History of Britain in 20 Minutes — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:07the United Kingdom is a nation located in the British Isles made up of England
2. 0:12Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland
3. 0:18thousands of years ago the Isles were inhabited by long-forgotten pre-celtic
4. 0:22people known as the beaker culture named for their distinctive pottery beakers
5. 0:28little is known of them but it has been suggested that these people laid the
6. 0:32foundations for the mysterious stonehenge a series of heavy standing
7. 0:37stones which were transported from 150 miles away and arranged to form a
8. 0:42calendar marking the days of the summer and winter solstice over time waves of
9. 0:48Celtic speaking people arrived from the European continent who soon came to form
10. 0:53the brittonic Gaelic and Pictish people these people were not a unified people
11. 0:58but were rather many tribes who shared a similar pagan religion language and
12. 1:03culture the Romans invaded conquering what's now England and Wales but failed
13. 1:09to conquer the Pictish tribes to the north the Romans launched several
14. 1:14campaigns into this land they called Caledonia however their fortifications
15. 1:19were soon overrun and abandoned and they retreated to Hadrian's Wall their
16. 1:25conquered lands were incorporated into the Roman Empire becoming the province
17. 1:29of Britannia they brought Roman customs and laws
18. 1:32improved infrastructure and connected many towns and cities with Roman roads
19. 1:37when the Romans left there was a great migration of Germanic tribes these were
20. 1:43the Jutes Angles and Saxons with their language Old English their settlement
21. 1:48pushed many Britons to areas in Wales Brittany and a kingdom known as Domino
22. 1:53Nia while Scotland eventually evolved into four kingdoms thus most of these
23. 1:58were the Scots who were originally from Ireland the Britons of Strathclyde the
24. 2:02anglo-saxon kingdom of Benicia and the pics of Alba
25. 2:06for unknown reasons the Jutes disappeared from history but the Angles
26. 2:10and Saxons eventually formed Seven Kingdoms Wessex Sussex Kent Essex East
27. 2:18Anglia Murcia and Benicia became Northumbria after the collapse of Domino
28. 2:23Nia the remaining territory of Cornwall fought against the powerful kingdom of
29. 2:27Wessex corn will eventually fall under the control of Wessex but it managed to
30. 2:31keep its own culture Wales at this point was also made up of several separate
31. 2:36kingdoms the largest being Gwynedd in the North poets in the East and differed
32. 2:41to the south the British Isles soon saw numerous Norse raiders from Scandinavia
33. 2:47these were the Vikings and they began settlement on many of the Scottish Isles
34. 2:51the Isle of Man and they even founded the city of Dublin in Ireland the Scots
35. 2:57in the pics then decided to unite under Kenneth MacAlpine to form the Kingdom of
36. 3:01Alba the kingdom of albergue grew strong over the years and eventually
37. 3:05Strathclyde was bought into the fault meanwhile Danish Vikings arrived in the
38. 3:10Anglo Saxon kingdoms for conquest after fighting the king of Wessex Alfred the
39. 3:15Great the Danelaw was formed a land where the laws of the Danes held
40. 3:19influence over the anglo-saxons controlling the region and its affairs
41. 3:24the anglo-saxons eventually defeated the last Viking king of York Erich blood
42. 3:29acts and Athelstan became the first king of the English although the newly formed
43. 3:34Kingdom of Denmark would conquer England and even found a short-lived Danish
44. 3:39dynasty under Knut the Norseman had a dramatic impact on the Isles so it's no
45. 3:44wonder some words in the English language have Norse origin after
46. 3:48defeating formidable sea Raiders from Ireland the Western Isles Scandinavia
47. 3:53and anglo-saxon forces from Murcia were fed up Llewellyn's subdued his rivals in
48. 3:58southwest Wales Llewellyn became the only Welsh King ever to rule over the
49. 4:04entire territory of Wales he was defeated by the English Earl Harold
50. 4:08Godwinson and killed by his own men leading to the Welsh kingdoms splitting
51. 4:12apart once more at the death of Edward the Confessor there was a succession
52. 4:18dispute between four claimants Harold Godwinson was elected as king and
53. 4:22managed to defend England from an invasion by the Norwegian King Harald
54. 4:26Hardrada however Howard had semaj his army south to defend against yook
55. 4:31William of Normandy who could cross the English Channel according to tradition
56. 4:36at the Battle of Hastings Harald was killed by an arrow to the eye and the
57. 4:39Norman invaders were victorious the new King William defeated a number of
58. 4:44rebellions built a new design of castles called moats and Bailey's and introduced
59. 4:48a number of reforms like trial by combat and the Domesday book the Norman dynasty
60. 4:54invaded into South Wales and parts of Ireland creating the lordship of Ireland
61. 4:58at court Nobles spoken conducted sessions in the anglo-norman language
62. 5:03which endured for centuries and left an incredible mark in development of modern
63. 5:07English after a brief Civil War henry ii would
64. 5:11marry Eleanor of Aquitaine establishing the Angevin Empire beginning a long
65. 5:16rivalry against France Richard the Lionheart defended much of this
66. 5:20territory and also became a central Christian commander during the Third
67. 5:24Crusade achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterparts Saladin
68. 5:29under king john heavy taxes were imposed on his barons in order to pay for his
69. 5:34expensive Foreign Wars the Baron's rebelled and forced John to sign the
70. 5:39Magna Carta a charter that established the principle that everyone was subject
71. 5:43to the law even the king guaranteeing the rights of individuals the right to
72. 5:48justice and the right to a fair trial most of North Wales remained
73. 5:53independently ruled by several Welsh princes until twelve sixteen when
74. 5:57Llewellyn the Great became the ruler of the Principality of Wales this would be
75. 6:01the case until it but the first who conquered Wales in 1284 effectively
76. 6:06becoming parts England at the death of King Alexander the third
77. 6:10Scotland was left with 14 rivals for succession to prevent civil war the
78. 6:15Scottish magnates asked Edward the first of England to elect a claimant John
79. 6:20Balliol was elected King but was constantly undermined by Edward who
80. 6:24opposed Scottish independence Edward decided to launch several campaigns to
81. 6:29conquer Scotland and depose King John to which he acquired the nickname hammer of
82. 6:33the Scots under a brave Scottish Knight William Wallace the Scots mounted
83. 6:38resistance against the English defeating them at the Battle of Stirling Bridge
84. 6:41Edward marched north in person and defeated Wallace in battle but Wallace
85. 6:46managed to escape he was later captured and executed but his efforts allowed
86. 6:51Robert the Bruce to rise up and defeat the English securing Scottish
87. 6:54independence when the King of France died without an heir Edward the third
88. 6:59was technically eligible to the crown through his mother the French Court
89. 7:03denied his claim and instead installed Philip of Valois Edward paid homage to
90. 7:08Philip as he owned the lands of Gascony and was essentially a vassal to the King
91. 7:12of France due to disagreements Edward reasserted
92. 7:15his claim to the throne and invaded France beginning the Hundred Years War
93. 7:20the English achieved notable victories at the Battle of Crecy Poitiers and
94. 7:25Agincourt thanks to the technical superiority of the longbow but was
95. 7:29unable to conquer the French with the appearance of Joan of Arc who lifted the
96. 7:33French spirit and turned the tide of the war upon the death of Edward the third
97. 7:37an entire generation was skipped in the line of succession which prompted bitter
98. 7:41rivalry between several claimants most notably were the houses of York and
99. 7:46Lancaster tensions were high until a bloody age of warfare erupted between
100. 7:51these two factions in the Wars of the Roses it's so in-depth and complicated
101. 7:56this period would likely become a video of its own the wars ended with the
102. 8:00arrival of the Tudor dynasty Henry the eighth wanting a divorce split with the
103. 8:04church creating his own Church of England this ultimately led to a series
104. 8:09of religious differences between future English monarchs in between his six
105. 8:13wives and naval adventures Henry gave Wales representation in Parliament and
106. 8:17created the kingdom of Ireland but realistically he only
107. 8:21controlled an area known as the pale in addition Henry's paranoia and suspicion
108. 8:26amounted to tens of thousands of executions including his friends and
109. 8:30wives during the 16th century the largest of most powerful Empire was
110. 8:35Spain under king philip ii england under Elizabeth the first were helping Dutch
111. 8:41rebels reject Spanish rule and many English privateers were also
112. 8:45intercepting Spanish silver on its journey back from the new world this
113. 8:50angered the spanish king and the final straw came when Elizabeth had Mary Queen
114. 8:54of Scots executed because she did not want Scotland falling under Catholicism
115. 8:59the Spanish Armada consisting of 130 ships was deployed to invade England at
116. 9:05the Battle of Gravelines and English victory forced the Spanish fleet to sail
117. 9:08around the British Isles before storms in the north of Scotland destroyed the
118. 9:12remaining ships in metallian the english led by Sir Francis Drake amassed their
119. 9:18own Armada to invade Spain but this too became a failed endeavor born in this
120. 9:23period William Shakespeare became a renowned poet playwright and actor who
121. 9:28contributed significantly to English literature when Queen Elizabeth of
122. 9:32England died without an heir her closest male relative was James the sixth of
123. 9:36Scotland James was elected as King of England and
124. 9:38Scotland in a personal Union although the country's remain separate
125. 9:43political entities as the first monarch to rule the entire island of Great
126. 9:47Britain several assassination attempts were made by Catholic conspirators one
127. 9:52such assassination attempt was the Gunpowder Plot by Guy Fawkes who tried
128. 9:56to blow at Parliament's after a failed colony known as Roanoke England
129. 10:01established a successful colony known as Jamestown which would eventually evolved
130. 10:05into the 13 colonies at first expeditions to the new world were mainly
131. 10:10driven by religious motives which were predominantly to convert the natives to
132. 10:14their faith but colonies became more profitable as demand for new world crops
133. 10:19like tobacco and sugar increased British ships also made a monopoly on the
134. 10:24transportation of captive African slaves that crossed the Atlantic to the
135. 10:28Americas millions of Africans were shipped in cramped horrific conditions
136. 10:32to work on brutal plantation in the Americas and essentially became
137. 10:37property to their masters for 300 years this practice continued in the British
138. 10:41Empire until it was fully abolished in 1833 this period also saw a wave of
139. 10:47plantations in Ireland where Irish lands were confiscated and given to English
140. 10:51and Scottish settlers tensions would rise between Charles the first and
141. 10:55Parliament following disagreements conflicts between Royal and
142. 10:59parliamentary authority within England led to the English Civil War the country
143. 11:03became divided between parliamentarians known as the Roundheads and Royalists
144. 11:07known as the Cavaliers under Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army the
145. 11:11parliamentarians defeated Charles and executed him for treason cromwell became
146. 11:16Lord Protector and dissolved the monarchy but shortly after his death it
147. 11:20was restored under charles ii charles ii married Catherine of Braganza and when
148. 11:26she arrived from Portugal she introduced the greatest beverage of all the time TEA
149. 11:32Tea had been used by China for centuries but its arrival in the 17th century
150. 11:36captured the interest of the English aristocracy and soon captivated every
151. 11:41other Englishman in 1685 a catholic James ii became king in a largely
152. 11:47Protestant nation James's daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William would both
153. 11:52Protestant and many Nobles unhappy with the Catholic King invited William to
154. 11:57become King William found considerable support when he invaded and he was soon
155. 12:02crowned King William the third in what became known as the Glorious Revolution
156. 12:06although Williams supporters dominated the government there remained a
157. 12:10significant following for James ii in the scottish highlands clan MacDonald of
158. 12:16Glencoe was one such group who had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to
159. 12:19the new monarch for this reason alone 38 members of the clan were murdered in
160. 12:24what became known as the massacre of Glencoe after Scotland's failed colonial
161. 12:28endeavours in Nova Scotia and Panama and an economic crisis in the 1690s there
162. 12:34was a union between England and Scotland forming the United Kingdom of Great
163. 12:38Britain the House of Stuart's had ruled Britain for just over a century but
164. 12:42ended with the death of Queen Anne Sophia of Hanover
165. 12:46the granddaughter of James the first and her son George became King Great Britain
166. 12:52soon found itself drawn into several European Wars most notable being the war
167. 12:57of the Spanish Succession and the Seven Years War victories in these Wars
168. 13:01resulted in territory for the Empire particularly in North America although
169. 13:05it resulted in considerable debts in order to make up for this debt King
170. 13:10George the third ordered heavy taxes be placed on the thirteen colonies this
171. 13:15among other reasons culminated into the American War of Independence and with
172. 13:20financial help from France and Spain the Americans were victorious the East
173. 13:24India Company which was founded by Elizabeth the first had grown rapidly
174. 13:28and even operated its own military and controlled a sizable amount of territory
175. 13:34the company had set up fortified warehouses where they traded with many
176. 13:38India rulers acquiring important luxuries like
177. 13:41textiles and spices one of the most important cities of all was Bengal as it
178. 13:48had a large taxable population the governor of Bengal robert clive ordered
179. 13:52that the population grow opium to export to China instead of growing food as it
180. 13:57proved to be a great source of income however when a famine struck it resulted
181. 14:02in the deaths of millions of people meanwhile Captain James Cook arrived at
182. 14:07New Zealand and the southeast coast of Australia although he wasn't the first
183. 14:11to discover the area because of past Portuguese and Dutch explorers however
184. 14:16unlike the Dutch of Portuguese Britain claimed as their new penal colony known
185. 14:21as New South Wales with the first convicts arriving in 1778 a new threats
186. 14:27had emerged from France French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
187. 14:31Music
188. 14:40Napoleon had come to dominate most of Europe but Britain's advantage was that
189. 14:44she was an island and the Royal Navy had become a major force at sea invasion of
190. 14:49Britain was near impossible and in a series of coalition's Napoleon was
191. 14:53defeated by the end of the Napoleonic Wars Britain was growing rapidly into a
192. 14:58superpower based on their supremacy of naval engineering furthermore in Ireland
193. 15:03the great famine struck a disease killing potato plants Ireland which had
194. 15:10merged with Britain relied heavily on this crop for food but the British
195. 15:14government forced Ireland to export what little food they had to other areas
196. 15:19without any aid or food Ireland's population plummeted by half due to
197. 15:24starvation and emigration to countries like the United States things weren't
198. 15:30looking so great in India either as India was rebelling against company rule
199. 15:35the East India Company had employed many Indian soldiers known as sepoys who
200. 15:40were under the command of British soldiers these sepoys grew increasingly
201. 15:44unhappy and a revolt soon occurred yet it quickly failed due to a lack of unity
202. 15:49between Indians after the rebellion the British government took direct control
203. 15:53with Queen Victoria being declared Empress of India during the 19th century
204. 15:59the world was forever changed by the Industrial Revolution society was
205. 16:03transformed by technological advances and increasing mechanization and would
206. 16:07launch Britain to global dominance some of the greatest innovations and
207. 16:11inventions were the sewing machine the fire extinguisher steam powered engines
208. 16:16and turbines the electric motor and photography The Telegraph was also a
209. 16:20major invention as a message could now be sent from Britain to India in a
210. 16:24matter of hours the establishment of railways and trains also transformed
211. 16:28transport forever instead of travelling days by horse and carriage it now only
212. 16:32took a matter of hours by train engineering and communication advance is
213. 16:36not only United the Empire they triggered a manufacturing boom like no
214. 16:40other people flocked from rural areas to city centres for jobs
215. 16:44productivity reached an all-time high but the consequences of mass migration
216. 16:48resulted in extremely cramped and polluted
217. 16:51cities however with these problems that were generated it resulted in an
218. 16:55improved sewage system Newcastle focused on shipbuilding
219. 17:00Manchester the cotton industry Liverpool became a major trading centre
220. 17:04Middlesbrough fixated itself on iron and steel works the presence of iron ore
221. 17:09limestone and large coal deposits in the West Midlands and southeast Wales
222. 17:13prompted the establishment of ironworks and Scotland boomed in the linen
223. 17:17industry the Victorian era also saw a major change in society as families from
224. 17:23the poorest backgrounds gained access to education although it was much stricter
225. 17:27than today's standards the 1860s also saw the rise of the greatest food
226. 17:33combination ever fish and chips towards the end of the 19th century European
227. 17:39powers came together at the Berlin conference to divide Africa between them
228. 17:43a group in South Africa known as the Boers who originally Dutch settlers
229. 17:48proved difficult for the British the Boers lived in two nations the free
230. 17:53orange states and the Republic of Transvaal and both resisted British rule
231. 17:58using guerilla warfare to counter this the British placed many women and
232. 18:02children in their tens of thousands into concentration camps when many died from
233. 18:07starvation and disease Britain became a major player in the First World War and
234. 18:12many men proudly volunteered to serve and protect their country the Great War
235. 18:17as it was called saw the use of new technology such as dreadnoughts
236. 18:20warplanes artillery machine guns grenades chemical weapons
237. 18:25bolt-action rifles and the first use of the tank many faced horrific conditions
238. 18:31in the trenches and witness groups of battles millions died and many returned
239. 18:36home shell shocked by what they had seen the Empire reached its territorial
240. 18:40heights in 1921 after gaining territory from Germany and the crumbling Ottoman
241. 18:45Empire the Empire now ruled over 400 million people and controlled one
242. 18:50quarter of the world's land mass but the reality was Britain could no longer
243. 18:54afford to build bases or ships to defend its empire as it had before
244. 18:5919:14 Ireland finally managed to break away from British rule and formed the
245. 19:04Irish free states and shortly after became a republic the Second World War
246. 19:09was more brutal and horrific than the first most of Europe had fallen under
247. 19:14German occupation and under Prime Minister Winston Churchill Britain stood
248. 19:18strong during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz Britain were extremely
249. 19:23successful at intercepting and decoding enemy communications with the likes of
250. 19:28Alan Turing who cracked the German Enigma code the war ended with an allied
251. 19:33victory but many nations within the Empire felt a desire for independence
252. 19:36and it was clear the Empire was about to break India was one such nation who were
253. 19:42ready to declare their independence Mohandas Gandhi practiced a nonviolent
254. 19:46approach and this proved successful are shortly after India gained independence
255. 19:52the Commonwealth of Nations was formed to improve relations and economic ties
256. 19:56with former colonies this still remains today with 53 members united by language
257. 20:02history culture and shared values of democracy the British Empire officially
258. 20:08ended with Hong Kong Britain's last colony being handed over to China in
259. 20:121997 the Empire committed many atrocities on many different people
260. 20:17imposing their culture and civilization while often wiping out native ones on
261. 20:23the other hand this brought about globalization and the uniting of the
262. 20:27modern world and without such innovations and industrialization the
263. 20:32world might have been a very different place the United Kingdom suffered a
264. 20:36small economic recession in 2008 but has since recovered it is a multicultural
265. 20:41society with each region retaining a presence of its history and culture if
266. 20:46you ever visit look out for the Welsh cake the haggis the whiskey the Chelsea
267. 20:52bun the par mo the Cumberland sausage the Yorkshire pudding or the Cornish
268. 20:57pasty the UK remains a member of NATO United
269. 21:02Nations and the World Trade Organization and uses the pound currency in 2016 a
270. 21:08referendum resulted in 51.9% of voters in favor to leave the European Union
271. 21:14although the countries within the United Kingdom became divided on the matter
272. 21:18leading to the many questions of its future unity thank you for watching
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