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Lecture 02 - Applying Principles of Env Psych to the Analysis and Resolution of Community Problems — Transcript

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0:09all right so uh as I said I'm just going
0:11to recap a little bit the first four
0:13slides from last week these won't be in
0:15the slides I upload tonight but just so
0:17you're all reminded um this is our our
0:20staff for the class um and you can go to
0:23the next one um the web the website for
0:26the class is really important so we want
0:28you to use this quite a bit it uh the
0:30study guides are up there the first
0:33assignment that you'll download the
0:34take-home assignment on cognitive
0:35mapping is there and uh there's a lot of
0:38interesting links up there and very
0:40important when you have a question about
0:43anything in the class go to this Gmail
0:45address it's called
0:47environmentaly
0:48gmail.com and we're monitoring that
0:50every day we'll get back to you quickly
0:53and that's the best way to gu get a fast
0:55response and we'll be sending out class
0:56announcements to the list serve that way
0:58as well and and you've got your link to
1:00course readings up there and to the
1:02lecture slides that I post after class
1:05okay this is what the uh web files
1:08folder of readings looks like hopefully
1:09all of you are getting to those okay and
1:11downloading the the readings without any
1:13problem and then finally our paperback
1:16text if you want to buy them they're at
1:18the bookstore or they're on Library
1:20Reserve or also at the planning policy
1:23and design Department office if you want
1:24to check them out there okay LST Library
1:27Langston Library if you want to get them
1:29there
1:31okay so you know last time I was talking
1:33about how the field of environmental
1:35psychology is situated within our our
1:38school of social ecology and there are a
1:40number of common assumptions that all of
1:43our Fields within the school share
1:45whether you're in criminology planning
1:47psychology what have you and the broad
1:50mission of the School of Social ecology
1:51if you ever go on a job interview or
1:53you're applying a grad school and they
1:54ask you what is social ecology uh you
1:56can say it's a school that aims to train
1:59students to analyze research and policy
2:01questions from a broad ecological
2:03perspective integrating multiple
2:05disciplines and linking Theory and
2:08research with Community problem solving
2:10so those are shared by all of our
2:12different fields within the School of
2:14Social
2:16ecology and the way we're structured
2:18with our three departments is that we
2:21often encourage students to look for the
2:23overlaps or the interface between our
2:25different departments so if you look in
2:27this middle dark area here you might
2:29have a question like if I design a
2:32dysfunctional environment like a school
2:34under an Airport runway or a an
2:37apartment building over an expressway
2:40what kind of factors what kind of
2:42influence is that going to have on
2:43people's behavior uh their learning in
2:46classrooms what kind of effect is it
2:48going to have on their blood pressure
2:49their health up here and finally what
2:52kind of opportunities does it create for
2:54Crime because a lot of our physical
2:56environments actually are conducive to
2:58more victimization and crime crime than
3:00environments we would call defensible
3:02space environments so we're going to
3:03talk about defensible space a little bit
3:05later but you can see how the different
3:07departments or areas of our school come
3:09together that
3:11way today I'll be talking about the
3:14Rashad and grman article on Obesity
3:16we'll talk about obesity as a social
3:19Community problem that has a lot of
3:21environmental psychological aspects to
3:23it and when we talk about looking at
3:26health problems from a broad social
3:28ecological perspective we're immediately
3:31assuming we're coming at it from
3:32different disciplinary perspectives
3:34we're bringing a multi-level approach so
3:37a developmental psychologist might look
3:38at a child's development within a home
3:40environment and the parents but an
3:42ecological developmental psychologist
3:44would look at okay how does the school
3:45influences impinge on the home
3:47environment or how does political
3:49turmoil or environmental racism in the
3:51community affect that child's
3:53development in the home so it's
3:55multi-level and what you have is the
3:57child embedded in many contextual layers
3:59so we're looking at how those different
4:01contexts jointly affect what we're
4:03studying whether it's crime development
4:06uh any other phenomen uh we talk about
4:09systems theory and I'll go into that
4:10more next week and basically it's
4:14looking at how people or organisms and
4:16environments come into equilibrium so
4:19when you move into a dormatory you want
4:21to feel that there's a good fit between
4:22your needs and what that dormatory has
4:24to offer you want to reach a Harmony or
4:27equilibrium and sometimes we have
4:29systems that go into what we call
4:30deviation amplification that would be
4:32things like the rich get richer the poor
4:34get poorer the digital divide that keeps
4:37growing so people on the wrong side of
4:39the digital divide get more and more
4:40disadvantaged that's called deviation
4:42amplification so not all systems go to
4:45equilibrium and that's important to
4:47remember but we'll be talking about
4:48feedback loops and uh how these
4:50different system elements are
4:52interdependent and what happens when we
4:55go into do a community intervention and
4:58we really mess things up because we
4:59thought we had a good theory but we
5:01cause all kinds of unintended side
5:03effects and sometimes you need a systems
5:05approach to anticipate that if you don't
5:08have a broad conceptual model you may
5:10miss those potential unintended side
5:12effects so we'll talk about how that
5:13happens with several examples this
5:15quarter and finally that application to
5:18community problem solving public policy
5:21uh we call that an action research
5:23perspective we're doing research in the
5:25service of action getting some things
5:27improved in society translating Theory
5:30and research findings into Community
5:31interventions okay so everybody clear on
5:34that
5:36okay now we'll be talking about the
5:38Ecology of
5:39obesity how can this be viewed from an
5:41ecological perspective and what's the
5:43environmental psychology involved in
5:45this topic before we do that we're going
5:47to uh show you some animated maps of how
5:51obesity has become a crisis in this
5:54country in the last several years and
5:56some of you may have looked at these
5:58maps on the syllabus page the week one
6:02page but it's uh it puts the problem in
6:05graphic relief
6:08so yeah you can
6:11put
6:12okay
6:14yeah how many of you had a chance to
6:16look at those any any of you okay so
6:19we're going to talk about some of the
6:20some of the implications of what you see
6:22in those slides it's pretty interesting
6:35yeah we can go through them no just hit
6:37play I think at the top that'll run
6:39them okay here we go so 1998 99 and what
6:43you see is as the colors of the states
6:46change we're going up in obesity so as
6:48we go from uh no data or light blue less
6:51than 10% of the population in the state
6:53is obese uh what you're seeing now with
6:55that first uh blue State you've got 15
6:58to 19% obesity and then by 2010 you've
7:01got all these red states that are over
7:0430% obesity and it turns out in the
7:06United States today 36% of our
7:08population as a whole are obese okay
7:12that's a pretty high percentage over 30%
7:14of our population and uh what you see
7:18here is interesting too that in the
7:19Southeast you have a kind of cluster of
7:22states there where there are a lot of
7:25health problems that come together not
7:26just obesity they have higher cervical
7:28cancer rates in those States uh they
7:31have higher smoking cancer rates a lot
7:32of those States uh grow tobacco and sell
7:35tobacco so it's interesting when you
7:37look at an environmental ecological
7:39perspective you start to see how these
7:41health problems are actually distributed
7:44geographically and if you do geographic
7:46information systems analysis you can
7:48start to layer over those States and see
7:50well what factors might be accounting
7:52for that cluster of problems so there's
7:54a lot of interesting uh implications of
7:58those those slides as you look at them
8:00now let's go back to the uh Ecology of
8:03obesity slide if you have had a chance
8:06to read the Rashad and grman article in
8:08the first uh week the the first class
8:11session that's taking a very broad
8:13ecological approach to obesity because
8:16what it's saying is that there are many
8:18different factors that contribute to the
8:20Obesity of an individual or population
8:22anybody recall some some of those
8:24factors that come together to predict
8:26obesity
8:27yeah pardon me women going into the
8:30workforce okay women going into the
8:31workforce interestingly enough that
8:34accounts for a large increase in
8:36children's obesity because the food that
8:39kids are eating uh on the Fly while
8:42their their parents are working uh isn't
8:44necessarily as nutritious is what
8:45they're getting when you know both
8:47parents or one parent is home um another
8:51fa other factors that come up in that
8:52article yeah Advan in technology
8:55advances in technology so what kinds of
8:57things like allowing
8:59that allows
9:02for good what's your name Amanda Amanda
9:05I'm going to keep asking you guys name
9:07so we start to learn names what's your
9:08name David okay Dave thank you so there
9:12are a lot of things you know what what
9:14we know from that article is between
9:151960 to 1980 the obesity rate of the US
9:20population was about 14% And then from
9:221980 to 200000 it jumped to about 30% so
9:27there was a lot of research looking at
9:29why did jump and what accounts for 2/3
9:32of the increase in the US obesity rate
9:35between 1980 and 2000 anybody remember
9:382third of that increase in obesity in
9:40our
9:42country
9:48yes okay a lot of those factors are
9:51working together but there's one that
9:52stands out is what's your name an Anita
9:55one that stands out really
9:57prominently proximity of
10:00it's people relying more and more on
10:02fast food and even full service
10:03restaurants so America started to go out
10:06for dinner go out for food outside the
10:08home a lot more frequently from 1980 on
10:11and that accounts for a big jump in the
10:13obesity rate so what that's saying is
10:16there's something going on between
10:17smoking and overeating and maybe people
10:20are compensating when they're not
10:21smoking and they they want to eat more
10:23raise their mood so there are a lot of
10:26interesting factors there how do you
10:27design public policies that get people
10:29not to smoke but also help to prevent
10:32obesity so that you don't have policies
10:34that are exaggerating one problem while
10:36solving another so that article presents
10:39a very sort of broad multi-level uh kind
10:42of ecological perspective on a social
10:44problem uh certainly the price of food
10:47during the time that the Obesity went up
10:49from 1980 to 2000 the price of food
10:52dropped and the supply of food was much
10:54more plentiful so you had restaurants
10:57sort of supersizing you and moving
10:59theaters uh and we're going to see a few
11:01slides about that so there we have uh
11:06well the monster thick Burger has 1420
11:10calories um you can see the uh Carl's Jr
11:15double $6 Burger has
11:171420 uh it's way more than anybody would
11:19need to eat in a particular meal and the
11:22stuff that goes into that sandwich is
11:23not necessarily the most nutritious for
11:25you so you know restaurants are putting
11:28out big sizes
11:29not the best food but it's plentiful it
11:32fills people up they like it it's
11:33comfort food and uh this guy Morgan
11:37Spurlock did a
11:39documentary called supersize me how many
11:41of you seen super siize me oh a lot of
11:43you okay so you know that for a whole
11:46month he went on a McDonald's diet for
11:48breakfast lunch and dinner and the guy
11:51almost I don't know if he almost died
11:52but he got pretty sick his liver enzymes
11:54got messed up his girlfriend was
11:56pleading with him please go off this
11:58diet you're going to kill yourself
11:59no no I must go on I am doing this
12:01documentary but uh basically what he
12:04showed is that if you stay on that type
12:07of diet for a month uh you do real
12:10damage to a lot of your body
12:12systems so uh this is a little uh
12:16promotion for his movie and um over the
12:19course of his experiment for a month he
12:21got checked out pretty routinely by
12:24physicians and they monitored his blood
12:26pressure and a lot of other uh basic you
12:30know physiological indices and he was
12:32going downhill pretty fast he when he
12:34first started this he was quite nauseous
12:36he he really couldn't eat all that fast
12:38food and then as he went further uh he
12:41kind of got used to it but his body
12:43started to show all the the effects Al
12:46it was just the McDonald's diet but he
12:48was getting more and more stressed
12:50because in addition to how he felt his
12:52girlfriend was you know saying get off
12:54this diet so they had a little thing
12:56going on did you do any excise uh not he
13:00didn't feel up to it I as as I remember
13:02the movie he was fatigued he he just you
13:04know showed a lot of the signs so it's
13:06kind of an interesting example of what
13:08happens when you when you consume that
13:10much food now some of you mentioned the
13:12technological changes when we have
13:14microwaves we don't have to linger over
13:17the oven and you know cook a good meal
13:19we can toss something in and get it done
13:22quickly and eat it fast on the Fly and
13:24that's not necessarily the best food for
13:26us in a lot of cases yeah another thing
13:28is that with the rise of the computer
13:30age we've become more sedentary so we we
13:33had TVs before for sure but now we're
13:36doing so much of our work on the
13:38computer whether it's email or texting
13:41or writing papers and so this has
13:44created a more sedentary lifestyle so
13:46these are some of the technological
13:47changes that have created those uh
13:50Health consequences where we've been
13:52talking about sitting on the 405 freeway
13:55or some other congested route uh in
13:59sprawling cities like Los Angeles where
14:01you have jobs and housing spread way out
14:04from each other the Obesity rates in
14:06those populations are higher and the
14:09urban geographers geographers attribute
14:11those differences in sprawl non-s sprawl
14:14cities to the fact that people are more
14:18sedentary in their cars commuting they
14:20spend a lot more time commuting than
14:21people in a more rural or less sprawling
14:24uh
14:25neighborhood and this is an example uh
14:28from Frank and Jackson did a book on the
14:32effects of urban environments on health
14:35and what they found is these are the
14:37researchers that found that data about
14:40the linkage between rates of sprawl in
14:42different cities and the Obesity of the
14:45population want to go back just a minute
14:48um what are the things that cause sprawl
14:51well one thing is land use pattern so if
14:53you have a separation people in urban
14:54studies will know if you have jobs
14:56housing imbalance where you have most of
14:58your housing in one part of the
15:00community and then people have to
15:01commute long distances to get to their
15:03jobs it's not an integrated community
15:05that creates sprawl another factor that
15:07creates SP sprawl is transportation
15:10configuration so if you have streets
15:12that aren't connected well and people
15:15can't uh walk easily um they have to
15:18take a freeway to get from point A to B
15:21because there aren't a lot of surface
15:22streets that connect conveniently so
15:24that street connectivity is another
15:26factor that contributes to sprawl
15:29so summarizing over the Rashad and
15:31Grossman article these are the factors
15:33that they identified as jointly
15:36contributing to the rise in obesity in
15:38the US between 1980 and 2000 but as we
15:42know the problem isn't over uh because
15:44we went from 30% obesity in in 2000 to
15:48about 36% now so it's it's continuing to
15:51be a major problem uh but everything
15:53from the the uh Supply and price of food
15:56the growth of the restaurant and fast
15:58food industry new technologies like
16:00microwaves urban sprawl less physical
16:02activity greater taxes on cigarettes and
16:04other tobacco products which are very
16:06effective in getting people not to smoke
16:08but they have these odd consequences for
16:10obesity and then even participation of
16:13women in the labor force no one would
16:14say that it's bad for women well maybe
16:16some would but a lot of people would say
16:18it's good that there more women
16:20participating in the labor force there's
16:21greater parity between the genders and
16:23the labor force but we have to somehow
16:26come to grips with uh what that might be
16:28Cor corelated with in in terms of some
16:30of these health issues and how do we how
16:32do we tone down the health issues while
16:34maintaining that that parody in the
16:36workplace and that gets into the realm
16:38of public policy now environmental
16:40psychology comes into the picture in
16:43terms of different environments that
16:45invite people to be active so these are
16:48some slides from Irvine and we saw that
16:50little parody about living in Irvine the
16:52bubble uh but this is Woodbridge a a uh
16:56Community residential area in Irvine
16:58where you've got the
16:59human-made Lake and you've got the nice
17:01mountains when you can see them through
17:02the smog or without the smog uh this is
17:05another neighborhood in Irvine called
17:06University Park which provides extensive
17:09green belts and when we get to the
17:11second half of the course we talk about
17:13planning strategies for enhancing
17:15environments you'll see that some of
17:17these strategies come out of uh English
17:20urban planning in the 1800s and early
17:231900s Ebenezer Howard wrote a book
17:25called The Garden City and according to
17:27Ebenezer Howard the Great good in a
17:29community was to expose people to Nature
17:31he wanted to get people out of the
17:33crowded areas of London and pull them
17:35into these rural areas in England are
17:38areas that had no more than about 45,000
17:40residents because those would be uh
17:43highquality safe nurturing environments
17:46so you see that carried over in planned
17:48communities in the US a lot of the
17:49planners of the Irvine Company for
17:51example took those Garden City ideas and
17:54put them right into Irvine along with
17:56Kevin Lynch's ideas about Urban
17:57imageability how do you you create
17:59cities that have a strong identity and
18:01that type of thing although some would
18:02say well it didn't work in Irvine uh
18:04it's sort of you know nondescript but
18:07we'll talk more about Kevin Lynch and
18:08that that's the first U exercise that
18:10you'll do on on his uh notion of
18:13cognitive mapping yeah was it Pomona
18:14that was sort of a you know model after
18:17that that book there are a number of
18:19cities that have been modeled after uh
18:21Kevin Lynch's book image of the city and
18:23I I would say that Irvine is one of them
18:26because the first president of the
18:27Irvine Company Ray Watson got his degree
18:30at Berkeley in urban Regional planning
18:31read Kevin Lynch came to Irvine and
18:34hired Urban designers to implement his
18:36principes so we'll see some examples of
18:38that as we go the notion of
18:42walkability means you know how likely or
18:45easy is it for someone to be a
18:46pedestrian in a city and so here in
18:49Irvine one of the things the community
18:51has done they' put in this median strip
18:53with a lot of planting to slow down the
18:55traffic near this schoolyard here and
18:58they've put a L of trees along the
18:59sidewalk so people like to be outdoors
19:01they like to be walking in that type of
19:03environment when you have these
19:04monolithic how many of you have been
19:06near The Bonaventure Hotel downtown LA
19:09you know that's a kind of Monolithic
19:11concrete environment that looks good
19:13from the sky and it relates well to the
19:15freeways but if you're a pedestrian
19:17around there it's really tough it's not
19:18the most inviting place to walk so that
19:21would be an example of hard architecture
19:23at least the outside of that hotel uh
19:26but this is these are some of the things
19:27you can do to make an environment more
19:30walkable now related to the Rashad and
19:34grman article we uh talk about uh this
19:37study done by Christus and Fowler who
19:40are network theorists Network scientists
19:42and what they did is they took over
19:4512,000 people in the Framingham Hearts
19:47uh study and they studied them from 1971
19:51to 2003 so about 30 years there over 30
19:54years and they looked at what happened
19:56in their their networks where somebody
19:59was in a network and their friend became
20:00heavier and what they found is over time
20:03the friend of the friend became heavier
20:06and 50% greater chance to become
20:08overweight if your friend got heavier in
20:10a particular period of time 37% greater
20:14chance if uh believe it if your spouse
20:17got heavier uh friends were the most
20:20influential uh even more influential
20:22than siblings and are more influential
20:24than spouses yeah so is this idea kind
20:27of like a of the mean where no it's not
20:31regression to the mean that they're
20:33talking what they're calling it is a
20:34kind of contagion Factor where people
20:36model what their friends are like so if
20:38if a friend comes into your network and
20:41they start getting heavier it's more
20:43likely that friends in that network will
20:45also get heavier which is kind of
20:46interesting to think because we've been
20:48talking about physical environmental
20:50influences on Obesity like those nice
20:53green belts and herbine and things like
20:54that what they're saying is that social
20:57networks can be an engine for greater
21:00obesity or less obesity they can also
21:02influence the spread of Happiness so if
21:04you join a network and one of your
21:06friends gets more depressed you're more
21:08likely to follow that mood that's one of
21:10the things they found in their book they
21:12also have some really interesting
21:13examples from Facebook influence how how
21:17uh friends on Facebook affect each
21:19other's preferences for music for movies
21:21and we'll show some slides of that
21:22what's your name Amber Amber thank you
21:24Amber question so the question is why
21:27didn't they plan a downtown and Irvine
21:29and we're going to talk later in the
21:31course about pro- density and anti-d
21:34density designers uh people like Thomas
21:37Jefferson who wanted to live on a
21:38Mountaintop in Montello Virginia hated
21:40density he the worst thing for him was
21:42living in a crowded City and yet other
21:45planners and designers like Lake
21:47corbusier in France uh designing cities
21:50for millions of people they felt that
21:52density was where culture happens that's
21:54where you get people together but in
21:56Irvine there was more influence on
21:58trying to avoid these downtown
22:00conglomerates and so you have this sort
22:02of spread out feel and some would say a
22:05little bit of a sprawl uh but that's one
22:08of the things that went into the the
22:09reasoning yeah yeah I'm not saying
22:12Irvine is super walkable I think uh you
22:15have to like if you want to get from
22:16campus down to Woodbridge you probably
22:19have to jump on a bus or you know there
22:21are bike Lanes but it's very spread out
22:24you know from the southern side to the
22:26northern side to get to North Northwood
22:29so yeah it's the dimensions are not
22:31easily walkable it's definitely not
22:33walkable okay so Mark's going to run an
22:37animation of this network just to show
22:39you kind of what happened as people were
22:43in this network experienced you know
22:45friends of theirs getting heavier also
22:47there are the the color of the lines
22:50between the different people in the
22:52network uh show their relationship so
22:54the red lines are friends and then
22:56you've got a relationship with family
22:58members yeah if you go to that yeah
23:01that's
23:03it a dynamic graphic representation of a
23:07portion of the Framingham heart study
23:09social network each circle or node
23:12represents one person in the data set
23:15nodes with red borders are women and
23:18nodes with blue borders are men
23:21the proportional to each person's body
23:24mass index or BM which is the weight and
23:28K
23:29divided by the square of the height in
23:31meters a yellow node represents an obese
23:34person with a BMI greater than 30 and a
23:37green node represents a non-obese person
23:40a line between two nodes represents
23:43social connection between two people
23:46purple lines connecting noes denote
23:48close genetic ties for example parents
23:51children and siblings gray lines denote
23:55non- gentic relations such as friends
23:57and spouses
24:00obesity is a multicentric epidemic with
24:03many people influencing one another and
24:05forming ties in complex
24:09ways the network gets more Compact and
24:12dense as more ties
24:15appear and the entire network gets
24:18heavier over
24:20time quantitative analysis demonstrate a
24:23tendency for obese people and non-obese
24:26people to form clusters Within
24:29Network so that by the end of the study
24:32this clustering can be discerned as in
24:34the densely interconnected clusters of
24:37obese persons here and here and the
24:41non-obese persons here the prevalence of
24:44obesity appears lower at the periphery
24:47of the network as compared with the
24:53center okay so remember this is
24:56happening between 197 1 to
24:592003 and this these sketches that we
25:02showed you are what we call Multiplex
25:04networks which is to say there are many
25:06different subn networks represented so
25:07you've got friendship networks you've
25:09got spousal networks you've got sexual
25:12partner networks uh you've got other you
25:15know second and third cousin networks
25:16all lumped together and when you turn
25:19when you disaggregate those you see uh
25:21the same kind of patterns where people
25:23are influencing themselves in a either a
25:25heavier or lighter lighter weight
25:27Direction but it's especially prominent
25:29for friendship networks somehow our
25:31peers our friends have a the greatest
25:33influence on that weight Factor yeah
25:36yeah now that's a good question is it
25:37self- selection where people are looking
25:39for other heavy people so they don't
25:41stand out as much or they feel you know
25:43sort of ver validated uh and they
25:46control for that and what they found is
25:48even controlling for self- selection it
25:50was the influence over time in a causal
25:53way that accounted for that increase in
25:56weight so yeah interesting qu good
25:59question and I'm sorry your name again
26:01Amanda Amanda it's going to take me a
26:02little while so I'll say what's your
26:03name what's your name okay
26:06um okay next now so this is a book that
26:10uh christakis and Fowler did in 2009
26:13connected and they were very interested
26:16in looking at how social networks affect
26:20health and so just some basic
26:24terminology a social network consists of
26:26all the connections and ties with a
26:28group or collection of groups and a
26:30group is a collection of individuals
26:32defined by a common attribute okay so
26:35these are all each of these little
26:37circles are individuals and they're tied
26:39together uh in some cases individuals
26:41will be out on the periphery not
26:42necessarily linked to others but that's
26:44that's what they mean by a social
26:49network and so a node in that network is
26:52one person and embeddedness of the
26:55person is the degree to which they're
26:57connected within a network n so this is
26:59a more embedded Central person they're
27:01connected to a lot of others this would
27:03be a less embedded peripheral person in
27:05that Network what's happened for our
27:07country as a whole is that our social
27:10network in the US has gotten heavier
27:11from 30% in 2000 to 36% now uh and these
27:18lines represent links or relationships
27:21between two
27:23people the simplest network is a diet or
27:26a pair of people
27:28and they get together to form larger
27:31inter interconnected webs of
27:34relationships now we're going to talk
27:36about some of their research on Facebook
27:38users so the average Facebook user has
27:41about 110 friends and I'm sure many of
27:43you have maybe thousands but uh
27:46nonetheless the average is about 110 of
27:49those approximately 6.6 are close
27:52friends in the
27:54Facebook we'll we'll talk about what
27:56they mean by close friends in the
27:58Facebook study of online social networks
28:00Chris sakas and fer used the tagged
28:02photos people that you tag others in
28:05pictures as a definition of who's a
28:07close friend because they in a in a
28:11sense they have real world connections
28:12they were in a picture together so they
28:14must be that's the uh sort of
28:17determinant or Criterion they used okay
28:20so these online social networks are
28:22reflecting both your real world offline
28:24interactions as well as these new
28:26virtual connections
28:29now what they found is that when they
28:31looked at how just like they did the
28:33Framingham heart study where they were
28:35looking at how people influen each other
28:38getting heavier or lighter you know if
28:40somebody in your network gets lighter
28:41you you tend to get lighter not heavier
28:43but they said okay what about how people
28:46influence each other on Facebook so if
28:47you put up that you like the Beatles or
28:50you like the group called The Killers um
28:53is somebody else going to pick up on
28:54that and and then like it themselves and
28:58what how what did they find what do you
28:59think they found for all Facebook
29:02friends whether they were close friends
29:04or not close friends did did do you
29:06think they found these relationships
29:08what what did they find if you were
29:10looking for influence among different
29:11people in The Social Network on their
29:13friends taste in music books movies you
29:16think they found it for everybody in
29:18their friendship networks on Facebook or
29:21a subset of those fren friends what do
29:23you think who influenced whom the most
29:25okay yeah the people who were the tag
29:28photo friends that you tag yourself or
29:30them in photos among those people there
29:33were profound sort of overtime
29:36influences so if one friend in that
29:38Network says they like a particular
29:40musical group then their friends their
29:43close friends follow suit just like we
29:45saw in the Obesity Network and the
29:47Beatles are a pretty popular group so
29:50it's more they're more diffusely liked
29:51by a lot of people in that Network
29:53whereas the killers are more kind of
29:55acquired taste so they're more of they
29:58call them a tight cluster of music fans
30:00for that
30:01group
30:04okay now that's kind of an interesting
30:07example of what happens on Facebook in
30:08terms of social network influence
30:11another thing that happens on Facebook
30:14and as you know we're interested in this
30:16class not just in place-based
30:17environments like this classroom but
30:19virtual environments which might be a
30:21distance distance education uh chat room
30:24for example so we're we're starting to
30:26layer our virtual environments on top of
30:29our place-based real environments but
30:32one of the questions that comes up is
30:35when people put up their profiles are
30:36they trying to sort of misrepresent
30:39themselves as ideal so do you put up a a
30:42picture or a description of your
30:43interest that makes you look better more
30:46ideal or do you kind of sort of play out
30:49your regular personality in real life on
30:51your Facebook page and this group uh
30:54it's a it's an article assigned for
30:56today uh did a study where they had
30:59people First Rate their own
31:00personalities on a set of standard
31:02personality scales there about 236
31:05subjects in the US and in Germany and
31:07then they had observers for the US uh
31:11individuals they had observers rate
31:13their personalities both in terms of
31:15their actual personality and whether
31:17they uh were trying to idealize
31:19themselves and the individuals who put
31:21up the profiles also rated what they
31:23would like ideally to be like so you
31:25could compare their sort of actual
31:27ratings I'm like this actually versus I
31:29would really like to be that way and
31:32they they had these two hypotheses the
31:34IDE idealized virtual identity
31:36hypothesis says that profile owners
31:39display idealized characteristics that
31:40do not reflect their actual personality
31:42so there's a lot of sort of fibbing and
31:44misrepresentation going on and that's
31:46like you see these dating sites saying
31:49you know you don't know what you're
31:50getting because people are putting up
31:51pictures that are just awesome and then
31:54when you meet people on you know offline
31:56they're not as awesome is the the photos
31:59and then this other uh hypothesis says
32:02extended real life people use online
32:04social networks to communic communicate
32:06their real personality and what did they
32:08find in that study when you look at
32:10those personality scales there are
32:11certain attributes that are easier for
32:14observers to pick up on like you look at
32:15somebody's page or you go into their
32:18dorm room you can tell if they're
32:20extroverted they're outgoing you know uh
32:22or you might be able to tell if they're
32:24more
32:24introverted uh less outgoing um you can
32:28tell if they're neat you know
32:29obsessively neat or everything anything
32:32goes and everything's cluttered all over
32:34but to pick up on things like
32:35neuroticism is somebody neurotic or they
32:37a little off you know that's that's
32:39pretty hard to pick up on so uh some of
32:42the big five and Big 10 personality
32:44factors on those scales were easier for
32:46people to agree on but across all of
32:48them the greater support when you
32:51control for idealized Facebook images
32:54that or that or Facebook aspirations uh
32:58where people want to be ideal in some
33:00way you control for those ideal
33:02representations or reports on a
33:04personality scale you see that they
33:05Facebook pages actually show more how
33:08others perceive them to be actually and
33:10how they perceive themselves to be
33:11actually so uh an interesting study
33:14there in terms of how people are using
33:15these these social networks that's one
33:18of the reasons of course that employers
33:20want to get your password to Facebook so
33:22they can really do some ethnographic uh
33:25studies of prospective employees
33:28and there's a lot of uh battle going on
33:30right now as to whether employees should
33:31really be able to get those passwords
33:34because they they take them as pretty
33:36good representations of what people are
33:41like now another factor that I want to
33:44talk about in terms of network theory is
33:46something called scale-free networks
33:50versus random networks a random network
33:52is where you have the nodes distributed
33:55kind of
33:56evenly so if if you were looking at um
34:00the nodes in a network and how many
34:02links are in each node the typical node
34:04would have a lot of links but then on
34:06the outside edges they'd have fewer
34:09whereas in a power law kind of
34:11distribution and this would this would
34:13be like if the airports in the US were
34:15evenly distributed randomly this is like
34:18the Hub system so you've got Chicago
34:20you've got Dallas La Seattle that's a
34:23scale-free network in the sense that
34:26these networks continue to to add more
34:28and more flights and more and more
34:29connections so they get to be mega mega
34:32hubs and they're particularly
34:33influential much more so if you have a
34:35random distribution of equally
34:37influential hubs so this is called a
34:39power law distribution of node links the
34:42number of nodes in a network very few of
34:45them are these hubs over here that have
34:47a huge number of links okay so that's
34:49that's what this is saying whereas here
34:51each node would have about the same
34:53number of links and they would be
34:54distributed normally in that that curve
34:58so the internet is a pretty good example
35:00when you have web portals like Google
35:02and Facebook they are Mega nodes okay
35:04they're they're scale-free networks they
35:06continue to get more and more connected
35:07there's no limit to them and in that
35:09sense they're
35:12scale-free another area where you can
35:14see these tendencies in network growth
35:17and hub growth is in science and
35:19research where there's been a kind of
35:21evolution uh toward team science and
35:24large research networks so in the days
35:25of the single creative genius
35:28you know like Darwin or Einstein or
35:32Beethoven um you had folks kind of
35:34working on their own few intellectual
35:36few a few uh influential thinkers
35:39Galileo Newton Darwin Einstein and
35:42what's happened over time is there's
35:44been this growth toward Network science
35:47to where now we talk about team science
35:50interdisiplinary team science where
35:51people are being coaxed into
35:53interdisciplinary teams because
35:55knowledge is getting so specialized that
35:57people if you're a psychologist you
35:59don't know enough about Neuroscience or
36:01about sociology to work on your own
36:03you've got to partner with these other
36:04people to fill in those gaps so nowadays
36:07uh we have you know the Watson and Crick
36:09collaboration that that was kind of on
36:12the way toward large research networks
36:14where you had a diad Watson and Crick uh
36:17discover the structure of DNA but
36:19nowadays we have these Mega research
36:22centers where people are reinforced to
36:24work in a very large Network
36:28yeah so when you're trying to address
36:31huge issues like the structure of DNA or
36:34getting to the moon or atomic energy or
36:37space flight there's no way that you can
36:40get there without a kind of team
36:41approach a networked approach so there's
36:43a lot of interest these days in network
36:45science and many of these research
36:48agencies and Foundations are pouring
36:50money into setting up transdisciplinary
36:53research centers so when we say the
36:55School of Social ecology puts a big
36:56premium on disciplinarity one of the
36:59things that's good for you coming out of
37:00a school of social ecology and getting
37:02some of that exposure is that you'll
37:04have some appreciation of what that
37:06means because more and more Fields more
37:07and more businesses are requiring team
37:10collaboration so National Institute of
37:13Health uh MacArthur Foundation which is
37:15a private Research Foundation Robert
37:17Wood Johnson Foundation National Academy
37:19of Sciences kek Foundation they're all
37:21putting huge amounts of money into
37:23creating scientific
37:24teams sometimes they work well and
37:27sometimes they don't work so well people
37:28get together and it's like a Tower of
37:29Babel they can't understand each other
37:31they don't like each other because they
37:32have different World Views it doesn't
37:34always work but this is the trend when
37:36we started the School of Social ecology
37:38the program in Social ecology in the 70s
37:40a lot of the administrators on this
37:41campus thought it was a dumb idea
37:43because it would be broad but it
37:45wouldn't be deep you'd have a lot of
37:46people speaking different languages and
37:47they couldn't really connect
37:50nowadays research centers and
37:53departments and schools are falling over
37:54each other trying to show how
37:55interdisiplinary they are so it's become
37:57more of a bandwagon effect you know
38:00motherhood and apple pie type of thing
38:02but it doesn't always work and we'll
38:03talk about some of the ways it
38:05doesn't this is an example of a tobacco
38:08science network uh where people were uh
38:11encouraged to form these tobacco use
38:13prevention centers and you can see how
38:16the networks evolved across those seven
38:18centers here whereas these are
38:20individual NIH grants where you have
38:22much smaller uh networks the nodes
38:25aren't as connected to as many people
38:27people and some would say well this is
38:29better you know the more networking you
38:31get going on the better doesn't
38:33necessarily mean that these links and
38:34these nodes are doing anything
38:36productive they're just you know
38:37connected in some way they might have a
38:38telephone conversation they might
38:39publish a paper together but the data
38:42are still out as to whether this kind of
38:44networking pattern in science is not as
38:46good as this or vice
38:49versa this is another uh National
38:51Institute of Health Center for
38:53population health and health disparities
38:55and they started out with these
38:56different University City based centers
38:59Ohio State
39:00tus University of Pennsylvania and their
39:03different colors and this is what they
39:04look like at the beginning of the the
39:06first year of that initiative and then
39:08as they worked together uh they got a
39:11lot more interconnected and so when they
39:13went to apply for refunding they said
39:15look we're really networked we did our
39:17job it's great but as I said there a lot
39:21more research has to go on now to sort
39:23of calibrate you know what's the value
39:25of the science coming out of a network
39:28like this versus one where people are
39:29working more individually some would say
39:31that you get less group think when you
39:33give more grants to fewer people because
39:35they come at it from a lot of different
39:36angles and they don't start developing
39:38this Conformity of
39:40thought now this is an interesting study
39:43uh published in nature which is a very
39:46prestigious Journal it's called The
39:48Swedish sex web study and basically they
39:51were looking at whether there's a power
39:53law distribution of sexual nodes in the
39:56population in Sweden so they had
39:594,781 sweds aged 18 to 74 59% response
40:05rate and here you have the number of
40:07linkages sexual partners where over here
40:10on the edge you've got some power nodes
40:1310 to the three Partners here you've got
40:15you know 10 to the one 10 Partners here
40:17you've got 10 to you 100 and what they
40:20find is this power law distribution
40:22where most people are not off on this
40:25edge of the network here uh to totally
40:28promiscuous but why is this important is
40:30this just kind of a strange thing that
40:32some researchers decided to do and they
40:33got it published why is it what are the
40:35implications of this does it have any
40:37real world value is it just some jaded
40:39study that was done what do you
40:42think how would you apply these
40:44results yeah health research okay so for
40:48public health research good what's your
40:51name Susan right okay so Susan saying if
40:54you're a public health researcher and
40:56you're trying to decide how can we
40:58prevent
40:59STDs well maybe rather than doing
41:02scattershot uh shotgun approach giving
41:05uh information out to everybody in the
41:07population or preventive measures to
41:09everybody maybe you try to identify
41:11through networking studies to the extent
41:13that people will tell you these things
41:14about their Lifestyles if you can
41:16identify the people that are extremely
41:19active sexually they are likely to be
41:20the hubs for spreading STDs so if you
41:23can get to them and sort of lower their
41:26profile in terms of of uh infection
41:28rates and things like that then it's a
41:30much more effective more targeted more
41:32cost effective Public Health strategy so
41:35but again it picks up on that idea that
41:38you've got a a scale-free network you've
41:40got some people that have seems like
41:42limited
41:43Limitless U contacts with others and
41:46then you've got you know people that are
41:47more in the usual range and they're
41:50saying this is your target of
41:51opportunity over here if you can
41:52identify those people in terms of
41:54prevention that's where you want to go
41:58okay uh let's go
42:00back so uh Mark's going to play uh kind
42:04of an interesting interview here by
42:05Steven colar I think you'll get a kick
42:07out of it of one of the authors of this
42:09book connected um James Fowler so we
42:13just play this and then we'll take a
42:19break okay so that's a pretty good
42:21translation of what I was trying to say
42:23earlier um I'm going to switch gears a
42:26little bit here and uh Prelude to next
42:30week where we're going to be talking
42:32more about principles of environmental
42:34psychology and there are a couple of
42:37Articles assigned one uh by Baron and
42:41and B and others on environmental
42:43psychology and what it is why we're
42:45studying it things like that and then
42:48there's another article that I wrote uh
42:50some years ago actually but it it offers
42:52a conceptual framework for organizing
42:55what we're covering in this class in in
42:57terms of different types of environment
42:58Behavior research so I want to go over
43:00that basic framework today so you'll
43:02have that as sort of a cognitive map
43:04going forward so first of all in terms
43:06of some basic principles of what is
43:08environmental
43:09psychology um we know that it includes
43:11different types of environments we've
43:13got built environments natural
43:14environments you know human designed
43:16completely natural we've got virtual and
43:19cyber based as well as place-based and
43:21we've got to look at how those
43:22interrelate now we never had to do that
43:24in the 70s and 80s but now we do um
43:27we're talking about what we call
43:29transactional relationships which is a
43:31kind of give and take two-way
43:33relationship the environment influences
43:35you you work back and try to influence
43:37the environment so it's a reciprocal
43:39kind of thing that goes on in cycles and
43:42uh there are these psychological and
43:44behavioral processes that we'll focus on
43:47as sort of inherent in these
43:50transactional relations between people
43:51and their surroundings environmental
43:54psychology is inherently
43:55interdisiplinary we talked already about
43:57how we're going to bring in geography
43:59architecture urban planning
44:01developmental psychology natural
44:03resources management a lot of different
44:05areas public policy to be able to both
44:09capture the research that's done in
44:11environmental psychology as well as its
44:12Community problem solving orientation so
44:15we want to look at well if we have
44:17principles of how to design defensible
44:19space how do we do that in an apartment
44:21building or how do we make the City of
44:23Irvine more imageable or easier to find
44:26your way around so we want to sort of
44:27apply those principles in actual
44:30environments and the second half of this
44:32course after the midterm exam really
44:35focuses in Earnest on translating what
44:37we're covering the first half of the
44:38course into these real world kind of
44:41environments whether it's schools
44:43offices Health Care settings and the
44:46like now when I talk about transactional
44:48relationships these are some sort of
44:50curly C figures here that basically what
44:53they're saying is this is an optimal
44:56situation where you're not living in a
44:58dysfunctional environment you're living
44:59in an environment that lets you kind of
45:01work back on it and change it so you
45:03move into a dorm and you're your
45:05roommates are pretty uh easy to get
45:08along with and you all kind of work out
45:09ways to share the room share the space
45:12so you come in and and you the
45:14environment affects you and then you
45:15start to do things to the environment
45:17you put up some pictures or you you come
45:19up with some some Norms that then affect
45:22uh your future behavior in terms of how
45:23to share the space and it's an ongoing
45:26cycle of optimization processes where
45:28you're trying to increase that fit or
45:30Harmony between yourself and your
45:31surroundings now if you're living in a
45:34hard architecture or dysfunctional
45:36environment place or a poverty-stricken
45:40neighborhood then what you've got is an
45:42environment a rigid environment at time
45:44one basically dictating your behavior at
45:47time one you try to work back and change
45:48it but you can't you're blocked and then
45:51at time two it's dictating your behavior
45:52and at time three and every time you try
45:54to work back and change it you're
45:56blocked either because you don't have
45:57financial resources or because you're a
46:00kid living in a building that has so
46:02much noise and pollution you know we
46:04talk about health promotion getting kids
46:05to go outside and exercise but if
46:07they're constantly breathing this stuff
46:09by their building because they're right
46:10next to a freeway the cards are pretty
46:13stacked against them right so they these
46:15barriers these blocks prevent this kind
46:18of reciprocal
46:20transactional uh give and take and so
46:23what we're striving for in environmental
46:26design and applying these principles to
46:28actual real world environments is to
46:29increase optimization and optimization
46:33is a very high bar you can't always have
46:35your optimal you know exactly what you
46:37want in environment but it's a kind of
46:38aspiration it's an ASM toote that we
46:40strive toward to make it continually
46:42better often we have to satisfy so we
46:44have to put up with you know the best we
46:46can get in an environment rather than
46:48optimal but here you can't even do that
46:51you can't even work toward a more
46:52satisfactory situation because the
46:54environment is so rigid it just doesn't
46:56let you do that
46:57so everybody clear on these two
46:59processes any questions about
47:02that okay
47:04good all right so last time I talked
47:06about dysfunctional environments and I
47:08gave you some examples of the Los
47:10Angeles school that's located under the
47:13LAX flight path where the kids are
47:15listening to 350 overflights a day over
47:18their school I also showed you uh the Pu
47:21IO buildings that were being knocked
47:23down because they were dysfunctional
47:25people just wouldn't live there lots of
47:27crime vandalism So eventually they the
47:30whole thing had to be raised and torn
47:31down this is another example in New York
47:34City these are the Washington Bridge
47:36Apartments built over directly over the
47:39trans Manhattan Expressway in New York
47:41so you can see this very heavily
47:44traveled Expressway going right under
47:46these four buildings they four high-rise
47:48towers and some Architects thought that
47:50was kind of a neat design you know put
47:53people near their roadways and all that
47:55but it creates uh tremendous exposure of
47:58the residents here to the noise to the
48:00pollution and in that respect it's
48:02dysfunctional in terms of their health
48:04outcomes and in terms of their behavior
48:06it's very hard to get out there and get
48:08to a walkable environment because you're
48:10surrounded by freeways and so sometimes
48:12we don't really think about how the
48:14environments we grow up in and where
48:15we're living uh affect our development
48:19affect our well-being our mood but they
48:21have a profound impact on us even the
48:23ambient environment like looking out a
48:25hospital window at a a park in trees
48:29versus looking out at the wall of
48:30another hospital building makes a big
48:32difference according to that study we
48:34talked about last time in terms of rate
48:36of recovery how much pain medication
48:38people take so this issue of functional
48:40and dysfunctional environments and
48:42environments that allow you to optimize
48:44versus gr grind you into the ground
48:46because they won't let you do anything
48:47to them how many of you have ever been
48:49in a a hard environment that doesn't let
48:51you kind of work back on it or improve
48:54it any any examples of that in terms of
48:56you know
48:57anyone want to volunteer an
49:00example like what's a really
49:03dysfunctional uh hard architecture place
49:05or something that you know really uh had
49:10a big impact on you because it was so
49:12constraining
49:13Mike use Office Cub as well to decorate
49:16those but they're still they're still
49:18pretty tight yeah the open plan office
49:20movement created a sea of cubicles for
49:23the American Workforce they were
49:25actually imported from
49:27uh a company in Germany that came up
49:29with this this open space idea and
49:32people started to really dislike it
49:34because there was so much distraction
49:35there was so much uh anonymity you
49:37couldn't really get a sense of personal
49:39identity in them so now we have much
49:42less emphasis on just open plan and much
49:44more on sort of comi environments where
49:46you have private spaces where people can
49:48work team spaces meditation spaces
49:51recreational daycare you've got a much
49:52more multi-functional kind of workplace
49:56uh yeah I yeah well sometimes people
49:58complain that Irvine is so uniform it
50:00all looks the same that it's kind of a
50:03hard environment because it's hard for
50:05wayf finding you don't get a sense of
50:07individual identity you go to a place
50:09like lagona beach and people are sort of
50:11you know they have different Lifestyles
50:13very diverse um so you know some
50:15environments can be so uniform that
50:17people find those constraining and a lot
50:19depends on fit you know if you're upper
50:22middle class affluent family that wants
50:24to raise kids in a very safe environment
50:26Great Schools maybe Irvine's a ticket
50:29but if you're someone looking for more
50:30diverse recreational opportunities
50:32nighttime activities Music open all
50:34night you're not going to find it nine
50:36structure of it yeah well Church design
50:39tends to be very Monumental because it's
50:41a edifice in the glory of God so you're
50:43You're Building very tall structures
50:45you're You're Building Church
50:47environments where people they're not
50:49soopal people aren't supposed to talk a
50:51lot in church they're sociofugal you
50:52just look ahead at what the preacher
50:55minister is saying and and so there's a
50:57lot of reasons why you get that kind of
50:58hardness to church environments or even
51:01Library
51:02environments although not all libraries
51:04are like that if you if you go to
51:05Huntington Beach Library which is built
51:07like a park you can it has all glass
51:09windows and it's got water elements
51:11brought into the interior it's a very
51:13sort of park-like Library a couple of
51:16other slides and I'll close okay I
51:18talked about this framework laid out in
51:20the chapter that I wrote which is a
51:22pretty good road map of the different
51:23areas we're going to be talking about in
51:24this class and what this says we call
51:28them modes or or styles of of human
51:31environment
51:32transaction and when you're active and
51:34you're active cognitively you're trying
51:36to interpret your environment so you get
51:38to Irvine UCI you're trying to make
51:39sense out of where's everything located
51:41do you like it um does it fit your
51:44personality or not so you're trying to
51:46interpret is there a good fit here so
51:48when we talk about cognitive mapping
51:50research on April 17th we're starting
51:52with the interpretive mode of how people
51:54relate to their environments then we
51:56come down here to the evaluative mode
51:58that's reactive we're reacting to
52:00something we develop an attitude about
52:02it or we assess an environment like a
52:04classroom whether it's good or bad in
52:06what ways and we assess people's uh
52:09attitudes toward a whole range of
52:11different kinds of environments that we
52:13call the evaluative mode because people
52:16are reacting but they're doing it
52:17cognitively or emotionally over here
52:20active behavioral is where you're
52:22operating on the environment in some way
52:24so if somebody crowds you in elevator
52:27and you feel uncomfortable a stranger
52:29you might move back to increase your
52:31personal space so you're taking charge
52:33of the space to make yourself more
52:34comfortable that's a behavioral
52:35operative an active behavioral thing to
52:38do so we'll talk about human spatial
52:40Behavior we'll talk about
52:41environmentally relevant Behavior
52:43whether people go for solar whether they
52:46use green you know uh fuels and those
52:49things like that and then finally the
52:51responsive mode is reactive and its
52:53behavioral so you can react to a
52:56physical environment by uh getting sick
52:59you know if you're if you're exposed to
53:01some of those environments with a lot of
53:02pollution you may get certain health
53:04problems um you may decide to leave an
53:07environment just drop out or walk out
53:09because you don't like it that's a
53:10behavioral response so we're going to
53:13move across these different modes of
53:15interpretive evaluative operative and
53:17responsive and each of the areas that we
53:19cover has research sort of unpacking how
53:23people evaluate their environments
53:24interpret them operate on them and
53:27respond to them so an example this last
53:29slide an example of that would be if you
53:31took the interpretive mode for music um
53:34and I ask you what kind of music do you
53:35like you know you kind of you interpret
53:38what you like based on your perception
53:40and your preferences or you evaluate it
53:42you know you hate that group but you
53:43really like this group or you operate on
53:46the environment by playing music to
53:48relax or create a certain mood so you
53:50have a party you want to put certain
53:51kind of music on if you want to relax or
53:53study have something else that's
53:55operating on the environment you take
53:56take charge and you decide the music and
53:58finally responsive is where the music
54:01affects your behavior your social
54:03interaction or your physiology some
54:05music can pump you up increase your
54:06heart rate um some music can create uh
54:11much more interaction in spaces and a
54:13lot of restaurants use this principle if
54:15they want turnover in a restaurant a
54:17fast food restaurant they put a lot of
54:18fast active music on or things that
54:21annoy people if they sit there too long
54:23whereas some of your more expensive
54:25restaurants will have very lowkey you
54:27know mellow music going so it kind of
54:29invites people to stay so those are
54:32pretty much uh some of the key points if
54:34you look at the study guide today for if
54:36you look at the study guide for week one
54:38you should see pretty much all those
54:40points covered that are on the study
54:42guide in these lectures I will put up
54:44the lecture slides uh probably this
54:47evening and then we'll come back uh next
54:49Tuesday so have a great weekend

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