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Lecture 02: Introduction - II — Transcript

by NPTEL IIT Kharagpur · 2,659 words · 405 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:01[Music]
0:17welcome to this lecture with a
0:21preliminary introduction that we had in
0:23the left last lecture we'll discuss a
0:26few more topics which are also
0:28introductory in nature but we'll build
0:31on what we discussed last time in this
0:35lecture we will discuss about what are
0:39exactly software projects what are the
0:44types of software projects we'll
0:47identify two major types of software
0:50projects one is product development and
0:53the other is services projects what are
1:00the major activities of the project
1:02manager and then we'll discuss about the
1:08traditional versus modern projects first
1:14let us look at what is a project if we
1:19look up in the dictionary
1:23we'll find there are many definitions in
1:27different dictionaries for example find
1:30a planned undertaking a large
1:37undertaking for example a Public Works
1:41scheme and so on
1:44but if you look at these different types
1:49of dictionary definitions the key point
1:52are that it is a planned work and also
1:59it is a large work there are two key
2:03attributes of a project the first thing
2:07is that it is a planned activity the
2:10second is that it is non-trivial
2:13it's a large work but then let us look
2:20what is a project more technically the
2:26project as defined in the PMBOK project
2:31managers book of knowledge 5th edition
2:35the project is defined as a temporary
2:39endeavor undertaken to create a unique
2:45product service result its endeavor
2:51undertaken to create a unique product
2:54service or result but then implicit in
2:58this is that it is a planned activity
3:01and it is a large activity we can also
3:08say that a project is a set of
3:11activities undertaken within a defined
3:15time period in order to meet specific
3:19goals within a budget so in addition to
3:28a planned activity and a large activity
3:32we also have few other things that there
3:36is a time period by which we need to
3:40complete the work and also there is a
3:44budget associated with it now we have a
3:47more precise definition of a project
3:50that it is a planned activity it is a
3:57large activity it needs to be done
4:01within a defined time period and also
4:07within a budget
4:12all software products okay-y software
4:18all projects they exhibit the following
4:22characteristics the project needs to be
4:27completed in a finite duration for
4:31example let's say in a shopping mall
4:37sells is occurring over a number of
4:42years there are sales people who are
4:46selling every day on the counter will
4:52that be a project no because it is just
4:56ongoing we cannot associate a duration
5:01by which that will complete so all
5:06projects will are of finite duration
5:09large projects non trivial non
5:16repetitive and these require resources
5:25each project is large consisting of
5:28multiple tasks also there is we can
5:34define a precedence relationship between
5:36tasks that until some task completes the
5:39other tasks cannot be done there is a
5:44time period we can define for the
5:46completion of the tasks we will see many
5:53software examples of projects as a
5:56proceed in this course but then let's
6:01look at some non software examples of
6:03projects a wedding it is a project you
6:15need to plan it's a large activity there
6:18are many subtasks there is a budget
6:20associated with it there is a duration
6:24by which it needs to complete a BTech
6:27degree is a project there is a duration
6:32by which you will complete the BTech
6:34degree there is a budget associated with
6:40it you need to plan how you will
6:45complete the degree a house construction
6:48is a project a political election
6:52campaign yes that is also a project
6:59because there is a duration by which the
7:02campaign will end you need to plan the
7:06activities or many activities in the
7:09campaign
7:15and also this is a complex activity
7:23but then let us be clear about what is a
7:26task so far we have only said that a
7:32task is much simpler often repetitive
7:37and no project management is necessary
7:40for a simple task a task in contrast to
7:47a project is a small piece of work meant
7:50to accomplish a straightforward goal
7:52rather trivial the effort required is
7:59only a few person hours involves one or
8:06two people at most a work may be part of
8:12some project it may not be also and one
8:17thing is that a work is typically a
8:22repetition of some other work that you
8:25are already done let's give some
8:29examples of a task attending a lecture
8:33class buying a chocolate from the market
8:39book a railway ticket on an online
8:43booking these are straightforward tasks
8:49and you might have done this already
8:51many times many times attended a lecture
8:54many times have purchased a chocolate
8:57from the market you want to repeat it
8:59again
9:00you might have already booked railway
9:03ticket many times so these are somewhat
9:08straightforward can be done in less than
9:14few hours one or two persons can do it
9:19doesn't need a large team for achieving
9:22this and typically a repetition of
9:26something had already done on the other
9:29hand in contrast to this in project it
9:33will be
9:34much more large and it's not a
9:36repetition of a previously accomplished
9:38task now I hope that we are clear about
9:46what is the difference between a task a
9:50project and an exploration and the
9:58project management is especially
10:00important for projects for tasks are too
10:07trivial straightforward to need any
10:11project management and also the
10:17exploration is too challenging and there
10:20the project management techniques are
10:22not really suitable now let us look at a
10:28important concept again which is about
10:33project stakeholders the project
10:36stakeholders are individuals and
10:38organizations that are actively involved
10:43in the project and whose interests may
10:46be positively or negatively affected as
10:49a result of the project execution or
10:51project completion they may also exert
10:59influence over the project and its
11:01results the main thing that we are
11:07saying here is that the stakeholders are
11:12the ones who are either there the
11:19project manager who are managing the
11:23customers who will use the project the
11:27software that will be developed the team
11:30members who are working every day to
11:35develop the project the sponsor who is
11:40financing the project these are the key
11:44stakeholders
11:46there may be other stakeholders for
11:48example let's say a vendor the vendor
11:54maybe develop some outsource software
11:57and part of the project he will be a
12:04stakeholder because he is concerned he
12:07is interested
12:08he has interests on the product he will
12:12be affected by the result of the project
12:17success or failure but then we can
12:25roughly categorize the stakeholders into
12:30two categories one are the internal
12:33project stakeholders these are internal
12:38to the organization developing the
12:39software and here the internal
12:45stakeholders are the project manager the
12:48project team and the top management the
12:53external project stakeholders are the
12:55customers if the customers are external
12:58sometimes the customer may be in the
13:02development team for example a different
13:04department or maybe the customer may be
13:14the same department which is developing
13:17a software for its own use but typically
13:20the customers are external and the
13:24vendors etcetera so these are the
13:26external project stakeholders the other
13:32important concept that we will discuss
13:35in this lecture is the project scope the
13:40project scope essentially means that
13:44what will be achieved in the project
13:52what must be done to achieve the project
13:57to complete the project and to deliver
13:59the results so what we want to do in the
14:05project how it will be done and what
14:10will be the deliverable so these are the
14:12project scope if we write it in the form
14:18of a list it is the list of specific
14:22goals that is what needs to be done
14:27what will be the deliverables what tasks
14:32need to be undertaken to complete the
14:37project what are the deadlines and what
14:42are the cost so this is the project
14:44scope before starting a project the
14:49project manager has to be clear about
14:52the project scope the goal of the
14:55project the deliverables the tasks that
14:58need to be done to complete the project
15:00the deadlines and the costs unless the
15:09project scope is properly defined and
15:14the project manager is clear about the
15:17project scope the project typically ends
15:21up in a failure there are many factors
15:27which may contribute to a project
15:29failure just listed some of them here
15:35two major reasons why the project fails
15:39is that the development team doesn't
15:42understand the customers requirements
15:45the requirement specification has not
15:49been done properly
15:53the second reason is the project scope
15:56is poorly defined that is what needs to
16:04be done what are the tasks what is the
16:10budget what is the deadline and so on
16:14changes are poorly managed any small
16:17changes because changes occur frequently
16:19as the development takes place the
16:23changes are poorly managed the chosen
16:26technology changes he might have
16:30developed it on a web communication
16:33assuming awared communication but then
16:35suddenly the technology has changed and
16:38they will have to use a wireless it main
16:45well lot of changes to the software the
16:49business needs change that is the
16:53customer who wanted to have the software
16:56for certain business needs suddenly
16:58finds that the business needs has
17:01changed earlier for example wanted a
17:06software to let us manage the customers
17:10who visit the store but suddenly it
17:16became part of an online store where
17:19customers don't visit the company the
17:22business anymore in that case don't need
17:27this software so halfway the customer
17:30might say that see the one that we had
17:33asked you to develop our business needs
17:35have changed we don't need that software
17:38unrealistic deadlines when the deadline
17:43is very aggressively set the developers
17:52try to compromise on the design
17:54requirement testing and so on and the
17:57project ends up as a failure in
18:00experienced development team poor
18:04project management etcetera
18:05these are some of the reasons for
18:09failure but then how is the project
18:18scope defined what does the project
18:21manager do to define the project scope
18:25Barry Boehm he gave his w5h principle
18:32which is five W's and to it the five W's
18:38are the project manager need to be clear
18:41but why is the software being built what
18:46will be its use what will be done that
18:54is what are the activities that needs to
18:57be undertaken to be able to develop the
19:00software what are the deadlines by when
19:04it needs to be done who is responsible
19:08for a function so the activities that
19:10need to be done who will do what which
19:18parts will be developed internally which
19:20parts by a vendor and so on where are
19:26they organizationally located that is
19:28who are the developers where will they
19:35are located different offices across the
19:41world where will be the vendor located
19:43are they properly identified how will
19:49the job be done technically and manager
19:52really how much each risk of each
19:57resource is needed so that will define
20:00the cost resource can be manpower cost
20:04it may be computation hardware cost and
20:10so on
20:13the w5h principle is very important for
20:19the project manager to be able to
20:24properly define the scope of the project
20:30now let us look at another very
20:35preliminary concept is the type of
20:38software projects that are being done we
20:42have so far looked at what are the
20:44projects how is the software projects
20:47differ different from other projects why
20:51software project management
20:52difficult compared to other project
20:55management now let us look at what are
20:59the types of software projects there are
21:02basically two types of software projects
21:05one are called as a product which are
21:10also known as generic software and the
21:14second is services or the custom
21:16software the products are the one which
21:20you can buy of the self you can go to
21:25the market get it or you may order
21:28online and get it these are generic for
21:32example a word processing software an
21:37anti-virus software or maybe a database
21:45management system and so on these are
21:49products which have already been
21:52developed they are used for many many
21:57applications many users who you can just
22:02go and buy them on the other hand the
22:05services are custom software which needs
22:11to be developed
22:12once you identify this you can't just go
22:15to the market and directly get it for
22:19example
22:24Business House wants to have a software
22:28to manage the inventory for this cannot
22:35just get a software online and installed
22:38and have it done need to have identify
22:42what are the items that are to be
22:43managed whether the storehouse and so on
22:47so this needs to be developed
22:51specifically for that customer and these
22:55are the services or custom software the
23:00seen that the total business is
23:02approximately four trillion dollars and
23:08right now the total software business is
23:14half in products and half in services
23:19but then the services segment is growing
23:22fast the services type of projects are
23:25becoming much more frequent the product
23:28development is becoming less what is the
23:35reason that the services projects are
23:39growing very fast
23:40and the product type of projects are
23:43becoming less let us identify the reason
23:47for that but before that
23:56the generic software or the products
23:59call them as packaged software
24:01these are pre-written available for
24:04purchase can buy them online or get it
24:07from store just walk in there and get a
24:10database management package and so on
24:15whereas service is a custom software
24:19it's a software developed at users
24:22request but then the service can also be
24:29that it's a custom software which the
24:34developer tailors from another software
24:37so you wanted an inventory management
24:40software and the developer had inventory
24:44management software for a different
24:46business not to make small changes and
24:48then give it to you so this is another
24:55type of project so three main types of
24:57projects here broadly there are two
25:00projects one is the product development
25:03projects and the services products and
25:05in the services project we have custom
25:10software development we develop entirely
25:13for a customer or it is a custom
25:18software but then you tailor an existing
25:22software the product development can
25:28also be further divided into two types
25:31one is a horizontal market this is a
25:38product for horizontal market where the
25:41software is used across many types of
25:45customers for example a word processing
25:48software it's a horizontal its work
25:50horizontal market but a vertical market
25:53is one where it is intended for a
25:57specific industry for example a banking
26:00software is only the banking the banks
26:05will be the customer and that's a
26:07vertical
26:10or let's say you want to develop a
26:14software which will be used by let's say
26:17building mobile customers so that is for
26:22the mobile phone vendors and that is
26:25also vertical market we have seen that
26:32there are two types of software the
26:34products and the services but then you
26:40can also classify the software into
26:43either information systems which store
26:48data process the stored data present the
26:52data and statistics is that typically
26:55management information system stock
26:58control inventory management patient
27:01management etcetera this can be
27:05web-based or standalone software and
27:09there can be embedded software where the
27:16control the hardware for example an
27:20automobile control software a nuclear
27:23power plant control software robos toys
27:25TV remote etcetera so this is another
27:29classification one we just saw is that
27:31between the product development and
27:35services type but another way of
27:41classifying them may be information
27:43system projects or embedded software
27:46development projects with this basic
27:51concepts will we have come to the end of
27:57this lecture the next hour will also be
28:04few more basic concepts based on what we
28:07have already discussed we'll stop at
28:12this point and continue in the next
28:14lecture thank you

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