مافیا با کیا | تاریخچه بازی مافیا — Transcript

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1. 0:10Imagine you're in a room with ten
2. 0:12people around a table. No one shows
3. 0:17their card, and no one knows if the
4. 0:19person next to them is a friend or a
5. 0:21foe. Among them are three who know each
6. 0:27other well, having plotted together to
7. 0:29carry out their scheme in the game.
8. 0:35Those three can eliminate one person
9. 0:37from the game each night, and by day,
10. 0:39the remaining players must debate who
11. 0:41the villains of this story are. This
12. 0:48seemingly simple game was born in 1987
13. 0:51in Moscow, Russia. But its story runs
14. 0:56much deeper than just entertainment.
15. 1:01Today, Mafia is played worldwide, from
16. 1:04Silicon Valley boardrooms to refugee
17. 1:06camps in Rwanda. Universities study it,
18. 1:13intelligence agencies use it for spy
19. 1:15training, and millions play it every
20. 1:17week. But where did this game come from
21. 1:22? Who created it? And why did it become
22. 1:27so widespread? In this video, we travel
23. 1:31through the history of this game, from
24. 1:34a simple psychological experiment in
25. 1:36Moscow to a global phenomenon. Winter
26. 1:411987. In Moscow, a psychology student
27. 1:47named Dimitry Davidoff gets off a train
28. 1:49and heads toward Moscow State
29. 1:51University. He was studying in the
30. 1:57psychology department while teaching
31. 1:58high school students on the side.
32. 2:03Davidoff was looking for a way to
33. 2:05combine his psychological research with
34. 2:07his teaching duties. So, he designed a
35. 2:11game. He separated three students, gave
36. 2:16them secret information, and in a group
37. 2:18of ten, asked the others to guess who
38. 2:21held that information. Davidoff himself
39. 2:26said he wasn't trying to build a game
40. 2:28back then. It was just a fun experiment
41. 2:32to explore the psychology of his
42. 2:34students 'minds. But this simple
43. 2:39experiment quickly got out of control.
44. 2:43The game turned into a passionate
45. 2:44debate in the classroom. Davidoff made
46. 2:48a few small changes to the rules, and
47. 2:50the game became incredibly popular. He
48. 2:54realized immediately that this game
49. 2:56would spread like wildfire. Name of the
50. 3:01game: Mafia. Creator: Dimitry Davidoff.
51. 3:06Location: Psychology Department of
52. 3:08Moscow State University. In those same
53. 3:13years, an Italian television series
54. 3:15called "La Piovra" was airing in the
55. 3:18Soviet Union. The series was about
56. 3:23fighting the Mafia and had become
57. 3:25extremely popular. Davidoff chose the
58. 3:30name "Mafia" for his game, and thanks
59. 3:32to the series, the name quickly stuck
60. 3:35in people's minds. The game moved from
61. 3:41the classroom to dormitories, from
62. 3:43dorms to summer camps, and from there
63. 3:45to other Soviet universities and
64. 3:47schools. But David didn't just build a
65. 3:52fun game. He embedded a deep
66. 3:56methodology within it. In a letter he
67. 4:01later wrote to Andrew Plotkin, he
68. 4:03revealed that the entire approach of
69. 4:05the game follows two things. Vygotsky's
70. 4:09school of psychology and the Turing
71. 4:12test. Let's talk about these two
72. 4:15concepts. The Vygotsky school and
73. 4:19Turing. Vygotsky's school of thought
74. 4:23was created by Lev Vygotsky, a Russian
75. 4:26psychologist who believed the human
76. 4:28mind is not formed in a vacuum, but
77. 4:30built through interaction with others.
78. 4:36He argued that thought is essentially a
79. 4:38dialogue internalized from others, and
80. 4:40his philosophy was called sociocultural
81. 4:43psychology. In Mafia, you cannot
82. 4:49discover the truth just by looking at
83. 4:51others or checking the cards in their
84. 4:53hands. The truth is constructed in
85. 4:57interaction with others. It is built in
86. 5:00dialogue with others. You reach a
87. 5:04collective reality by listening to
88. 5:06words, observing reactions, and
89. 5:08analyzing individual and collective
90. 5:10behaviors. This is exactly what
91. 5:13Vygotsky was saying. But what is the
92. 5:17Turing Test? The Turing Test, or the
93. 5:21Imitation Game, was created by Alan
94. 5:24Turing, who posed a question in 1950.
95. 5:29Can a machine think? In answer to his
96. 5:33question, he suggested designing a game
97. 5:35. In the Imitation Game, we place a
98. 5:39human and a machine in two separate
99. 5:41rooms, where a judge chats with both of
100. 5:43them. If the judge cannot distinguish
101. 5:49who is the human and who is the machine
102. 5:51, then the machine is intelligent. In
103. 5:55Mafia, everyone is performing a Turing
104. 5:57Test; though it's inverted! The Mafia
105. 6:01plays the role of a machine trying to
106. 6:03pass itself off as a citizen. If it can
107. 6:07behave during the game in a way that
108. 6:09citizens think it is one of them, it
109. 6:11has passed the Turing Test and
110. 6:13subsequently wins. Citizens, however,
111. 6:17play the role of the judge; they must
112. 6:19determine which of these humans is
113. 6:21actually a machine that is imitating.
114. 6:26Dimitry said that one of his main goals
115. 6:28in creating the Mafia game was to force
116. 6:31players to accept fallibility. Why?
117. 6:38Because in a social environment and in
118. 6:40an imitation game, you never have
119. 6:42complete information. You have to make
120. 6:46decisions, trust, and occasionally make
121. 6:49mistakes. Until 1997. Mafia was played
122. 6:57in Russia and some European countries,
123. 7:00but it had not yet become a global
124. 7:02phenomenon. That was until an American
125. 7:08programmer named Andrew Plotkin, also
126. 7:10known by the alias Zarf, discovered
127. 7:12Mafia at a crossword puzzle gathering.
128. 7:23Plotkin thought to himself that the
129. 7:25Mafia theme has less cultural resonance
130. 7:27in American culture, but a werewolf—a
131. 7:30hidden creature that is normal by day
132. 7:32and turns into a wolf-like being at
133. 7:34night—has a much more compelling
134. 7:36concept for American folklore, so he
135. 7:38designed the Werewolf version with 3
136. 7:40main roles. The werewolf, or today's
137. 7:50Mafia; the villager, or today's simple
138. 7:52citizen; and the seer, or today's
139. 7:55detective. Plotkin introduced and
140. 8:02expanded the Werewolf version at major
141. 8:04conferences like ETech, Game Developers
142. 8:07Conference, Foo Camp, SXSW, and many
143. 8:09large tech conferences; this version
144. 8:12quickly became popular among
145. 8:14programmers and software engineers.
146. 8:22Plotkin announced that the Werewolf
147. 8:23theme and its roles are in the public
148. 8:25domain. This very decision allowed many
149. 8:31people to make changes to this game and
150. 8:33caused the game to spread more rapidly
151. 8:35across the globe. From the 1990s, Mafia
152. 8:41spread rapidly across the globe. In
153. 8:45Europe, America, and Asia; in Europe,
154. 8:48countries like Sweden, Germany, Romania
155. 8:51, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary,
156. 8:54Poland, England, and Norway; in America
157. 8:57, first in summer camps—specifically
158. 9:00Pennsylvania summer camps—then in
159. 9:03universities and tech companies; and in
160. 9:06Asia, in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan,
161. 9:09and of course, Iran. In 2001, a French
162. 9:16version of the game was released under
163. 9:19the title "Les Loups-Garous de
164. 9:21Thiercelieux." By adding a village,
165. 9:28event cards, and new roles, this
166. 9:30version turned the game into a
167. 9:32successful commercial product. In 2003,
168. 9:37the Italian version "Lupus in Tabula"
169. 9:40was released. Both versions were
170. 9:45inspired by Plotkin's ideas, but with
171. 9:47their own modifications, they
172. 9:49established their own style of the
173. 9:51Mafia game and became widespread in
174. 9:53Italy and France. Today, Mafia exists
175. 10:00in a very wide variety of formats.
176. 10:05Board games, mobile apps, various
177. 10:08websites, television series, global
178. 10:10tournaments, and of course, as a
179. 10:12training tool for information systems.
180. 10:18But Mafia was not just a form of
181. 10:20entertainment. Scientists and
182. 10:23mathematicians took it very seriously.
183. 10:28In 1982, three computer scientists—
184. 10:31Lamport, Shostak, and Pease—defined a
185. 10:34problem that became known as the
186. 10:36Byzantine Generals Problem. There were
187. 10:41several generals, some of whom were
188. 10:43traitors. When we are in such a
189. 10:47situation, how do we reach a consensus?
190. 10:53Through a very long proof, they
191. 10:55demonstrated that if we have' m '
192. 10:57traitors, we need at least 3m + 1 total
193. 10:59people to reach a consensus. This is
194. 11:06exactly the same problem we face in
195. 11:08Mafia. Citizens must reach a consensus
196. 11:12despite the presence of traitors, or
197. 11:14Mafia members. But what did this have
198. 11:17to do with Mafia? The 10-player
199. 11:22scenario emerged from this exact
200. 11:24problem: 3m + 1. When we have 3 Mafia
201. 11:27members, 3 times 3 equals 9, plus 1
202. 11:30equals 10; we need 10 people for the
203. 11:32game to reach a standard state. In 2006
204. 11:41, Braverman and Mossel proved that in a
205. 11:43game without a detective and with full
206. 11:46players, a random strategy is optimal
207. 11:48for both teams. They showed that the
208. 11:54number of Mafia members should be
209. 11:56proportional to the square root of the
210. 11:58total number of players. We return to
211. 12:01the 10-player scenario again. Because
212. 12:05if we consider the total number of
213. 12:07players to be 10, the square root of 10
214. 12:10is about 3.33. Therefore, the closest
215. 12:14number to this value. So, the most
216. 12:17appropriate number for 10 people is
217. 12:20three Mafia. Both by the Braverman
218. 12:23method and the Byzantine Generals
219. 12:25Problem method. Therefore, we see the
220. 12:3010-player scenario as the most balanced
221. 12:33and standard scenario. Since 12 and 13-
222. 12:38player scenarios each follow their own
223. 12:41specific rules, they can be said to
224. 12:43lack a certain balance. In 1998, the
225. 12:52Higher School of the Ministry of
226. 12:54Internal Affairs in Kaliningrad
227. 12:56published a textbook titled "Non-verbal
228. 12:58Communication: Developing Role-Playing
229. 13:01Games like Mafia and Killer." What was
230. 13:09the purpose of this book? It was meant
231. 13:14for teaching how to read body language
232. 13:16and non-verbal signals through these
233. 13:18games, and it was even said that
234. 13:19intelligence agencies used the game of
235. 13:21Mafia to train spies. Their goal was
236. 13:27learning how to lie under pressure,
237. 13:29detect others' lies, and maintain a
238. 13:31hidden identity. In Iran, Mafia is no
239. 13:36longer just a game. It has become a
240. 13:40cultural phenomenon and a burgeoning
241. 13:42industry. From friendly gatherings to
242. 13:48professional tournaments, from cafes to
243. 13:51TV shows, from simple scenarios to
244. 13:53complex ones, and from fast-paced to
245. 13:55very long scenarios, each has its own
246. 13:57unique mechanics. Mafia in Iran has
247. 14:07even developed a judging and scoring
248. 14:09system, where judges rate players based
249. 14:12on factors like reasoning, positive and
250. 14:14negative influence, creativity,
251. 14:16detection and deception, positioning,
252. 14:18and many others. We even have a $
253. 14:2630,000 global Mafia tournament held in
254. 14:28Las Vegas every year. And as far as I
255. 14:34know, a movie has also been made based
256. 14:36on the game of Mafia called "Mafia: The
257. 14:39Game of Survival," produced by Russia
258. 14:41in 2016. Mafia was born in 1987 in a
259. 14:46classroom in Moscow. Dimitry Davidoff
260. 14:53only wanted to make his students think,
261. 14:55but he created a living psychological
262. 14:57laboratory; a combination of
263. 14:59Vygotsky’s school of thought and the
264. 15:01Turing test that is played across the
265. 15:03world today. Mafia was not just a
266. 15:10guessing game; it was a human
267. 15:12simulation of the consensus problem in
268. 15:14the presence of traitors. An exercise
269. 15:20in distinguishing truth from deception,
270. 15:22a mirror for the human mind. The next
271. 15:30time you sit at a Mafia table, remember
272. 15:33that you are solving a
273. 15:34multi-thousand-year-old problem:
274. 15:36consensus, trust, and lie detection
275. 15:38under conditions of uncertainty. If you
276. 15:45found this video interesting, please
277. 15:47like it, share it with your friends,
278. 15:49subscribe, and leave us your comments.
279. 15:53Until the next video, goodbye.