Growth, Cities, and Immigration: Crash Course US History #25 — Transcript

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1. 0:00Hi, I’m John Green, this is CrashCourse U.S. History and today we’re going to continue our extensive look at American capitalism.
2. 0:06Mr. Green, Mr. Green, I’m sorry are you saying that I grow up to be a tool of the bourgeoisie…
3. 0:10Oh not just a tool of the bourgeoise, Me from the Past, but a card-carrying member of it.
4. 0:14I mean, you have employees whose labor you can exploit because you own the means of production,
5. 0:19which in your case includes a chalkboard, a video camera, a desk, and a xenophobic globe.
6. 0:24Meanwhile Stan, Danica, Raoul, and Meredith toil in crushing poverty –
7. 0:27STAN, DID YOU WRITE THIS PART? THESE ARE ALL LIES. CUE THE INTRO.
8. 0:30[Theme Music]
9. 0:39So, last week we saw how commercial farming transformed the American west and gave us mythical cowboys and unfortunately not-so-mythical Indian reservations.
10. 0:47Today we leave the sticks and head for the cities, as so many Americans and immigrants have done throughout this nation’s history.
11. 0:53I mean we may like to imagine that the history of America is all “Go west young man,”
12. 0:57but in fact from Mark Twain to pretty much every hipster in Brooklyn, it’s the opposite.
13. 1:01So, population was growing everywhere in America after 1850.
14. 1:04Following a major economic downturn in the 1890s, farm prices made a comeback,
15. 1:08and that drew more and more people out west to take part in what would eventually be called agriculture’s golden age.
16. 1:14Although to be fair agriculture’s real golden age was in like 3000 BCE when Mesopotamians were like,
17. 1:20“Dude, if we planted these in rows, we could have MORE OF IT THAN WE CAN EAT.”
18. 1:24So it was really more of a second golden age.
19. 1:26But anyway, more than a million land claims were filed under the Homestead Act in the 1890s.
20. 1:30And between 1900 and 1910 the populations of Texas and Oklahoma together increased by almost 2 million people.
21. 1:37And another 800,000 moved into Kansas, the Dakotas, and Nebraska. That’s right.
22. 1:41People moved TO Nebraska. Sorry, I just hadn’t yet offended Nebraskans.
23. 1:45I’m looking to get through the list before the end of the year.
24. 1:47But one of the central reasons that so many people moved out west was that the demand for agricultural products was increasing due to...the growth of cities.
25. 1:55In 1880, 20% of the American population lived in cities and there were 12 cities with a population over 100,000 people.
26. 2:02This rose to 18 cities in 1900 with the percentage of urban dwellers rising to 38%.
27. 2:07And by 1920, 68% of Americans lived in cities and 26 cities had a population over 100,000.
28. 2:13So in the 40 years around the turn of the 20th century, America became the world’s largest industrial power and went from being predominantly rural to largely urban.
29. 2:22This is, to use a technical historian term, a really big deal.
30. 2:26Because it didn’t just make cities possible, but also their products.
31. 2:29It’s no coincidence that while all this was happening, we were getting cool stuff like electric lights and moving picture cameras.
32. 2:35Neither of which were invented by Thomas Edison.
33. 2:37I don’t know if you’ve noticed, but suddenly there are a lot more photographs in Crash Course U.S. History b-roll.
34. 2:41So the city leading the way in this urban growth was New York,
35. 2:44especially after Manhattan was consolidated with Brooklyn (and the Bronx, Queens and Staten Island) in 1898.
36. 2:50At the turn of the century, the population of the 23 square miles of Manhattan Island was over 2 million.
37. 2:56And the combined 5 boroughs had a population over 4 million.
38. 2:59But, while New York gets most of the attention in this time period, and all time periods since, it wasn’t alone in experiencing massive growth.
39. 3:05Like, my old hometown of Chicago, after basically burning to the ground in 1871, became the second largest city in America by the 1890s.
40. 3:12Also, they reversed the flow of the freaking Chicago River.
41. 3:15Probably the second most impressive feat in Chicago at the time.
42. 3:18The first being that the Cubs won two World Series.
43. 3:21Even though I’m sorely tempted to chalk up the growth of these metropolises to a combination of better nutrition and a rise in skoodilypooping,
44. 3:27I’m going to have to bow to stupid historical accuracy and tell you that much of the growth had to do with the phenomenon that this period is most known for: immigration.
45. 3:36Of course, by the end of the 19th century, immigration was not a new phenomenon in the United States.
46. 3:40After the first wave of colonization by English people, and Spanish people, and other Europeans,
47. 3:45there was a new wave of Scandinavians, French people, and especially the Irish.
48. 3:49Most of you probably know about the potato famine of the 1840s that led a million Irish men and women to flee.
49. 3:55If you don’t know about it, it was awful.
50. 3:57And the second largest wave of immigrants was made up of German speakers, including a number of liberals who left after the abortive revolutions of 1848.
51. 4:05All right, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
52. 4:06The Irish had primarily been farmers in the motherland, but in America, they tended to stay in cities, like New York and Boston.
53. 4:13Most of the men began their working lives as low-wage unskilled laborers, but over time they came to have much more varied job opportunities.
54. 4:20Irish immigrant women worked too, some in factories or as domestic servants in the homes of the growing upper class.
55. 4:26Many women actually preferred the freedom that factory labor provided and one Irish factory woman compared her life to that of a servant by saying:
56. 4:33“Our day is ten hours long, but when it’s done, it’s done, and we can do what we like with the evenings.
57. 4:39That’s what I’ve heard from every nice girl that’s tried service.
58. 4:42You’re never sure that your soul is your own except when you’re out of the house.”
59. 4:46Most German speakers had been farmers in their home countries and would remain farmers in the US, but a number of skilled artisans also came.
60. 4:52They tended to stay in cities and make a go of entrepreneurship.
61. 4:55Bismarck himself saw emigration from Germany as a good thing saying,
62. 4:59“The better it goes for us, the higher the volume of emigration.”
63. 5:02And that’s why we named a city in North Dakota after him.
64. 5:04Although enough German immigrants came to New York that the lower east side of Manhattan came to be known for a time as Kleindeutschland (little Germany),
65. 5:11many moved to the growing cities of the Midwest like Cincinnati and St. Louis.
66. 5:15Some of the most famous German immigrants became brewers.
67. 5:17And America is much richer for the arrival of men like Frederick Pabst, Joseph Schlitz, and Adolphus Busch.
68. 5:24And by richer, I mean drunker.
69. 5:26Hey. Thanks for not ending on a downer, Thought Bubble.
70. 5:28I mean, unless you count alcoholism.
71. 5:29So, but by the 1890s, over half of the 3.5 million immigrants who came to our shores came from southern and eastern Europe, in particular Italy and the Russian and Austro Hungarian empires.
72. 5:40They were more likely than previous immigrants to be Jewish or Catholic,
73. 5:42and while almost all of them were looking for work, many were also escaping political or religious persecution.
74. 5:48And by the 1890s they also had to face new “scientific” theories,
75. 5:51which I’m putting in air quotes to be clear because there was nothing scientific about them,
76. 5:56which consigned them to different “races” whose low level of civilization was fit only for certain kinds of work and predisposed them to criminality.
77. 6:04The Immigration Restriction League was founded in Boston in 1894 and lobbied for national legislation that would limit the numbers of immigrants,
78. 6:12and one such law even passed Congress in 1897 only to be vetoed by President Grover Cleveland.
79. 6:18Good work, Grover! You know, his first name was Stephen, but he called himself Grover.
80. 6:22I would have made a different choice.
81. 6:23But before you get too excited about Grover Cleveland,
82. 6:25Congress and the President were able to agree on one group of immigrants to discriminate against: the Chinese.
83. 6:31Chinese immigrants, overwhelmingly male, had been coming to the United States, mostly to the West, since the 1850s to work in mines and on the railroads.
84. 6:38They were viewed with suspicion because they looked different, spoke a different language, and they had “strange” habits, like regular bathing.
85. 6:45By the time the Chinese Exclusion Act went into effect in 1882, there were 105,000 people of Chinese descent living in the United States, mainly in cities on the West Coast.
86. 6:54San Francisco refused to educate Asians until the state Supreme Court ordered them to do so.
87. 6:59And even then the city responded by setting up segregated schools.
88. 7:03The immigrants fought back through the courts.
89. 7:05In 1886, in the case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins the United States Supreme court ordered San Francisco to grant Chinese-operated laundries licenses to operate.
90. 7:13Then in 1898 in United States v. Wong Kim Ark,
91. 7:16the Court ruled that American born children of Chinese immigrants were entitled to citizenship under the 14th Amendment, which should have been a duh but wasn’t.
92. 7:24We’ve been hard on the Supreme Court here at Crash Course, but those were two good decisions.
93. 7:29You go, Supreme Court!
94. 7:30But despite these victories Asian immigrants continued to face discrimination in the form of vigilante-led riots like the one in Rock Springs, Wyoming that killed 26 people.
95. 7:38And congressionally approved restrictions, many of which the Supreme Court did uphold, so, meh.
96. 7:43Also it’s important to remember that this large-scale immigration – and the fear of it – was part of a global phenomenon.
97. 7:49At its peak between 1901 and the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914, 13 million immigrants came to the United States.
98. 7:56In the entire period touched off by the industrialization from 1840 until 1914, a total of 40 million people came to the U.S.
99. 8:03But at least 20 million people emigrated to other parts of the Western Hemisphere, including Brazil, the Caribbean, Canada (yes, Canada) and Argentina.
100. 8:11As much as we have Italian immigrants to thank for things like pizza (and we do thank you),
101. 8:16Argentina can be just as grateful for the immigrant ancestors of Leo Messi.
102. 8:20Also the Pope, although he has never once won La Liga.
103. 8:22And there was also extensive immigration from India to other parts of the British Empire like South Africa;
104. 8:27Chinese immigration to South America and the Caribbean; I mean, the list goes on and on.
105. 8:31In short, America is not as special as it fancies itself.
106. 8:34Oh it’s time for the Mystery Document? The rules here are simple.
107. 8:40I guess the author of the Mystery Document.
108. 8:41I get it wrong and then I get shocked with the shock pen.
109. 8:44Sorry I don’t mean to sound defeatist, but I don’t have a good feeling about this. All right.
110. 8:47“The figure that challenged attention to the group was the tall, straight, father,
111. 8:50with his earnest face and fine forehead, nervous hands eloquent in gesture, and a voice full of feeling.
112. 8:56This foreigner, who brought his children to school as if it were an act of consecration,
113. 9:01who regarded the teacher of the primer class with reverence, who spoke of visions, like a man inspired, in a common classroom.
114. 9:08I think Miss Nixon guessed what my father’s best English could not convey.
115. 9:12I think she divined that by the simple act of delivering our school certificates to her he took possession of America.”
116. 9:19Uhh, I don’t know. At first I thought it might be someone who worked with immigrants,
117. 9:22like Jane Addams, but then at the end suddenly it’s her own father.
118. 9:26[buzz] Jane Addams’s father was not an immigrant.
119. 9:28Mary Antin? Does she even have a Wikipedia page?!
120. 9:30She does? Did you write it, Stan? Stan wrote her Wikipedia page. AH.
121. 9:35So, this document, while it was written by someone who should not have a Wikipedia page,
122. 9:38points out that most immigrants to America were coming for the most obvious reason: opportunity.
123. 9:43Industrialization, both in manufacturing and agriculture, meant that there were jobs in America.
124. 9:48There was so much work, in fact, that companies used labor recruiters who went to Europe to advertise opportunities.
125. 9:54Plus, the passage was relatively cheap, provided you were only going to make it once in your life,
126. 9:57and it was fast, taking only 8 to 12 days on the new steam powered ships.
127. 10:01The Lower East Side of Manhattan became the magnet for waves of immigrants, first Germans,
128. 10:05then Eastern European Jews and Italians, who tended to re-create towns and neighborhoods within blocks and sometimes single buildings.
129. 10:12Tenements, these 4, 5 and 6 story buildings that were designed to be apartments, sprang up in the second half of the 19th century
130. 10:18and the earliest ones were so unsanitary and crowded that the city passed laws requiring a minimum of light and ventilation.
131. 10:25And often these tenement apartments doubled as workspaces because many immigrant women and children took in piecework, especially in the garment industry.
132. 10:32Despite laws mandating the occasional window and outlawing the presence of cows on public streets, conditions in these cities were pretty bad.
133. 10:39Things got better with the construction of elevated railroads and later subways that helped relieve traffic congestion but they created a new problem: pickpockets.
134. 10:47“Pickpockets take advantage of the confusion to ply their vocation…
135. 10:51The foul, close, heated air is poisonous.
136. 10:54A healthy person cannot ride a dozen blocks without a headache.”
137. 10:58So that’s changed!
138. 10:59This new transportation technology also enabled a greater degree of residential segregation in cities.
139. 11:04Manhattan’s downtown area had, at one time, housed the very rich as well as the very poor,
140. 11:09but improved transportation meant that people no longer had to live and work in the same place.
141. 11:14The wealthiest, like Cornelius Vanderbilt and J.P. Morgan, constructed lavish palaces for themselves and uptown townhouses were common.
142. 11:22But until then, one of the most notable feature of gilded age cities like New York was that the rich and the poor lived in such close proximity to each other.
143. 11:29And this meant that with America’s growing urbanization, the growing distance between rich and poor was visible to both rich and poor.
144. 11:37And much as we see in today’s megacity, this inability to look away from poverty and economic inequality became a source of concern.
145. 11:43Now one way to alleviate concern is to create suburbs so you don’t have to look at poor people,
146. 11:48but another response to urban problems was politics, which in cities like New York, became something of a contact sport.
147. 11:53Another response was the so-called progressive reform movement.
148. 11:56And in all these responses and in the issues that prompted them –
149. 11:59urbanization, mechanization, capitalism, the distribution of resources throughout the social order – we can see modern industrial America taking shape.
150. 12:07And that is the America we live in today. Thank you for watching. I’ll see you next week.
151. 12:12Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The script supervisor is Meredith Danko.
152. 12:16The show is written by my history teacher, Raoul Meyer, Rosianna Halse Rojas, and myself.
153. 12:20Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. And our graphics team is Thought Café.
154. 12:23Every week, there’s a new caption for the libertage.
155. 12:25If you’d like to suggest one, you can do so in comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video that will be answered by our team of historians.
156. 12:31Thanks for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome.