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HISTORIA DE LOS APELLIDOS (Video Completo) — Transcript

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0:28The history of surnames is the tie that
0:30binds individuals through time and is
0:33the history of a family's most secure
0:36possession. Every surname in the world
0:39has a meaning and a history. 5,000
0:46years ago in China, under the rule of
0:50the legendary Emperor Fuxi, surnames
0:53became mandatory for all inhabitants of
0:57the empire. They were surnames
1:01inherited from their mothers, that is,
1:04matronymic. And they weren't written
1:07after the name either, but rather, as
1:10they do to this day, they write them as
1:12the first name. In 1500 BC, during the
1:22Shang dynasty, surnames began to be
1:27inherited from fathers and became
1:31patronymic. The family name as such
1:40makes its first appearance in ancient
1:43Roman society. In ancient Rome, there
1:50was a naming convention for Roman
1:52citizens called tria nomina, consisting
1:56of three or sometimes four names. The
2:03praenomen was the first name or given
2:06name. The nomen was the name of the
2:10gens or clan to which the family
2:12belonged. The cognomen was the name of
2:17that family within the gens, and
2:19sometimes the agnomen, a personal
2:21nickname, was added to the official
2:23name, such as the name of this general,
2:29Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus.
2:33Publius is the first name or given name
2:36. Cornelius is the nomen of the gens.
2:43Scipio is the cognomen or the name of
2:46the family branch belonging to that
2:48gens. And Africanus is the nickname
2:51given to him for defeating Hannibal in
2:54the Second Punic War in North Africa.
2:58Roman women did not usually use a first
3:01name and were known by the feminine
3:04form of their father's or mother's
3:07nomen. To differentiate mother and
3:10daughter, they used nicknames like
3:12major or minor. The year 410. Alaric,
3:18king of the Visigoths, invades and
3:23sacks Rome. This was the beginning of
3:28the collapse of the vast Roman Empire.
3:34After this, the following centuries
3:36were called the Middle Ages. Western
3:41Europe achieved a new and complete
3:44civilization of its own with other
3:53kings, castles, and with the Church as
4:08the authority for the spiritual life of
4:10all Christendom. In this new society,
4:20the Roman naming convention was
4:22forgotten and abandoned. Only the
4:25nobility used surnames. Common people
4:28used only their first given name. In
4:33the year 898, King Ordoño II of León
4:37made a donation to the Monastery of San
4:41Pedro de Montes in Ponferrada. In the
4:46document, we can observe primitive
4:48forms of Spanish surnames that not
4:50everyone used. More than six centuries
4:59passed before people began to use
5:02surnames added to their first name. In
5:08the 11th century, the population grew
5:11in an unexpected way. It then became
5:16necessary to identify people who shared
5:19the same first name. Even notaries
5:25requested that contracts be drawn up
5:28with first and last names to identify
5:31who was who in inheritances and
5:34legacies. It was customary at that time
5:39to call someone, for example, John the
5:42Miller, Peter the Thin, or Michael the
5:44baker. In 1501, Cardinal Cisneros,
5:54Archbishop of Toledo, ordered all
5:57individuals to adopt the surnames given
6:00to them by their parents and for these
6:02surnames to be fixed. as family
6:06surnames. In 1538, Thomas Cromwell, as
6:13Vicar General to King Henry VIII,
6:16ordered that all parishes must keep a
6:20book registering the names of those who
6:23were baptized, married, or buried. This
6:28is the official birth of surnames in
6:32England. In 1539, the Ordinance of
6:35Villers-Cotterêts was promulgated by
6:38King Francis I of France. Priests were
6:43asked to keep detailed records of all
6:46marriages, births, and deaths. This was
6:52the legal birth of surnames in France.
6:57In 1564, at the Council of Trent in
7:02Rome, all parishes in all European
7:05nations were ordered to keep detailed
7:09records with the first and last names
7:12of all births, marriages, and deaths.
7:17This was the official birth of surnames
7:20throughout Europe.
7:35The patronymic is a name added to the
7:37first name that identifies individuals
7:40through their filial relationship with
7:42their parents. It can be composed of a
7:47prefix or a suffix indicating "son of."
7:53Originally, patronymics were personal
7:56names, not family names. Each person in
8:00the family had their own surname based
8:03on their father's name. The people of
8:07Iceland still preserve that tradition
8:10of personal surnames. They have
8:13personal patronymic surnames, but not
8:16family surnames. Later, the same
8:19patronymic was inherited through
8:22successive generations and transformed
8:25into a family surname. "Son of" means
8:32the Spanish genitive patronymic "es,"
8:35which has its origin in the Latin
8:37genitive "is," also influenced by the
8:40patronymic genitives of the Visigoths.
8:46The Visigoths who invaded Spain at the
8:48fall of the Roman Empire did not have
8:51family names, only individual names.
8:54Over time, those Germanic names were
8:57Latinized and took on the form that
8:59their Romance language was undergoing
9:01at that moment. That is how many of the
9:09current Spanish surnames were formed,
9:11and the genitive ending "-ez" became
9:14popularized. The Asturian King Alfonso
9:18the Chaste made a donation to the
9:21church of Valpuesta in Burgos, Castile
9:23and León, in the year 804. And in the
9:27deed, we can see in the names of the
9:29signatories how the "-ez" ending was
9:32already establishing itself in the 9th
9:34century. In Spain, the king would
9:40bestow his own royal dignity as a
9:42surname upon his illegitimate children.
9:45King James I of Aragon, James the
9:47Conqueror, had an illegitimate son who
9:50was called Pedro del Rey and became the
9:53bishop of Lleida. Among the Basques,
10:00the patronymic suffix takes the form of
10:03'iss', although they also have their
10:05own form of patronymic suffix, 'Ena' or
10:08'Ana'. English patronymic surnames are
10:17formed by adding the word 'son' as a
10:19possessive suffix at the end of the
10:21father's name, or the letter 's' as a
10:24possessive suffix at the end of the
10:26father's name as well. The word 'son'
10:31has its origins over 5,000 years ago in
10:34the word 'sunus' from the ancient
10:36Proto-Indo-European language. From
10:40there, its root derives from the
10:42ancient Sanskrit 'sunu', meaning son,
10:45and its derivations in Anglo-Saxon, Old
10:48German, and German, in Danish,
10:53Norwegian, and Dutch. In the Gaelic
11:01tradition of Scotland and Ireland, they
11:04use the patronymic prefixes 'Mac' and '
11:08O'. 'Mac' means son of, and 'O' means
11:11grandson or descendant of. 'Fitz' is an
11:17ancient prefix of Norman origin. In the
11:23year 1066, the Norman Frenchman William
11:25the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy,
11:28invaded and conquered England. The
11:32Normans became the new ruling class,
11:34the aristocracy, and they ruled, of
11:36course, in their own language. From the
11:40Latin 'filius' comes the French word '
11:42fis', and the Norman pronunciation for
11:45that name is 'fitz', although later
11:52this patronymic prefix was used to
11:54designate illegitimate children within
11:57the high aristocracy. 'FitzRoy' was
12:01applied to the illegitimate son of a
12:04king, and when it was the son of a
12:06prince, the patronymic was formed with
12:08'Fitz' before the father's name. Henry
12:13FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond, was the
12:15illegitimate son of King Henry VIII. In
12:20France, the most common patronymic
12:22surnames were formed by taking the
12:25father's given name directly. Although
12:33they were originally personal names,
12:35they also transformed into family
12:37surnames. The particle 'de' before
12:44French family names is a very
12:45interesting case. It has traditionally
12:48been called the nobiliary particle.
12:51There existed in the Middle Ages a
12:53custom that may have influenced the use
12:55of the particle before a patronymic
12:56name. It consisted of connecting the
12:59descendants to the oldest ancestor of
13:01the family through the naming. For
13:03instance, one would say 'Hugo filius
13:06Roberti' in Latin. And the genitive 'i'
13:09of 'Roberti' was replaced by the French
13:11genitive 'de'. And by abbreviation,
13:14they said 'Hug de Robert'. We now have
13:17the common family names 'de Jean' or '
13:19de Michel'. But this ancient usage was
13:24abandoned, and the particle 'de' began
13:27to be used to designate land held as a
13:29lordship by a noble or a royal, or land
13:32acquired through ownership. The
13:36particle cannot in any case be taken as
13:38a mark of nobility. However, 90%of
13:41noble families used the particle before
13:44their surname. And so it has always
13:49been a symbol of honorific distinction,
13:52but it is a misleading trail. While
13:55title usurpations were numerous, that
13:57of the particle was even more so.
14:00Article 259 of the penal code punished
14:05until 1994 those who changed their
14:07birth name with the intent of mimicking
14:10nobility. And besides, in the case of
14:13De Gaulle, for example, the particle is
14:16not noble. nor attached to a fiefdom.
14:18It would originate from the Flemish
14:20word for In conclusion, the origin of
14:24the particle is not simple; it is quite
14:26a story.
14:30In Italy, patronymic surnames were
14:33formed by placing the old particle 'de'
14:36, the current 'di', or the genitive
14:39suffix 'i' before the father's name.
14:42Over time, they also became family
14:46surnames. The term 'familia' appears
14:52for the first time in ancient Roman
14:55society. The Italian patronymic derives
15:00from the old way of saying: "I am one
15:02of the..." inherited from Latin, the
15:08genitive...the suffix indicating
15:13possession or belonging transforms into
15:16an 'i' after the father's name, as in
15:20the case of 'son of Pietro', which in
15:23Latin was said as 'filius Petri'. It is
15:29estimated that 25%of Italian surnames
15:32derive from the given names of the
15:35father, the ancestor, or the head of
15:38the family.
15:40Russian names have a conventional
15:43three-name system. First name,
15:46patronymic, and family surname. They
15:52have patronymic suffixes for men. And
15:59for women, before the 19th century,
16:04these patronymic suffixes were only for
16:07the nobility. Common people did not
16:10have these suffixes, but later the same
16:13suffixes were used for the entire
16:15population. The prefixes used as
16:22patronymics in Arabic names meaning "
16:25son of" are ibn, bin, ben, ibni, or
16:29ibnu. Ibn Abdul is the son of Abdul.
16:35For women, they use the patronymic '
16:36bint'. The Arabic naming convention is
16:41based on a proper name plus a
16:46patronymic called 'nasab', plus a
16:50family surname called 'nisba'. In their
16:57tradition, they use as many patronymics
16:59as they have known ancestors, although
17:01nowadays they use hereditary surnames.
17:05Jewish patronymics use these words to
17:09designate "son of": 'ben' for men, 'bat
17:13', 'bar'(son in ancient Aramaic), and '
17:17ibn' for Sephardic Jews. After a
17:21conflict with the Roman Empire in the
17:24year 70, Jews emigrated en masse to
17:27other nations. This was called the
17:30Diaspora. A group of them settled in
17:33North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula,
17:36which they called Sepharad, and they
17:38were called Sephardim. Another group
17:41emigrated to Central Europe and Russia,
17:44and were called Ashkenazi. Ashkenazim
17:48in Europe also blended their surnames
17:51with German or Slavic ones. I have seen
18:05many take the surname and lineage of
18:06the place where they were born, calling
18:08themselves Pedro de Alcalá or Juan de
18:10Diego de Valladolid. And this same
18:13practice should be applied everywhere.
19:22This has undoubtedly been the case, and
19:24proof of it is the widespread use of
19:27toponyms shown in the Domesday Book. In
19:33Norman England, lords, barons, and
19:36landowners took a surname from the land
19:40they owned. In medieval Spain, toponyms
19:56were part of a compound surname formed
19:58by the father's name, which was not
20:01hereditary, plus the toponym, which
20:03designated the family lineage and was
20:06inherited as long as the lordship of
20:08the land was retained. 50 km from
20:15Pamplona, at the monastery of San
20:18Salvador de Leire on the Camino de
20:21Santiago, Benedictine monks kept one of
20:25Spain's most valuable historical
20:28records, the "Becerro de Leire." It is
20:34a parchment book begun in the 9th
20:36century that contains records of the
20:38most important events in the region. In
20:47the year 1024, the King of Pamplona,
20:50Sancho Garcés III, "the Great,"
20:53donated the Odieta monastery to his
20:56servant Eximina. In the deed signed by
21:00the king, several toponymic surnames
21:02are observed among the witnesses.
21:11Toponymic names are repeated in the old
21:14register due to the eminently feudal
21:17nature of the region. These surnames
21:23would later become hereditary family
21:26names. However, a toponymic name was
21:31never sure proof of origin. In 165 AD
21:38in the Roman Empire, an edict by Marcus
21:41Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Verus,
21:43who reigned as co-emperors, states that
21:46in requests for citizenship, the
21:49similarity of names does not offer
21:52enough proof by itself that a name's
21:54resemblance to a locality confirms
21:57origin from that place. Even freed
22:02Roman slaves were often surnamed
22:04according to the places they had been
22:06assigned to, even if they had not been
22:09born there. In the Middle Ages, a spice
22:15merchant trying to gain commercial
22:17advantages might have preferred to be
22:19called "of Tripoli," even if that was
22:22not his birth name. Matteo of Perugia,
22:27a philosopher and physician, was born
22:30in Perugia, Italy, but the painter
22:33Pietro Perugino was born Pietro
22:35Vannucci and adopted the surname "
22:38Perugino" because he lived and was
22:40famous in that city. Leonardo of Pisa,
22:44or Leonardo Pisano, known as Fibonacci,
22:47was an Italian mathematician who was
22:49born and died in Pisa. The famous
22:53Renaissance genius, Leonardo da Vinci,
22:56was born as Leonardo di ser Piero da
22:58Vinci. Here we have another example of
23:02a patronymic and toponymic name
23:04combined. Diserpiero means son of the
23:09ser Piero from the town of Vinci. What
23:15is interesting about toponymics is that
23:18they tell us a lot about the settlement
23:21and migration of populations. They are
23:26a true database. What follows is just
23:30an example. At some point in the Middle
23:37Ages, we find repeated French surnames
23:39like Lujosoa in the civil records of
23:42Calatayud. They were obviously natives
23:46of Lujoso in France. And what does that
23:48mean? That there was a group migration
23:52from that Basque city, probably due to
23:54some environmental problem like a
23:57drought, a flood, or a fight with their
23:59neighbors. Now, if on the other hand we
24:04do not find many repeated surnames in a
24:07town's civil records, it is clear proof
24:10that they were individual immigrations.
24:16Toponymics are an excellent key for
24:19historical research. Geographic
24:32surnames are names derived from
24:34geographic features, natural landscapes
24:37, or some human constructions in
24:41natural geographic settings.
27:08Hypocoristic surnames are diminutives
27:11or abbreviations. of a first name,
27:14later transformed into surnames. A
27:17diminutive usually expresses affection
27:20or intimacy, for example, we have the
27:24hypocoristic surnames Pepe, derived
27:26from José, Rico from Enrique,
27:29Alfonsín from Alfonso, or Gil from
27:32Gilberto. There are several theories
27:35about the origin of Pepe. One of them
27:39says that in ancient convents, during
27:41the reading of the Holy Scriptures,
27:44Saint Joseph was referred to as Pep,
27:46Pater Putativus of Jesus Christ, from
27:49where Pepe would derive. Another theory
27:53says that in the Middle Ages, José as
27:56a name did not exist and it was said
27:58Josepe, from which CPE and later Pepe
28:01were derived. Roby or its patronymic
28:05Ruiz are ancient abbreviations of the
28:08Visigothic name Rodericus, Rodrigo. In
28:11English, Will, Willis, Willet, Willard,
28:15Wilcock, or Wilcocks are derived from
28:18William. Hitch and Hitchcock are
28:22derived from Richard. An interesting
28:26case in English is the surname Day. It
28:30is not related to the day, but is the
28:33Welsh way of saying David, "Dafydd." In
28:38French, we have the widespread surnames
28:41Yano, derived from Yan, and Pierrot,
28:44derived from Pierre. In Italian, from
28:48Giuseppe were formed Tino, Tipo, Pucho,
28:52or Puchi. What is your name, sir? My
29:22name is Pelagio, Mr. Pelagio the Lamb.
29:26I am the one who makes the strings for
29:27the vihuelas. Before people had
29:32official surnames, they were often
29:35known by the work they did. Since
29:39people in the Middle Ages had only one
29:41name, it was sometimes necessary, for
29:43example, to explain which John was
29:44being talked about. John the Blacksmith
29:48or John the Miller. There are hundreds
29:52of surnames derived from ancient jobs
29:54and professions, political or
29:56administrative positions, with their
29:58variants in different languages. The
30:12blacksmith, the man who worked with
30:14metal, was the most privileged of all
30:16craftsmen. He made the sacred vessels
30:20of the sanctuary, ladies 'jewelry, the
30:23weapons and swords of knights,
30:25horseshoes, and tools for the home.
30:31They had special privileges regarding
30:33their sentences, and double the penalty
30:34was applied to those who offended them.
30:37Those who practiced this profession
30:39preferred to be named with reference to
30:41their work. Barbers were a powerful
31:04guild in the Middle Ages. In addition
31:07to hair care, they practiced tooth
31:10extractions, minor surgeries, and
31:13bloodletting. A farrier was originally
31:35a man who cared for and maintained
31:37horses with a wide variety of functions
31:40, acting as a veterinarian, cleaning
31:42them, and changing their horseshoes.
34:07All human qualities, conditions, and
34:11circumstances were useful for
34:16identifying people with surnames. The
34:20ancient Romans often gave themselves
34:22surnames with all kinds of nicknames.
34:27The agnomen was a name added as a
34:29surname to conventional names. The
34:45Romans felt no shame regarding their
34:47physical defects and used them as
34:49nicknames. During that time, character
34:55traits were also good as appellations.
35:00In the Middle Ages, this practice was
35:02inherited, and many people were
35:04surnamed according to their personal
35:06characteristics. Redheads have always
35:13been the most notable skin condition
35:15and hair color. A redhead is not just
35:20someone with reddish hair, but is also
35:22someone with pale skin, freckles, and
35:25high sensitivity to sunlight. The
35:28allegorical medieval world created a
35:30lot of fantasies about them. Every skin
35:34or hair color was transformed into a
35:38surname and then into a family name.
36:06Body size or stature also created many
36:10surnames in different languages. Within
36:18the very ancient Basque patronymic
36:20Garcia, one finds the concept of "young
36:22." The ancient medieval name Garcia has
36:26etymological roots in the Basque word
36:28Gastea, meaning young. And also from
36:33the Old French Gars. Garson. The French
36:40writer Pierre Dufur, in 1840, in a
36:42treatise on plagues, says that from the
36:45end of the 11th century, they applied
36:47the collective name Garcia or Garcia,
36:50in French Gars or Gars, in a derogatory
36:53sense, which has remained to this day
36:55in the vocabulary of rural people to
36:58designate any kind of unmarried
37:00daughter. It is simpler to say that
37:05Gars is the feminine of Gar, which
37:07despite the most beautiful etymologies
37:10seems to be a Gaulish name, bars, and
37:13has meant from the beginning a young
37:15warrior, a nubile male. The surname
37:19Aguado could have two etymologies. An
37:23old story tells that the Castilian
37:25knight Fortún Saes from Aguilar de
37:27Campoo in Palencia, while walking
37:29through swampy terrain, had to fight a
37:31Moor and killed him. Upon his return,
37:35when his king asked him, "How do you
37:37come, Fortún?" He replied, "Victorious
37:40and waterlogged, my lord." That
37:42remained as his nickname, later
37:44transforming into a family surname. But
37:47the term "aguado"(waterlogged/
37:48water-drinker) was also used since
37:50ancient times to designate those who
37:52did not drink wine. In a chronicle of
37:55Isabella the Catholic written by the
37:57king’s chaplain, Lucio Marineo, it
37:59reads that this excellent queen was a
38:02great lover of virtue. She was
38:05abstinent, or as we commonly say, "
38:07aguada," meaning she not only did not
38:09drink wine, she never even tasted it.
38:12The Middle Ages was a time of
38:15allegories. And metaphors. They saw in
38:20animals symbols of virtues and defects,
38:23and that vision gave rise to surnames
38:26and family names. The wolf was the
38:31animal that generated the most surnames
38:33in ancient and modern languages.
38:37References to its instincts, habits,
38:40and movements, to its strength and
38:42bravery, have created names and
38:45surnames. To understand the importance
38:51of this symbol in the Roman Empire, one
38:54only has to remember that Romulus and
38:57Remus, the twin founders of Rome, were
39:00suckled by a she-wolf. The Lupus family
39:05was a clan of noble patricians spread
39:08throughout Europe during the Roman
39:10Empire. Their surname was inherited and
39:15translated into all European languages.
39:41Surnames have the poetry of a bird's
39:45flight. Or the power and grandeur of an
39:52eagle. Or the virtues of a good man, a
40:10good neighbor who served as a juror in
40:13municipal councils and public trials,
40:18an honest and trustworthy citizen.
40:33Surnames can also reflect the good
40:36humor and joy of living of our most
40:38ancient ancestors. Surnames are one
40:49more expression of what we have been or
40:55what we will be.

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