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Kannur MDC module 1/ കേരളീയധുനികത — Transcript

by Pachamarathanal Learn with Sheeba Tr · 2,129 words · 368 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00Hello. Let us begin with the Kannur
0:03University BSc Malayalam Semester 3 MDC
0:05book, "Keraliya Aadhunikatha"(Kerala
0:08Modernity). Module one is titled "
0:11Keraliya Aadhunikatha." It covers
0:16topics like modernity, nationalism,
0:18regionalism, their concepts and
0:20definitions, how modernity manifested
0:22in literature, and Kerala's
0:23representation of the nation. A special
0:30feature of this series is that I will
0:32teach by reading the lines of the text.
0:35This method is used so that you can
0:37extract one-word answers from the text.
0:40You will obtain those one-word answers
0:42through reading the lines. If I
0:44summarize it too much, those one-word
0:46answers will be lost. It would be
0:48helpful if you prepare your own notes
0:49while listening to the class. That will
0:53make it easier for you to write your
0:55exams. These are self-prepared lecture
0:58notes. Therefore, rather than just
1:02discussing the content, I am reading
1:03the text itself. Modernity is the
1:08progress that occurred in the social,
1:09political, and cultural spheres at the
1:11end of the 19th century. That is, the
1:15term "modernism" refers to this. This
1:18itself is the answer to a question. If
1:21we look at the perspectives regarding
1:23modernity, this concept of modernism
1:25originated in Western literary
1:27criticism. The Malayalam word for
1:31modernity, "Aadhunikatha," is derived
1:33from the Sanskrit word "Adhuna." The
1:36word "Adhuna" means "in this time." It
1:39can be interpreted as new, reform, or
1:41contemporary. These one-word answers
1:44are often asked in exams. Modernity is
1:48not a project with a single dimension
1:50or face; rather, it encompasses complex
1:53and multifaceted schools of thought.
1:57Existentialism is a factor that
1:59influenced modernity. It is the loss of
2:02the sense of individual existence—the
2:04sense of identity we possess within
2:06ourselves. Alienation, subjectivity,
2:10and a sense of hopelessness were also
2:12part of modernity. A sense of futility
2:18(the feeling that there is nothing to
2:20do), emptiness, a preoccupation with
2:22death, and sexual anarchy were some of
2:24the characteristics associated with
2:26modernity. The environment of modernity
2:32in Kerala is not like Western modernity
2:34. Industrialization occurred, and
2:37urbanization took place as villages
2:38turned into cities. Furthermore, the
2:42lives of the middle class and the
2:44breakdown of their social relationships
2:46were causes of Kerala's modernity. A
2:50mechanical life and a sense of
2:52isolation conditioned us to behave
2:53negatively toward society. From this
2:57came the Naxalite and revolutionary
2:59movements. The concept of modernity is
3:05analyzed in two ways: one, as a project
3:07of knowledge regarding human progress;
3:09two, as a conceptualization of change
3:11at the socio-cultural level.
3:16Discussions about modernity that began
3:18in the 90s only captured the meaning of
3:21"navinatha"(novelty); they only
3:22included newness. In Malayalam,
3:26modernity entered literature from the
3:281960s onwards. In the Western world,
3:35modernity is described as the social
3:36condition that formed during the
3:38Enlightenment period in Europe. Now,
3:41let us move on to the concept of
3:43nationalism. Nationalism is a political
3:48ideology and social movement that
3:50emphasizes the interests, culture, and
3:52identity of a country or a group of
3:54people. Nationalism encompasses a
4:00common language, culture, history, and
4:02our life values. Nationalism is said to
4:06be a consequence of colonialism and
4:08modernity. That is, when the British
4:11came to rule here, nationalism was a
4:13change demanded by the people as a
4:14continuation of their administration.
4:21Nationalism begins with the concept of
4:23a nation's politics, born from an
4:25unending desire or love for our nation.
4:33When another nation rules us,
4:34nationalism becomes a force to unite
4:36and defeat them. The concept of Indian
4:40nationalism came to the forefront
4:42primarily during the freedom struggle.
4:45Nationalism is an emotional
4:46consciousness; it is a sentiment that
4:48resides within us. At the same time,
4:51the concept of a nation is viewed as an
4:53imagined community. So, a nation is
4:55defined as a territory, the people
4:57inhabiting that territory, and
4:59everything that encompasses them. Next
5:02is regionalism. Regionalism is another
5:05stage that shaped nationalism. That is,
5:09the place where we live is our region.
5:14Regionalism includes the history of its
5:16past, the myths that exist there, and
5:18the prevailing local histories. The
5:2418th century is the history of colonial
5:26power, a time when the British
5:28established their authority here. Even
5:33at that time, we had our own local
5:35histories. By erasing the centralized
5:41myths and epics of Europe, our regional
5:43history comes to the forefront. Each
5:49region has its own cultural tradition,
5:51and that is what falls under
5:52regionalism. Regionalism is a
5:57historical consciousness that is
5:58entirely different from nationalism. It
6:02promotes the idea of constructing a
6:03local history. The politics of
6:06mainstream history and popular history
6:08are different. In the second half of
6:11the 19th century, history and culture
6:13in all regions were subjected to
6:15scrutiny. Regional changes emerged as
6:20threads that mark the geographical,
6:22political, and cultural domains of
6:24Kerala. The region, its people, their
6:29behavioral patterns, their issues, and
6:31the changes within these; all of this
6:33falls under regionalism. Regionalism
6:38emerges through the interactions of the
6:40people. Just as it becomes the history
6:45of the nation and the lives of the
6:46people, nationalism also transforms
6:48into a narrative. Legends and memories
6:51all transform into sources of history.
6:55Oral traditions convey knowledge that
6:57mainstream history does not record.
7:01This is what is contained in the first
7:03chapter of our lesson. Adjacent to this
7:06is the second chapter, titled "The
7:08Interventions of Modernity in
7:09Literature and Culture." So, we are
7:13including that here as well. The
7:17concept of modernity in Kerala came
7:19into existence in the 19th century,
7:21taking shape towards its end. This was
7:30caused by the arrival of Western
7:32missionaries, Western education,
7:34printing, the growth of prose, the
7:36standardization of languages, as well
7:38as Satyagrahas, protests, and literary
7:40movements—all of which accompanied
7:42the concept of modernity. What we
7:52address as "Kerala Modernity" refers to
7:54the changes that occurred in the social
7:56, cultural, political, economic, and
7:58literary spheres of the Kerala public
8:00sphere. Kerala modernity was formed as
8:05an alternative to Western modernity.
8:09Printing in Kerala began with the
8:11publication of books like*Cheru
8:13Paithangalkku Upakarartham*, translated
8:15from English and printed at the CMS
8:17Press in Kottayam in 1824. You will be
8:21asked about these as one-word questions
8:23in the exam. The spread of printing led
8:25to the growth of prose in the language.
8:28Initially, books were published with
8:30the goal of religious propagation.
8:33Kerala Varma emphasized prose writing
8:35through his textbooks. Newspapers and
8:40magazines moved literature into secular
8:42discourse, while also enabling the
8:44standardization of linguistic styles.
8:49For Malayalis, modernity is a word that
8:52denotes the literature of the 60s and
8:5470s. When analyzing the development of
9:00Kerala modernity, we can see the
9:02evolution of the feudal social system
9:04and the changes brought by modernity.
9:09Furthermore, the changes in cities due
9:11to industrialization, changes in people
9:13, and changes in language, society, and
9:16politics—all came with the backing of
9:18modernity. This is what we call the
9:21Kerala Renaissance. The Kerala
9:24Renaissance originated within
9:25caste-based communities. It was an
9:28external and internal reform that
9:30occurred within caste societies and
9:31communities. Starting with Sree
9:36Narayana Guru, the social reform
9:38movement advanced through social
9:40leaders like Mannathu Padmanabhan,
9:42Ayyankali, Sahodaran Ayyappan, K.P.
9:44Karuppan, and V.T. Bhattathiripad. It
9:49was the renaissance that paved the way
9:51for Kerala's modernization. As
9:55nationalism, social reform, and
9:57modernity took shape, the development
9:59of literacy and prose as part of the
10:01renaissance led to the modernization of
10:03printing in the twentieth century. When
10:08printing emerged, newspapers, magazines
10:11, and libraries were established. Now,
10:14how does modernity manifest in
10:16literature and culture? In Malayalam
10:19literature, modernity completely
10:21transformed existing perspectives.
10:26Writers began to adopt new positions
10:28and themes. We can view Gundert's book
10:34'Keralapazhama' as the beginning of
10:36Kerala's modernity. It contains legends
10:43, myths, and accounts of the origin of
10:45Kerala; it can also be said that '
10:47Keralolpathi' is a sign of the social
10:49power of that time. The history of
10:54Malayalam literature begins with poetry
10:56; prose works emerged in the 19th
10:58century. Until then, Malayalam
11:01literature consisted only of poems.
11:04Literary forms like novels, short
11:06stories, criticism, and essays not only
11:08shaped new sensibilities in the Kerala
11:10public sphere but also brought about
11:12strong changes in Kerala's cultural
11:14history. The early novel is 'Indulekha'
11:19. It simultaneously creates the nation
11:22and the world. The role of narrative in
11:24creating modernity is significant. '
11:27Indulekha' is the first full-fledged
11:29novel in Malayalam, written under the
11:31influence of Western English novels.
11:35Similarly, what Chandu Menon did was to
11:38bring colonial modernity into Malayalam
11:40. After 'Indulekha', many novels
11:44appeared, among which C.V. Raman
11:46Pillai's 'Marthandavarma', 'Ramaraja
11:48Bahadur', and 'Dharmaraja' are the most
11:51important; these novels mark our
11:53Kerala's culture and history.
11:58Furthermore, the interventions made by
12:00Kerala Varma Valiya Koithampuran, A.R.
12:03Raja Raja Varma, K.C. Kesava Pillai,
12:05and Ulloor in literary criticism and
12:07poetry are noteworthy. The specialty of
12:12these writers is that they provided
12:14novel perspectives to literature. Then
12:18'Kerala Panineeyam' came as our grammar
12:20book. There is the debate on the origin
12:25of the language—from which 'Chentamil
12:26' it originated. Some say it is from
12:29Sanskrit, others say it is from a
12:31mixture of both. So, such a debate
12:33existed at that time. Now, with the
12:36inclusion of the section on Kerala as a
12:39nation and representation, the first
12:40module concludes. As I said, you must
12:44listen to this. Listen, that is why I
12:47am reading the book. If you listen to
12:49what we read and take notes, you will
12:51be able to write your exams well. The
12:54concept of a nation is not a term
12:56limited to geographical definition. By
13:00nation, we mean social and cultural
13:02representation. A nation is a place
13:06that accepts all diversities and
13:08differences. The greatest specialty of
13:13our India is unity in diversity.
13:17Everyone, of all religions, languages,
13:19castes, and colors, lives together. '
13:23Nation' is an English word; 'Desham' is
13:26a Malayalam word. When we call someone
13:31a 'Deshavasi', their identity is shaped
13:33in relation to the land they inhabit.
13:37Benedict Anderson described the nation
13:39as an 'imagined community'. Kerala was
13:45formed based on language; the Malayalam
13:47language defined its borders here.
13:52Kerala is rich with diverse customs and
13:54a varied landscape. There are different
13:58opinions regarding the origin of the
13:59word 'Kerala'. It is said that Kerala
14:02was formed by joining the words 'Keram'
14:05and 'Alam'. It is also said that Kerala
14:07originated from the Arabic word '
14:09Khairula'(beautiful). Some say '
14:12Cheralam' became 'Kerala' because it
14:14was the land ruled by the Chera kings.
14:17These are all likely to be asked in
14:18one-word questions, so pay attention.
14:20Malayalam, belonging to the Dravidian
14:22family, became an independent language
14:24around the sixteenth century. The
14:27geographical features of Kerala: '
14:29Malanadu'; the Western Ghats to the
14:31east, the Arabian Sea to the west;
14:33Kerala lies from south to north. Kerala
14:37is divided into three regions: the
14:39highlands, midlands, and lowlands. The
14:42Western Ghats fall under the highlands,
14:44where crops like rubber, cardamom, and
14:46tea are grown. Between the highlands
14:51and the lowlands lies the fertile
14:52midland region. Fertile soil is the
14:56specialty of the midlands, where black
14:58pepper, ginger, turmeric, and sugarcane
15:00are cultivated. Next is the lowland
15:03region. The lowlands are filled with
15:07seas and backwaters. The lowlands are
15:11where the sea meets the rivers, so
15:13fishing and paddy cultivation take
15:15place here. The arrival of the Aryans
15:21and the dominance of the Brahmins
15:23provided support for monarchical rule.
15:27Brahmins became the advisors to the
15:29kings. Subsequently, a caste system
15:31emerged comprising Brahmins, Kshatriyas
15:34, subordinate castes, and serfs. It
15:36went through the caste-landlord system.
15:39Later, the Portuguese, Dutch, French,
15:41and British colonial occupations
15:43occurred here. Thinkers like Sunny M.
15:46Kapikad state that colonial education
15:48shaped the modern Malayali. Thinkers
15:51like him say so. On November 1, 1956,
15:57the unified Kerala was formed by
15:59merging Travancore, Kochi, and Malabar
16:02regions. There was the freedom struggle
16:04, followed by Satyagraha movements and
16:06renaissance movements. The formation of
16:10Kerala happened only after all these
16:11events. Through these renaissance
16:16movements, we were able to eradicate
16:18the evils and malpractices present in
16:20the caste and community systems. Where
16:23can you find a governance system and
16:25structure as envisioned by the
16:26Constitution today? It is in Kerala. At
16:31the same time, globalization and
16:33consumer culture have influenced Kerala
16:35just like any other state. So today, we
16:41are going through a lifestyle where
16:43nationalism and modernity coexist. With
16:47this, the first module on Kerala
16:48modernity is complete, though there are
16:50no prepared notes. Listen to this
16:52carefully. Write down the notes in your
16:54books yourselves. These lecture notes
16:57will help you answer the exam questions
16:58well. The questions cover topics like
17:04what is nationalism in modernity, what
17:06is regionalism, the intervention of
17:07modernity in literature and culture,
17:09and the characteristics of the state of
17:11Kerala. Until we meet in the next class
17:16, with love, Shivala Teacher.

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