Language of Research .شرح مفاهيم مناهج البحث العلمي . لغة ومفردات — Transcript

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1. 0:01Hello and welcome your honors
2. 0:03In this episode, we are going to discuss
3. 0:05one of the most essential things in the scientific research
4. 0:08In the last episode, we were talking in general
5. 0:12not only about the business
6. 0:17Is there a language of scientific research?
7. 0:19Yes there is a building blocks
8. 0:22I mean there is a common terminology
9. 0:23there is a constant language
10. 0:25a number of key words and vocabulary in the scientific research
11. 0:30Well, like what?
12. 0:31And what are the main basics and parts of those terms?
13. 0:34it’s this group of terms we have here
14. 0:36You can find this slide..
15. 0:38You won’t find it in Uma Sekaran’s book
16. 0:40You can find it in books such as Donald Cooper’s book
17. 0:43with his different versions, in chapter 2 or 3 depending on the version, you are using
18. 0:49The Language of Research’s components and terms are necessary
19. 0:54and constant, and these are the most important
20. 0:57It actually starts from here, Variables, Operationals definition, Conceptual schemes
21. 1:03Constructs, Concepts, Models, Theory
22. 1:06Propositions or Hypotheses
23. 1:12These essential terms of the Language of Research
24. 1:15are always used in scientific research
25. 1:18with its different types and specialties
26. 1:22The most important one is the Variables
27. 1:27What do we mean by Variables?
28. 1:30What does the word Variable mean in scientific research?
29. 1:39Let’s think about it
30. 1:40If I tell you Variable, yes alright!
31. 1:45But what does this mean?
32. 1:47Try to think about it using the previous experiences
33. 1:53whether they are practiced, professional
34. 1:55industries, communities, in previous lectures
35. 1:59in researches, in courses
36. 2:01Let’s see the word Variable, does it need to be changeable?
37. 2:08Can’t it be constant? Well, how can it be constant while it’s a variable?
38. 2:12And how can we say it has value but this value is sometimes constant?
39. 2:18Should we call it constant then? Or variable?
40. 2:21I am talking here about the term related to Language of Research, not language
41. 2:27Actually, this slide can help us a little bit
42. 2:29if we start thinking .. This is our animated slide
43. 2:32let’s see. What are we talking about?
44. 2:34We are talking about a variable
45. 2:35Well, what is this variable?
46. 2:37Actually, to agree on the simplest and most accurate definition
47. 2:40we should differentiate a very important concept in the variable definition
48. 2:45and this is not popular nor common and hard to achieve in reference books
49. 2:55So what is it?
50. 2:56In fact, it differentiates, in the first place, between its definition and its qualities
51. 3:04Does the variable have a definition and its qualities? Yes it does
52. 3:06What are these qualities?
53. 3:07Actually, they are clear and specific qualities that we will agree on
54. 3:11because our measurements and researches in scientific research depend on it
55. 3:15What is the first definition we can give to the variable?
56. 3:17That it’s a component
57. 3:19First of all, the variable is a component
58. 3:22We should agree on this.
59. 3:24Alright, and what is a component?
60. 3:27Let’s suppose that we are talking about the first example which is productivity
61. 3:32What are the productivity components?
62. 3:34It’s the variables
63. 3:36What is an example of productivity or satisfaction components?
64. 3:41Try to think with me, because in the first place
65. 3:44we are talking about your environment
66. 3:47What does that mean?
67. 3:48That means the 9 elements you have, I mean the specific case you are scientifically studying
68. 3:54Do we have satisfaction? Yes
69. 3:57Is it about the employee or the client?
70. 3:59Because we agreed to specify the 6 components that make the title, in the Title selection episode
71. 4:04After you determine them, tell us the details depending on evidence about your 9 elements reality
72. 4:10After that, you will be able to tell this satisfaction’s components
73. 4:16It could be in the environment, the case, the 9 elements
74. 4:19in your specific studied environment, for example, salary and training
75. 4:26so these are the two components of satisfaction
76. 4:30Outside the business, we have a simple example
77. 4:33science lets us talk about simple things, and the example I always use is the salad
78. 4:38What are the variables that form this salad as a phenomenon?
79. 4:42What does the salad variables mean?
80. 4:44We agreed that they are components
81. 4:46See here, the variable is component
82. 4:48What are the salad’s components?
83. 4:50I only said the word salad, the normal and traditional one
84. 4:54Carrots, cucumber and tomatoes or lettuce, whatever you want
85. 4:58These are variables
86. 4:59Therefore, when you want to measure the salad
87. 5:02you don’t have a standard or calibrated thing that says it’s a salad
88. 5:08but only if you measure the known variables..
89. 5:13How did you know these salad’s components?
90. 5:18From the literature
91. 5:20So if you say that you want this thing called salad for the 9 elements or these specific settings
92. 5:26we go back to literature
93. 5:28We have problem definition and literature
94. 5:30And we do a form of measurement which is the research design and we access these components we have
95. 5:35There is cucumber, tomatoes, carrots, lettuce etc ..
96. 5:41Therefore this is a salad
97. 5:43So the first variable’s definition we should agree on is Component
98. 5:47The first characteristic of the variable is its existence: does the variable exist or not?
99. 5:50When I say I want a salad, or we measure this, the minimum is to find these components
100. 5:56Again, how can I know the components? From literature
101. 5:59Alright, we have a specific salad, talk about it in the problem definition
102. 6:04We will get to know this standard in the literature
103. 6:07Between the standard, which is science models and theories
104. 6:11and the reality, we will combine these two in search design to measure the reality we have with a more realistic data
105. 6:20What is the next variable’s quality?
106. 6:23We should agree that we want our normal Egyptian salad or the normal green salad
107. 6:30not only Egyptian but the standard green salad
108. 6:34As we see it or based on other closer literature, we claim that it’s 30% carrots, 30% tomatoes, 30% cucumber, and 10% of other components like lettuce..
109. 6:48So we are talking here about the second quality which is Quantity, the amount
110. 6:54If we understand it with a statistical concept or mathematics
111. 6:58and closer to the engineering concepts etc., it is what we call the Beta
112. 7:04which is the variable’s amount
113. 7:07It comes before the X1 which is our variable
114. 7:12So Beta is the variable X1’s amount, that forms the Y which is the phenomenon we are searching
115. 7:20For example the salad, satisfaction, or productivity.
116. 7:24What qualities do we have also?
117. 7:27The next quality after the Amount
118. 7:29and we can symbolize the amount with anything :
119. 7:31percentage, money, meter or any metric units and we will have a reflection
120. 7:39and another comment in the quantitative analysis
121. 7:42The next quality is Direction
122. 7:45Is the variable that contributes to the phenomenon Y existence, positive or negative?
123. 7:53For example, we said that satisfaction consists of salary and training, two variables
124. 8:02The second quality is the amount, I pretend it’s 70% salary and 30% training, this is the amount
125. 8:10This percentage signifies time, money and investments or whatever
126. 8:15And the direction?
127. 8:18When we measure and apply scientific research or find science that says
128. 8:21when you increase the salary, you increase the Y which is the satisfaction
129. 8:25This is a direct relationship, or negative I mean an inverse relationship
130. 8:31When you decrease one of them or decrease X or the variable, you increase the Y which is the phenomenon
131. 8:38For example, when you decrease the salt amount in the salad
132. 8:41the salad’s satisfaction or existence will be better
133. 8:46For example, the negative attitude, when you decrease the negative attitude
134. 8:52you increase the employee’s or the client’s satisfaction
135. 8:56The clearest example in the business world about the negative is the cost
136. 9:01Whenever we decrease the cost, we improve the performance or the profitability depending on the example
137. 9:08The fourth and last quality which is hard and might be strange and different is Significance
138. 9:14"If the writing is not clear, it’s Significance"
139. 9:17What is Significance?
140. 9:18It is how critical is the variable. How is that?
141. 9:22The variable has an amount
142. 9:24and should the amount be the one to express the critical? Not necessarily
143. 9:28What does it mean?
144. 9:29It means that the variable might be a little amount, and its direction is positive or negative but significant
145. 9:36A very simple example is the chair. What are the chair’s components?
146. 9:40They are wood, iron, leather, tissue, sponge
147. 9:47All these are amounts that can be around 10%, 20% or 30%
148. 9:50However, the welding and the amount of the nails might be insignificant and relatively little
149. 9:56Another example is cake, the homemade cake or the bought one
150. 10:02Its components are flour, eggs, butter, etc. But what about the baking powder? the vanilla?
151. 10:07There is a small simple component measured by small grams, 5g, 10g or 20g, versus hundreds or tens grams of other components
152. 10:17And what about this component?
153. 10:18In case it doesn’t exist, it dramatically affects the Y’s existence
154. 10:23For example, I ordered a salad that is not green but Greek or Caesar
155. 10:30these are the simple examples that are in different countries
156. 10:34So I expect to find cheese in the Greek one, what if it’s not there? No, it has to be there
157. 10:41Even if it’s a small amount?
158. 10:43Here you find yourself talking about another phenomenon
159. 10:46For example, the training’s amount can be 5% or 10% in the cost structure or the satisfaction components structure
160. 10:56But this 5% is significant, its non-existence has an extreme effect, regardless of its amount
161. 11:04And this is one of the variable’s qualities that is hard to measure
162. 11:07and we will note that in a specific type of scientific research
163. 11:11We will take the design in an advanced way when we will advance towards chapters as 5,6 and 7 in most of the books
164. 11:21it talks about designs after going through the problem and literature
165. 11:25We will find that it’s the most difficult one in measured qualities
166. 11:28and some of our scientific research colleagues confuse between
167. 11:34what we call statistical significance and the significance of the variable
168. 11:38Here, the statistical significance measures how exact is our measurement, not if the variable is significant or not
169. 11:47There is a huge difference between the two
170. 11:48I will repeat it quickly and we will discuss it later
171. 11:51What does the statistical significance mean?
172. 11:55For example, you measured that the variable exists
173. 11:58and that it has an amount and a positive or negative direction, that is strong and accurate
174. 12:03But that doesn’t mean you measured the significance which is the amount of the variable’s criticality
175. 12:09And we will say how it can be measured with quantitative or qualitative tools
176. 12:14Literature or science help us because there can be tens or hundreds of thousands variables talking about satisfaction
177. 12:25You say that under certain circumstances, and you can read and write about literature review
178. 12:31that there can be hundreds of thousands variables depending on different circumstances
179. 12:35which is the 9 different elements and the different settings
180. 12:38that it contributes to forming satisfaction for the employee or the client whatsoever
181. 12:43When the science helps me and combine between two variables, we call it Construct
182. 12:49As if it is an integration to link between two variables in a relationship
183. 12:53and most of the time it fits a very specific case or setting or 9 elements
184. 12:57that the research did to measure only his own circumstances
185. 13:02And a big number of researchers usually succeed
186. 13:06and this is most of the work that can be in the applied research in the deductive way we explained in the last episode
187. 13:12It combines and the number of variables decreases
188. 13:15As if we transformed these 100.000 variables into 10.000 constructs
189. 13:21The scientific researches start to use here the inductive which is done by trying to comprehend, they integrate
190. 13:31By using the inductive, they produce basic research and combine constructs
191. 13:37which is the relationship between these two variables, they combine them
192. 13:40So we have now relationships called a concept, for more than two variables, they can be 3 or 4
193. 13:47Of course when he combines two constructs
194. 13:49we can start with a minimum 3 or 4 variables
195. 13:52And this construct will be suitable for its case
196. 13:57I mean if he combines 3 or 4 variables, if he combines these variables
197. 14:03he will end up, for example, with multiples of 2, 6 or 8 variables suiting what they are combining for
198. 14:12So we see what are these cases about
199. 14:15For example, cases of textile companies or environment...
200. 14:19for this province, for this place, here we have a very specific case
201. 14:23but it integrates a group of the 9 elements
202. 14:27Then, we can have a number of less than 10.000
203. 14:31we will have 1.000 or multiple numbers of 2.000 to 3.000 etc.. of concepts
204. 14:38If scientific research helped me again and combined these concepts
205. 14:42combining the concepts which integrate 6 or 8 etc. of variables produce Model
206. 14:49And you know now that this integrated set of concepts called Model
207. 14:54I can find a Model about satisfaction, suitable for a wide range, why is that?
208. 14:59Because it actually combined more than a concept which is suitable for more than a country
209. 15:05a place, an organization
210. 15:07so you can find a model of satisfaction for SMEs for example, in a country
211. 15:12or a model for developing countries if the companies are created and work in something
212. 15:17So the model is always generic
213. 15:19here we start having generality or generalizability
214. 15:23and this is a term we will need while talking about the scientific research properties
215. 15:28When scientific research provides me or I produce a model
216. 15:32I have generalizability in the utilization and generalizability in the application
217. 15:36And the highest and strongest level, Theory
218. 15:39The theory integrates many models, tens or hundreds of models
219. 15:45the theory tries to combine this, so it is normal to find one theory, 2, 3 or 4
220. 15:54And you may find two opposite theories explaining the same phenomena, why? Because it is based on all the traffic or load that is before
221. 16:02As if we were in the finishing touches, we combine and attain a detail
222. 16:09What is the value of this combination?
223. 16:10It is that we have a chance to use this general thing as an application on our case
224. 16:17If you remember the applied and deductive definition
225. 16:22application of a general theory, a theory or model
226. 16:26What’s bigger than the theory?
227. 16:27L.A.W. What does it mean?
228. 16:30This is a law, which is global and hard to find in social studies
229. 16:38and hard to find in human sciences, the business part more specifically
230. 16:42Why is that? Where can we find it easier?
231. 16:44We can find it easier in physical science. Why?
232. 16:46Because the development in physical science is based on material tangible components
233. 16:53the more we understand it, the more we take time in modifying
234. 16:57But the humans interaction in different work environments
235. 17:02or indifferent humans interactions is renewable
236. 17:07and this is one of the humans quality
237. 17:09I mean his development whether for good or.. he develops and always grows
238. 17:16Therefore, while we do science and scientific researchers who work on the basic research space
239. 17:22have to try to combine the different variables
240. 17:24the constructs and these different concepts to do something new in the production of variables
241. 17:29and our comprehension for the human and his value and his development
242. 17:33and the services he fulfills in different fields and different work environments
243. 17:37What is important for me in this episode
244. 17:40is to focus on the difference between variable, construct, concept, model, theory and LAW which is hard to find on the business level
245. 17:45We used to have Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that talk about humans need and how it is divided and how it moves
246. 17:52and it was considered as law in literature at a certain time
247. 17:55but over time it had alternatives and other variations as if it was one of the theories or models that explain humans needs
248. 18:02and it was applied to people on a personal independent level, and on the humans work environment level
249. 18:09or on the level of clients, in social political administrator economic circumstances, and was also applied to companies
250. 18:15Therefore, the model or theory level decreased and used them to understand the humans needs
251. 18:24but not alone like other concrete laws in physics, chemistry and medicine and so on
252. 18:31is important for me to know that the essential keyword is the variable and that it has many qualities
253. 18:35there is a difference between defining it as a component and there is a difference between his qualities
254. 18:41Well, as scientific researchers, will always be studying variables in specific environments
255. 18:47in specific settings, in specific 9 elements using the 9 elements model
256. 18:52And we will be using all these components existing in literature, achieving variables, constructs, concepts, models, theories from the literature
257. 19:01to know the appropriate treatments to use, using a proper scientific research design, to solve our problem
258. 19:09Our episode stops here, it is very important and we need to focus on it because we will use it as a language in the next episodes.
259. 19:16Thank you so much.