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Hypothesis — Transcript

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0:00[Music]
0:08[Music]
0:14hello learners i am dr sabot kesherwani
0:16working with indar gandhi national open
0:18university in school of management
0:20as associate professor capacity the
0:22topic which i am going to talk today is
0:23you know quite
0:25quite important because it's it's purely
0:27you know based on the assumptions
0:28and when you are assuming anything when
0:30you are you know creating a hypothetical
0:32format
0:33and then you run on this particular
0:35format i think
0:36that is a very challenging task so
0:38hypothesis is a very important
0:40ingredient as far as research is
0:41concerned
0:42as far as you know the day-to-day life
0:44is concerned but anyway we are just you
0:46know concentrating ourselves to
0:47to this particular format called
0:49research and
0:50we have we observed that you know in
0:52research hypothesis is a very important
0:55thing because
0:56as i have talked about it based on the
0:58assumptions it talks about you know the
0:59hypothetical things
1:00and you know on the basis of the
1:02assumption you proceed and further what
1:04happened
1:04you know the things are going to be
1:06changed so anyway
1:08prior to going into the depth of this
1:09particular topic i just want to throw a
1:11light
1:12that this is part of our course called
1:14mcu3 research methodology and
1:16statistical analysis
1:17we are in the first block which talks
1:19about research and data collection
1:21the second blocks talks about processing
1:23and preservation of data then you have
1:25block three relational and trend
1:26analysis
1:27and the fourth block talks about
1:28probability in hypothesis testing
1:30i think and finally you know the
1:32interpretation report writing is there
1:33but anyway
1:34so we are just you know building a
1:37concept of hypothesis in this particular
1:39presentation and when we are you know
1:41moved to the block four
1:43after having you know 20 30 rounds of
1:45discussions then we will definitely
1:46throw a light on
1:47how we are going to test the hypothesis
1:49what are the certain parameters what are
1:51the certain tests
1:52which are going to be quite important
1:54because when you are
1:55presuming anything you have certain you
1:57know options behind it
1:59so in hypothesis you know what we
2:01observe that
2:02there are null hypotheses they are
2:03alternate hypothesis so
2:05we are going to throw a light on all
2:06those aspects and
2:08we start with you know the assumptions
2:10then you know that assumption fails and
2:11then alternate
2:12hypothesis comes into picture so how
2:15this process comes
2:16what is the modus operandi behind it we
2:18will definitely talk about all those
2:19aspects
2:21just you know recapitulate what we have
2:22done in our preceding lectures
2:24we start with the research preamble part
2:26of research where the
2:27the basic concept had been talked about
2:30you know how the research is going to be
2:31initiated then
2:32research thoughts are there then there
2:34are certain
2:35faqs frequently asked questions which
2:37are which are you know quite
2:39omnipresent in nature and comes in the
2:40mind of researchers when they are you
2:42know just entering into the world of
2:43research
2:44so what we observe that that
2:47you know these are the things which we
2:49have already covered and we have built
2:50the concept now and
2:51gradually you know we are just you know
2:53throwing a light on certain
2:54terminologies
2:55and once we accomplish all those
2:57terminologies then we start you know
2:58execute it so we start with building the
3:00concept then
3:02you know uh evaluate the process and
3:04then finally you know start implementing
3:06and then executing the process so
3:08this whole course you know talks about
3:09you know the complete uh
3:11regner kind of which which starts with
3:14research methodology
3:15methodology and statistical analysis are
3:17used in between so anyway research plan
3:19and research problem we have already
3:20talked about
3:21how we're going to plan your research
3:22and what are the problems which which
3:23comes in between and work as a stumbling
3:25blocks
3:26and how you're going to come out because
3:27if your planning is good if you have a
3:28long term vision
3:29very easily you can narrow down that
3:31that stumbling blocks that problem and
3:33finally you know you reach to the
3:34conclusion so
3:35this is all about you know and once you
3:37have got a knack of
3:38of research methodology or the research
3:40very easily you can use it
3:42you know once you go for the further
3:43research when you go for the doctoral
3:44programs or
3:46or you know or the future studies and
3:49finally you know the formulation of
3:50objective was there we have seen that
3:51objective is very important in gradient
3:53in our preceding lectures we have thrown
3:56a very
3:56you know uh very delicately about this
3:59this terminologies
4:00about the objectives and we see that how
4:03the gaps
4:04are converted into objectives and how
4:05objectives are you know helps in
4:07building the hypothesis so
4:08today discussion talks about you know
4:10how we are going to talk about the
4:12hypothesis and how these objectives are
4:14converted into hypotheses
4:15and and then these hypotheses are you
4:18know used in
4:18as a null hypothesis and alternate
4:20hypothesis so based on the you know the
4:22respondents
4:23how their respondents are going to
4:25reciprocate and this is the model which
4:27is there so anyway
4:28i think we start with uh with a theory
4:31of hypothesis
4:32and there is a there is a big difference
4:34between hypothesis and theory
4:36and if we if we see that the hypothesis
4:39talks about the scientific reasoning
4:41is an assumption made before any
4:42research has been completed for the sake
4:44of testing so i think
4:46we assume you know assumptions may be
4:48sometimes right sometimes wrong but
4:50what we observe that it all depends how
4:52you are presuming the things how you are
4:54assuming the things
4:55whereas you know when you talk about the
4:57theory a theory on the other hand is a
4:59principle set to explain phenomena
5:01already supported by a data
5:02so i think theory is more concrete in
5:04nature and when you talk when you
5:05compare with hypotheses
5:07hypothesis is based on assumptions
5:08whereas theory is based on
5:10you know the the data which which is you
5:12know more genuine in nature
5:14so so that they are building blocks
5:16which starts with hypothesis then
5:18develop a format then develop a theory
5:20so if you there's a difference between
5:21hypothesis and theory and hypothesis is
5:23the
5:24proposed explanation for some phenomena
5:26based on limited evidence whereas theory
5:28is an idea
5:29or set of ideas that is intended to
5:31explain facts or events
5:33so it's not scientifically tested or
5:36proven scientifically tested and proven
5:38if you talk about the theory
5:40and hypothesis is not because it's on
5:42the process of you know
5:44testing so sometimes you know the
5:45whatever the phenomena whatever the you
5:47know
5:48the uh this hypothesis you have taken
5:52maybe it it become accepted it be it's
5:55rejected so
5:56we will talk about all those things
5:57about the acceptance and and
5:59rejections in a very gradual manner you
6:01know we will take certain examples there
6:03are some real life scenarios there are
6:05certain examples
6:06which can definitely defend you know how
6:08this hypothesis is going to be
6:10change and what are the types of
6:11hypothesis that is more important
6:13because
6:13this is a presentation which talks about
6:16how you're going to build that concept
6:17of hypothesis
6:18once you once you are acclimatized
6:20yourself once you are equined with the
6:21with the hypothesis phenomena i think
6:23that is where you can very easily you
6:25know
6:25initiate your research because the
6:27backbone of any research is the
6:28hypothesis
6:29and the choosing the good objective we
6:31have already talked about that if your
6:33gap is explored and then you have chosen
6:35an objective
6:37which could be not more but could be in
6:39your fingertips
6:40and from there if you have framed the
6:42hypothesis and if that
6:43hypothesis are well versed and you know
6:46then you have
6:47taken alternative hypothesis then you
6:49have
6:50accepted or rejection model is there so
6:52we will definitely talk about all those
6:53things and based on limited data that is
6:55very true because
6:56when you talk about the hypothesis you
6:57have got certain constraints certain
6:59limitations is there
7:00and based on wide range of data i think
7:02theory is always believed in
7:04you know having a wide range of data and
7:06can lead to a theory can be formulated
7:08through a hypothesis that is very true
7:10because
7:11if you talk about hypotheses there are
7:13certain you know the secondary data
7:14which are there they are certain you
7:16know
7:16the literature which is there and when
7:18you go through that particular
7:19literature
7:20from there you find out certain gaps so
7:22while you know
7:24talking about the hypothesis you have to
7:26have certain theory in your mind
7:28or theory in your hand and from that
7:30theory you extract certain information
7:31then come to the
7:33certain hypothesis and when you talk
7:35about you know the theory
7:36it can be formulated through an
7:38hypothesis that is very true because
7:39when you
7:40apply the phenomena when you apply the
7:42tools of hypothesis
7:44you have null hypothesis then you have
7:46certain
7:47alternate hypothesis then you accept or
7:49reject and finally when you accept it
7:51it's it's become you know part and
7:54parcel of the research
7:55and when you start you know doing the
7:57research then very easily you come to
7:59the conclusion and that take a form of
8:00the theory so this is
8:02that considered to be you know the first
8:04information which you gathered or
8:05or you know taken extracted from the uh
8:09from the respondents to whom you have
8:11center floated the questionnaires so
8:13this is something which is there and
8:15when you talk about hypothesis
8:16hypothesis
8:17is a statement to guide research that is
8:19very true and
8:21and when you talk about prediction
8:22prediction is a is a guess of the
8:24outcome
8:25so uh if you the example is that you
8:28know getting eight hours of sleep makes
8:29more productive
8:31employees that is very true it's
8:32considered to be hypothesis but
8:34on the other hand prediction is if the
8:36individual gets eight hours of sleep
8:37then the individual will be more
8:39productive i think
8:40because it talks about you know
8:44the the thing which is there so
8:46hypothesis can be defined as an
8:48explanatory principle accounting for
8:49known facts in hypothetical
8:52thinking we want to know why something
8:54is true and we reason behind
8:56and we reason backward to find some
8:57explanation of for the facts
8:59one that makes sense of them so we use
9:01our imagination to find some reasons why
9:03things are
9:04the way they are and then you know these
9:06are considered to be a null hypothesis
9:08and then finally what happened we can
9:10we take alternative hypotheses and then
9:12we start you know
9:13doing the research and finally you know
9:15the respondents the two respondents you
9:17know the questionnaire need to be sent
9:18and then whatever they reciprocate
9:20we try to record it and then
9:23the sample which you are choosing and
9:25those who have reciprocate we
9:27accumulate all those data and then come
9:28to the conclusion so this is the modus
9:30operandi
9:31and once we build the concept you know
9:33gradually there are certain
9:34more terminologies which we throw a
9:36light on that and finally what happened
9:38after certain time you find out that
9:40when the concept is going to be
9:43mug up then very easily you can start
9:46you know using it you
9:47start you testing the concepts and then
9:49come to the conclusion so that is the
9:51beauty of this particular course
9:52if you talk about research methodology
9:54and statistical analysis it talks about
9:56the research from underneath to pinnacle
9:58and what we observe that there are many
10:00things which are taken into
10:01consideration
10:02and while you know certain concepts
10:04certain uh
10:06approaches so we will definitely throw a
10:08light and you
10:09feel that you know once you are equipped
10:11with this particular
10:12course very easily you can do your
10:15research in a more systematic manner
10:18so this is the point of discussion for
10:20today's discussion you know we have
10:22already talked about the research
10:23problem
10:24this is a chapter two and formulation of
10:26objective we have covered in our
10:27preceding sessions
10:28and this particular portion we are
10:30covering you know hypothesis
10:32meaning of hypothesis types of
10:33hypothesis is very important like you
10:35know descriptive
10:36or explanatory or null or alternative so
10:39we will
10:39talk about you know what are you know
10:41the different types of
10:42uh hypotheses and we will gradually you
10:45know take certain examples that is more
10:47important like
10:48how these examples are defending this
10:49particular type so that is where you
10:51know
10:51it can give the clear picture about the
10:53certain things and then testing of
10:55hypothesis
10:56and use of hypothesis how you are going
10:57to use the hypothesis because
11:00uh if you're not enough position to use
11:01the hypothesis you're not going to you
11:03know get the end results
11:04so for getting the end result for
11:05getting the respondent's view i think
11:07respond this hypothesis is quite
11:09important so hypothesis
11:11in research is is talking about uh
11:15testable answers to a scientific
11:16questions and
11:18which are more tentative in nature and
11:20hypothesis proposed explanation for a
11:22phenomena that is very true
11:23it's not it's a it's not a solid you
11:25know verdict but it's a proposed and
11:27maybe whatever we are proposing can be
11:30accepted can be rejected so we will see
11:32that
11:33how this procedure can work and
11:35hypothesis suggested solution for an
11:37unexplained occurrence that does not fit
11:40into current accepted scientific theory
11:42and what we observe that in hypothesis
11:44it leads to one or more predictions
11:46it's not like that you know you have you
11:49have only one
11:50one predictions or two productions it
11:52you have one or more predictions so
11:54that is the reason you know when we work
11:57on the basis of gaap and come to the
11:58objectives
11:59these objectives are converted into
12:00hypothesis and when you are having the
12:02hypothesis you have
12:04you have two or three vertex in between
12:07you know one talks about it can happen
12:09it cannot be happen and you know so on
12:12the basis of these things your
12:14predictions can somewhat
12:15accept it sometimes some somewhat some
12:17sometimes it could be rejected
12:19so the basic idea of a hypothesis is
12:21that there is no predetermined outcome
12:23that is very true because
12:25if you have a predetermined outcome in
12:26your mind i think you could be biased
12:28and sometimes you know that we have
12:30observed that the researchers are
12:31quite rigid in nature what they are
12:33thinking that whatever the hypothesis
12:35they have taken
12:36the null hypothesis they are taken it
12:38considered to be accepted
12:40so they are quite biased in their
12:42beginning stage so the
12:43uh the good point one should keep in
12:45mind that they should not be
12:47predetermined
12:48and uh let you know the respondents
12:50reciprocate because it's fine that you
12:52have gone through the literature you are
12:53expert in your particular area you are
12:55wizard in a particular area
12:56but when you are floating this
12:58particular hypothesis or questions
13:00among the among the masses among you
13:02know the big number of people i think
13:04when they receive procreate when they
13:05reply
13:06then you know the real challenge comes
13:08because the individual perception
13:10differs from
13:11from the from the opinion of you know
13:13the lot of people opinions
13:15so when a lot of people reply they have
13:16they are taking into consideration
13:18certain minds and sometimes in majority
13:20of cases what we observe that
13:22the null hypothesis you know the
13:23predictions or you know the opinion
13:25which we have taken in the very
13:26beginning
13:27seems to be you know rejected so
13:30uh yeah it's it's a it's a you know part
13:33of the life which is going on so
13:34so that that could be you know the the
13:38methodology which we are going on so for
13:40a hypothesis to be scientific hypothesis
13:42the scientific methods
13:43require that one can test it and we will
13:46definitely talk about when we are
13:47starting testing the hypothesis
13:49we try to you know take some more
13:51examples which can which can you know
13:53defend the certain questions which which
13:56comes in the mind of the researchers
13:58or the grassroots researchers who have
14:00just you know initiated their research
14:01so scientists generally base
14:03scientific hypothesis on previous
14:04observations that cannot satisfactorily
14:07be explained with the available
14:08scientific theories
14:09and what is hypothesis and research you
14:11know hypothesis is a special statement
14:13of prediction i have already
14:14thrown a light it describes in concrete
14:17rather than theoretical
14:18so terms what you expect will happen in
14:21a study and not all studies have
14:23hypothesis
14:23that is very true sometimes you know
14:25there are certain things which are which
14:27goes in a stereotype manner
14:28which goes in a straightforward manner
14:30so there you know
14:31the hypothesis is not going to apply and
14:33if there could be certain
14:35if there could not be no alternatives i
14:36think in that case we have to be
14:39follow whatever the null hypothesis we
14:40have taken and sometimes the study is
14:42designed to be
14:43exploratory and inductive research is
14:45there so hypothesis is used in an
14:47experiment to define the relationship
14:49between two variables there are one
14:50variables which talks about you know one
14:53thing and other variables talks about
14:54that so
14:55we will definitely talk about what are
14:57the variables and how this
14:58relationship is going to be con done
15:00between bridge between the two variables
15:02the purpose of hypothesis is to find the
15:04answers to a question
15:06and that is very true they are when we
15:08have certain hypothesis null hypothesis
15:10and once we start you know doing the
15:13research
15:14the the alternate hypothesis also comes
15:16so it is going to
15:17uh the the questions which researchers
15:20had framed
15:21is going to come to them the independent
15:23variable in in our previous example is
15:25not
15:25studying for a test and the dependent
15:27variable that you are using to measure
15:28outcome
15:29is your test score so what we have seen
15:32that hypothesis should always explain
15:33what you expect to happen
15:35be clear and understandable be testable
15:38and be measurable i think that is
15:40something which is there it's not like
15:42that
15:43you should always you know expect the
15:45things
15:46in a in a very simple manner always
15:49believes in test
15:51there are certain tests which are there
15:52and there are certain statistical tool
15:54also
15:54like t tests and over tests and all so
15:56how these are going to
15:58you know test the hypothesis and they
16:00are certain you know
16:02the manual way of checking the
16:03hypothesis but when the data is gigantic
16:06in nature when the data is different
16:08shape i think the test is going to
16:10statistical test is going to play a very
16:12vital role
16:13and you how you're going to measure that
16:14is more important so contain an
16:17independent and dependent variable their
16:18independent variable their dependent
16:20variable and how
16:21it is going to be have a combination of
16:23that that need to be taken care so
16:26now this is very important thing because
16:28when we talk about the hypothesis i
16:29think there are certain types which need
16:31to be
16:31highlighted in a more more elaborative
16:34manner so explanatory hypotheses are
16:36there then descriptive hypotheses are
16:38there then
16:39analogical hypotheses are there then
16:41working hypotheses are there then
16:43null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis
16:45are there then
16:46strategical hypothesis are there so when
16:49we are going to use this hypothesis it's
16:51it's
16:51uh it's there there's no thumb rule
16:53behind that it's not like that and
16:54there's no rocket science that
16:56you can you know start with the with one
16:58hypothesis and you are adhered or
17:00rigid to that very easily you can you
17:02know switch over yourself very easily
17:03you can you know move into based on the
17:04circumstances
17:06based on the scenario scenario and
17:08sometimes you know the
17:09the based on the sample size also some
17:11sometimes what you observe that the
17:12sample size
17:13uh sample sampling collecting the
17:17sample you know collection of data
17:18through sampling is you know it's a very
17:21cumbersome task so in in that case they
17:22are certain you know the
17:23methodology which are going to apply so
17:25we will talk one by one if you talk
17:27about you know the explanatory
17:28hypothesis which is usually called
17:32the relational hypothesis it describes
17:34relationship between two variables
17:35and relationship may be positive maybe
17:37negative may
17:38or you know may or having a causal
17:40effect so this type of hypothesis
17:42explain the happenings of phenomena like
17:44families with higher income spends more
17:46for recreation foreign goods are
17:48perceived by indian consumers to be
17:49better quality than domestic goods
17:51so what we have observed that there are
17:53certain relationship which is which is
17:55linked with that
17:56so if you talk about this particular
17:58explanatory hypothesis we must devise a
17:59set of experimental conditions
18:01under which something specific will
18:03occur if the hypothesis is correct but
18:05it will not occur
18:06if the hypothesis is incorrect so in
18:08that case what happened the null
18:10hypothesis you have taken
18:11become rejected and then you can you
18:13have accept you are going you have no
18:15option but to accept the
18:16alternate hypothesis so there are
18:18therefore our test must meet two
18:20exacting criteria it must predict what
18:21will happen if explanation is correct
18:23it must predict what will not happen if
18:25the explanation is wrong
18:26so this is the explanatory study and now
18:29the second one is descriptive hypothesis
18:31and this this hypothesis describe the
18:34cause and effect relationship of a
18:35phenomena
18:36group like you know the example group
18:38study helps to achieve high marks in
18:39examination
18:40and public enterprise are more amenable
18:42to for centralized planning so
18:44what we observe that you know the this
18:47descriptive hypothesis model is there
18:49and preposition that
18:50state the existence size form or
18:52distribution of some variable are
18:54are into picture and variable can be
18:56object it can be person organization
18:58situation or
18:59event so it's not like that you can just
19:02you know
19:02confine to certain things but it can be
19:04object person organization situation or
19:06event
19:07and and if you talk about analogical
19:09hypothesis when we formulate a
19:11hypothesis on the basis of similarities
19:13analogy it is called an analogical
19:15hypothesis like families with higher
19:17earning invest more surplus income on
19:19long term investments
19:20so what we have observed that there are
19:24certain similarities
19:25that if the income is high if your
19:26paying capacity is more if your spending
19:28capacity is more very easily you can buy
19:30some
19:31it's it's occurred with you know the
19:32elite goods or what you observe that
19:34they are there certain you know items
19:36which are quite expensive in nature and
19:38it it scattered the particular segment
19:41so like you know the
19:43uh the expensive cars you know the
19:45brands like the masteries or you know
19:47the bmws and which is you know having a
19:50different segment so
19:51and you know on the other hand there are
19:53certain you know gadgets
19:54which are which are going to cater the
19:55particular class and creed like the
19:57apple phones have got a different
19:58segment whereas
19:59you know the the the phone which are in
20:02the bracket of 10 to 15 000 rupees
20:05are you know cater the different class
20:07include so
20:08this is basically a model which is there
20:10and when you talk about the working
20:11hypothesis sometimes certain facts
20:13cannot be explained
20:14adequately by existing hypothesis and
20:16now no new hypothesis comes up
20:18thus the investigation is held up in
20:20this situation a researcher tried to
20:22formulate hypothesis which enables
20:24continued investigation so
20:25continue like you know framed initially
20:27may not be very specific subject to
20:29modification
20:30or when existing data is insufficient so
20:32in that case you work on the continuing
20:34investigation and this the and you start
20:37you know working and
20:38then in a routine manner you come to the
20:40conclusion or you know
20:41when you start doing the process because
20:43certain changes which are coming up in a
20:45very frequent manner
20:46and these how to we are going to
20:49stop the changes for that you know
20:51working hypothesis will be there
20:53so it's it could be quite perpetual in
20:54nature it could be quite you know
20:56movement specific where you can start
20:59your hypothesis testing
21:00in a routine manner and it can go up to
21:02you know till the research is
21:04on the final end so this is the model
21:07which is there
21:08and and there are certain examples which
21:11are
21:12which are which are there so now you
21:15know the null and alternative hypothesis
21:17is there if you talk about
21:18this particular hypothesis uh
21:21we have already talked about null
21:23hypothesis which stands with
21:25h0 or alternate hypothesis which stands
21:28with h1
21:29so so null hypothesis is denoted and the
21:31alternate hypothesis is noted as h1 or
21:33ha
21:34which we use called as uh alternate
21:36hypothesis so null hypothesis is the one
21:38to be tested and alternate
21:40is very is everything else so null
21:42hypothesis is a general statement that
21:43states that there is no relationship
21:45between two phenomena
21:46under consideration or that is there no
21:48association between
21:49two groups so an alternative hypothesis
21:52is a statement that describes that there
21:54is a relationship between two selected
21:55variables in a study
21:56and when you know when you start with
21:59the null hypothesis then you have
22:00certain alternative hypothesis and
22:02finally
22:02if null hypothesis is rejected then
22:05alternate hypothesis is accepted
22:07so the assumption is beginning with the
22:08opposite of what you are testing
22:10so alternate hypothesis is the claim you
22:13are testing
22:14and when you talk about the null
22:16hypothesis the null hypothesis assumes
22:18that there is no relationship
22:19between two variables and that
22:21controlling one variable has no effect
22:23on the
22:23other end like you know the cat show no
22:26preference for food
22:28based on shape plant growth is not
22:30affected by light color
22:32is has no effect on musical ability so
22:35these are considered to be the null
22:36hypothesis
22:37and when you go more into the backdrop
22:39of null hypothesis i think
22:42this is a statement that denies the
22:44working hypothesis
22:45predicts that there is no relationship
22:47between two variables cannot exist in
22:49reality
22:50an assumption that will maintain by the
22:51researcher unless the analysis of data
22:53provide
22:54significant evidence prove it and denote
22:56it as ho i have already talked about as
22:580 or we can say
23:00for example you know this is example
23:01which is linked with alternative
23:03hypothesis also
23:04in clinical trial there is no
23:05significant dis difference between two
23:07drugs
23:08this is this is considered to be the
23:09null hypothesis now when we move to
23:11alternative hypothesis the hypothesis to
23:13be accepted when
23:14hypothesis is rejected that is very true
23:17and denoted by h 1
23:18or h a we have talked about and if you
23:20see the particular statement which we
23:22have used in the
23:23null hypothesis we are creating a
23:25replica of that in clinical trial there
23:26is no significant difference between two
23:28drugs
23:29this was null hypothesis and now
23:31alternate hypothesis
23:32is in clinical trials and the new drug
23:34is better than the current drug
23:36so so why we are putting this hypothesis
23:40because
23:40when we start the research we have
23:42certain presumptions certain assumptions
23:43in our mind
23:44that we start our journey with this
23:46particular framework with this
23:47particular statement
23:48but when it is you know floated to the
23:50respondent to the to the you know the
23:52group of people
23:53to the masses and when the masses you
23:55know reciprocates i think
23:56from there you know the the problem
23:58comes because or the answer comes
24:00because they
24:01have a different bent of mind they have
24:02a different flavor and then
24:04you know the things are there so anyway
24:06i think statistical hypothesis is
24:08are the statement derived from a sample
24:10these are qualitative in nature and are
24:12numerically measurable
24:14for example the market share of product
24:15x is 70 percent the average life of tube
24:18light is two thousand hours etc
24:20so now uh what we are going to do
24:24uh how to formulate an effective
24:25hypothesis that is their state the
24:27problems that you are trying to solve
24:29make sure that hypothesis clearly
24:30defines the topic and focus
24:33of the experiment try to write the
24:34hypothesis as
24:36as an if then statement define the
24:39variables
24:40i think i think steps in hypothesis
24:42testing is data
24:44state hypothesis select test statistics
24:46calculate test statistic
24:48if you are going to conclude ho may be
24:50true do not reject
24:51and can and this ha is true
24:55so anyway i think we are going to wind
24:56up now and we have already talked about
24:59this particular
25:00phenomena and if you talk about the use
25:02of hypothesis
25:03starting point for many research work it
25:05helps in deciding the direction in which
25:06to proceed
25:07its help in selecting and collecting
25:09pertinent facts it is an aid to
25:11explanation
25:12it helps in drawing specific conclusions
25:14and then testing theories are there
25:16and it works on the future knowledge i
25:18think we have
25:19we have thrown a light on hypothesis in
25:21a very elaborate manner and
25:23starting with you know the types and and
25:25what are the concept which are behind
25:27the assumptions so and the whole
25:28research you know starts with the
25:29assumption and
25:30read and it and then you lead to the
25:32final conclusion which is
25:33more you know realistic in nature so
25:35hypothesis starts with assumption
25:37and talks about the realistic approach
25:39and then you know the model is applied
25:42and i think i we could wind up in our
25:45in our forthcoming session we are going
25:47to talk more about you know the certain
25:48phenomena which are going to be useful
25:50related to that and then once we build
25:53up the concept then very easily we can
25:55apply the the concept in testing the
25:59the the research and other things thank
26:01you very much
26:10[Music]
26:18you

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