La HISTORIA del M19 | Video Documental — Transcript

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1. 0:41Exactly 53 years ago today, one of the most important
2. 0:46and relevant subversive groups in the country's history was born in Colombia.
3. 1:04Their popular reach was so great that in the elections that took place in 2022 they managed
4. 1:09to have one of their former members elected president in majority, overthrowing what had been
5. 1:14the largest political force in the country since the Uribe period.
6. 1:18Today, in what is one of my most ambitious projects, I am going to recapitulate the
7. 1:23most interesting moments of this guerrilla group so that you, Colombians, and
8. 1:27future generations who can access this material know the history of the
9. 1:32most influential guerrilla group in the country.
10. 1:34Dear viewer, welcome.
11. 1:52Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, is one of the topics that we have already discussed on this channel.
12. 1:55Not only because it is a story that lives on thanks to our grandparents, but also because its impact
13. 1:59on Colombian society is still being felt.
14. 2:01One of these closest consequences to the dictatorship of 1953 was the emergence
15. 2:06of one of the most representative guerrilla groups in our history.
16. 2:09Well, although they seem totally contrary issues, they are actually issues that have everything to do with
17. 2:14it.
18. 2:15It turns out that as we discussed in the video of the general, after his resignation at the hands of
19. 2:17the May days, the military junta was established and later the
20. 2:22national front was postulated.
21. 2:41Rojas Pinilla went into exile from the country and when he is tried it is determined that he loses his
22. 2:45political rights, but a judge returns them to him in 1970, that same year the general launches for
23. 2:50his candidacy and devastates with great popularity.
24. 2:53As theories postulate these elections would be a fraud in favor of Misael Pastrana Borrero,
25. 2:58this when several inconsistencies were found at the time of the elections, the story transcends
26. 3:02in this way: The elections are held on April 19, there was a great
27. 3:06popular debate between the conservation of the national front in the name of Pastrana that had been
28. 3:11considered for a long time as a pact between the social elites of the country or the dissolution
29. 3:16and elimination of this with the popular power of the third force or the
30. 3:21Popular National Alliance ANAPO in the name of Rojas.
31. 3:24Initially, the media postulated Rojas Pinilla as the winner
32. 3:28on the night of the 19th and the early morning of the 20th.
33. 3:31And several people like Oscar Alarcon (who, by the way, was a chronicler who followed the
34. 3:35elections on foot) determined that at dawn at that at 2:00 am the winner was the general.
35. 3:41The then President Lleras Respect declared a state of siege and stopped the count that was
36. 3:46broadcast to the masses through the radio, in addition to giving the order that Colombians
37. 3:50had to fulfill a social duty and go
38. 4:04to sleep.
39. 4:05On Sunday, General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla went to bed as the new president of Colombia
40. 4:10and on Monday morning, he was no longer.
41. 4:12The ANAPISTAS responded aggressively in protests throughout the country, threatening
42. 4:17to move to Bogotá.
43. 4:19The guerrillas took as their flag what were the colors of the
44. 4:22Popular National Alliance Party and painted the letters and numbers M-19 inside the flag, which would come to mean
45. 4:28the April 19 Movement, although the movement certainly did not begin for those years,
46. 4:32but already we're going to get there.
47. 4:34This is the sore point that separates the ancient guerrillas from the modern guerrillas.
48. 4:39Before the M-19, the guerrillas had no separation from traditional parties and tended to lean
49. 4:47towards the like-minded groups and parties that in a certain way financed them.
50. 4:51Although the life of the M-19 is relatively shorter than that of, for example, the FARC.
51. 4:56Even with a historical difference of at least 6 years, we can note that the M-19 had
52. 5:01much more relevant movements than the FARC or other groups have ever had.
53. 5:13The first blow of the M is historical, since its first blow had a more
54. 5:26historical, cultural and moral meaning than war.
55. 5:27The matter began more or less on January 15 and 17, 1974, when M published
56. 5:34on the pages of the newspaper El Tiempo a historical image of a public threat
57. 5:39that remained engraved in the minds of Colombians: "Parasites?...
58. 5:42worms?
59. 5:43wait M 19 ""Lack of initiative...
60. 5:48parasites?
61. 5:49Wait M 19” thus giving genesis to what would be the modus operandi of this guerrilla group
62. 5:54making warlike movements that had tones of social protest and that also had
63. 5:59some popular support among the masses.
64. 6:01The movement was a proposal by "Flaco" or Jaime Bateman Cayón who was leader and
65. 6:05commander of the Movement between 1974 and 1983, he was a member of the FARC for a period,
66. 6:11to whom he originally directed the idea, but in which it was declined.
67. 6:15In 1973 Bateman and Luis Otero founded the comuneros who dissolved in 1974 to open
68. 6:21what would officially be the April 19 Movement from now on.
69. 6:26The theft of the sword was thought of as a movement of ideological principle, they did not want to carry out
70. 6:31a coup that would hurt the military forces, they wanted a coup that would transcend, that would be
71. 6:36felt not only by the warlike elites of the country, but also by the military elites. social,
72. 6:41also the people and certainly in history, it would not only be robbery, it would be obtaining
73. 6:46a patriotic symbol and a hard blow to traditionalism.
74. 6:49On the morning of January 17, a message was published in the newspapers that would not have
75. 6:53called the attention of the public if it were not for what happened next, just as
76. 6:58the countdown to an important event was published last: "The time is coming." M-19”,
77. 7:05the leader of the coup Alvaro Fayad takes advantage of the withdrawal of the visitors at around
78. 7:095:00 pm to enter, threaten, break the glass, take the sword, vandalize
79. 7:14the place with the symbology of the EME and then flee with the Historical weapon in a classic Renault 6.
80. 7:24The group is awarded the robbery with a phrase from Nelson Osorio: "Bolívar your sword returns
81. 7:35to the fight."
82. 7:36The group takes a philosophy that is postulated against a phrase from the liberator who says:
83. 7:40"I will never send the sword while the freedom of my people is not fully
84. 7:45assured" you can see this in the speech that he left in the description.
85. 7:49This was a moral blow for Colombian politics, one would expect a belligerent attack
86. 7:53against the public forces and the civilian population, but this was worse, it was a blow to
87. 7:57the morale and stability of the state to which the group proved incapable of giving the Sufficient value
88. 8:02to their national symbols and that also meant a social coup because people
89. 8:07ran in sympathy with the group.
90. 8:09In addition to the fact that there, in the shadows, the attack was announced and
91. 8:13a threat was hidden from everyone's sight that did not make sense until after the coup, without
92. 8:18this being a truly complicated coup, something simple, subtle, stylish and humiliating
93. 8:23for the public forces, something typical of a lupine book or a heist movie.
94. 8:29After the escape in the Renault 6, the sword is left in the hands of an engineering student
95. 8:33from the district university and later, by Bateman's orders, it falls into the hands of the poet
96. 8:38known by the pseudonym "León de Greiff" who dies and from here on Later,
97. 8:43the location of the sword becomes somewhat cloudy, some in the Cuban embassy in Panama,
98. 8:47then in the trunk of a car, then buried in a farm in Cundinamarca and later "recovered"
99. 8:52by the national army.
100. 8:54Although certainly credible theories postulate that the movement never handed over the sword
101. 8:59and that it continues to wander through the country, although nothing is certainly certain.
102. 9:03The coup that followed chronologically, in the events of M 19, is the robbery of the
103. 9:22North Canton by the national army.
104. 9:24If the previous blow had certainly been humiliating, this one is much more.
105. 9:28Having demonstrated the capacity for order, planning and, most importantly, social capacity,
106. 9:33the em was left to demonstrate his warlike and military capacity.
107. 9:37This movie hit involves a millimeter planning typical of highly
108. 9:42organized armies.
109. 9:44This begins with the kidnapping of Donald Cooper, general manager in Colombia of Grupo Sears
110. 9:48in 1975, where part of the money was invested in a company that sells medical supplies
111. 9:55called: Produmedios.
112. 9:56Guaranteeing contacts, facade and also economic solvency to the M-19.
113. 10:02Bateman met with the militant Arteaga who was at the head of the company to
114. 10:06start what would be called "Operation Canton" or "Operation Blue Whale"
115. 10:11basically the seizure of the North Canton, Bogota by the Colombian army.
116. 10:15With 73 days notice, the group began drilling a tunnel into a house that Arteaga
117. 10:20would buy with company funds.
118. 10:22The coup in question began when the then defense minister of the Colombian state
119. 10:26was somewhat concerned about the death of former minister Pardo Buelvas at the hands of the
120. 10:31Workers' Self-Defense Forces.
121. 10:32invites, and I quote: "Every citizen should arm themselves however they can."
122. 10:35The M 19 had it clear, for 10 weeks they maintained the company's façade, Arteaga
123. 10:41led his natural life as if with nothing while the excavation works were carried out.
124. 10:45The group was aware of the inactivity of the Canton for at least 3 days and this would be
125. 10:50their ideal opportunity to carry out their second important movement.
126. 10:54By the night of Saturday, December 30, 1978, they had arrived at the warehouse, without
127. 11:00eagerness they took 10 weapons and withdrew, for the next morning to continue with the coup
128. 11:05where they stole 400 more and continued until the morning of January 1, 1979 where they
129. 11:12According to official figures, more or less 4,076 weapons were stolen, you can read all this
130. 11:19in the article about the time that he left in the description.
131. 11:22At that time, the M-19 gave a media coup of the level of the announcements of the theft of the sword,
132. 11:27published an informative pamphlet on January 2, 1979 that says: "(Every citizen
133. 11:33must arm himself however he can)" this is quoting the minister " … And so we did 5,000 Weapons
134. 11:39for the people” It was only with this informative pamphlet that the national army realized
135. 11:43that the robbery had occurred in the Canton.
136. 11:46In a fleeting action, they captured some of those involved and also recovered many of the weapons, and
137. 11:51although the material goods could be replaced, the moral and image damage had already been done,
138. 11:57an unarmed group of subversives had managed to evade and rob the national army itself.
139. 12:03in addition to divulging his achievement in a sarcastic and mocking tone, another popular coup by the
140. 12:07M19 using its modus operandi with its popular, mocking and humiliating reports for the
141. 12:13public force.
142. 12:24In my point of view, between this coup and the previous one, there are elements that should be highlighted that
143. 12:33allow us to see a transformation of the guerrilla approach, while the previous
144. 12:37coups had cultural sense, they had a tone of protest and a quite popular view,
145. 12:43without the use elements of violence that so characterized other guerrillas.
146. 12:48This coup gives us sight of an armed army, which no longer intends to humiliate the state
147. 12:52with complicated plans of simple execution, but rather intends to impose its power with weapons
148. 12:57and also wants to give itself not only a national view but rather an international one.
149. 13:02Before talking about the seizure and kidnapping, it is important to talk about the place in question,
150. 13:07since that residence located at Carrera 30 with Calle 46, in addition to being currently
151. 13:12the home of the Dominican embassy, ​​back in the 50s when we were under the
152. 13:16dictatorship The military general Rojas Pinilla, who is the trigger of the whole M19 affair,
153. 13:21lived in that residence, so in addition to being an international diplomatic point,
154. 13:27it was a point of historical value for the guerrilla group.
155. 13:31As with the robbery with the sword, the movement was certainly fleeting, the well-known "Operation
156. 13:35freedom and democracy" was headed by Rosemberg Pabón, on whom we are not going to emphasize
157. 13:40much (But if you are interested in the matter, Pabón recounted a lot of the facts in two books:
158. 13:44"This is how we take the embassy of the year 1984" and "I am Commander 1. (1980)")
159. 13:51As reported in a fairly detailed article in the newspaper El Tiempo: Twelve people held
160. 13:55a soccer match in front of the Dominican embassy, where
161. 14:00a celebration for the independence of the Caribbean country
162. 14:03was taking place. Around twelve and quarter past twelve, a Renault 4 arrived at the embassy, ​​where
163. 14:08Alias ​​"Chiqui" Carmenza Cardona Londoño and the leader Pabón, who led the operation, were present,
164. 14:14as well as two other people, who together entered the embassy. , as Pabón quotes:
165. 14:18“I had the 'invitation', which was a 9 mm.
166. 14:21So in the face of that, how is the guard going to say not to continue?
167. 14:25At half past twelve, the first shot was heard. According to Pabon's version, what happened
168. 14:29was the following: “I am entering and I see an armed man; then, the first reaction
169. 14:34was to throw myself to the ground, and I see that the guy also fell to the ground; I lean out and he
170. 14:38leans out, I shoot and he shoots.
171. 14:39I realize that it is a mirror…
172. 14:41I think that those were all the shots that I fired in the entire Embassy”.
173. 14:44The twelve people who were running the soccer game armed themselves and also entered
174. 14:47the embassy, ​​wearing red
175. 15:01and green clothes.
176. 15:05Inside the facility, the most important people and even more hostages were Monsignor
177. 15:20Angelo Acerbi, Apostolic Nuncio to the Vatican; and the ambassadors of Brazil, Venezuela, Costa
178. 15:26Rica, Mexico, Uruguay, Austria, El Salvador, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Switzerland, Israel,
179. 15:31Italy, the United States and, of course, the Dominican Republic.
180. 15:35Obviously an armed confrontation began, a response and exchange of shots between
181. 15:39the militants and subversives, this claimed the life of "Camilo" guerrilla known
182. 15:45better as Carlos Arturo Sandoval and Pedro Oliveros, the bodyguard
183. 15:49of the Yankee ambassador, the person in charge businessman from Paraguay Óscar Orostiaga and two
184. 15:54other civilians.
185. 15:55Amongst the madness, the escape plan began, originally this had been based
186. 16:08on the rumor of the presence of secret tunnels in the house that once belonged to the general.
187. 16:13Using the ambassadors, the militants began to put pressure on the public forces.
188. 16:18Virgilio Lovera, the Venezuelan ambassador, cried out from within, "A massacre could occur here,"
189. 16:24which was also done by Ricardo Galán, a representative of Mexico who declared out loud: "I ask
190. 16:29that you withdraw the Public Force as the only way to guarantee the lives of those of us
191. 16:33who are here" Due to incidents at the National University there were already enough journalists
192. 16:37who arrived at the place in the area to obviously record the news that in hours became
193. 16:42a scoop worldwide, the coup against Colombia and its leaders went from being a national humiliation
194. 16:48to doing it internationally, the journalists followed the note to the letter, second
195. 16:54after second, it became a scoop.
196. 16:59For the president of that time, Julio César Turbay, the best option was the dialogue route,
197. 17:05so listen well, that for 61 DAYS
198. 17:10the reports of the negotiation with the Turbay government
199. 17:16in order to release the captors by the M-19.
200. 17:18Here it must be clarified that a sadistic war had been carried out against the M-19, one
201. 17:24that was known as the "Dirty War" that claimed the lives of many of the
202. 17:28Movement's militants and that would also make the public eye doubt the action. that the government
203. 17:33carried out on the eve of democratic security.
204. 17:36Highlight the fact of the 311 political prisoners that the national government had, since one
205. 17:41of the main demands that the militant group carried out was their prompt release.
206. 17:46The negotiation is like nothing out of a movie, faced with the cut off of the telephone lines, the guerrillas
207. 17:51demanded that a walkie talkie be sent in the hands of a journalist in underwear,
208. 17:55something that Guillermo Franco Fonseca offered to do and thus deliver the instrument
209. 18:00that would be half of communication between Foreign Minister Diego Uribe Vargas and Pabón.
210. 18:05The negotiation was one of the greatest diplomatic successes that I highlight in history.
211. 18:10That same Thursday, the 28th, 13 people were released, including 10 women, a 16-year-old boy,
212. 18:16and two wounded.
213. 18:17The story gets long, international agencies such as the CIA and also the OAS intervene,
214. 18:22who lead the delivery of the hostages.
215. 18:24The negotiation concluded not with the expected result but with a very good one, first
216. 18:29the militants would go to Cuba sheltered and protected by the welfare of the negotiation,
217. 18:33the kidnapped would be handed over and they would be given almost 3 million dollars according to
218. 18:38some sources.
219. 18:40The popular rampage of the group was such that on the way to the El Dorado airport, hundreds
220. 18:45of people came out to shout cheers to the group with white handkerchiefs from the roofs of
221. 18:49the houses, others fired them with emotion.
222. 18:50And a lot was said not only in Colombia, how a few subversives had put the government in check
223. 18:54, had kidnapped several ambassadors from different nations and had been
224. 18:59released to an ovation and with the freedom that anyone who walks the
225. 19:03streets today has.
226. 19:04One of the most characteristic wars of the movement back in the 80's was
227. 19:23the one carried out against the Medellín Cartel, and although due to superior numbers,
228. 19:29weapons, logistics, money and other factors, the Medellín cartel would be the
229. 19:33Undisputed king both in casualties and in imposition of power, it must be admitted that at least there was
230. 19:38a minimal fight, somewhat destructive against the "eme" and the civilian population.
231. 19:44This historic moment, remembered by many, begins on the morning of November 12
232. 19:48, 1991, outside the University of Antioquia.
233. 19:52When the sister of the Ochoa brothers, Martha Nieves Ochoa, is kidnapped on the outskirts of
234. 19:56the university where she was completing six semesters of economics,
235. 20:02a somewhat mediatic suborganization began within the cartel that would have a single emphasis "Death to
236. 20:41the Kidnappers" some sources describe to this group as Narcoparamilitary and although
237. 20:45its name speaks of a general hatred towards the kidnappers, these drug trafficking groups
238. 20:50also fulfilled the function of Paramilitaries. The emphasis of this "group" or rather
239. 20:54movement, was focused on attacking the guerrillas as such.
240. 20:58From this time of war there is not much left to highlight. Nieves Ochoa ended up throwing her
241. 21:02onto the trail.
242. 21:03Her brothers had tireless efforts to recover her and at this time they had
243. 21:07a wave of publicity directed at the civilian population.
244. 21:10The enemies of the MAS Movement were not only the M 19, but also the FARC-EP and members
245. 21:15of the communist party and the Patriotic Union, parties that were somehow related
246. 21:19to the initial philosophy of some guerrillas.
247. 21:22The most remembered moment was the persecution, genocide, and crime against humanity against
248. 21:26the Patriotic Union or (UP) political party, who were not only persecuted, murdered,
249. 21:32and constantly attacked for their ideals, but who were forced to emigrate and
250. 21:36consequently make his party disappeared, the history and crime against the UP is a matter
251. 22:19that I will leave for another day, but it is something that we are going to keep an eye on.
252. 22:23Finally, after several kidnappings, more or less 500 deaths, the MAS manages to capture
253. 22:29some perpetrators of the Ochoa crime and in negotiation with the
254. 22:33Panamanian military and dictator Oscar Torrijos, the release agreement for Nieves Ochoa is reached.
255. 22:54Pizarro, in distinction from the other leaders of the Movement, is one that sounds a lot, not
256. 22:58only because he was a highly popular candidate, nor because he was persecuted and assassinated
257. 23:02for the same reason, but because of social strategy coups like this, where another
258. 23:08time what a group with a high capacity for order, media support and also well commanded
259. 23:14could do.
260. 23:16“Operation Hook” as given by the National Army, was an
261. 24:04operation where members of the national army intended to recover
262. 24:07and displace the M-19 forces from the La Libertad camp in Yarumales, Corinto, Cauca.
263. 24:13After the leaders of the eme were in Cuba to learn about war, strategy
264. 24:17and coups.
265. 24:18There are two important moments: the assault on Corinto, Cauca in 1984 and the assault
266. 24:24on the municipality of Miranda, Cauca in the same year.
267. 24:26At this time there was a significant casualty Carlos Toledo Plata, a doctor and co-founder of the
268. 24:33movement, dies. In response to this, the movement assaults Yumbo, Valle del Cauca. This triggered
269. 24:39a ceasefire agreement between the then commander Ivan Mario Ospina, Bateman's successor
270. 24:44(who died in a plane crash in the Panamanian Darien in April 1983) and the
271. 24:50Colombian state headed by President Belisario Betancur in the agreements of Corinto, Hobo
272. 24:55and Medellín.
273. 24:56With the leader of the battle Carlos Pizarro Leongomez wounded in Yumbo, they set up camp
274. 25:01in Yarumales for a while, President Betancur then seizes the opportunity
275. 25:06and orders the start of Operation Hook where
276. 25:38the guerrillas are to be locked up.
277. 25:52Before this, Betancur and Ospina had met in Mexico, when Betancur returned,
278. 25:57the Operation was triggered, which caused many guerrillas to consider Ospina
279. 26:01a traitor and later command of the group was given to Fayad (The author of the sword
280. 26:04robbery ).
281. 26:05Previously, Pizarro announced the operation to his companions and they began their
282. 26:09protection strategies, first, in the style of European armies, they dug zigzag trenches
283. 26:14that facilitate mobility and protection, they had PVC tubes disguised as rocket launchers,
284. 26:20trunks that simulated cannons, and a rifle. for every three combatants who rotated them
285. 26:25between them because it did not give for more.
286. 26:27The army tried to attack from the upper part, but a group of ten men led
287. 26:31by Efren managed to contain the more than one hundred and forty militants of the army.
288. 26:37Some peasants managed to transport supplies that came from abroad from here to there
289. 26:41, more or less 2 arrobas of explosives arrived, 600 cartridges for each combatant
290. 26:46and plenty of food.
291. 26:47While the army commander went to Caquetá to get reinforcements,
292. 26:52operations were briefly suspended but when the announcement was made that the war was going to resume
293. 26:56, the bombardment was ordered, a communication that was intercepted by the "eme" and
294. 27:00consequently caused them to move three hundred meters saving the entire command from death,
295. 27:05without resulting in any casualties for the guerrillas.
296. 27:08Then the attack by helicopter was ordered at a proximity of 500 meters, another
297. 27:12effort in vain on the part of the army as the revolutionaries managed to
298. 27:16damage all the helicopters.
299. 27:19In total, twenty-one days, in which 4,000 highly-trained soldiers were unable to defeat
300. 27:23two hundred and eighty subversives who had neither superiority in weapons, nor in numbers,
301. 27:28nor in preparation, man, not even logistical superiority, but who aimed willingly forced
302. 27:34one of the best prepared armies of latin america to retreat.
303. 27:37The April 19 Movement and its Colombian battalion maintained their positions until the end and forced
304. 27:43the army to sign a ceasefire on January 7, 1985.
305. 27:48In that year, the operation "Oiga caleño, vea" was carried out, where Ospina
306. 27:52is discharged and then causes the most emblematic moment of the April 19 Movement.
307. 27:57Another fact to highlight is the assassination of Fayad, emblematic, media and remembered leader of the M-19
308. 28:03who is murdered one day after meeting with Luis Carlos Galan. The assault took place at 7:30
309. 28:08p.m. on Thursday, Fayad defended himself with weapons and the pregnant wife of Harold
310. 28:13Raúl Rosero Polo, composer and orchestra leader who gave shelter to Fayad in Bogota, is discharged
311. 28:19, some sources say that Fayad had been captured alive by the GOES, but that the police
312. 28:23later discharged
313. 28:30him After his capture, Fayad died on March 13, 1986 and the emblematic leader of the movement in the 80's Carlos Pizarro Leongomez took command .
314. 29:05This attack is the most representative of the Movement, what's more, if you ask someone
315. 29:09who remembers the M19, they will probably tell you that the takeover of the courthouse.
316. 29:14That is why I do not want to delve too deeply into the matter of how it happened, because I think that
317. 29:18unlike the other coups, this one is actually much more popular in the media and
318. 29:22in the history of the country, just as a recommendation if you want to know more about this piece of history,
319. 29:27There is a fairly complete podcast called "Arcanes and Kings" I leave the link in the description.
320. 29:33Today we are only going to emphasize the blow superficially, while continuing to explain some
321. 29:38of the most relevant facts.
322. 29:39The negotiation with President Belisario Betancur and the
323. 29:43head of state's breach of the recent agreements of Corinto, Hobo and Medellín stand out as precedent.
324. 29:48In addition to the replacement of leadership, removing Ospina from office and putting
325. 29:51Fayad in his name , who is the leader of the operation that would since then be called "Operation
326. 29:56Antonio Nariño for the Rights of Man" and carried out by the 'Iván Marino Ospina Command '
327. 30:01which was carried out on behalf of the militant assassinated in Cali.
328. 30:04The operation, as is characteristic of the movement, involved extensive planning,
329. 30:08the special thing is that the Colombian state was aware that the operation was going to be carried out,
330. 30:13the drama here is that the state did not make a major effort and objected to defending the
331. 30:17The Palace of Justice is more due to the recent changes in the security scheme, the
332. 30:22route was left open for the event to occur, many assume that the state intended
333. 30:26to lock them up in the palace of justice, or that there were actually sensitive issues within
334. 30:31the palace . Palace that compromised the security of some state groups or directly
335. 30:35"the extraditables" of the Medellín cartel, since in the assaulted facilities,
336. 30:39the respective investigations related to the approval or not of the decree that
337. 30:45will allow the extradition of drug traffickers were carried out. to the united states
338. 30:49Between 10:30 and 11:00 seven armed members of the M-19 entered in
339. 30:55civilian clothes. Two of the M-19 guerrillas were located in the Secretariat of the Council
340. 31:23of State, two in the Secretariat of the Third Section , two in the cafeteria and a woman
341. 31:28on the fourth floor.
342. 31:30Subsequently, twenty-eight members of the m 19 entered by means of three vehicles using
343. 31:34the parking lot as an entrance, in addition to the shots fired there.
344. 31:38The battle was bloody between the two, the army's retake operation, is historically
345. 31:43controversial, since its guilt in causing one of the fires,
346. 31:47the indiscriminate fire or its responsibility in the death of some members of the court is presumed.
347. 31:52The most obvious fact was the need for the state to ignore what was happening to the public.
348. 31:56At the height of the attack, a match between two teams was broadcast in the camp,
349. 32:00from where the cannon shots perpetrated by the army could be heard.
350. 32:05In addition to the obvious excessive use of force when considering the presence
351. 32:09of civilians in the facility, these facts make us believe that the intentions of the state
352. 32:13went beyond the retention of the guerrilla group and rather emphasized the destruction
353. 32:17of the palace or its officials. , an evidence that I expose is that reported by the UN in
354. 32:23the Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
355. 32:28on the situation of human rights and international humanitarian law in Colombia,
356. 32:33year 2006 where they say and I quote: "This The report revealed the commission of serious crimes by
357. 32:38guerrillas and members of the public force who clashed there.
358. 32:42A former colonel was also arrested who is charged with the forced disappearance of two
359. 32:47people who left the Palace alive.”
360. 32:49I insist if you want to know more about the shot you can listen to arcana and kings, or if you want you can
361. 32:54let me know that you would like a video of this matter.
362. 33:13Approaching the conclusion, I want to highlight the peace process, which pushed the state to
363. 33:16accept it and, more importantly, what happened after the peace and demobilization process.
364. 33:22After the attempt with Belisario Betancur in 1984 and after the takeover , negotiation talks began
365. 33:28between the M19 and the government of the new president Virgilio Barco.
366. 33:32This occurred in the midst of a much more opaque era of the M 19, its flagship leaders in recent
367. 33:38years were both dead, both assassinated by the state, first Ospina assassinated in
368. 33:43Cali, in addition to the recent death of Fayad in mysterious circumstances.
369. 33:48With the change of government both in the country and along the lines of the M 19, a real possibility opened up
370. 34:55for a dialogue that ended with the episode of state violence.
371. 35:02So the way that the divergent group found to generate pressure was the persecution and
372. 35:07kidnapping of Álvaro Gómez Hurtado, on May 29, 1988, this would generate enough precision
373. 35:14for the constituent assembly to begin and also the dialogues with
374. 35:17the M19.
375. 35:18The constitution of 1991 is one of the most relevant facts, it is one of the few periods
376. 35:24of constitutional union that we live in the country, with the opening of different
377. 35:28dialogue tables and in addition to a necessary change in the constitution, giving way open
378. 35:32to both freedom of worship as well as different spheres of social liberation that Colombia had not
379. 35:36adopted at the right time.
380. 35:39Thanks to a proposal by Senator Álvaro Leyva (Today the international ambassador of the
381. 35:43Petro government) the dialogue tables began on January 10, 1989. Leyva produced a
382. 35:48joint declaration signed by Rafael Pardo, Reinaldo Gary, Ricardo Santamaría, Eduardo
383. 35:54Díaz and , as a guest, Diana Turbay, journalist and daughter of former President Julio Cesar Turbay
384. 35:59Ayala.
385. 36:00That generated as a response from the group a cease-fire statement.
386. 36:04Concluding with the political agreement on March 9, 1990.
387. 36:08Putting an end to the belligerent life of the M 19 but leaving the way open to its political life,
388. 36:14this political life generated a resurgence of the Colombian left, of the
389. 36:18non-traditionalist affinities and of the extension of several parties not related to the Liberal
390. 36:22and Conservative, micro parties that were strengthened with the 1991 constitution.
391. 36:29Here comes another important period in the political life of the em, although it is valid to highlight
392. 36:33different facts, it also concerns me to highlight some of the candidacies and their certainly favorable results
393. 36:38that would give the M 19 a social accreditation that it had lost
394. 36:42after the seizure of the courthouse.
395. 36:44Antonio Navarro Wolf, the flagship man of the 1990 elections for the M19, came
396. 36:50in third place only surpassed by the ex-kidnapped by the M19 Alvaro Gomez
397. 36:55Hurtado and by the Liberal Cesar Gaviria who would take the victory later.
398. 37:00The mayoral campaign of Bogotá is also highlighted, to which the then
399. 37:03leader of the M19 Carlos Pizarro Leongomez was launched, who with a few days of campaigning managed
400. 37:08to get more or less 70,000 votes out of the 900,000 that at that time would lead to the new
401. 37:13mayor . from Bogota.
402. 37:14The Democratic Alliance M 19 became in a short time the second political force
403. 37:19in the country, even having a place in the national constituent assembly.
404. 38:25With these great demonstrations of public force and popularity, the threads of power began
405. 38:29to plot the persecution and destruction of the M19 as a political party, unfortunately
406. 38:35this cost the life of the demobilized, nothing protected (because they changed the
407. 38:40security scheme), active and highly political popular Carlos Pizarro Leongomez on March 8,
408. 38:461990 on a flight, the perpetrators of the crime are highly sought after and also
409. 38:51the material author of the act was never found, although it is obvious that the public force, the state
410. 38:56and the dominant threads of power have to do with a death that remarkably favors them.
411. 39:01[Source] Today the M 19 vindicated its popular power, a former member of the guerrilla group
412. 39:05reached the presidency in historic elections, senators like Maria Jose Pizarro
413. 39:10retake power and somehow within the followers of the group there is some
414. 39:14peace in the air, Well, it is not the guerrilla who destroyed the agreements, the state has always been in charge
415. 39:19of doing it.
416. 39:30The importance of the M-19 is such, due to what it has achieved, to its completion
417. 39:35through the path of peace and to influence modern politics, there is no group in history
418. 39:40that has managed to destabilize both the state and society Colombian, besides being
419. 39:44a group with incredible political significance.
420. 39:47His social coups transcended the retina of the Colombian spectators and showed
421. 39:52the state and the world that the people with weapons are a stone in the shoe that is difficult to remove.
422. 39:58This audiovisual material is a work by Elevator Talk, but it can be used for
423. 40:03recreational, personal, academic and work purposes. I invite you to read the cited sources and get involved
424. 40:08in the subject without using the video as an absolute source.
425. 40:11Without further ado, this was elevator talk and see you on the next floor see you later.