal populations how
47:48are these two concepts different we've
47:50talked about how they're interrelated
47:51with crowding and isolation and privacy
47:53they're different in the sense that
47:55personal space is more portable and
47:57invisible it's um it's a zone around you
47:59that you carry around with you whereas
48:02territory is more stationary its visible
48:05it's your car it's your room it's it's a
48:08place typically this is person centered
48:10you know it's your personal space
48:13whereas territory is place centered it
48:16belongs or relates to a particular place
48:18that you've marked in some way and that
48:20you own and groups can have territory as
48:23well groups don't have personal space so
48:26much as they might have a a secondary
48:29territory but groups certainly mark
48:33places and that's where you have the you
48:35know the decorated conference room for
48:36example being a group environment a
48:39group setting and then invasion when you
48:42have invasion of personal space often
48:43there's a withdrawal response whereas
48:45for territorial defense
48:47have more of a defense response digging
48:49in drawing a line in the sand and not
48:51letting people take over or infringe on
48:54that territory so territory gives you an
48:57advantage and when animals can lay claim
49:00to territory and defend it and hold it
49:02it gives them a distinct advantage over
49:04predators over other members of the
49:05species because people in their home
49:07base are usually much more effective
49:09when you look at the the home and
49:11visiting records of different teams you
49:13know you can see that teams when they're
49:16playing on their home field are a lot
49:17more successful in terms of the win-loss
49:19record okay so these are some
49:21differences between personal space and
49:23territoriality we've talked about
49:24differences between human and non-human
49:26territory and just by way of summary and
49:31these are actually covered in the
49:33chapter that I assigned during the
49:35second week of the class or maybe it was
49:37class session two on the environmental
49:40context of behavior and well-being that
49:42chapter reviews some of these research
49:44findings evidence for individual
49:46differences in personal space strong
49:48cultural differences friendship and
49:52physical attractiveness obviously play a
49:53big role in people's personal space
49:55needs in any given situation in informal
49:59settings people's personal space needs
50:01shrink down they're not as demanding as
50:05in a formal setting and also this role
50:08of cubic space as well as rectilinear
50:10space so when you raise the ceilings
50:13even though you're keeping the square
50:15footage the same people's sense of
50:17crowding and spacial closeness goes down
50:21and there's some recent research that
50:24raising the ceiling height actually
50:27changes people's cognition when you have
50:29groups trying to do different tasks and
50:31be creative people tend to be sort of
50:34more out-of-the-box and they're thinking
50:35when they have more cubic space not sure
50:38why that is
50:38and when they confine groups the
50:41researchers can find groups - more -
50:43tighter spaces they seem to be more
50:45detail-oriented and sort of better on
50:47the details but not as good on the
50:49create creative task so that's kind of
50:50an interesting recent update of some of
50:53the work on cubic and rectilinear space
50:55and finally with territoriality
50:58some of the findings that stand out is
51:01markers are pretty effective when you
51:02put a book bag down at the library
51:04people tend to respect that they don't
51:06infringe on it
51:07so territory territorial markers often
51:09are pretty effective in holding that
51:11space not always I mean if you go to a
51:14concert and you know the the chairs are
51:17filling up quickly you're not
51:18necessarily going to hold your space by
51:20putting a program on it but or in a
51:23movie theater but in other cases they do
51:26work to sort of hold hold the territory
51:29the more personal the marker the greater
51:32the protective value so if you put a
51:33jacket or a coat down there at a table
51:36that has a little more suasion than if
51:39you just put a pencil or a pen or
51:41something like that
51:42the longer the occupancy the more
51:44elaborate the marker system so as people
51:46reside in a particular territory longer
51:48they get more differentiated and more
51:50nuanced and how they mark that space and
51:53keep it their own and finally
51:56territorial markers of residential
51:57settings can reduce vulnerability to
52:00burglary and we're going to see later in
52:01the course from a study done in Utah
52:04that when a walkthrough of neighborhoods
52:09was done and different physical features
52:11of homes were recorded like whether they
52:13had fences or hedges around them whether
52:16they had personalized name plates on the
52:18door there were a number of features
52:21that were associated with lower burglary
52:22rates and also when they showed pictures
52:25of these different homes in Salt Lake
52:27City to people that had been convicted
52:30of burglary those former burglars were
52:33very good at sort of picking out which
52:35homes they would hit which homes they'd
52:36avoid because of certain cues that
52:39conveyed greater territorial defense so
52:42these territorial cues play out and they
52:46can be pretty influential for a lot of
52:48different behaviors
52:50all right Mark's gonna show a couple of
52:53videos now one of my son's is a TV
52:55reporter and we've been talking about
52:58environmental assessment and he always
53:00used to say I don't want to become a
53:01professor I don't want to be an academic
53:02I want to be you know out there on a
53:05baseball field or you know doing Tom
53:08Brokaw and the student in the TV studio
53:10anyway he got called on
53:13by one of his stations when he took his
53:15first job in Louisiana to do an
53:16environmental assessment project so the
53:19news director said you've got to go out
53:22and you've got to look at the quality of
53:23our streets and cover the crews doing
53:26pothole repair and my son said that's
53:28that one of the dumbest things I've ever
53:29heard I don't want to do that and so he
53:32decided to try to make some fun out of
53:34it and enjoy it and what was supposed to
53:36be a one-month thing for sweeps
53:38you know these stations do different
53:40packages for sweeps to try to increase
53:42their ratings turned out to be a year
53:43and a half because the community keep
53:45kept wanting pothole Patrol so for some
53:48fun we show some of those episodes so
53:50you can run one of those seatbelt after
53:53you see our next report potholes they
53:55are seemingly everywhere they're
53:57annoying and they're dangerous news 12
54:00circles joins us now live from just
54:02north of downtown Shreveport with this
54:04special report Eli have you found some
54:07yeah we found some we're at Finn and
54:10Riku a small intersection here just off
54:12of North Market Street and this is about
54:14as bad as it gets but there are a lot of
54:16streets across town that have these kind
54:17of bumps cracks and potholes and streets
54:20that if your car has anything to say
54:22about it are best avoided now this kind
54:24of damage can happen in one rainy night
54:26it can happen in one sweltering
54:28afternoon usually a lot faster than the
54:30crews can get out to patch them this is
54:32an ongoing and never-ending war on
54:35potholes and that's why news 12 is on
54:37the pothole Patrol
54:41you've been there driving along perhaps
54:44with a ringtail lemur enjoying the view
54:47from the - when suddenly what was that
54:52but they don't have potholes like that
54:54in Madagascar in this asphalt jungle
54:58they're everywhere
55:00potholes aren't going away are they
55:02paddles will never go away as long as
55:03you have asphalt almost as fast as they
55:06can surface earning agretti's clue is on
55:08the scene to resurface cutting spraying
55:17pouring filling and tamping we try to
55:23get to them as soon as possible if they
55:25are called in we try to get there as
55:26quick as we can you know if you don't
55:29get we're gonna have claims filed saying
55:31that damages to cars and possibly worse
55:34accidents trying to swerve around and
55:37missing and if you don't miss them
55:40you'll likely end up here hitting the
55:43potholes all the time on the streets
55:45just take its toll on it eventually on
55:48this truck the idle logs are loose they
55:51get a lot of slack in it then throws the
55:54alignment out which starts causing the
55:55tire wear and mechanic James Hill knows
55:58a little convo can cause a domino effect
56:01of damage tie rod ends center lane sway
56:07bar bushings ball joints coal spraying
56:10that noise you hear that's your
56:13pocketbook getting light compared to
56:16that a little early morning
56:20jackhammering never sounded so good for
56:23quite some to having over these same
56:25holes for 12 years there are no doubt
56:27hundreds of potholes that people would
56:29like to have patched all across the
56:31Architects in fact this one I'm standing
56:32in right now pointed out brought to our
56:34attention by a news 12 viewer named Bob
56:36pasilla Bob works right across the
56:38street and Bob just tired of driving
56:40over this thing day after day only Oh
56:43what kind of response have you received
56:45about to the local pothole problems well
56:47Carl funny you should ask I've got in my
56:49hands here a stack of emails that we've
56:51gotten from viewers emails phone
56:53messages
56:54this is just the beginning listing the
56:55various locations where they had there
56:57are potholes that people are tired of
56:59driving over and would like to see fix
57:01now we're gonna hand these over to the
57:02city officials let them take care of it
57:04but we'll be looking into this as well
57:06as we continue this series on potholes
57:08and you got a pothole you'd like to see
57:10patched well give us a call at the
57:12station the phone number two to two
57:14twelve twelve or log on to our website
57:16koat.com and click on the pothole Patrol
57:20together we can help make the streets a
57:22bit smoother and a whole lot safer mmm
57:24Eli Stoker's on pothole patrol in the
57:27architect thank you for that report
57:29Eli judging by the number of viewer
57:30calls and emails there are more than
57:33just a few streets out there that need
57:34more than just a little smoothing out
57:36it's a big job but Eli Stone Coles and
57:40the pothole Patrol seem to have it all
57:43together now Eli we understand you guys
57:46have been very busy today oh you're
57:49right Michelle we've been all over the
57:50city
57:50following up on viewers tips trying to
57:53track down all the potholes we can't
57:54potholes big and small and there are a
57:56lot of them and trying to get them
57:57patched as quickly as we can now the
58:00last time we were in this intersection
58:01this is Finn and Riku just off of North
58:04Market Street north of Shreveport full
58:05of crater sized hole as well as you can
58:07see the city got out here early this
58:09morning
58:10pretty smooth now here and all across
58:13the city and the ark-la-tex the pothole
58:16Patrol is just getting warmed up this
58:20rocky road has roughed up its last car
58:25it took a seven-man crew and a little
58:28push from the pothole Patrol to repair
58:31what's known as a base failure sort of
58:33pothole go on man
58:35just completely torn up and what we did
58:38was gonna come in and take out the bad
58:40surface resurface it back put it in drop
58:42material and put the hot mix back on it
58:44and pack compact it back down well that
58:47could take a while so we found and
58:49followed another pothole patcher
58:51following up on your tips viewers are
58:54keeping you guys pretty busy huh yes sir
58:56they are and I tell you I just love
58:58doing what I'm doing and I was just try
58:59and please the public get these things
59:02passed as quick as possible
59:03oh yeah sure this stretch of Kings
59:05Highway too tough for a two-man crew so
59:11we're off to the next one
59:13following perhaps a bit too close behind
59:15hold on to your hat lemur here we go hey
59:23Henry let's pick this one before someone
59:26gets hurt this year just kind of
59:28something down to the ground and we're
59:30gonna level it up real nice and neat so
59:32the cars can make a smooth transition
59:33with policy our viewers love the smell
59:38of asphalt you were just talking but I
59:44see that are you all are for real about
59:46what you're talking about doing oh it's
59:49real of that sweet sound of the tamper
59:52its music to our ears
59:59and you just might hear it rolling down
1:00:02your street sometimes soon
1:00:05now this street would be fully paved if
1:00:08the city hadn't run out of hot mix
1:00:10that's the asphalt this morning they've
1:00:11been pretty busy and they know they're
1:00:13gonna need to get a lot more of that if
1:00:15they want to keep up with our viewers
1:00:16and the pothole Patrol and Eli the
1:00:20pothole Patrol is for real like the
1:00:22ladies were saying you're for real
1:00:23pothole Patrol tell me this when does
1:00:27the city hope to have that area fully
1:00:29repaired
1:00:29well this street right here they say
1:00:31they'll have more of that hot mix
1:00:32they'll be able to get this paved by
1:00:34Monday now obviously though there are a
1:00:36lot more potholes and base failures and
1:00:39other things out across the Architects
1:00:40and we want to hear about them so give
1:00:41us a call at the station it's 2-2 to
1:00:441212 that's the number or you can go
1:00:46online to our website ksl a.com
1:00:48and click on the pothole Patrol we'll
1:00:51see how many more of these things we can
1:00:53get patched up by our next report which
1:00:54is coming up next Wednesday on news 12
1:00:56at six all right good job to you and of
1:00:59course the city workers Thank You Eli
1:01:02alright so probably was a slow news day
1:01:04that day but they wound up having to do
1:01:07these for the next year and a half
1:01:09actually and so for a guy that thought
1:01:11he would never be doing environmental
1:01:12assessment research or anything like
1:01:14that he was kind of pressed into service
1:01:15so I just tried to make make some fun
1:01:19out of it anyway have a good day and
1:01:22we'll see you next Tuesday
1:01:33you

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