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ITN01 - Today Network — Transcript

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0:00hi hello there welcome to networking
0:03today
0:04this module it starts you on your path
0:08to a successful career in information
0:10technology or i.t
0:12by giving you a foundational
0:13understanding of the creation operation
0:17and maintenance of the networks
0:21so the objective is for you to explain
0:24the advances in modern technologies
0:26this includes network affecting our
0:30lives network components network
0:32representations and topologies
0:35common types of networks internet
0:38connections
0:39reliable networks network trends
0:42and network security
0:48okay so let's start with networks
0:50affecting our lives
0:54okay so communication is almost as
0:57important to us
0:59as our reliance on air water food
1:02and shelter in today's world
1:05through the use of networks we are
1:07connected like never before
1:11so globally connected networks
1:14are all around us they provide us
1:18with the way we communicate and share
1:21information and resources with
1:23individuals
1:24in the same location or around the world
1:28this requires an extensive array of
1:31technologies
1:32and procedures that can readily adapt to
1:35varying conditions and requirements
1:37so for most individuals the use of
1:40networks has become a daily occurrence
1:44the availability of these networks has
1:46altered the way
1:48in which we interact so
1:51among all those essentials for human
1:54existence
1:55the need to interact with others ranks
1:57just below our need
1:59to sustain life communication is almost
2:02as important to us
2:05on the reliance on these four components
2:08here
2:10in today's world through the use of
2:13networks
2:14we are connected like never before
2:17people with ideas can communicate
2:19instantly with others
2:22to make those ideas a reality so news
2:26events and discoveries are known
2:28worldwide in seconds
2:30so individuals can easily connect and
2:33play games with friends
2:35separated by oceans and continents
2:41[Music]
2:43okay so for networking today so there is
2:45no boundaries
2:47so world without boundaries global
2:49communities
2:50and the human network
2:54so technology then and now imagine the
2:57world
2:58without the internet no more google
3:01youtube instant messaging facebook
3:03wikipedia
3:05online gaming netflix itunes
3:09and easy access to current information
3:14so no more prize comparison websites
3:16avoiding lines by shopping online
3:19or quickly looking up phone numbers
3:22and map directions to various locations
3:27at the click of the mouse so how
3:29different would our lives be
3:31without all of this so the
3:34world we lived is just 15 to 20 years
3:38ago
3:40but over the years data networks have
3:42slowly expanded and been
3:44repurposed to improve the quality of
3:46life
3:48for people everywhere
3:51so what else do you think we will be
3:54able to do
3:55using network as the platform
3:59i said here no boundaries
4:02okay so when you say no boundaries
4:09advancement in networking technologies
4:12are perhaps the most significant changes
4:15in the world today they are helping to
4:18create
4:19a world in which national borders
4:22geographic distances and physical
4:23limitations become less relevant
4:26presenting an ever diminishing obstacle
4:30so the internet has changed the manner
4:33in which
4:34social commercial political and personal
4:36interactions occur
4:38the immediate nature of communications
4:41over the internet encourages the
4:42creation of global communities
4:45so global communities allows the social
4:48interaction that is independent of
4:50location or
4:51time zone so the creation of online
4:54communities for the exchange of ideas
4:56and information
4:57has the potential to increase
4:59productivity opportunities
5:01across the globe so the human network
5:05centers
5:06on the impact of the internet and
5:09networks on
5:10people and businesses so how has human
5:13network affected you
5:16okay so networks have changed the way we
5:19learn
5:20okay access to quality instruction is no
5:23longer instructed or restricted to
5:25students
5:26living in proximity to where the
5:28instruction
5:29is or can be delivered or being
5:31delivered
5:32online distance learning has removed
5:35geographic barriers
5:36and improved students opportunity like
5:38what we're doing
5:40like what we have now so robust and
5:43reliable network support
5:44and enrich student learning experiences
5:48they deliver learning materials in a
5:51wide range of formats
5:52including interactive activities
5:54assessments and
5:56feedback so network supports the way we
6:00communicate
6:01so the globalization of the internet has
6:04ushered
6:05in new forms of communications that
6:06empower individuals
6:08to create information that can be
6:10accessed by global audiences
6:13some forms of communications includes
6:15texting
6:16social media collaboration tools
6:20some are using blogs wikis podcasting
6:24and even peer-to-peer file sharing
6:28so what are sites or tools do you use to
6:31share your thoughts
6:33okay so also network supports the way we
6:36work
6:38in the business world data networks were
6:41initially used by businesses
6:43to internally record and manage
6:45financial information
6:47information and employee payroll systems
6:53these systems or these business networks
6:55evolve
6:56to evolve or to enable the transmission
6:59of
7:00many different types of information
7:01services including email
7:04video messaging and telephony
7:08so the use of networks to provide
7:10efficient and cost effective employee
7:13training is increasing in acceptance so
7:16online learning opportunities can
7:18decrease time consuming and costly
7:20travel yet
7:21still ensure that all employees are
7:24adequately trained to perform their jobs
7:27in a safe and productive manner
7:30all right so networks also supports the
7:34way we play
7:35the internet is used for traditional
7:38forms of entertainment
7:40we listen to recording artists preview
7:43or view motion pictures read entire
7:46books
7:46and download materials for future
7:48offline access
7:51so live live sporting events
7:54and concerts can be experienced
7:58as they are happening or recorded and
8:00viewed on demand
8:03networks enables the creation of new
8:05norms
8:06of entertainment such as online games
8:09okay so players participate in any kind
8:12of online competition
8:15that game designers can imagine we
8:17compete
8:18with friends and foes around the world
8:21as if we are all in the same room
8:24so even offline activities are enhanced
8:26using the network collaboration services
8:29so global communities of interest have
8:31grown rapidly
8:33we share common experiences and habits
8:37well beyond our local neighborhood city
8:40or
8:40region sports fans share opinions and
8:44facts about their favorite teams
8:47collectors displayed prized collections
8:50and get expert feedback about him
8:53whatever form of recreation we enjoy
8:56networks are improving our experience
8:59how do you play on the internet
9:02okay so that is not working today
9:06no boundaries world without boundaries
9:09so imagine it now imagine
9:11everything or imagine all of this if
9:14without the internet
9:16all right can you live without the
9:20internet
9:22okay so next would be networking
9:24components
9:25okay so many different components are
9:28required to allow network to provide
9:30services and resources
9:32these various components work together
9:35to ensure that the resources are
9:37delivered in an efficient manner
9:39to those requiring services so network
9:43components
9:44different network components are used
9:47within the network to provide services
9:49and resources so these various
9:52components work together
9:54to ensure that everything on our network
9:57infrastructure can be delivered
10:00okay so including videos
10:03right systems and even games
10:08okay now
10:11the path that a message takes from the
10:13source to destination can be
10:15as simple as a single cable connecting
10:18one computer to another
10:19or as complex as a collection of
10:22networks
10:23that literally spans the globe so this
10:26network infrastructure provides the
10:29stable and reliable channel
10:30over which communications occurred
10:34okay so network components basically
10:37includes the hosts
10:39you've got the host roles so these are
10:41computers on the network
10:43okay we called it host or and devices
10:46so we even have servers okay
10:51servers are computers that provide
10:53information to end services so like
10:55email servers web servers and file
10:58servers
10:59so email server runs an email software
11:03or email server software so clients use
11:06the client software to access an email
11:09okay same thing with web web server runs
11:13web server software and clients use a
11:15browser or software
11:17to access web pages okay
11:20so it could be a file server that stores
11:23corporate
11:24and user files so the client devices
11:27accesses these files okay
11:30so clients are computers that send
11:32requests
11:33to the servers to retrieve information
11:36all right next
11:40so how about peer-to-peer
11:43so peer-to-peer a client in the server
11:46software usually runs on a separate
11:48computers
11:49but it is also possible for one computer
11:52to carry out
11:53both roles okay so being a server
11:56and a client at the same time in a small
11:59business and homes
12:01many computer functions as the servers
12:03and clients
12:04on the network so this type of network
12:08is called
12:09peer-to-peer okay so
12:12now what are the advantages of
12:14peer-to-peer okay
12:16so it is easy to set up less complex
12:19all right lower cost and can be used for
12:22simple tasks
12:24such as transfer transferring files and
12:26sharing printers
12:28so disadvantages includes no centralized
12:31administration
12:33so this is not as secure and scalable
12:36all right so all devices can act as both
12:39clients and servers so which can slow
12:42their performance
12:44that's the problem with peer-to-peer but
12:46this is the least
12:48options that we can use to share
12:50information all right
12:54next is end devices okay
12:58an end device is where a message
13:00originates
13:01from or where it is received
13:04so data originates with an end device
13:07flows through the network
13:08and arrives at the end device so an
13:12end device is either the source or
13:13destination of a message transmitted
13:15over the network
13:17so to distinguish one and device from
13:20the other
13:21each and device on the network is
13:23identified by an address
13:25right so we use an ip address to it
13:29or we use a mac address to it so we will
13:32be talking about this ip address and mac
13:34address throughout the session or
13:36throughout the
13:37course so when an end device initiates
13:41communication
13:42it uses the address of the destination
13:46and device
13:46to specify where the message should be
13:48sent
13:50so devices between the source and
13:52destination
13:53are responsible for choosing the best
13:56path
13:56and forwarding messages sent between end
13:59devices
14:00as shown here in the figure okay so your
14:03data basically traverses
14:05in any directions within the internet
14:07work
14:09forwarding it to a specific destination
14:12okay so when you say n devices this
14:15pertains to
14:16computer servers fax machines iphones
14:20these are residing with the users
14:23all right okay
14:26so next is intermediary devices
14:30okay so intermediary devices connects
14:33the individual and devices to the
14:34network
14:35and can connect multiple individual
14:37networks to form an internet work
14:40so these intermediary devices provide
14:43connectivity
14:44and ensure that data flows across the
14:46network
14:47so intermediary devices use
14:50the destination and device address in
14:52conjunction with information
14:54about the network interconnections to
14:57determine the path
14:58that message should take through the
15:00network as shown here in the diagram
15:03okay so these are examples of
15:06intermediary devices
15:08all right so this includes wireless
15:10routers lan
15:11switch router multi-layer switch
15:15and firewall appliance so when you say
15:18intermediary devices
15:19these are situated between end devices
15:24all right okay so let's talk about
15:28the network media now so communications
15:32across the network
15:33is carried on a medium so the medium
15:36provides the channel
15:38over which the message travels from the
15:40source to destination
15:43so modern networks primarily use three
15:46types
15:46of media to interconnect devices and to
15:49provide a pathway over which
15:51the data can be transmitted so this
15:54includes metal wires within cables
15:58okay the glass or plastic fiber optic
16:00cable
16:02and the wireless transmission
16:05so when you say wireless okay let's
16:08start with wireless transmission here
16:10data is encoded using a wavelength from
16:13the electromagnetic spectrum
16:16okay when you say glass or plastic or
16:20simply fiber optic cable data is encoded
16:23as pulses of light
16:26okay and for metal wires
16:29data is encoded into electrical impulses
16:33okay so different types of network media
16:35have different
16:36features and benefits so not all network
16:39media have the same characteristics
16:41nor are they are all appropriate for the
16:45same purpose
16:47so criteria to consider when choosing
16:50the network media includes the following
16:52so this might help you
16:54in choosing which media to be used
16:57on your network infrastructure so first
17:00question would be
17:02what is the maximum distance that the
17:05media can successfully carry a signal
17:09into what type of environment will the
17:11media be installed
17:13or what is the amount of data and the
17:16speed at which
17:17it must be transmitted so what is the
17:20cost
17:21of the media and installation
17:24okay so these questions might help you
17:27choosing a network media for your
17:30network okay
17:34next let's talk about the network
17:36representation and topologies
17:40okay so network representation
17:43diagrams of networks often used
17:46symbols like what we have seen here
17:50so we have different symbols for
17:53every component that we use on the
17:55network
17:56okay so it could be divided into end
17:59devices
18:00intermediary devices and the network
18:03media
18:03or the type of connection okay so a
18:06diagram
18:07provides an easy way to understand how
18:09devices in a large network
18:11are connected so this type of picture
18:15okay is known as the topology diagram
18:19the ability to recognize the logical
18:21representations of the physical
18:23networking components
18:25is critical to being able to visualize
18:28the organization
18:29and the operation of the network okay
18:33so in addition to this representation
18:36specialized terminology
18:38is used when discussing how much
18:42or how each of these devices and media
18:44connect to each other
18:46so important terms to remember are the
18:48network interface card
18:51the physical port and the interface
18:54so when you say nic or lan adapter
18:57it provides a physical connection to the
18:59network
19:00at the pc or other end devices
19:04so the media that are connected to the
19:06pc to the networking device
19:08plug directly into the nic
19:12next is the physical port so a connector
19:16or
19:16outlet on the internet working device
19:19where the media is connected to
19:22an end device or another networking
19:24device
19:25we call it physical port right
19:28the last one is the interface it is a
19:31specialized
19:33ports for networking device that
19:35connects individual networks
19:37because routers are used interconnect
19:39networks
19:40the ports on the router are referred to
19:42as
19:43network interfaces okay so note that
19:47often the terms port and interface are
19:50used interchangeably
19:52all right okay let's talk about topology
19:56diagrams now so there are two types of
19:58topology
19:59you've got the physical topology and the
20:01logical topology
20:03so when you say physical topology it
20:06identifies
20:07or identify the physical location of
20:10intermediary devices and cable
20:12installation
20:13okay so if you will observe on this
20:15diagram here
20:17so the location of the server is even
20:20indicated
20:22on the topology okay so the department
20:26or the office where this computer will
20:28be located is also included
20:31on the physical topology so when you say
20:34logical topology
20:35it identify devices force
20:38and addressing scheme okay so if you
20:42will observe here
20:43the ip addresses is indicated on the
20:46topology so we call this logical
20:47topology
20:48and we do not specify the actual
20:51location of the devices
20:54so the topologies shown in the physical
20:56and logical diagrams are appropriate
20:59for your level of understanding at this
21:01point in the course
21:03so search for the internet for network
21:06topology diagrams to see
21:08some more complex examples
21:13okay so next is a common types of
21:16network
21:19so networks of many sizes this includes
21:22small home okay these are
21:26connected if you compute disconnect free
21:29computers to each other
21:30and the internet so just like our setup
21:33at our
21:34uh in the room or at our home okay
21:37so a small office home office or soho it
21:40enables computer within a home
21:42or remote office to connect to a
21:44corporate network
21:46okay so for instance if you are working
21:49from home
21:50you might be given an access to the
21:53company infrastructure to the company
21:56resources
21:57via vpn so we can consider that
22:00as a small office home office okay
22:03so for the medium or large networks many
22:06locations with hundreds or thousands of
22:09interconnected computers and then for
22:12the worldwide
22:13it connects hundreds of millions of
22:15computers worldwide
22:17such as the internet
22:20okay so how about lands and ones
22:24network infrastructures can be
22:26identified in various ways
22:28two of the most common types of network
22:30infrastructures
22:31are the local area network and the wide
22:33area network
22:35okay so the types of network
22:38network infrastructures can vary greatly
22:41in terms of
22:42size of the area right or the
22:45number of users connected and the number
22:49of types
22:50services available and the area of
22:53responsibility
22:56okay so basically local area network
23:00is a network infrastructure that
23:02provides access
23:03to users and then devices in a small
23:05geographical area
23:07so which is typically an enterprise home
23:10or a business or a small business
23:13network owned and managed by
23:14an individual or an i.t department so we
23:17call it
23:18local area network okay so when you say
23:21wide area network
23:23these are network infrastructure that
23:26provides
23:26access to other networks over the wide
23:29geographical area
23:30so which is typical or typically owned
23:33by
23:34a telecommunications service provider
23:37okay
23:37so the mere fact that we use the wide
23:39area network or the mere fact that we
23:41use the internet
23:42we can classify and say it is a wide
23:45area number
23:47so aside from these two there are also
23:50other terms you may encounter like the
23:51metropolitan area network
23:55so a metropolitan area network or man is
23:58a network infrastructure that
23:59spawns a physical area larger than the
24:02local area network
24:04but smaller than the wide area network
24:06example a city
24:07okay or a campus months are typically
24:10operated by a single entity
24:13such as a large organization
24:16so aside from lan one and man
24:20maybe you will hear terms like wlan
24:24okay wireless lan is similar to lan
24:27but wirelessly interconnects users
24:30and endpoints in a small geographical
24:32area
24:34all right so the last one would be
24:37sun okay or storage area network
24:41so sun is a network infrastructure
24:43designed to support
24:44file servers and provide data storage
24:47retrieval
24:48and replication okay
24:54okay so let's talk about the internet
24:56now so the internet
24:58is a worldwide collection of
25:00interconnected lands and ones
25:02basically the internet is the large
25:05network okay so the internet is not
25:09owned by an individual or group the
25:11following groups
25:12were developed to help maintain the
25:14structure on the internet so this
25:16includes
25:17the ietf icon and iap
25:22[Music]
25:25okay so how about the difference between
25:28intranet
25:29extranets and the internet
25:33okay the internet now there are two
25:36terms that are similar to the term
25:38internet so which
25:40are the internet and extranet okay so
25:43when we say internet we're talking about
25:45the world
25:46and no one's owns it okay and
25:49this is the largest network all right
25:52so when you say intranet let's start
25:55with internet
25:56here internet is the term often used to
25:59refer to a private connection
26:01of local area network and the wide area
26:03network that belongs to an organization
26:06and is designed to be accessible only by
26:09the organization's members
26:11employees students and others with
26:14authorization
26:15okay so the organization may use
26:19extranet okay so to provide secure and
26:22safe access
26:23to individuals who work for different
26:26organizations but require access to the
26:28organization's data
26:30examples of internet or extra nets
26:33include the company that is providing
26:36access to
26:37the outside suppliers and contractors
26:39okay
26:40a hospital that is providing a booking
26:42system to doctors
26:44so they can make an appointment to their
26:45patients
26:47or for their patients and a local office
26:51of education that is providing budget
26:53and personal
26:54information to schools in each district
26:58right
27:02next how about internet connections
27:06okay so the internet is a worldwide
27:09collection of interconnected networks
27:12or internet works or simply an internet
27:16okay so some of the lan
27:19examples are connected to each other
27:21through a wide area connection
27:23ones are then connected to each other
27:26so the red one connection lines
27:29represent
27:31all the varieties of ways to which we
27:33interconnect the brakes
27:35okay so
27:37[Music]
27:39ones can connect through copper wires
27:41fiber optic cables
27:42and wireless transmissions so it's not
27:45shown here
27:46right so the internet is not owned by an
27:49individual
27:50groups as what i've said earlier and
27:53the type of connection to the internet
27:56will depend on the type of networking
27:58or network being connected so a business
28:01business network will
28:02usually require a connection with more
28:05bandwidth than home networks
28:07right so there are many different ways
28:11to connect users and organizations to
28:13the internet
28:14okay so home users teleworkers or remote
28:17users or workers
28:19and the small office typically require
28:22an internet connection to an isp or the
28:24internet service provider
28:26to access the internet okay so
28:28connection
28:29options vary greatly between isp
28:32and geographical location however the
28:35popular choices include broadband
28:38cable broadband digital subscribers line
28:41or the dsl
28:42the wireless wide area networks or ones
28:45and mobile services
28:48so organizations typically require
28:50access
28:51to other corporate sites and the
28:53internet
28:55fast connections are required to support
28:57business services including ip
28:59phones video conferencing and data
29:02center
29:03storage okay the business class
29:05interconnection
29:07are usually provided by service
29:09providers or sp
29:11okay so popular business class services
29:14includes business dsl list lines
29:17and the metro internet okay let's cover
29:20that
29:21in the next slides so let's start with
29:24the home
29:25and small office internet connections so
29:28we have a lot of options available for
29:30home connections
29:31so these are cable dsl cellular
29:34satellite or the dial up telephone so
29:37this would vary
29:38depending on the availability on your
29:40work area
29:42or on your area all right so
29:45cable typically offered by
29:48a cable television service providers the
29:51internet data signal is carried on the
29:53same cable that delivers cable
29:55television
29:57so it provides a high bandwidth always
30:00on connection to the internet
30:04so the next one is the dsl or the
30:06digital subscribers
30:08lines provides a high bandwidth always
30:11on
30:12connection to the internet so dsl run
30:15or runs over the telephone line so in
30:18general
30:19small office and home office users
30:21connect
30:22using the aes adsl or the asymmetric dsl
30:27which means that the download speed is
30:29faster than the upload speed
30:32all right so we call it adsl so our
30:34internet connection at home
30:37has a higher download compared to that
30:39of upload and we call it
30:41adsl or asymmetric dsl
30:47so the next connection is cellular so
30:50cellular
30:51internet access uses
30:54a cell phone network to connect so
30:57wherever you can get a cellular signal
31:00you can get cellular internet access
31:02okay
31:03so performance will be limited by the
31:06capabilities of the phone
31:08and the cell tower to which it is
31:10connected
31:13next is satellite the satellite the
31:16availability of satellite internet
31:18access is a real
31:21benefit in those areas
31:24that should or that would otherwise have
31:26no internet connectivity at all
31:28so satellite dishes requires a clear
31:31line of sight
31:32to the satellite okay so the last one
31:36is the dial up telephone okay
31:40this is an inexpensive option that
31:43uses any phone line and a modem
31:47the low bandwidth provided by a digital
31:49or dial up modem connection is usually
31:52not sufficient
31:53for large data transfers although it is
31:56useful for mobile access while traveling
31:59so many homes and small offices
32:03are more commonly connected okay
32:06directly with fiber optic cables
32:08this enables an isp provide higher
32:11bandwidth speeds
32:13and support more services such as
32:15internet
32:16phone and tv so the choice of connection
32:19varies
32:20depends on the geographic allocation and
32:22service providers availability
32:25okay now on the business side
32:28okay businesses internet connection
32:31options
32:31includes dedicated list lines ethernet
32:35one
32:36the business dsl and the satellite
32:39okay so corporate connection option
32:42differs from home user options
32:44businesses may require higher bandwidth
32:47dedicated bandwidth
32:49and manage services so connection
32:52options available
32:53differ depending on the type of service
32:56providers
32:57located nearby so the first one would be
33:00a dedicated list lines
33:02okay so list lines are actually reserved
33:05circuits
33:06within the service providers network
33:08that connect geographically separated
33:10offices
33:11for private voice and or data networking
33:15the circuits are typically rented at a
33:18monthly or yearly rate
33:20and this can be expensive okay
33:24so the next one would be an ethernet one
33:28okay so eastern at once extend
33:31the lan access technology into one so we
33:33all know that ethernet is a protocol of
33:36the local area network okay
33:38and if you will observe on this
33:40definition this
33:41extends local access technology into the
33:44wide area network so bringing the speed
33:47of the lan into a wide
33:50area network setup all right
33:53so next is dsl so business dsl is
33:57available in various formats
33:58for home use we use adsl
34:02okay for business use we use sdsl
34:06which is similar to the consumer's
34:08version of dsl but
34:09it provides a higher uploads
34:12and downloads okay higher downloads at
34:15the same speeds
34:17okay so that means in sdsl we have an
34:20equal
34:20upload and download bandwidth
34:23all right so the last one is of course
34:26the satellite
34:27so similar to small office home office
34:29users
34:30satellite service can provide the
34:32connection when a wired solution is not
34:35available
34:36so again the choice of connection varies
34:38depending on the geographical location
34:41and speed provider availability
34:46okay so next is converging network
34:49okay so before converse networks an
34:52organization would even
34:54been separately cabled for telephone
34:56okay
34:57video and data so each of these networks
35:00would use different technologies
35:02to carry the signal right
35:05so the network has become the platform
35:08for distributing a wide range of
35:09services
35:10to end users in a reliable efficient
35:14and secure manner so modern networks are
35:17constantly evolving
35:18to meet user demands so today's network
35:21are used
35:21for data phone and video
35:26so consider a school
35:30built 30 years ago back then
35:34some classrooms were cabled for data
35:36networks
35:37telephone network and video network for
35:40televisions
35:41okay so they have separate networks
35:44and these networks are not directly
35:47connected to each other they cannot
35:48communicate
35:49okay so that that is why today we have
35:52what you call a converged network
35:54so a converged network is a marriage of
35:57data and voice and video
35:59into a single network infrastructure
36:03so each network use different
36:05technologies to carry the communication
36:07signal
36:08so each network had its own rules or set
36:11of rules and standards to ensure
36:13successful communications
36:15so the converging network today a
36:17separate data
36:18telephone and video networks are
36:20converging unlike dedicated networks
36:23converge networks are capable of
36:25delivering data
36:27voice and video between many different
36:30types of devices over the same network
36:32infrastructure
36:33okay so this network infrastructure uses
36:36the same set of rules
36:38agreements and implementation standards
36:46reliable networks so with our reliance
36:50on networks
36:51certain precautions must be taken to
36:53ensure
36:54that the network functions are designed
36:57even if
36:58things go wrong so networks must be able
37:01to
37:01expand to meet the increased needs of an
37:05organization
37:06so the services provided by the network
37:08must be secured
37:10and provide the quality of service to
37:12meet the expectation of the organization
37:15okay so
37:19with our reliance on networks certain
37:22precautions must be
37:23taken to ensure that the network
37:27function is designed even if things go
37:29wrong
37:29okay and this should conform with these
37:32four components here
37:34which are the four components of network
37:36architecture okay
37:37which includes fault tolerance
37:40scalability
37:41quality of service and security
37:47when you say fault tolerance the
37:50expectation is that the internet is
37:51always available
37:52to millions of users who rely on it
37:56this requires a network architecture
37:59that is built to be fault tolerant
38:02a fault tolerant network is one that
38:05limits the impact of failure
38:07so the fewest number of devices are
38:10affected
38:12it is also built in a way that allows
38:15quick recovery when such failure occurs
38:19so this network depends on a multiple
38:22path
38:23between the source and destination of a
38:25message
38:26if one path fails the message
38:29can be instantly sent over a different
38:31link
38:32having a multiple path to a destination
38:35is known as redundancy so on this
38:37diagram here
38:39if you will observe this router here
38:42is connected to two different routers
38:46okay so they are cabled redundantly
38:49so that if one of the router goes down
38:51the networks below can still be able to
38:54communicate with the internet
38:55that's the use of fault tolerance
38:59all right
39:02next is scalability so this cable
39:06network can expand quickly to support
39:08new users and applications without
39:10impacting the performance of the service
39:13being delivered to existing users
39:16so in addition networks are scalable
39:19because the designers
39:20follow accepted standards and protocols
39:23this allows software and hardware
39:25defenders to focus on improving the
39:28products and services without
39:30worrying about the designing of a new
39:33set of rules
39:34or operating within the network
39:38okay so scalability is that
39:42we can increase right the size of the
39:45network
39:46okay so we can add more computers on it
39:50without affecting the rest of the
39:51operations of the network
39:53all right so the next one is the quality
39:55of service
39:57so quality of service is also an ever
40:00increasing
40:01requirement for networks today new
40:04applications available to users
40:06over internet works such as voice and
40:09live video transmissions
40:11so it creates a higher expectations for
40:13the quality
40:14of the delivered services have you ever
40:17tried to watch a video with constant
40:19breaks and poses
40:22as data voice and video content continue
40:24to converge onto the same network
40:26the quality of service becomes a primary
40:28mechanism for managing congestions
40:31and ensuring a reliable delivery of
40:33content
40:34to all the users okay so that's quality
40:38of service
40:39and in the quality of service the
40:41network administrator is actually
40:43configuring the prioritization of the
40:45traffic
40:46and voice should be given the highest
40:48priority
40:49every time we talked about the quality
40:51of service
40:54okay so next is network security
40:58so the network security okay or the
41:00network infrastructure services
41:03and the data contained on the network
41:05attached devices are crucial personal
41:07and business assets okay so these are
41:11there are two types of network security
41:13concerns that must be addressed
41:15first you've got the network
41:17infrastructure security
41:18and second is the information security
41:22okay so securing a network
41:25infrastructure includes the physical
41:27securing of devices
41:29that provide network connectivity
41:32and preventing unauthorized access to
41:35the management software that resides on
41:37them
41:38so information security offers or refers
41:41to protecting the information contained
41:44within the packets being transmitted
41:46over the network
41:47and the information is stored on the
41:49network attached devices
41:51so in order to achieve the goals of
41:53network security
41:55there are three primary requirements
41:58so these are the confidentiality
42:01integrity and availability
42:05okay so when you say confidentiality
42:08data confidentiality means that the only
42:11intended
42:12and authorized recipients can access and
42:16read the data
42:17so integrity data integrity means having
42:20the assurance
42:21that the information has not been
42:23altered in transmission
42:25from origin to destination and
42:28availability data availability means
42:31having an assurance
42:33of timely and reliable access to data
42:35services
42:36for authorized users okay so when we
42:40talked about network security
42:42we remember these three letters cia
42:45all right so confidentiality integrity
42:49and availability
42:54okay so next is network trends okay so
42:58let's talk about network trends
43:00the network environment continues to
43:02evolve providing new experiences and
43:06opportunities
43:07for the end users the network is now
43:09capable of delivering services and
43:12applications
43:13in a manner that couldn't be imagined
43:15years ago
43:17okay so most of the recent trends
43:22are the bring your own device or byod
43:25online collaboration video
43:27communications
43:28and cloud computing and others
43:32okay so just as the way we work
43:35we play and learn impact the network the
43:37availability of a robust
43:40reliable network has an impact on our
43:42daily lives
43:44okay so as new technology and other user
43:47devices come to market
43:49businesses and consumers must continue
43:52to adjust to this ever-changing
43:54environment
43:56the role of the network is transforming
43:59to enable the connections between people
44:02devices and information all right
44:05so let's go over each of these
44:08trends let's start with bring your own
44:11device
44:13i guess you're very familiar about your
44:14byod or bring your own device because
44:16you always have your cell phones with
44:18you
44:19wherever you go you have your cell
44:20phones with you okay
44:22this is an example of bring your own
44:24device okay
44:26um assuming the concept of any device
44:30to any content in any manner is a major
44:34global trend
44:35that requires significant changes to the
44:37way devices are used
44:39okay we call it byod okay
44:44so byod or bring your own device
44:48is about end users having the freedom to
44:50use
44:51personal tools as access or to access
44:54information and communicate across a
44:56business or campus network
44:58so with the growth of consumer devices
45:01and the related drop in cost
45:04employees and students can be expected
45:07to have some of the most
45:08advanced computing and networking tools
45:11for personal use
45:13so this personal tools includes a laptop
45:17netbooks notebooks tablets smartphones
45:21or even ereaders okay
45:25this can be devices purchased by the
45:27company
45:28or school purchased by an individual or
45:32both okay so byod
45:36means any device with any ownership
45:39used everywhere for example
45:42in the past students who need to access
45:44the campus network
45:46or the internet how to use one of the
45:48schools
45:49computers at the laboratory okay so
45:52these devices are typically limited
45:55and seen as tools only for work
45:58done in the classroom or in the library
46:00or in the laboratory
46:02so extended connectivity through mobile
46:05and remote access to the campus network
46:08gives students a tremendous flexibility
46:12and more learning opportunities for the
46:13students
46:15okay
46:20all right so the next is online
46:23collaboration
46:24okay so individuals want to connect to
46:27the network
46:28not only for access to data applications
46:31but also to collaborate with one another
46:34so collaboration is defined as the act
46:37of working with another or others to
46:40join
46:40on a joint project so collaboration
46:43tools like the webex
46:45all right um zoom okay google meet
46:49okay this gives employees or students
46:52teachers customers
46:53and partners a way to instantly connect
46:56interact
46:57and achieve their objectives so for
46:59businesses
47:00collaboration is a critical and
47:03strategic priority that organizations
47:05are using to remain competitive
47:08collaboration is also a priority in
47:10education
47:11so students need to collaborate to
47:14assist
47:15each other in learning to develop team
47:17skills
47:18used in the workforce and to work
47:21together on a team
47:22based project
47:28next is video communications so another
47:31trend in networking that is critical to
47:33the communication and collaboration
47:34effort
47:35is a video so video is being used for
47:38communications
47:39collaborations and entertainment
47:42so video calls can be made
47:45to or and from everywhere or anywhere
47:49with the internet connection so consider
47:51how many people
47:52are now using the skype or facetime to
47:55communicate with friends and family
47:58so video conferencing is a powerful tool
48:01for communicating with others at a
48:03distance both
48:04locally and globally so video is
48:07becoming a critical requirement for
48:09effective collaboration
48:11as organization extends across
48:13geographic
48:14and cultural boundaries right
48:17so there are several tools that we can
48:19use for video communications
48:25okay so next is cloud computing so this
48:28is becoming a popularity and the trend
48:29nowadays
48:31okay so cloud computing is another
48:33global trend
48:34changing the way we access and store
48:36data so cloud computing allows us to
48:39store personal files
48:40even back up our enter hard disk on
48:43servers over the internet
48:45so applications such as word processing
48:48and photo editing can be accessed using
48:50the cloud
48:51so for businesses cloud computing
48:53extends
48:54its capability without requiring
48:56investments in new infrastructure
48:59training okay or licensing a new
49:02software
49:03these services are available on demand
49:05and delivered economically
49:07to any device anywhere in the world
49:10without compromising the security or
49:12function
49:14okay
49:17now there are four types of clouds okay
49:20so these are the public cloud private
49:23cloud
49:23hybrid clouds and custom clouds okay
49:27so when you say public clouds
49:30cloud-based applications and services
49:32offered in public cloud are made
49:34available
49:35to the general population so services
49:38may be free
49:40or are offered on a pay-per-use model
49:43such as
49:44paying for online storage the public
49:46cloud
49:47uses the internet to provide services
49:51so next is a private cloud
49:54private clouds these are cloud-based
49:57applications and services
49:58offered in a private cloud and intended
50:00for a specific organization or entity
50:03such as the government so a private
50:06cloud can be set up
50:07using the organization's private network
50:10although
50:12this can be expensive to build and
50:14maintain
50:15so a private cloud can also be managed
50:19by an outside organization with strict
50:21access security
50:23okay the third one would be a hybrid
50:27cloud
50:27hybrid cloud is basically a combination
50:30of
50:31the public and a private cloud okay so a
50:33hybrid cloud
50:35is made up of two or more clouds example
50:38part custom
50:39part public where each part
50:42remains a distinctive object but both
50:45are connected using a single
50:48architecture
50:49so individuals on the hybrid cloud would
50:52be able to have a degrees of access to
50:55various services
50:57based on the user access rights okay
51:00and the last one is custom clouds
51:03custom clouds these are clouds built to
51:05meet the needs
51:07of a specific industry such as
51:09healthcare or media
51:11so custom clouds can be private or
51:14public now cloud computing is
51:18possible because of data centers data
51:22center is a facility used to house
51:24computer systems
51:26and associated components a data center
51:30can occupy one room of a building
51:33one or more floors or the entire
51:35building
51:36okay so data centers are typically very
51:39expensive to build and maintain
51:40so for this reason only large
51:43organizations use
51:45a privately built data centers to house
51:48their data and provide services to
51:49others
51:51so smaller organizations that cannot
51:53afford to maintain their
51:54own private data center can reduce the
51:57overall cost of ownership
51:59by leasing servers and storage services
52:03from a larger data center organizations
52:05in the cloud
52:06all right
52:11okay so next are the technology trends
52:14at home
52:15okay so today's home networks are used
52:18in every aspect of our daily lives
52:20for entertainment education
52:22communication and
52:23businesses so networking trends are not
52:26only
52:26affecting uh the way we communicate okay
52:30the newest home trend include the smart
52:33home technology so
52:34this picture here is an example of a
52:37smart home technology
52:39okay so a smart home technology is a
52:42technology that is integrated into
52:44everyday appliances
52:46allowing them to interconnect with other
52:48devices
52:50making them more smart or automated
52:53for example imagine being able to
52:56prepare a dish
52:58and place it in the oven for cooking
53:01prior to leaving the house for the day
53:04okay so imagine if the oven was aware
53:09of the dish it was cooking and was
53:12connected to your calendar of events
53:14so that it could determine what time
53:18you should be available to it and adjust
53:21start times and length of cooking
53:24accordingly
53:25so it could even adjust cooking times
53:28and temperatures based
53:29on changes in the schedule so
53:32additionally
53:33a smartphone or a tablet connection
53:36allows the user the availability to
53:38connect or the ability to connect to the
53:41oven directly
53:42to make any desired adjustments
53:45so when the dish is available the oven
53:49sends an alert message
53:51to a specified end user device that this
53:54is done and warming
53:56so this scenario is not far off
53:59in the future in fact smart home
54:02technology is currently being developed
54:04for all rooms within the house
54:07all right so a smartphone or smart home
54:11technology will become more a reality
54:14as home networking and high speed
54:15internet technology becomes more
54:17widespread
54:19new home networking technologies are
54:21being developed
54:23daily to meet these types of growing
54:25technology needs
54:26could you imagine a refrigerator doing
54:29an inventory for you
54:30okay so you will be reminded by your ref
54:34with or via notifications on your
54:36smartphones that
54:37i'm running out of cheese eggs please do
54:40buy some cheese and eggs all right so
54:44your lives will be made easier with this
54:47technology's
54:48smart home all right
54:56okay so the next one is a power line
54:59networking
55:00so power line networking is an emerging
55:03trend for home networking that
55:05uses the existing electrical wiring to
55:08connect devices
55:09so the concept of a new new wires
55:14means the ability to connect a device to
55:17the network
55:17whenever there is an electrical outlet
55:20so this saves the cost of installing
55:22data cables
55:23and without any additional cost to the
55:25electrical build
55:27so using the same wiring that delivers
55:29electricity
55:30power line networking sends information
55:33by sending data
55:34on certain frequencies so using a
55:37standard power line adapter
55:39devices can connect to the lan whenever
55:42there is an electrical outlet
55:44cool right so power line networking is
55:48especially useful when wireless access
55:50points cannot be used or cannot reach
55:53all the devices in the home so power
55:55line networking is
55:57not designed to be a substitute for a
56:00dedicated cabling
56:01in the data networks however it is an
56:04alternative
56:05when data network cables or wireless
56:07communications are not available
56:09or it's not a viable option all right
56:12so we could use a power line not working
56:19okay so next is the wireless broadband
56:22okay so wireless broadband most of
56:26our internet connections are bio
56:28wireless product
56:29okay so connecting to the internet is
56:31vital in smart home technology
56:34dsl and cable are common technologies
56:37used to connect homes and small
56:39businesses
56:40to the internet however wireless may be
56:43another option in many areas
56:45okay so we have what you call a wireless
56:48internet service provider or the wisp
56:52okay so the wisp is an isp that connects
56:56subscribers to a designated access point
56:59or a hotspot using similar wireless
57:02technologies found
57:03in a home wireless local area network or
57:06w lux
57:07so wisps are most commonly found
57:11in rural environments where dsl or cable
57:15services are not available
57:17so although a separate transmission
57:20tower
57:20may be installed for the antenna it is
57:23common that the antenna is attached to
57:25an existing elevated structure such
57:27as a water tower or a rage tower
57:33so a small dish or antenna is installed
57:36on the subscriber's
57:37roof in the range of the wisp
57:40transmitter
57:42so the subscribers access unit is
57:44connected to the wired network inside
57:46the home
57:47so from the perspective of the home user
57:50the setup is not much different than of
57:53a dsl or cable service
57:55so the main difference is that the
57:58connection from the home to the isps
58:00wireless instead of
58:01a physical cable okay so
58:04this uses the same cellular technology
58:08used to access the internet with your
58:11smartphone or tablet
58:12so an antenna is installed outside the
58:15house providing either wireless
58:18or wired connectivity for devices in the
58:20home so
58:22in many areas home wireless broadband
58:25is competing directly with the dsl
58:28and cable services right
58:34now let's talk about the network
58:36security so for a network to be
58:38entrusted
58:39with the communications of personal and
58:41business information
58:43the network must be secure okay you
58:45don't want to entrust your personal
58:47information
58:48with the unsecured network
58:52okay now security threats the network
58:55security is an integral part of the
58:56computer networking regardless of
58:58whether the network is limited
59:00to a home environment with a single
59:02connection
59:04to the internet or as large as a
59:06corporate
59:08or corporations with thousands of users
59:10so the network security that is
59:12implemented
59:13must take into account the environment
59:15as well as the tools
59:17and requirements for the network it must
59:20be able to secure data
59:22while still allowing the quality of
59:23service that is expected on the network
59:26so securing a network involves protocols
59:29technologies
59:30devices tools and techniques
59:33to secure data and mitigate threats so
59:36chat
59:37vectors may be external
59:40or internal now let's put it this way
59:43okay so for instance you are working in
59:46an organization
59:48and an external user or external threat
59:50is trying to
59:52penetrate this compromised host so
59:55if the hacker or the intruder is coming
59:59from the outside world is they are not
1:00:01part of the organization
1:00:02we call it external threats so any
1:00:05threats
1:00:05that has originated outside the
1:00:07organization is classified to be an
1:00:09external threat
1:00:10okay and a threat could also be internal
1:00:14these are threats initiated and launched
1:00:17within the organization
1:00:19by some of the employees or even
1:00:21students
1:00:22all right
1:00:27okay so the most common external threats
1:00:29to networks
1:00:30includes viruses worms and trojan horses
1:00:34okay so these are malicious software and
1:00:37arbitrary code running on a user device
1:00:41okay so the next one is spyware and
1:00:44adware
1:00:45software installed on a user device that
1:00:48secretly collects
1:00:49information about the user you also have
1:00:52the
1:00:53zero day attacks are also called the
1:00:55zero r attacks
1:00:57so these are an attacks that occurs
1:01:00on the first day that a vulnerability
1:01:02becomes known
1:01:04okay you also have um hacker attacks
1:01:08okay so an attack by a knowledgeable
1:01:11person to user devices
1:01:13or network resources you also have the
1:01:16dos
1:01:17or the denial of service attacks these
1:01:20attacks designed to slow or cross
1:01:22applications and processes
1:01:24on a network device
1:01:27data interception and theft is an attack
1:01:29to capture private information
1:01:32from an organization's network and the
1:01:35last one there is
1:01:36identity theft okay so identity theft
1:01:41an attack to steal the login credentials
1:01:43of a user
1:01:45in order to access the private data
1:01:48okay now it is equally important to
1:01:51consider internal threats
1:01:54they have been many studies that showed
1:01:56that the most common data breaches
1:01:58happen
1:01:58because of internal users on the network
1:02:01okay
1:02:02so this can be attributed to lost or
1:02:05stolen devices
1:02:06accidental misuse by employees
1:02:09or in the business environment even
1:02:11malicious employees
1:02:13all right so with evolving byod
1:02:16strategies corporate data is
1:02:18much more vulnerable so therefore
1:02:21when developing a security policy it is
1:02:24important to address
1:02:25both external and internal
1:02:28security threats right
1:02:31so sort of you have to secure
1:02:35everything all right would it be from
1:02:37external threat or
1:02:39internal okay
1:02:43okay so what are the network security
1:02:45solutions
1:02:46so no single solution can protect the
1:02:48network from a variety of threats that
1:02:51exists
1:02:51both internal and external so for this
1:02:54reason
1:02:55security should be implemented in
1:02:57multiple layers using a more than
1:02:59one security solution if one security
1:03:02component fails to identify and protect
1:03:05the network other steel snap
1:03:08so a home network security
1:03:09implementation is usually
1:03:11rather basic it is generally implemented
1:03:15on the connecting end devices as well as
1:03:18at the last point of connection
1:03:20to the internet and can even rely on
1:03:23contracted services from the isp
1:03:26so in contrast the network security
1:03:28implementation for a corporate network
1:03:30usually consists of many components
1:03:33built
1:03:34into the network to monitor and filter
1:03:36traffic so ideally
1:03:38all components work together which
1:03:41minimizes maintenance and
1:03:43improved security okay so
1:03:46for the
1:03:47[Music]
1:03:50security solutions okay components for a
1:03:52small office
1:03:54or maybe for home use all right
1:03:57so this includes at the minimum the
1:03:59antivirus and anti-spyware
1:04:01okay so these are used to protect and
1:04:04devices from becoming infected with
1:04:06malicious software
1:04:09you could also use the firewall
1:04:10filtering which are used to block
1:04:13unauthorized access to the network this
1:04:16may include a host based firewall
1:04:18system that is implemented to prevent
1:04:20unauthorized access
1:04:22to the end device or basic filtering
1:04:24service on the home router to prevent
1:04:26unauthorized access from the outside
1:04:28world
1:04:29into the network okay but if we're
1:04:32talking about in a large scale
1:04:34okay so for large networks
1:04:38so we have additional security
1:04:40requirements like the use of
1:04:42a dedicated firewall systems okay
1:04:46so these are used to provide more
1:04:49advanced
1:04:50firewall capabilities that can filter
1:04:52large amount of traffic
1:04:54with more granularity so access control
1:04:57list
1:04:58or acl these are used to further filter
1:05:01access and traffic forwarding
1:05:04others are using the ips or the
1:05:06intrusion prevention system
1:05:08these are used to identify the fast
1:05:11spreading of threats
1:05:12such as a zero day or zero r attacks
1:05:16okay and the last one is the vpn
1:05:19or the virtual private network these are
1:05:22used
1:05:22to provide secure access to remote
1:05:26workers
1:05:28so network security requirements must
1:05:30take into account the network
1:05:31environment
1:05:32as well as various applications and
1:05:35computing requirements
1:05:37so both home environments and businesses
1:05:41must be able to secure their data while
1:05:44still allowing for the quality of
1:05:46service that is expected for each
1:05:48technical
1:05:48technology additionally the security
1:05:52solution implemented must be
1:05:54adaptable to growing and changing trends
1:05:56in the network
1:05:58so the study of network security threats
1:06:00and mitigation techniques
1:06:01starts with a clear understanding
1:06:06of the underlying switching and routing
1:06:09infrastructure
1:06:10used organized network services

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