Immunology | Inflammation: Vascular Events: Part 1 — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:07Hi, Ninja Nerds!
2. 0:08In this video we are gonna talk about the inflammatory response, but before we...
3. 0:11do that, let's define what is inflammation.
4. 0:14Inflammation, is some type of tissue damage. Right?
5. 0:17So it's damage to the tissue that initiates...
6. 0:20a set of vascular and cellular events...
7. 0:23that are designed to be able to clean up...
8. 0:25any type of cellular debris, any type of infectious
9. 0:29organisms, and initiate repair. So again, one more time.
10. 0:32What is inflammation?
11. 0:33Inflammation is any type of tissue damage or tissue infliction
12. 0:37All right? ... that initiates a set of vascular events,
13. 0:40and cellular and molecular events...
14. 0:42that are designed to clean up any type of cellular debris...
15. 0:45or pathogens and initiate repair.
16. 0:48That is it's design. Right? What could cause inflammation?
17. 0:51It could be due to physical trauma, it could be due to certain types
18. 0:54of chemical trauma, it could be due to infectious microorganisms,
19. 0:57it could be due to sunlight and burns... Right?
20. 1:00There is many, many causes of inflammation.
21. 1:03What we are gonna do in this video, is we are gonna take a scenario. We are gonna look at
22. 1:05a gram-negative bacteria and then we are gonna follow
23. 1:08the entire
24. 1:09inflammatory response in a sequence of actions
25. 1:12beginning with that infectious microorganism. So let's go ahead and dive
26. 1:15right in. All right! So first of... Let's say here
27. 1:19I have this gram negative bacteria here
28. 1:22It's this gram negative bacteria and you know gram negative bacteria
29. 1:26has on its outer lining
30. 1:29it has lipopolysaccharide layer
31. 1:31That lipopolysaccharide is pretty dangerous, they have lipid A
32. 1:34which can act as endotoxins.
33. 1:37so, also
34. 1:41A lot of bacteria have specific types of antigens
35. 1:46On their surface, right?
36. 1:47and what are these red things called?
37. 1:48these red things are called antigens
38. 1:50and antigens could be
39. 1:51sugar molecules
40. 1:53they could be protein molecules. They could be glycoproteins.
41. 1:57But what do antigens have to be? In order
42. 1:59for it to be an antigen, an antigen has to be two things
43. 2:02it has to initiate two different types of things
44. 2:04One is it has to be immunogenic
45. 2:09And the other thing is that an antigen has to be reactive
46. 2:13What does that mean to be immunogenic and reactive
47. 2:15it means that it has to be immunogenic meaning that is has to be able to activate
48. 2:19certain types of immune system cells
49. 2:21in order for those immune system cells to start proliferating in response to that
50. 2:26Reactive means that the actual immune system cells, specifically the plasma cells
51. 2:30can produce antibodies against this antigen
52. 2:32so in order for it to be a complete antigen, it has to be immunogenic
53. 2:36initiate proliferation
54. 2:37and reactive which is going to be initiating antibody production
55. 2:41There is what's called incomplete antigens
56. 2:43Incomplete antigens, for example, could be something like poison ivy or poison oak, like the urushoil oil
57. 2:48when ever it gets into the skin it's actually not specifically a complete antigen
58. 2:53but then it binds with our skin protein. So it's called a hapten, right. An incomplete antigen
59. 2:57But when it binds with our skin proteins it then becomes a complete antigen
60. 3:01and then it can cause that rash that we see with poison ivy, right.
61. 3:04Anyway, just want to give you a little bit of information about antigens. What are antigens?
62. 3:08They are going to be the sugar molecules, our proteins, our glycoproteins that are immunogenic
63. 3:14and reactive as long as they are specifically complete antigens
64. 3:19So now, this bacteria
65. 3:22let's say this bacteria is releasing endotoxins.
66. 3:25It's releasing its specific endotoxins
67. 3:28and these endotoxins
68. 3:32they start damaging these tissue cells
69. 3:34so let's say they end up damaging a lot of these tissue cells.
70. 3:37A lot of damage to these generalized tissue cells.
71. 3:40A lot of damage to these generalized tissue cells.
72. 3:43And we'll talk about what happens whenever they're damaged.
73. 3:46Also there's a lot of other types of cells
74. 3:47of other types of cells
75. 3:48circulating right around this area
76. 3:51that are kind of just posting up in this area.
77. 3:54There cells, these green cells are
78. 3:57called MAST CELLS.
79. 4:00And these mast cells have specific types of receptors
80. 4:04present on its cell membrane
81. 4:06and whenever these endotoxins either damage this mast cell or
82. 4:09activate
83. 4:12these receptors on the mast cell,
84. 4:15it can initiate a specific type of inflammatory response.
85. 4:18If these endotoxins damages the mast cell or it activates
86. 4:21these receptors present on the mast cell
87. 4:24And it sends signals to the nucleus.
88. 9:03This preformed granules in here, which are called Weibel-Palade bodies.
89. 9:06They are not that important, just know that they are preformed granules...
90. 9:09that are called Weibel-Palade bodies.