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Globalization and its effects on developing countries. — Transcript

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0:02[Music]
0:20globalization
0:21the growing integration of economies and
0:23societies around the world
0:24has been one of the most hotly debated
0:26topics in international economics over
0:28the past few years
0:30rapid growth and poverty reduction in
0:31china india and
0:33other countries that were poor 20 years
0:34ago has been a positive aspect of
0:36globalization
0:38but globalization has also generated
0:40significant international opposition
0:41over concerns that it has increased
0:43inequality
0:44and environmental degradation but what
0:46is the concept of globalization
0:48globalization is the most talked and
0:50debated issue in the contemporary world
0:52it is a concept that escapes precise
0:54definition in most cases
0:56it is described rather than defined some
0:59commentators have described
1:00globalization as a stage of capitalism
1:03or late modernity and some remarks that
1:05globalization is a new way of thinking
1:07however it does not mean the same thing
1:09for all
1:10for some globalization is a process of
1:13opening up economy so that trade between
1:14countries could take place freely
1:16for them increasing globalization has
1:18helped the expansion of opportunities
1:20for nations and benefited workers in
1:22rich and poor countries alike
1:24brings positive benefits for consumers
1:26helping to increase choice
1:27drive down prices improve services and
1:29create new jobs and opportunities
1:32globalization can therefore be seen as a
1:34positive force for change that has the
1:36potential to raise living standards and
1:38drive economies forward
1:40however this is not readily acceptable
1:42for all
1:43many think globalization is the
1:45concerted strategy of the industrial
1:47world
1:47particularly of the multinational
1:49corporations to safeguard their interest
1:51and spur a new form of colonization
1:54after opening of market less developed
1:56countries will become a supermarket of
1:57foreign goods
1:58which are cheaper killing local
2:00industries and increasing many more
2:02jobless
2:03for them globalization means increasing
2:05poverty and deteriorating living
2:07standard of the workers
2:08widening disparity between the rich and
2:10the poor within the country
2:11and among the countries and
2:12internationalization of capital to the
2:14detriment of labor market
2:16even for the moderates globalization is
2:18a process of restructuring the world
2:20economy
2:20to find ways for business to maximize
2:22profits and even some ultra skeptics
2:25have dismissed any notion of
2:26globalization as myth those analysts
2:28claims concerning globalization are
2:30greatly exaggerated
2:32if not utter fantasy the international
2:35monetary
2:36fund the world bank and the world trade
2:38organization
2:39and more generally the high-income
2:41countries are held responsible for
2:42influencing and largely determining the
2:44course of the globalization process
2:46they are also seen as the driving forces
2:48behind the policy reforms
2:50that the developing countries had to
2:52implement as part of their structural
2:53adjustment programs under the
2:54supervision of the international
2:56monetary fund
2:57the world bank and the world trade
2:59organization
3:00it is obvious that those countries and
3:02organizations will only foster their own
3:04interests
3:05globalization has become an unstoppable
3:07phenomenon affecting all aspects of our
3:09lives
3:10some governments political parties and
3:12trade unions often view this development
3:13as a best challenging and at worst
3:15sinister
3:16business and their representative
3:18organizations on the other hand
3:20promote the benefits of open trade
3:21across political boundaries and the
3:23integration of markets to create global
3:25opportunities
3:28globalization is a process of increasing
3:30economic and non-economic linkages
3:32across the world
3:33in the broadest sense globalization
3:35implies integration of economies and
3:37societies across the globe
3:39it is equated with the massive
3:40irresistible cross-border flow and
3:42integration in the movement of goods
3:44technology labor and capital resulting
3:46mainly from breakthroughs in
3:47transportation and communication
3:49technology
3:50in a wider perspective globalization
3:52covers various activities such as
3:54cultural globalization
3:55political globalization ecological
3:58globalization
3:59economic globalization and so on but
4:01here i am mainly discussing economic
4:03globalization
4:04and as the same time try to cover some
4:06other aspects of globalization as well
4:09economic globalization implies
4:11increasing global interlinkages of the
4:12markets in goods services
4:14capital and financing such a process has
4:17speeded up in the recent decade
4:19the contributory factors for rapid
4:21economic globalization
4:22are liberalization deregulation
4:24privatization and declining costs of
4:26transport and communication
4:29the microelectronics revolution has
4:31irrevocably changed the essence of human
4:33contact to earth
4:34distances are shrinking and information
4:36is spreading faster than ever before
4:38the internet and world wide web have
4:40helped this process
4:42perhaps the most important catalyst for
4:44globalization is the spread of
4:45information and communications
4:46technology
4:48through the magic of information and
4:49communications technology
4:51it is now possible to instantly access
4:53useful information through the internet
4:54and the latest computer
4:56technology while talking about
4:59globalization
5:00we must understand that most less
5:01developed countries national economy is
5:03not even
5:04internally integrated market
5:06institutions and forces are yet to
5:08emerge in a competitive way nearly half
5:10of the world population lives in
5:12absolute poverty and illiteracy
5:14more than 70 of the population earns
5:16livelihood from agriculture
5:18which however constitutes only about 40
5:21of the less developed countries national
5:22income lack of proper planning process
5:26commitment accountability and integrity
5:28of the governments
5:29and lack of people's participation and
5:30development activities caused that the
5:32developing countries
5:33particularly the less developed
5:35countries have not been able to
5:36substantially benefit from international
5:38trade
5:38due to both external as well as internal
5:40constraints
5:42the developing countries have not been
5:44able to increase their share in
5:45international trade
5:46despite the preferential market access
5:48opportunities provided by the developed
5:50countries
5:51it has been realized that market access
5:53for the developing countries is
5:54commercially meaningless
5:55if they cannot increase their
5:57competitiveness in the sectors in which
5:58they have preferential treatment
6:00in the developing countries lack of
6:02efficient production facilities
6:04adequate infrastructure weak management
6:06capacities
6:07low level of technology and lack of
6:08technological capacity and inefficient
6:10transportation
6:11communication and education limits their
6:14potential to specialize in crucial
6:15productive sectors and to reap the
6:17benefit of preferential trading
6:18facilities
6:21for economies like most less developed
6:23countries to integrate into the world
6:24trading system
6:25on terms and conditions favorable to
6:27their development needs they need to
6:29build their capacity to negotiate at the
6:31multilateral level
6:32this will happen only if they are able
6:34to increase their ability to understand
6:36the multilateral trading regime espoused
6:38by the world trade organization and
6:39formulate their national policies to
6:41benefit from it
6:43they also need to strengthen their
6:44capacity to benefit from international
6:46trade
6:47by increasing their competitiveness
6:48through investment in infrastructure
6:50development of human resources
6:52strengthening of institutional capacity
6:54enhancement of technological capability
6:56and supporting local enterprises
6:58including linkages between large and
7:00small enterprises
7:02by joining the world trade organization
7:04they can now fully enjoy the rights that
7:06all members have under the world trade
7:07organization agreements
7:09such as non-discrimination by other
7:10world trade organization members and the
7:12ability to use the world trade
7:14organization's dispute settlement
7:15procedure
7:16the membership will provide tremendous
7:18international market opportunities
7:20for less developed countries however
7:22taking advantage of the new opportunity
7:24will also be quite challenging most of
7:27less developed countries has few
7:28industries and hence very little to
7:30export
7:31many of them do not have enough surplus
7:33produce threats to domestic industries
7:35from cheap imports also loan
7:38information and communications
7:39technology allows trade to become
7:41simpler and more streamlined even
7:43it needs not and arguably should not
7:44entail universalization
7:46thus increasing the value and speed of
7:48transactions
7:49companies are not limited to physical
7:51locations or their own organizational
7:53boundaries
7:54for providing products and services
7:56networked information systems
7:58are allowing companies to coordinate
7:59their geographically distributed
8:01capabilities
8:02and even coordinate with other
8:03organization as virtual corporation
8:05one major advantage of promoting
8:07electronic commerce in most developing
8:09countries is that they can provide
8:10relatively cheap access to global
8:12markets even for small and medium-sized
8:14enterprises in remote areas
8:16small and medium enterprises have been
8:18playing a significant role in the
8:19economic development of most developing
8:21countries
8:22potential benefits of e-commerce for the
8:24developing countries are immense
8:26any company can enter global markets
8:28where size and location have become
8:29rather irrelevant
8:31success in e-commerce will have an
8:32immediate impact not only on
8:34productivity and profits
8:35but also generate new jobs employment
8:37educational opportunity and livelihood
8:40even that most accounts of globalization
8:42have been silent on
8:43its consequences for knowledge framework
8:45friedrich aaron
8:46believed that information and
8:48communications technology has even
8:49generate fundamental different
8:51methodologies in the developing
8:52countries
8:53as the student in the developing
8:55countries can now attend some of the
8:56best international university courses
8:58online
8:59and accessing almost any information to
9:01educate themselves in the same level as
9:03their competitor in developed countries
9:05from not having access to any books to
9:07all books in the world
9:10however after accession of world trade
9:12organization
9:13most countries have tremendous
9:14opportunities for exporting their
9:16products in the international market
9:18as even the former head of iran's
9:20national center for research on
9:21globalization says tehran should
9:23prioritize joining the world trade
9:25organization
9:26but to substantially benefit from
9:28international trade less developed
9:30countries
9:30must need to strengthen their capacity
9:32by increasing their competitiveness
9:34through investment in infrastructure
9:35development of human resources
9:37strengthening of institutional capacity
9:39enhancement of technological capability
9:42educational improvement and supporting
9:44local enterprises
9:45including linkages between large and
9:46small enterprises
9:48as esfandiar raheem ashway noted that it
9:50would not be possible to attract
9:52investments without providing the
9:53necessary support to the private sector
9:56we have been experiencing the fact that
9:57the more technologically capable
9:59countries continue to dominate their
10:00less capable counterparts
10:02effectively monopolizing opportunities
10:04for economic growth through their
10:05insurmountable advantage in information
10:07and communications technology
10:09given these diverse possibilities
10:11occasion by globalization
10:13it is of extreme necessity for
10:14developing countries to re-examine the
10:16trends in information and communications
10:18technology development worldwide
10:20and devise ways by which their
10:21advantages can be maximized
10:23this includes the need to extend the
10:25breadth and reach of information and
10:26communications technology to peoples and
10:28sectors that stand to benefit the most
10:30while curtailing its illicit and
10:32destructive uses even though there are
10:34those who do not support globalization
10:36the fact is that it is here to stay and
10:38if we do not embrace this thought
10:40we may get burned but the challenge for
10:43less developed countries is how to
10:45achieve a sustainable
10:46development in the globalized world of
10:47rapid technological change
10:49driven by inequalities of wealth and
10:51power and the main question is how less
10:53developed countries could achieve
10:55competitive advantage
10:56when the injustice global competition
10:58for educated talent has distorted the
11:00local market for educated professionals
11:02in many of less developed countries
11:04as the population of the developed world
11:06ages many countries face shortages of
11:08quality educated professionals
11:10western nations are turning to younger
11:12nations to fill this gap brain drain is
11:14a significant policy challenge for
11:16developing countries undergoing
11:17globalization
11:18brain drain describes the immigration of
11:20educated and highly skilled workers
11:23every day in countries all over the
11:25world people leave their home countries
11:27in search of a better
11:28life for themselves and their families
11:30however to address the solution to those
11:32issues we may need to define
11:33sustainability in the concept of
11:35sustainable production first
11:39sustainability has now become world's
11:41number one issue to be pursued for
11:43achieving a concrete and long-lasting
11:45development
11:46it is a process which tells of a
11:48development which commands all aspects
11:50of human life affecting sustenance
11:52sustainability means resolving the
11:54conflict between the two competing goals
11:56the sustenance of human life and the
11:58integrity of nature
11:59sustainability involves the simultaneous
12:02pursuit of economic prosperity
12:04environmental quality and social equity
12:06famously known as three bottom lines
12:08in essence sustainability is the ability
12:10of sustaining sustainable development
12:12which is a process of change in which
12:14the exploitation of resources
12:16the direction of investments the
12:18orientation of technological development
12:20and institutional change are all in
12:22harmony and enhance both current and
12:24future potential to meet human needs
12:25and aspirations the concept of
12:28sustainability
12:29is discussed at a time when
12:30environmental problems caused by the
12:31various human activities are requiring
12:33serious attention
12:35remedy lies with sustainable development
12:37approaching the management of natural
12:38resources and the adverse effects of
12:40globalization in order to address a
12:42range of problems
12:43in 1992 the international community as
12:46adopted at the earth summit
12:47in rio de janeiro discussed agenda 21
12:50the world's plan of action for
12:52sustainable development it was a
12:54landmark achievement
12:55incorporating environmental economic and
12:57social concerns into a single framework
13:00it contains over 2500 wide ranging and
13:03achievable recommendations
13:04for action on issues such as reducing
13:07wasteful use of natural resources
13:09fighting poverty protecting the
13:10atmosphere oceans
13:12animal and plant life so sustainability
13:15is achieved when it
13:16meets the needs of the present without
13:18compromising the ability of the future
13:20generations to meet their own needs
13:24as agreed in rio de janeiro sustainable
13:27development is associated with issues of
13:29social justice
13:30and the environmental democracy which
13:31stands for the creative participation of
13:33international communities in the
13:35construction of the new environmental
13:36rationality for sustainable production
13:39so following the agenda 21 as the
13:41roadmap to achieve sustainable
13:42development
13:43brain drain in the developing countries
13:45can be solved by creation of an
13:46independent
13:47international organization in the
13:49interest of global sustainable
13:50development
13:51to regulate the flow of people across
13:52borders and make sure that the training
13:54and education of skilled workers will
13:56not be at the expense of less developed
13:58countries
13:59as a step stone for fighting poverty and
14:01promoting democracy
14:02people in the developing countries need
14:04to be trained and having access to the
14:06education
14:06and as the training in education is
14:08still cheaper in the less developed
14:10countries than the developed countries
14:12developed countries by compensating less
14:14developed countries can use those people
14:16as their source for the future labor
14:17shortage
14:18and as the same time achieve economic of
14:20scale and creating a new market
14:23of course the economic policy is not the
14:26only core human and social values
14:28but as the most governments have engaged
14:30in sustainable development policies
14:32driven by the idea of economic progress
14:34this can be a good starting point
14:36followed by the pursuit of other primary
14:37concerns
14:38such as cultural promotion ecological
14:40care democracy and peace but does the
14:44globalization
14:45and economic progress help humanity to
14:47achieve or improve our values such as
14:49ecological care
14:50democracy and peace to answer this
14:52question we shall define
14:54and describe each of those elements
14:55separately in details which are clearly
14:57beyond the space of this video
14:59however as we all know economic
15:01inequality and the poverty has been the
15:03base of most human conflict
15:05even though paul hurst believed most
15:07likely that the environmental crises
15:09will cause the shortage of resources
15:10raw material water dry land and energy
15:13which will produce competing claims for
15:15resources
15:16and being the main reason for the future
15:17conflict and wars
15:19but even without it looking at many
15:20studies and researches which has been
15:22done on the effects of globalization on
15:24environment
15:25democracy and peace we can certainly
15:27claim that globalization and economic
15:29progress will help
15:30and has helped the improvement of our
15:31living standard and so many of those
15:33values vital to us
15:34however even though the discourse on
15:36sustainable development is not
15:37homogeneous
15:38but most people will agree that it will
15:40be easier to overcome future global
15:42challenges
15:43with international cooperation rather
15:45segregation
15:46whatever the challenges will be
15:47environmental degradation
15:49or regional conflict thank you for
15:52watching this video
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