Kim jest człowiek? | WOS | Klasa 1 — Transcript

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1. 0:08Welcome everyone to the WOS is Simple
2. 0:10channel. Today’s lesson topic is:
3. 0:14what is a human being? In truth, since
4. 0:18antiquity, philosophers have wanted to
5. 0:21fully understand the world and man.
6. 0:26They wondered what truly distinguishes
7. 0:28humans and what makes them unique. In
8. 0:32today’s lesson, I will try to explain
9. 0:34this to you in an understandable way.
10. 0:37Studying human nature. As reflections
11. 0:41on human nature developed, a branch of
12. 0:44philosophy emerged known as
13. 0:45philosophical anthropology. This field
14. 0:50emerged at the beginning of the 20th
15. 0:52century. Prominent representatives of
16. 0:56this field were Max Scheler and Roman
17. 0:58Ingarden. Max Scheler was a German
18. 1:03scholar, and Roman Ingarden was a
19. 1:05Polish philosopher. Today, scientific
20. 1:09achievements are increasingly used to
21. 1:11explain human nature. Cognitive science
22. 1:16has developed, an interdisciplinary
23. 1:18field of knowledge that uses research
24. 1:20results on the human brain. To explain
25. 1:25how the human mind works and what
26. 1:27exists. We have two basic branches of
27. 1:31philosophy. The first is metaphysics,
28. 1:35the so-called first philosophy, which
29. 1:37focuses on seeking the essence of
30. 1:39existence and is usually beyond nature.
31. 1:44The second is ontology, the study of
32. 1:47everything that is, its structure,
33. 1:49being, and properties. How is it built?
34. 1:55We distinguish two basic concepts. The
35. 2:00first is monism. From the Greek "monos,
36. 2:04" meaning one or single. It assumes the
37. 2:07unity and uniformity of being.
38. 2:11Everything is built from one substance.
39. 2:14The second is dualism. From the Latin "
40. 2:18duo," meaning two. It indicates that
41. 2:22the world consists of two substances:
42. 2:24matter, which we can perceive with our
43. 2:27senses, and spirit, inaccessible to the
44. 2:29senses. Another problem philosophers
45. 2:35tried to solve concerned the substance
46. 2:37of being itself, that is, what it is
47. 2:40that really exists. And two fundamental
48. 2:45views on this subject developed. The
49. 2:49first is spiritualism, which posits
50. 2:51that only spiritual substance exists,
51. 2:53serving as the building block of
52. 2:55everything. According to this view,
53. 2:59bodies and other material entities are
54. 3:01only an illusion or are actually
55. 3:03composed of spiritual elements. So,
56. 3:07there is nothing material here. And the
57. 3:12second is materialism, which assumes
58. 3:14that only material entities are real,
59. 3:17accessible to the senses and existing
60. 3:19in time and space. They are composed of
61. 3:24tiny particles of matter, atoms.
62. 3:28Philosophical concepts of man. The
63. 3:32first is spiritualistic monism. Man is
64. 3:37purely a spiritual being, and his body
65. 3:39does not actually exist; we are simply
66. 3:42spirit. George Berkeley did not
67. 3:47recognize any material substance and
68. 3:49described all physical objects as a
69. 3:51fiction of the mind. He considered God
70. 3:57to be the only entity capable of
71. 3:59observing reality as it is. The second
72. 4:04is materialistic monism. It assumes
73. 4:10that the only form of being is matter,
74. 4:12from whose particles all objects in
75. 4:14reality are built. In this view, man is
76. 4:19perceived solely as a bodily being. And
77. 4:24the most widespread materialistic
78. 4:27concept is Marxism, created in the 19th
79. 4:29century by Karl Marx and Friedrich
80. 4:31Engels. They concluded that matter is
81. 4:36the primary and only component of
82. 4:38existence, while spirit is a secondary
83. 4:40effect of its development. The third is
84. 4:45radical dualism, also known as
85. 4:47spiritualistic dualism. In human
86. 4:51existence, two substances coexist. The
87. 4:54first is spiritual, the second is
88. 4:56material. The soul is superior to the
89. 4:59body, and this unequal relationship
90. 5:01constitutes the essence of humanity.
91. 5:06Plato believed that a uniform, simple
92. 5:08soul is more perfect than a body
93. 5:10composed of many parts, which are not
94. 5:12necessary for its existence. Saint
95. 5:16Augustine of Hippo. According to him,
96. 5:21man is just an indestructible soul that
97. 5:23remains superior to the body. Descartes
98. 5:30showed that the most characteristic
99. 5:32attributes of a human are thinking and
100. 5:33self-awareness. I think, therefore I am
101. 5:37. According to Descartes, human
102. 5:40existence consists of two elements. A
103. 5:43conscious soul and an extended body.
104. 5:46The fourth is moderate dualism. This is
105. 5:50a school of philosophy that aims to
106. 5:52overcome the dispute between
107. 5:54spiritualism and materialism. According
108. 5:58to this approach, the soul and body
109. 6:00form an inseparable whole. Aristotle
110. 6:05assumed that every being consists of
111. 6:07matter and form, and then determined
112. 6:08that the body is matter and the soul is
113. 6:11form. Saint Thomas Aquinas accepted
114. 6:18that bodily beings always consist of a
115. 6:20form determining their species and
116. 6:22matter, which gives them individual
117. 6:24characteristics. Areas of philosophical
118. 6:31reflection on man. Several such areas
119. 6:35can be distinguished. There are exactly
120. 6:41four in this topic, and within them,
121. 6:43thinkers seek answers to questions such
122. 6:45as how man perceives reality, whether
123. 6:47he has free will, what the individual's
124. 6:49place in society is, and how emotions
125. 6:52and feelings influence the
126. 6:53understanding of the world. The first
127. 7:00area is the individual in society.
128. 7:04Philosophers considered to what extent
129. 7:06man is autonomous, independent, and
130. 7:08self-governing. And over the centuries,
131. 7:13two opposing approaches to this problem
132. 7:15have clashed. Individualism. The human
133. 7:21individual is the highest good.
134. 7:24Therefore, they should be ensured the
135. 7:26widest possible autonomy and
136. 7:28independence from other people and
137. 7:30state institutions. The opposite of
138. 7:34this is collectivism. The most
139. 7:37important good is the community and
140. 7:39other social groups. The second area is
141. 7:43the cognition of reality. It concerns
142. 7:48how man, understood as a knowing
143. 7:50subject, acquires knowledge and what
144. 7:52relationship connects him to the world
145. 7:54which is the object of his cognition.
146. 7:59And in the history of philosophy, two
147. 8:01basic positions have formed to explain
148. 8:04the path by which man can reach true
149. 8:06knowledge. The first such position is
150. 8:11rationalism, which emphasizes that
151. 8:13sensory experiences often mislead
152. 8:15people, and that reason plays a key
153. 8:17role in the cognitive process. The
154. 8:22second is empiricism. It grants primary
155. 8:27importance to knowledge provided by the
156. 8:29senses, resulting from man's ability to
157. 8:31receive stimuli. The third area is
158. 8:36choosing and deciding. Many thinkers
159. 8:40pondered the motives behind human
160. 8:42behavior. They determined to what
161. 8:46extent man is guided by free will in
162. 8:48the decision-making process, and to
163. 8:50what extent his choices are determined
164. 8:52by factors independent of him. And
165. 8:57inquiries on this subject have focused
166. 8:59on two concepts. Voluntarism. The
167. 9:06concept of free will suggests that
168. 9:08humans possess the power to make
169. 9:10decisions unconstrained by any external
170. 9:12factors. The second is determinism. It
171. 9:18rejects free will and individual
172. 9:20responsibility. The fourth and final
173. 9:23area concerns feelings and emotions.
174. 9:29Many philosophers reflecting on this
175. 9:32aspect of human nature, including the
176. 9:34mechanisms behind love, hate, and other
177. 9:36feelings, have centered their thinking
178. 9:38on three main positions. The first is
179. 9:46emotionalism, meaning feelings
180. 9:47significantly influence the processes
181. 9:50of cognition and decision-making. The
182. 9:55second is empathism, which assumes that
183. 9:57the basis of moral understanding is
184. 9:59empathizing with a person's emotions.
185. 10:04Gaining insight into a person's
186. 10:06situation allows for ethical judgments
187. 10:08about their decisions and actions. The
188. 10:12third and final one is emotivism. An
189. 10:16individual's moral decisions and
190. 10:18choices stem from subjective,
191. 10:20irrational motivations, primarily
192. 10:23feelings. I have nothing more to add to
193. 10:27today's topic. I hope this presentation
194. 10:31has deepened your knowledge on the
195. 10:32subject, at least a little. In the next
196. 10:36video, we will do a few exercises from
197. 10:39the workbook to solidify the knowledge.
198. 10:43The topic of the next lesson will be:
199. 10:45man as a social being. Talk to you
200. 10:48later. Bye. Ah.