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Indian Modern History in English | Causes & Course of Revolt of 1857 | History By Alok Ojha — Transcript

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0:01Hello everyone. Hi, this is Aloo Koja.
0:03Welcome back to classroom series of
0:04modern Indian history. As you can see on
0:07the board, today's topic is revolt of
0:101857.
0:12My friends, we are going through
0:14classroom series of modern Indian
0:16history. Many of you might have a
0:17question. Sir, we have already covered
0:19modern Indian history as a part of
0:21YouTube. We have covered ancient India,
0:23medieval India and modern India. But but
0:27as a part of classroom series, I'm going
0:29in the manner as I go in the paid
0:31classes in quite depth and detail. Okay.
0:35So today's video we are going to discuss
0:38about the causes and the course of
0:40revolt of 1857
0:42and here I would be telling you many
0:45interesting facts. I would be talking
0:47about the story of Alam. And how do we
0:51come to know about the story of Alam?
0:53You cannot believe that the skull of
0:55Alambe who was one of the martyrs of
0:58revolt of 1857 was found at a pub in
1:01London and it was handed over to Kim
1:03Wagner who has written a book on the
1:06skull of Alambe.
1:08That interesting story I would be
1:10telling you today. Many of us, many of
1:13us have read in the books that revolt of
1:151857,
1:17it began actually on 10th of May from
1:19the place called as Merritt. 85 SEO from
1:22the region of Merritt gave the cry of
1:24Dilli Chalu. But my friends, I'll tell
1:27you one more interesting fact today. You
1:30would be astonished to know that 9 hours
1:33prior to merit the revolt began at a
1:36place called as Ambala
1:39that we will be discussing in today's
1:40session. Apart from this, what is Ajnal
1:43masakar? We will discuss about that.
1:46What is banani episode? What is August
1:50proclamation? That is the proclamation
1:52made on [clears throat] 25th August by
1:55the revolutionaries.
1:56All these important facts hidden in the
1:59books of history. We are also going to
2:01discuss this today as a part of causes
2:03of revolt of 1857 and course of revolt
2:06of 1857.
2:08As parents, those who are new to the
2:10platform, let me tell you one thing. One
2:12can download the PDF of this session and
2:14the previous sessions from my telegram
2:17channel history_alloca.
2:21I repeat, history_alloc
2:23oja. Okay. So without wasting any more
2:26time, let's begin our today's session.
2:33Let us go in a gradual step-by-step
2:35manner for easier understanding of the
2:38concept. Okay,
2:41we'll understand about this in a
2:42step-by-step manner.
2:45Just a second.
2:50Okay. Now, before I go with the causes
2:54for revolt of 1857, these are the
2:56political causes. Let me also explain
2:59you the economic causes.
3:04Okay.
3:05And then I will be going up in the
3:07political causes.
3:10Every section of India it is said that
3:13were exploited by the Britishers rather
3:16it be the peasants rather it be the
3:17zamindars. Okay. And sometimes even the
3:20prince as well. We will see that today.
3:23Like I'll give you a very simple example
3:25about the land revenue system. There
3:27were specifically introduction of
3:29Zamindari system also called as
3:30permanent settlement. In Zamindari
3:33system or permanent settlement, Zamindar
3:36used to act as a middleman between
3:38company on one side and the peasant on
3:40the other side.
3:42Simple words, Zamindar used to collect
3:44the revenue from the peasants, keep his
3:46commission and give it to the company.
3:4911% was kept by Zamindar as his
3:51commission and 89% of the revenue went
3:54to the company.
3:57Okay. It is also called as permanent
3:59settlement because Britishers believed
4:01in the concept of fixed rate and fixed
4:04date. At this date we want this much
4:07amount of money and in that case if you
4:09are unable to pay we will transfer your
4:12Zamindari rights to somebody else.
4:15So it is believed that Zamindari system
4:17it was introduced by Lord Conwallis in
4:20Bihar Bengal and Odisha. It covered
4:23approximately 19% of British India.
4:27Now comes Ryatwari system. As a part of
4:31Rey system here the peasants were dyed.
4:35How they were dually exploited?
4:38Here English East India Company directly
4:41collected the revenue from the peasants.
4:45Okay. The role of Zamindar got ended
4:49directly but not indirectly. His role
4:51was still there. How we'll understand
4:52that now as a part of rayari system the
4:56land was majorly categorized into three
4:58categories that is good the uh what if
5:01they what we say the fertile land then
5:03comes average and then comes baron land
5:06the land which is quite fertile had to
5:08pay approximately 60 to 66% revenue and
5:13this was less as per Britishers
5:16the land which was average had to pay
5:18approximately around 50 to 55% of the
5:20revenue
5:22and the land which was completely barren
5:23had to pay 40 to 45% of the revenue.
5:27Suppose I'm a peasant and if I am unable
5:30to pay the land revenue to the company
5:32what will the company do? Company will
5:34seize my land. In such a situation I
5:37have no option. I'll go to the money
5:39lender.
5:41Okay. And everyone knows about this.
5:43What interest rate does the money lender
5:46charges? So in such a situation, if I'm
5:49unable to pay the interest rate and the
5:51principal amount to money lender, he
5:53will seize my land.
5:55So if I'm unable to pay the land revenue
5:57to the company, they will seize my land.
5:59If I am unable to pay the money,
6:01principal amount and interest rate to
6:03the money lender, he will seize my land.
6:06So as a part of rayori system I was
6:08dually exploited and it was it was
6:11specifically introduced or implemented
6:12by sir Thomas Punro and captain reads in
6:15Madras presidency and lfiston in Bombay
6:19presidency and it covered approximately
6:2151% of British India
6:25apart from this mahelwari system the
6:28revenue was not collected from
6:29individual peasants but from the entire
6:32village and the average land revenue was
6:3460% and mahalwari system of land revenue
6:37was implemented by hol mckenzie and it
6:40came during the time of lord william
6:43benting the first governor general of
6:45India it covered approximately 30% of
6:48British India I'll give you a rough
6:51figure that approximately
6:54averely if I'll calculate Britishers
6:56collected 60% as a land revenue
7:00you can imagine the level of
7:01exploitation that was done on the
7:03peasants
7:06Okay, I'll give you two example from
7:09battle of Pli to battle of Bakar
7:12like example I'll give you battle of
7:15Placi it took place in 1757 and battle
7:17of Bakar it took place in 1764
7:20as per certain historians within a span
7:23of 7 to 8 years
7:264.94
7:27million pounds was drained out of India
7:31and later on this was also highlighted
7:33by Dada Navaru refuge in his book
7:35poverty and unbritish rule in India.
7:38Certain facts are also highlighted in
7:41the book economic history of India by RC
7:43Dut.
7:45Another example after battle of Bakar
7:47which took place in 1764
7:50treaty of Allahabad was signed and as
7:53per treaty of Allahabad at that time the
7:55Mughal emperor was Shaha Alam 2. English
7:58East India Company gave 26 lakh rupees
8:00to Shahalam 2 and obviously English East
8:04India Company is not going to do
8:05anything for free. They might have
8:07certain hidden intention behind that.
8:10And what was their hidden intention?
8:12Shaha Alam too had to give the Dwani
8:15rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha to
8:18the English East India Company and these
8:20were the richest provinces at that time.
8:24So you can imagine the surplus amount of
8:26money that was drained out of India due
8:28to the economic policies of the
8:30Britishers.
8:33The economic policies of the Britishers
8:34systematically paralyzed our rural
8:37industries.
8:40It led to de-industrialization of Indian
8:42industries.
8:45Then comes the political causes. Now
8:47Britishers had introduced subsidiary
8:50alliance system. they had introduced
8:52doctrine of laps system. Now what is
8:55subsidiary alliance system?
8:58Subsidiary alliance system is actually
9:00the idea of a French governor duplay
9:04and it was adopted by Lord Arthur Arthur
9:08Richard Wesley.
9:10Okay, I'll give you a small example. I
9:12have covered in a detailed video about
9:14the subsidiary alliance system. But here
9:17I'm covering certain important aspects.
9:19Let me talk about that.
9:23as a part of subsidiary land system.
9:24Like for example,
9:27English East India Company not only have
9:29animosity with the Mysore,
9:31English East India Company not only have
9:33animosity with the Maratas or Nisam of
9:35Hyderabad. In fact, all of them have
9:38internal squables as well. So this was
9:41seen as an advantage by English East
9:43India Company. So what did they do? They
9:46came up with a policy which is called as
9:48subsidiary alliance system wherein
9:52English East India Company would be
9:54referred as the paramount power and the
9:57Britishers would be called as the
9:59protected state.
10:01In simple words, we are providing you
10:03the protection.
10:05Okay. Hundreds of kingdoms accepted the
10:08subsidiary alliance system in introduced
10:09by Richard Wellis.
10:12In such a situation, for example, if I
10:14have accepted a subsidiary alliance
10:16system, British British forces would be
10:18stationed in my territory. I have to pay
10:21for their expenses.
10:23A British resident would be staying in
10:25my court. I have to bear his expenses. I
10:30have to seed certain part of my
10:31territories to the Britishers.
10:34I cannot enter into any treaty of
10:36friendship with any other European power
10:40without the permission of Britishers.
10:42Simple words, this is nothing but
10:44surrendering one's sovereignty.
10:46That is nothing but subsidiary alliance
10:48system. Nisam of Hyderabad in the coming
10:51years what we say Mysore Nawab whose
10:54name was specifically Krishna Rajatri
10:57Peswas
10:59all of them accepted subsidiary alliance
11:01system.
11:03Then came uh what we say Lord Delhausy
11:06whose original name was James Andre
11:08Ramsey the youngest governor general 36
11:11years of age and he came up with a
11:13system which is called as doctrine of
11:15lapse system.
11:18Doctrine of lap system is nothing but in
11:20very simple words it is a kind of a
11:23pro-imperialistic approach adopted by
11:26the Britishers. How? A very simple
11:29example I will give you so that you can
11:32easily correlate and understand the
11:34concept. As per doctrine of laps system,
11:39any ruler who does not have a legal male
11:43hair, his territories would be annexed
11:46by the Britishers.
11:49Okay? Adopted child won't be considered
11:52as a legal male heir.
11:55Let me give you a small example. Rani
11:58Lakshmi by every every one of you might
12:00have heard about her.
12:02The original name of Rani Lakshmi was
12:04Manikaranika. She was born at a place
12:07called as Wanasi.
12:09She was born to Morupanta Tambbe G and
12:12Bhagirati Bay. Moropant Tambbe G was her
12:16father and Bhagirati Bay was his was her
12:19mother. After some time she moved to
12:22Bithur
12:24and she was expert in horse horse
12:26riding, fencing, shooting, archery.
12:30Pawan Badal and Sarangi were the name of
12:32the horses of Manikarnika.
12:35Approximately around 14 15 years of age
12:37she got married to Maharaja of Jasi
12:40Gangadar Rao and from year onwards her
12:43name was Lakshmi Bai.
12:46Fortunately after some time they were
12:47blessed with a son that is Maharaja
12:50Gangadar Rao and Rani Lakshmi Bay and
12:52they named their son Damodar Rao but
12:55destiny had written something different
12:57for them. Unfortunately after 3 to four
13:00months their son Damodar Rao passed
13:03away.
13:05So what did Maharaja Gangadar Rao do? He
13:07adopted his cousin's son and renamed him
13:11Damodar Rao. And after some time the
13:14Maharaj of Jasi Gangadada Rao passed
13:16away. At that time Lord Delhauszi was
13:20the governor general and he had come up
13:22with doctrine of lapse policy. As per
13:26this adopted child won't be considered
13:30as a legal male hair and herein what
13:33happened herein the jasi was annexed by
13:36captain huge rose.
13:38So it is nothing but a pro-imperilistic
13:41approach. Another example I'll give you.
13:44Awad was the last kingdom to be annexed
13:46under doctrine of lapse.
13:49On what pretext? On the pretext of
13:51misrule and malad administration.
13:54You are not able to administer it
13:55properly. In fact the nab of awad vajid
13:58ali shaha had a legal meal here
14:01briskader
14:04but still it was annexed by the
14:06Britishers.
14:07This simply highlights the
14:09pro-imperialistic approach adopted by
14:11the Britishers. In Nagpur, there was
14:14auction of royal belongings.
14:17In the coming years, Britishers came up
14:18with the rule that Bahadur Shahaz Zafur
14:21had to vacate his ancestral house that
14:23is red fort. The successor of Bahadur
14:26Shahaz Zafur won't be called as a ruler
14:28but as the prince.
14:31Their names were removed from the coins.
14:34So these were the political causes.
14:38Now grievances of sepo
14:40okay
14:43refusal to pay foreign service allowance
14:45that is double ba I'll give you a very
14:47small example about this
14:52lord william william bentink as per
14:54charter act 1833
14:56governor general of bengal was
14:58designated as governor general of India
15:02and the first governor general of India
15:04was Lord William Bentink
15:07And when Lord William Benting became the
15:09governor general, he observed one thing
15:11that ex-checker was running a loss of 1
15:13million. So to recover these losses, he
15:16took certain steps such as he have the
15:20salaries of everyone. He imposed a duty
15:23on cultivation of opium in the region of
15:25Malva that is located in the western
15:27part of Madhya Pradesh. And he abolished
15:30the double BTA system also called as
15:34foreign service allowance.
15:36Now what is double bata system all
15:38about? Suppose I'm a soldier who is
15:41recruited into the army of Bengal.
15:43I have to serve anywhere across the
15:46country. But in such a situation, if I'm
15:49serving anywhere outside the country or
15:51on any other mission, I was given extra
15:55allowances,
15:57extra incentives apart from my salary
16:01and that was referred as foreign service
16:04allowance or double bata system. Lord
16:08William Bentink citing the cause that
16:10exeer is running into losses. I have to
16:13abolish or cancel the double bata
16:15system.
16:16And this enraged the soldiers.
16:20Apart from this like for example
16:23mistreatment of sepo by the British
16:25officials.
16:28Suppose I am recruited as a sepahi or as
16:31a sepoi in the British Indian army.
16:33After 20 years I would be getting
16:35retired. I would retire as a habdar or
16:38as a subadar or as a nip subidedar. But
16:41for that sake if an English officer has
16:44been recruited as a second left tenant
16:45or a left tenant he would retire as a
16:48colonel as a brigadier as a major.
16:52So here discrimination was done on the
16:54basis of color of skin that is racial
16:57discrimination.
16:59Apart from this withdrawal of free
17:02postage facilities
17:04following the postage post office act
17:071854
17:09like for example for soldiers initially
17:13sending uh what we say messages or po
17:16sending messages to their family through
17:18post was completely free of cost.
17:22Soldiers did not had to come uh soldiers
17:24did not had to give any single penny for
17:27sending a message or a post to their
17:29family members. So they kept in touch
17:31with their families. Okay. But after
17:35post office act 1854,
17:38what happened? There was a uniform
17:40postage system. In fact, our soldiers
17:42also had to pay the money if they had to
17:44send the post or messages to their
17:45family members.
17:47So all these things actually infuriated
17:50and enraged our soldiers.
17:53Then
17:56religious causes
18:00I'll give you a very simple example. Let
18:02me begin with the velour mutiny of 1806.
18:06We have covered in quite depth and
18:07detail.
18:10Okay. At Welor like it is said that
18:14maximum number of soldiers in the army
18:16were Hindus and Muslims
18:20and at that time Britishers passed an
18:22act and like specifically it was Lord
18:26Hoown and uh sorry uh yes Lord Hodown
18:29and John Kredok they passed orders and
18:32what were the orders? Muslims
18:35compulsorily need to shave their chin.
18:38Muslims cannot wear the holy cap.
18:41Hindus cannot wear the cast marks.
18:44Hindus cannot apply til on the forehead.
18:48Okay. And Lord Hodown and John Kredog
18:51brought these reforms to bring in kind
18:53of a military discipline.
18:56They thought that it's a kind of a
18:57military necessity.
18:59But what happened? It is said that the
19:02soldiers believed that they were getting
19:04forcefully Christianized
19:07and under the leadership of Fat
19:08Haidider, one of the sons of Tipu
19:10Sultan, the soldiers revolted
19:13and many of them were being executed,
19:15imprisoned, killed, blown, shot
19:19and that is nothing but will mutiny
19:21which took place in 1806 recorded in the
19:23books of history.
19:26Then comes Charter Act 1813.
19:29As per Charter Act 1813,
19:34Christian missionaries were allowed to
19:36come in India and preach Christianity
19:39and then as per Charter Act 1833, the
19:42number of bishops were raised to three.
19:46One has the authority to practice their
19:48own religion, to profess their own
19:51religion, but one cannot go for forceful
19:54conversion or into their religion.
19:58And in the coming years, Britishers
20:00started imposing Christianity on people
20:02of India.
20:04Okay. In fact, it was not only
20:06Britishers. There were many American
20:07Christian missionaries who had come to
20:09India to spread Christianity. One such
20:12example was Samuel Ivan Stokes. In fact,
20:15Samuel Ivan Stokes in the coming years
20:18he became so much like he was so
20:20influenced by the philosophy of Hindu
20:22Hinduism that Samuel Ivan Stokes he was
20:25later referred as Satyanand the Stokes
20:28because he became the follower of Ary
20:30Samj. So Christian missionaries they
20:34were trying to convert the people into
20:36Christianity forcefully.
20:39At this time what had happened?
20:41Britishers had passed General Service
20:43Enlistment Act.
20:45Now let me give you let me talk about
20:47general service enlistment act as well.
20:49And prior to this let me talk about the
20:51Barakpur mutiny
20:54of 1824.
21:00[clears throat]
21:02Burma.
21:04Burma it was following an expansionist
21:06policy
21:08and Burma initially tried to capture the
21:10region of Sam. Sam means Thailand but
21:13Sam was a very good friend of China. So
21:16Burma dropped that plan.
21:18Okay. And now it started moving towards
21:21northeastern part of India and it had
21:23underestimated the power of English East
21:24India Company in India.
21:27Now the plan was to capture the
21:29northeastern part of India and at that
21:31time Lord Amhurst he was the governor
21:34general. He immediately dispatch the
21:36forces by land route and seaw routt I
21:40repeat land routt and seaw route and
21:44specifically Burma was defeated. This
21:46was nothing but first Anglo Burma war
21:49and finally treaty of Yandabu was
21:51signed.
21:52So Barakpur mutiny which took place in
21:551824 was the outcome or result of first
21:59Anglo Burma war. How
22:03right now I have talked about this that
22:05the forces were dispatched by land route
22:08as well as sea route
22:10and majority of the soldiers
22:13okay they were Hindus for Hindus
22:17crossing the sea means losing one's cast
22:21and they considered this as a kalapani
22:24so under the leadership of Baba binda
22:27step revolted and more than 200 00
22:30Indian sepo were killed as a part of
22:33barakpur mutiny.
22:35Baba binda was hanged to a people tree
22:37and the place where Baba binda was
22:39hanged today stands a temple dedicated
22:41to lord hanuman
22:43and the temple is referred as baba binda
22:46mandonder.
22:48So that was nothing but barakpur mutiny
22:501824. So in 1856 Lord Canning the first
22:54vicer of India and the last governor
22:56general of India he had come up with
22:58general service enlistment act.
23:02Any future recruits into the Bengal army
23:05they have to serve anywhere as expected
23:09by the Britishers
23:12and what did I talk about Barak
23:13permutini crossing the sea means losing
23:16one's cast. So again here the soldiers
23:19felt that they were getting forcefully
23:22Christianized.
23:23Then comes gen apart from this religious
23:26disabilities act 1850. Simple words a
23:30person who wants to inherit his
23:32ancestral property in such a situation
23:36he should compulsorily accept
23:38Christianity.
23:40And if he does not accept Christianity
23:43his property would be confiscated. This
23:46is nothing but forceful conversion into
23:49Christianity.
23:51Correct? So specifically these are the
23:55religious causes.
23:59Okay. Then comes administrative causes.
24:02We have seen about this administrative
24:04causes previously about the political
24:05causes and so on. Then cause of
24:08Nanaipeshwa. Before cause of Nanaipai
24:10Peshwa, let me tell you one more thing
24:15specifically education also had an
24:18impact in the coming years. Although sir
24:21Charles would like the first education
24:23commission that came in 1854 but to an
24:26extent people were getting aware about
24:27it and in the coming years after revolt
24:30of 1857 people believed that Anglicist
24:34viewpoint of education was imposed on
24:36the people of India for forcefully
24:38converting them into Christianity.
24:40Although this might not be the reason
24:43because Britishers like when they came
24:45up with the education system in India
24:47initially first of all they were not at
24:49all interested in educating Indians.
24:52Okay. But when they decided that they
24:54are going to spend 1 lak rupees every
24:56year for the purpose of educating
24:57Indians there cropped up a controversy
25:01anglicist orientalist controversy.
25:04And as per this controversy what was the
25:07thing? As per this controversy
25:10specifically anglicists like Bushbay,
25:14Cowwin, CB Saunders, WW Bird believe
25:17that we want Indians by blood and color
25:21of their skin
25:23but by their manners, morals and
25:26etiquates they should be complete
25:28Englishmen.
25:30On the other hand, orient orientalists
25:32like James and Henry Princip, they
25:34believe that initially we should educate
25:37Indians in their mother tongue, in their
25:39vernacular language and higher education
25:42should be imparted in English language.
25:46Okay. So this was a thing but later on
25:50after Charles charleswood dispatch is it
25:52is said that uh the recommendations
25:54given by Sir Charles Wood form the basis
25:56of further coming commissions in India
25:58specifically related to education. Hence
26:01it is also called as Magna Carta of
26:03English education in India. So it was
26:06thought that English education is
26:08imposed on us for what purpose?
26:12basically for the purpose of uh
26:15Christianizing us. Apart from this like
26:19widows remarage act this was seen as
26:22negatively by what we say Indians like
26:25who are you to interfere in our customs
26:27and traditions.
26:29Then comes cause of Nana Peshwa. In fact
26:32the rulers were not left behind. Okay
26:36Nana Peshwa he was an adopted son of
26:39Peshwa Bajarat too. Now after third
26:42Anglo Marata war Peshwa Bajarat 2 had
26:45retired to the region of Bithur which is
26:48located in Kpur.
26:50Okay. And he was given an annual pension
26:54of 8 lak rupees per anom to the uh like
26:59he was given the annual pension by
27:00Britishers to Nana Peswa 8 lakh rupees
27:03per anom. After some time Nana Sai
27:07Peshwa sorry uh what do we say Peshwa
27:10Baja too he passed away and Nana Sai
27:13Peshwa he became the next Peshwa as we
27:16have discussed previously Nana Sai
27:19Peshwa was the adopted son of Peshawa
27:21Bajra too
27:24and Britishers denied giving a single
27:27penny as a pension to Nana Sahib. Now
27:31Nana Sai Peshwa he sent one of his close
27:34associates, one of his close allies to
27:37speak with Britishers.
27:39His name was Azim Khan. And Azimulah
27:44Khan he goes to London and he tries to
27:46negotiate with Britishers. But
27:48Britishers were not convinced and they
27:50refused paying any pension to Nanasai
27:52Peshawa.
27:54So at this time Nanasai Peshwa was also
27:57very angry with the Britishers.
28:01Okay. Apart from this the cause of Nana
28:04Peshwa there was something called as
28:06basic foreignness of Britishers.
28:12Now what is basic foreignness?
28:17There were many Turkish rulers who ruled
28:19over India.
28:20Slave dynasty, Kilji dynasty, Touglak
28:23dynasty, Saiyad dynasty, Loi dynasty.
28:25Then rulers specifically of Mughal
28:28dynasties. So they made India their
28:30home. They assimilated the cultures of
28:34India. But Britishers they followed the
28:36policy of racial discrimination
28:39and they superimposed thing on Indians
28:42and basic foreigners still persisted
28:45and then comes spark for revolt of 1857
28:48and that became an immediate cause.
28:53Introduction of new Lfield rifle in the
28:5661th Queen's Royal Rifles in Mirat. Now
29:00this rifle had a cartridge
29:03and that cartridge before loading needs
29:05to be bitten off by teeth.
29:08So the cartridge had a coating of pig
29:12and cow fat.
29:15Pig is considered as taboo to Muslims
29:18and cow is considered as sacred among
29:20Hindus.
29:22So and mixing of ata dust or mixing of
29:26uh what we say floor what we say uh
29:28specifically bone dust in the floor or
29:31ata. So this sparked the revolt of 1857.
29:37Okay.
29:39And now I'll also tell you one more
29:42incident. So these were the major causes
29:44of revolt of 1857.
29:47Now many historians have not confirmed
29:50this as a chapati revolution part of
29:51revolt of 1857 but many have also
29:54supported why chapati became the symbol
29:57of revolt of 1857
29:59I'll give you a very small example
30:04specifically a person used to come with
30:07a bundle of chapatis
30:09and he used to hand over these chapati
30:12to whom the village watchmen and he used
30:15to speak something in his ears.
30:18The village watchman what did he do?
30:20What he used to do? He used to
30:22distribute these chapati in the entire
30:24village.
30:26After some time he used to go to those
30:28homes where he had distributed the
30:30chapatis and collect fresh chapati from
30:33that home collect and form it a bundle
30:36of chapatis and move on to the next
30:37village and hand it over to the next
30:40village watchman.
30:42Okay. And this trend was observed in the
30:45western part of UP by the district
30:47district magistrate at that time Mark
30:49Thornnehill
30:51and he informed Britishers about this
30:53but Britishers ignored this.
30:56Later on this was also observed by Dr.
30:58Gilbert had
31:01also informed Britishers but still there
31:03was no major response from the side of
31:05Britishers. So many of the western
31:08historians do believe that along with
31:11the chapati in fact messages were also
31:15passed
31:17and specifically this is how the revolt
31:20spread majorly in the northern part of
31:22India.
31:24Hence many of them regard specifically
31:27revolt of 1857 as chapati revolution as
31:31well.
31:33So hope you understood the causes for
31:36revolt of 1857.
31:38We have tried to understand the things
31:40in a gradual stepby-step manner for
31:42easier understanding of the concept.
31:46First of all, have a look at this and I
31:49would personally suggest if you're
31:50watching on a cell phone, do take a
31:53screenshot of this course of revolt
31:56because majority of the things that I've
31:58mentioned here are mentioned in very few
32:00books like what is Ajnal Masakar okay
32:04then specifically what is Banimli
32:06episode what is Azamar pro proclamation
32:09of August 25th August okay 1857 so do
32:13take a screenshot of this and I'll
32:15explain this everything in a depth and
32:17detail.
32:19Hope you understood the point till here.
32:22Yes my friends clear. Okay.
32:27In tomorrow's session I would be coming
32:29up with what strategy do we need to
32:31adopt for modern Indian history
32:33precisely from the perspective of prim's
32:35examination.
32:36I have already made a short video 40 to
32:3945 minutes on what approach do we need
32:41to follow in ancient and medival Indian
32:44history. Tomorrow around 3:30 I would be
32:47coming up with a video on live video on
32:50what approach do we need to adopt for
32:52modern Indian history.
32:55Clear? Now let's understand how the
32:59revolt of 1857
33:01engulfed the major part of northern
33:03India and what were the major events
33:06that took place as a part of revolt of
33:081857.
33:11Okay,
33:14let's begin with the course of the
33:16revolt. The first thing as I've told you
33:19specifically
33:23that Royal Enfield or a new Enfield
33:25rifle was introduced and the new Enfield
33:28rifle had a cartridge that needs to be
33:30bitten off by teeth.
33:33Probably as per many historians the
33:35cartridge had a coating of fat of cow
33:38and pig. Cow was sacred to Hindus and
33:41pig was considered a taboo to Muslims.
33:44So what happened? These rifle reached
33:46from Merid to Bahamur.
33:48And when these rifle reached Bahamur on
33:519th March 1857,
33:5419th Bengal native infantry soldiers
33:58refused to accept these grease
34:00cartridges.
34:04They said that we are not going to use
34:05this. Entire unit was disbanded and
34:09court marshall was done.
34:12Now on 23rd March 1857 the news reached
34:16merit from where the rifles had come and
34:19the commanding officer general Greg
34:21Anson what did he do? He said that first
34:25of all there is no uh there is no such
34:27what we say pat of cow and pig and for
34:31that I will temporarily suspend the use
34:34of these grease cartridges. Okay and I
34:37will conduct an inquiry. This was just
34:40not this was nothing but a just just a
34:43step that was taken to pacify the
34:45soldiers.
34:47But again the news of greased cartridges
34:50it reached around 29th March 1857 in the
34:53region of Bengal
34:55and there was a soldier of Bengal
34:57specifically of 34th Bengal native
35:01infantry
35:03whose name was Mangal Pande Gi. Now,
35:06Mangal Pande GI he went on a rampage.
35:11Whoever European officer he saw, he
35:14started whipping them. He started
35:16beating them. And in fact, he was also
35:19supported by one of his associates,
35:21Israel Pande.
35:24And the entire information was provided
35:26by a soldier whose name was Shik Palu
35:29Khan to the Britishers.
35:32Immediately Mangal Pande giul pande was
35:35arrested and a trial was conducted
35:37against them. On 8th April 1857,
35:42Mangal Pande gi became the first martyr
35:45of mother India as a part of revolt of
35:481857.
35:50I repeat as a part of revolt of 1857.
35:53Okay. Then on 11th April 1857, Ishtrul
35:59Pandi became the second martyr of mother
36:01India as a part of revolt of 1857
36:06and the martyrhood of Mangal Pandi and
36:09Isul Pandi spread like a wildfire in the
36:13entire northern part of India.
36:16And many books do write that on 10th May
36:201857
36:2285 SEO from the region of merit started
36:25the revolt. But there is one historian
36:28whose name is Casey Yadav. Okay. He said
36:32that in fact Ambala uprising is also
36:36referred as premature uprising. Okay. In
36:39fact he mentions that Ambala uprising is
36:42the true start of revolt of 1857 or the
36:45true beginning of revolt of 1857
36:48and both the uprising took place on 10th
36:50May 1857.
36:54So majority of the books of history
36:57mention that it began from Merritt but
37:00Casey Yadav proved that that
37:03specifically in the region of Ambala the
37:06uprising began. Okay. 9 hours prior to
37:10the region of Merat.
37:12And specifically they said that the
37:15soldiers here had a different plan and
37:18the soldiers had a plan that they will
37:19attack the British armory.
37:22After attacking the British armory they
37:24will loot the weapons and from there
37:26they will start moving towards Delhi.
37:30But there was a person whose name was
37:32specifically Sham Singh. He betrayed to
37:36these soldiers and he provided this
37:39entire information to the deputy
37:40commissioner at that time of Ambala
37:43whose name was foresight.
37:47Many historians like Casey Yadav believe
37:49that as a part of Ambala massacre or
37:52Ambala uprising
37:54120 soldiers were immediately executed.
37:59They were being killed.
38:01And on the same day on 10th of what we
38:04say May 1857 85 SEO from the region of
38:08Meat gave the slogan of Dilli Chalo not
38:12Chalo Dilli. Chalo Dilli was given by
38:14Subhashandra Bos Gi.
38:17They gave the slogan of Dilli Chalo and
38:20these soldiers were of 11th and 20th
38:22Bengal native infantry.
38:25Colonel Ripley on the way was killed.
38:28Simon Fraser, left Willig Boy, all of
38:30them tried to resist but their
38:32resistance could not succumb in front of
38:34the soldiers.
38:36And finally these soldiers reached Delhi
38:39and declared Bahadur Shahaz Zafur as
38:41their sole representative of revolt of
38:431857
38:46and Bahadur Shah Zafur by now was 82
38:49years of age. So Bahadur Sha Zafur said
38:52to the soldiers that why don't you why
38:55don't you choose my son Mira Zahirudin
38:58as a representative on my behalf
39:01but Mira Zahirudin was not that
39:03experienced so what did the soldiers do
39:06on the insistence of Bahadur Shaza Zafur
39:08Bahadur Sha Zafur was cho chosen as the
39:11face of revolt of 1857 and his
39:14representative was General Baktan his
39:17military commander
39:19Okay. So, revolt of 1857 started
39:23spreading like a wildfire in the
39:25northern part of India. Hope you
39:28understood the Ambala uprising and that
39:31was cited by the historian Casey Yadav
39:33and the main things that is highlighted
39:35in the books. Now let's me let's talk
39:38about the Ajnal massacre.
39:44Okay.
39:48>> [clears throat]
39:49>> specifically to said that Ajanal
39:50massacre it took place on 30 like it
39:53started from 30th uh 30th of May it was
39:56executed in like July. So what was there
40:00like specifically speaking in the region
40:04of Ajnal specifically Punjab soldiers of
40:0826th native infantry
40:11they were being disarmed and when they
40:13were being disarmed they got infuriated
40:16when they got infuriated they decided
40:18that they are going to raid the armory
40:20same like this one okay which place same
40:24like the Ambala
40:26and in fact it is said that the soldiers
40:29They raided the armory. They killed many
40:32European officers. After killing
40:34European officers, it is believed that
40:37they started moving towards the bank of
40:39river Ravi. And at that time, the
40:42Tasildar of that region, okay, he he was
40:45an Indian. The Tasildar of that region,
40:47he had killed 150 soldiers. And
40:51immediately he provided the information
40:53to the deputy commissioner whose name
40:55was Frederick Cooper. Okay. He provided
40:59the information to Frederick Cooper.
41:02It is believed that British contingent
41:04alive uh what we say arrived and the
41:06soldiers they surrendered and when
41:09soldiers when they surrendered they
41:10expected that they would be getting a
41:12fair trial.
41:14You cannot believe my friends 237
41:18soldiers were hanged and in fact 45
41:22soldiers they were kept in a room and it
41:26was completely unventilated room and 45
41:29soldiers died out of suffocation
41:32and this is called as ajal masaka. In
41:35fact their bodies were unceremoniously
41:38thrown in a well.
41:40In 2014,
41:42an archaeologist from the region of
41:44Chandigar had excavated their bodies.
41:47Okay. So specifically 2014 specifically.
41:50So the connections went to Ajnal
41:52massacre which took place as a part of
41:54revolt of 1857 in the region of Punjab.
41:59Meanwhile another thing that took place
42:02that is referred as Banani episode.
42:06Banani episode. It's a very famous one.
42:09Okay. Now what is banan episode banan
42:11it's a what we say Hindi word banan
42:13means 52 like it is believed that revolt
42:17of 1857 with the passage of time it was
42:20engulfing the major part of northern
42:22India
42:23and when it was engulfing the major part
42:25of northern India it spread like a wild
42:27fire. So one such reason was Fatipur
42:31district of Uttar Pradesh.
42:34And here the revolt in the region of
42:36Fatipur district of Uttar Pradesh was
42:38led by Takur
42:43Jodha Singh Ataya.
42:49I repeat Takur. Jodha Singh Ataya.
42:54So he gathered a band of revolutionaries
42:57and it is said that many European
42:59officers like they were being attacked.
43:02Then the court was taken over by the
43:04revolutionaries who were being guided by
43:06Takur Jodha Singh Ataya. After this they
43:10had attacked Gangapar police station.
43:13Then Takur Jodha Singh Ataya did not
43:15stop there. He further activated the
43:18revolutionaries in the region of Bundel
43:20Khand apart from Fat Bundal Kand and
43:22Aad. apart from Fatipur and during this
43:26process Colonel Powell he got killed.
43:28Now Colonel Neil he was sent on an
43:30expedition to suppress whom? suppress
43:33the revolutionaries.
43:36And it is believed that in the 20 on
43:3828th April 1858 or in simple words April
43:411858 not to be precise about the date in
43:441858
43:46specifically Takur Jodha Singh Ataya
43:48along with 51 other revolutionaries were
43:51hanged to a tamarind tree.
43:55Imli means tamarind. Banan means 52. So
43:5852 revolutionaries
44:01including Takur Jodha Singh Ataya were
44:04hanged to the tamarind tree for the next
44:0737 days.
44:10And orders were passed that if anyone
44:13tries to remove these dead bodies from
44:16the tamarind tree they would meet the
44:18same fate.
44:21So this incident as a part of revolt of
44:241857 is referred as what we say banani
44:29episode.
44:30Okay. Another famous episode is siege of
44:34Kpur as a part of revolt of 1857.
44:38Now siege of Kpur it is also referred as
44:40bibar massacre or satiara massacre.
44:45Okay. like revolt of 1857 it was
44:49spreading like a wildfire in the entire
44:50northern part of India and European
44:53families were feeling unsafe
44:55so British officers thought that why
44:57don't we give a safe passage to our
44:59European families so the plan was they
45:01will come to Euro they will come to uh
45:04Kpur from Kpur they will move to
45:06Allahabad and from Allahabad they will
45:09move to which place Kolkata this was the
45:12plan
45:14more than 200 European families came
45:16near the sati choraghat near the Kpur
45:18fort and Nana Sahai Peshwa he was a
45:21Peswa Kpur and while back we have
45:24discussed about the cause of Nana Peshwa
45:27Britishers had denied paying the pension
45:29to Nana Peshwa who was the adopted son
45:32of Peshawa Bajra too and Nana Sai Peswa
45:36wanted to avenge this humiliation at any
45:39cost because he had sent one of his
45:41friend Azim Khan okay but it was a kind
45:44of humiliation for
45:46No attention was paid to Azimulah Khan.
45:49So what happened? Nana Peshwa at any
45:51cost wanted to avenge this. Nanasai
45:54Peshwa comes to know about this and he
45:56goes to the place called as satiara or
45:59BBGA.
46:01Here the district collector of Kpur was
46:03Charles Hillers Dan. Now Charles Hillers
46:06Dan says to Nana Pesho this is a matter
46:08between English East India Company and
46:10you. Why do we involve European families
46:13in this?
46:15Please give them a safe passage to
46:17Allahabad and I I'll ensure you that
46:20I'll have further negotiations with the
46:22higher higher ranking officers of
46:24English East India Company. This was
46:27assured by district collector of
46:28Kanapur, Charles Hillstan.
46:31Okay.
46:33As soon as the European families came
46:34out, the soldiers of Nanasai Peshawa
46:37attacked these European families and
46:39many of them were being killed and this
46:42event is called as Sati Chara massacre
46:44or BBhar Pasakar
46:47and after this event or incident
46:50Britishers adopted a very very brutal
46:53policy of suppression.
46:56One more important event that is nothing
46:58but August proclamation which took place
47:01on 25th August
47:05and this was a proclamation of
47:07revolutionaries.
47:09Okay. And what was this proclamation all
47:12about? As I've told you the SEO they
47:15reached Delhi they chose Bahadura Zafur
47:19as their representative and these
47:22revolutionaries they passed a manifesto
47:24called as August proclamation. Simple
47:27words no section of Indian society
47:30should maintain loyalty towards
47:32Britishers.
47:34And in such a case anyone who is found
47:37maintaining loyalty towards Britishers,
47:39any Indian who is found maintaining
47:40loyalty towards Britishers, his property
47:43would be confiscated and probably he
47:46would be hanged to death.
47:48And this is the best time where Hindu
47:51Muslim unity needs to be forged up.
47:54We need to forget about the classes. We
47:56need to forget about the cast. we need
47:58to forget about the religion and work as
48:01a united force against the exploitative
48:03character of the British rule.
48:06So that was nothing but August
48:08proclamation of which was released on
48:1025th of August 1857 by the
48:12revolutionaries.
48:14So these were the important events as a
48:17part of course of revolt of 1857.
48:21So what additional things that I've
48:23talked about here which are mentioned in
48:25very few books. First thing it began
48:28from the region of Ambala not from the
48:30region of Merritt. First thing an
48:33additional information. Second
48:35additional information Ajnal massacre of
48:38Punjab. Third additional information
48:42Banani episode of Fatipur. And the
48:45fourth additional information is the
48:47Azamar proclamation of the
48:49revolutionaries as a part of course of
48:52revolt of 1857.
48:55Okay, I'll tell you one more interesting
48:57thing.
49:00What is the issue of alam bag? Okay, you
49:04won't believe my friends.
49:07There is a book written by Kim Wagner
49:11and the book is the skull of Alam like
49:14I'll tell you who was Alam. Now it is
49:17believed that in the region of Seial
49:18Court which is in Punjab presently in
49:19Pakistan the revolt of 1857 spread and
49:23there was a unit of soldier that was
49:26posted in Miamir.
49:28Okay, Mamir Lahor. After some time it is
49:31said that there were few soldiers who
49:34had killed what we say uh seven members
49:37of a Scottish family and although Alamag
49:41was not what we say a part of it but it
49:45is believed that Britishers said that
49:47you are the major part of it and a trial
49:50was conducted against Alamag and after a
49:53trial was conducted against him he was
49:55being executed or he was being killed
49:58and specifically it is said that his
50:00head was blown at that time. The person
50:03who witnessed this event, his name was
50:05he was an Irish captain whose name was
50:07Arthur Robert Costello. Okay, he picked
50:11up the skull and returned to London.
50:16You cannot believe my friends in 1963 a
50:19skull was found at a pub in London and
50:22this pub was called as Lord Clyde pub
50:26and the owners of the pub they found a
50:28skull and it is believed that some like
50:31historians have a dissenting opinion on
50:33this like Kim Wagner. Now Kim Wagner
50:35said that there was a person whose name
50:37was Thommpson. He might have visited the
50:40pub and in fact what we say Thompson he
50:42was also involved in revolt of 1857
50:46particularly in suppressing the
50:47mutineers.
50:49So in such a situation it is said that
50:51this pub is also named after Thomson
50:53that is Lord Clyde pub. Okay. So the
50:56owners of the pub what did they do? They
50:59handed over this skull to Kim Wagner and
51:03Kim Wagner he was doing a research on
51:05South Asian history.
51:08And after that he wrote a book called a
51:09skull of alambe.
51:12Another interesting fact about the
51:13revolt of 1857.
51:16So my friends hope you understood the
51:18causes and the course of revolt of 1857.
51:23In the coming session I would be coming
51:24up with a short video on the leaders of
51:26the revolt of 1857. Apart from in
51:29general leaders what do we study in the
51:31textbooks or in the reference book. I
51:33will also tell you about the leaders
51:35about whom you have rarely heard. Rahul
51:38Ram. Okay. Surendra Sai Aanti
51:43Ura Dvi. Okay. Then uh what we say
51:48Gangaram.
51:50So all these we are going to study in
51:52depth and detail apart from Rani Lakmi
51:54by Tatya Nana Peshwa then uh what we say
51:59Liyakatali then beam hazat Mahel and so
52:02on. My friends hope you understood the
52:05causes and the course of revolt of 1857.
52:09I'll again repeat the points. Please
52:11take a screenshot of this
52:16done
52:19and one can download the PDF of this
52:22session from my telegram channel history
52:25alok oja everything has been mentioned
52:28as a part of PDF okay causes of the
52:31revolt course of the revolt and so on
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