Female Genital System (Internal & External) - Anatomy — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:03What's up. Meditay Here. Let's finally talk about  the female genital system. Now, this is going to
2. 0:08be a longer video than usual. It's not because the  female genital system is necessarily difficult,
3. 0:14but it's because I want to cover everything in  detail so that you understand the fundamentals
4. 0:18of the female genital system. I've put  some timestamps on the bottom of the video,
5. 0:23so you can use that if it's any  specific topic you came here for.
6. 0:27Alright. So the female
7. 0:28genital system is generally divided  into the internal genital organs
8. 0:33and the external genital organs. So we'll cover  the general external and internal structures
9. 0:38of these parts and go through the coverings. And we'll start with the internal genital organs
10. 0:44The internal genital organs consist of the  Ovaries, Uterine Tube, Uterus, and Vagina.
11. 0:51Now let's go detailed into each of  these parts, starting with the Ovaries.
12. 0:55So we'll first go through its inner structures and  the growth and maturation of the follicle. Then
13. 1:02we'll cover the external anatomy of the  ovaries along with how the ovaries are fixated.
14. 1:07Now. The ovaries contain oocytes within  follicles, and they produce steroid hormones,
15. 1:15which are estrogen and progesterone. So, if we take one Ovary. And slice it right about
16. 1:21here, then remove the upper half. This is what the  inner surface of the Ovary generally looks like.
17. 1:27Here, we've included all  the phases of the follicles.
18. 1:31First, of, the surface of the Ovary  is covered by tunica albuginea
19. 1:36composed of connective tissue fibers. Within the actual Ovary, between the follicles,
20. 1:41you'll find loose connective tissue. Right? That  connective tissue is called the ovarian stroma.
21. 1:48The ovarian stroma forms the ovarian  cortex and the ovarian medulla.
22. 1:52The Ovarian Cortex is the outer region where  the follicles rest, develop, and mature.
23. 1:58So this is the primary site of the follicles.
24. 2:01The Ovarian Medulla is the middle part of the  Ovary. It contains loose connective tissue
25. 2:07with many blood vessels, lymph  vessels, and nerve fibers.
26. 2:10Now just to give you a slight  sense of what it looks like;
27. 2:14Here, at the outer layer, that's where  you'll find the tunica albuginea,
28. 2:18which supports the outer epithelium. Here is the ovarian cortex,
29. 2:22which has all the follicles as you see here. And in the middle here, we got the ovarian
30. 2:27medulla, which houses all the large blood  vessels and nerves, and lymph vessels.
31. 2:32Aright. Now, as we said earlier. Within the
32. 2:35cortex of the Ovary, you'll find Follicles. I'll just quickly take you through
33. 2:39the basics of the ovarian follicles. What happens is once the female is actually born.
34. 2:45She'll have all the primordial follicles  that she'll ever need, which contain primary
35. 2:50oocytes. These are dormant follicle with a  single layer of flattened granulosa cells
36. 2:56So a female is born with many small follicles  that kinda cluster together in the periphery
37. 3:02of the Ovary. They're called Primordial  Follicles. So they contain a primary oocyte,
38. 3:08with a single layer of follicular cells.  They're simple squamous epithelium
39. 3:13Once the female actually enters puberty,  Follicular Stimulating Hormone, or FSH,
40. 3:19will stimulate a small number of  these primordial follicles to mature.
41. 3:24So FSH is going to cause some of  these primordial follicles to wake up
42. 3:29and become a Primary follicle. It still contains  the primary Oocyte, but the squamous epithelium is
43. 3:36now cuboidal epithelium. So the follicular cells  are now cuboidal cells. So the follicle is growing
44. 3:43Now, These Follicular cells will keep dividing  by mitosis, And form granulosa cells. And once
45. 3:50we have multiple layers of granulosa  cells that surround the primary Oocyte,
46. 3:55these Are called Secondary Follicules. In a  secondary follicle, the primary Oocyte will start
47. 4:01to deposit a layer of sugar and protein on the  outer layer of the Oocyte known as zona pellucida.
48. 4:07And then, the granulosa cells that are growing in  number also have a few jobs. One thing that they
49. 4:13do is that they produce and secrete a follicular  fluid which starts to accumulate within the
50. 4:19follicle. Granulosa cells also produce Estrogen.  And so, as the follicle is growing bigger in the
51. 4:25Ovary, estrogen levels are also going up. So this is what a late secondary follicle
52. 4:31looks like. Follicular fluid is building up, and  notice the several layers of granulosa cells.
53. 4:37This is still a primary oocyte because, remember,  secondary Oocyte doesn't occur until just before
54. 4:44Ovulation. We can also see the Zona Pellucida  surrounding the Oocyte. The theca folliculi
55. 4:51are also starting to develop at this point.  Remember, they have two layers. Theca interna
56. 4:57with lots of blood supply and theca externa which  are connective tissue encasement of the follicle.
57. 5:03Eventually as the follicle grows bigger,  it becomes a Graafian follicle or tertiary
58. 5:08follicle. With a large antrum, as well as  all the other parts that we talked about.
59. 5:13Now. The tertiary follicle will start to  bulge out. Literally, it'll start to bulge
60. 5:18out from the surface of the Ovary. And  just prior to Ovulation, that's when the
61. 5:23secondary Oocyte occurs, and Ovulation happens. After Ovulation occurs, the empty follicle
62. 5:30repairs itself, and it actually thrives and  becomes a structure called Corpus Luteum,
63. 5:35which secretes primarily progesterone,  and so at this point, after Ovulation,
64. 5:40progesterone levels start to go up. The corpus luteum has a limited lifespan,
65. 5:45and eventually, it starts to die  off and becomes corpus Albicans
66. 5:49So that was a brief look into the Ovary's  inner structure. I won't go into a lot more
67. 5:54detail than that since we're primarily  doing anatomy right now in this video.
68. 5:59Let's now go ahead and look at the  external structures of the Ovary.
69. 6:03Alright. So here's an external view of the Ovary. An ovary has surfaces and margins, right?
70. 6:11It has a mesovarian border, which is the anterior  margin facing the peritoneal fold of the Ovary.
71. 6:17Then on the other side, it has a free border, or a  posterior border, which is free because it doesn't
72. 6:24really face any structure of significance. It has the tubal extremity, which is the
73. 6:29upper pole facing the abdominal  opening of the uterine tube.
74. 6:33And it has a uterine extremity, which is  directed downward and attached to the lateral
75. 6:39angle of the Uterus by the ovarian ligament. Then we have two surfaces. A Lateral surface
76. 6:45and a medial surface. Awesome. So
77. 6:48that's the external surfaces of the Ovary. Let's now go through the fixation of the Ovary.
78. 6:54The Ovary is attached to the Uterus through a  ligament called the ligament of the Ovary. This
79. 7:00one is pretty straightforward. The ligament  of the Ovary fixates the Uterus to the Ovary.
80. 7:05A little fun fact about this ligament is that  it contains the ovarian branch of the uterine
81. 7:10artery and vein. It contains ovarian  nerves and lymphatic vessels as well.
82. 7:15Then we have the sustentacular ligament of  the Ovary. This ligament attaches the tubal
83. 7:21extremity of the Ovary to the lateral pelvic  wall, so it helps to fixate the Ovary in place.
84. 7:28It also contains vessels and  nerves as well going to the Ovary.
85. 7:32Then we have a fold, a peritoneal  fold called Mesovarium.
86. 7:37Let's repeat something really quick.  The peritoneum consists of two layers,
87. 7:41right? One that is continuous to the abdominal and  the pelvic wall is called the parietal peritoneum.
88. 7:48And one that lines the visceral organs within the  abdominal cavity called the visceral peritoneum.
89. 7:53Now. Here we see a superior view  of the Uterus and the pelvis.
90. 7:58And here, we see some ligaments  around the inner genital organs.
91. 8:02One ligament that is crucial to know about  is called the broad ligament of the Uterus.
92. 8:07This ligament is actually a double peritoneal  fold. So the peritoneum goes down to the Uterus
93. 8:14and folds double, and there you have  the broad ligament of the Uterus.
94. 8:18So the broad ligament is attached to the uterine  border medially and is laterally continuous with
95. 8:25the parietal peritoneum of the pelvic wall The broad ligament of the uterus consists of
96. 8:30three parts, but there is one particular part of  this ligament that is important to know regarding
97. 8:36the fixation of the Ovary, and that is the  Mesovarium. So the Mesovarium is a component
98. 8:43of the broad ligament. It's the smallest component  of the broad ligament. And the good thing with the
99. 8:49Mesovarium is that it suspends the ovaries. It fixates them to the actual uterine wall.
100. 8:55So that was all for the fixation. I  hope the Mesovarium made a little sense.
101. 8:59I'll touch back upon the broad ligament  again soon as we go through these organs.
102. 9:04Alright. So that was everything  I had for the ovaries. As far as
103. 9:08anatomy goes, and a little extra. Let's do the uterine tubes now.
104. 9:13The uterine tubes, or the fallopian tube, are  paired tubes that go from the Uterus to the
105. 9:19ovaries. So it has two openings. One side opens  into the peritoneal cavity but faces the Ovary,
106. 9:27and one part opens into the Uterus. So  they're the arms of the Uterus you can say.
107. 9:32What it does is that when Ovulation happens,  the uterine tubes capture the released oocytes
108. 9:38and transport them along the tube by  peristaltic contractions to the uterine cavity.
109. 9:43One thing that's good to know also is that  fertilization of the Oocyte by a spermatozoon
110. 9:49usually happens within the uterine tube before  it's pushed further into the uterine cavity
111. 9:54and gets attached to the wall there.  So yeah. Let's now do the anatomy.
112. 9:59The uterine tube consists of several parts.
113. 10:02First, it has an infundibulum, which is the  dilated part adjacent to the abdominal opening.
114. 10:08It has an ampulla, which is the wider  lateral 2/3 of the uterine tube.
115. 10:13It has an isthmus, which is the  narrower medial 1/3 of the uterine tube
116. 10:18And it has a uterine part, which is usually  the intramural segment of the uterine tube,
117. 10:25located within the wall of the Uterus. So let's go a little deeper into
118. 10:30the anatomy of the uterine tube now. On the Infundibular part, you'll find an
119. 10:35opening, right? That opening is called the  abdominal ostium, which is an opening that
120. 10:42faces the Ovary. It directly opens into the  peritoneal cavity, and it catches the Oocyte
121. 10:49once Ovulation happens. Now, how does it do that? It does that through the help of something called
122. 10:55fimbria. These are mucosal arms, or tentacles  or whatever you wanna use to describe them.
123. 11:02Of all fimbriae, one fimbria is long enough to  reach the Ovary. It is called Ovarian Fimbria.
124. 11:10An ovary is not directly connected to its adjacent  Fallopian tube, right? And now you might wonder,
125. 11:17doesn't that leave a chance for the Oocyte  to not go into the ovarian tube? Well, yes,
126. 11:22there's always that small chance, you know. But  this is actually a very controlled process. I
127. 11:27couldn't animate it, but I'll try to explain. When Ovulation is about to occur, the sex hormones
128. 11:33activate the fimbriae, causing them to swell with  blood and hit the ovary in a gentle, sweeping
129. 11:39motion. An oocyte is then released from the Ovary  into the peritoneal cavity, and the cilia of the
130. 11:46fimbriae sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube. It's a cool process.
131. 11:51And here's a little better representation  of the ovarian fimbria. You see it goes
132. 11:56along and reaches the Ovary, compared to  the other fimbriae of the uterine tube.
133. 12:00Alright. The other
134. 12:01opening. Which opens into the uterine tube,  is called the uterine ostium, as you see here.
135. 12:06Now I wanna take a small segment of the  fallopian tube and look at the walls to
136. 12:11understand hwo the uterine tube is actually built. The uterine tube is simple. It consists of
137. 12:17a mucosa. Muscularis, and serosa. The serous  coat covers the tube intraperitoneally, except
138. 12:26for the area where the mesosalpinx is, which is  another part of the broad ligament of the Uterus.
139. 12:33So remember we talked about the broad ligament  and how it fixates the inner organs and that it
140. 12:38consists of 3 parts? One part fixates the  Ovary, called Mesovarium, and another part
141. 12:45now is called the mesosalpinx. This  one. It fixates the fallopian tube,
142. 12:50and along this place, arteries and nerves enter  the tube, but veins and lymphatics leave it.
143. 12:57Awesome. I'll stop there. That's all you need  to know about the fallopian tube's anatomy.
144. 13:02Now, let's do the Uterus. Now the Uterus. The Uterus such a cool organ. It
145. 13:07undergoes cyclic transformation, It's synchronized  with the ovarian cycle to ensure that the Uterus
146. 13:13is ready for implantation of the fertilized ovum,  and you know, at one point, we've all been inside
147. 13:19one of these. So let's go through its anatomy. Let's first change the angle.
148. 13:24First off, you need to know that it's  normally positioned in anteflexion,
149. 13:29meaning that it's bending forward and that it's  almost completely covered by the peritoneum.
150. 13:35To cover as much of the Uterus as possible. I  wanna remove half of it to get a better view.
151. 13:41And let's also look at the Uterus  from this perspective. We'll see this.
152. 13:46Alright. The Uterus
153. 13:48consists of a fundus. Which is located  above the entrances of the uterine tubes.
154. 13:54It has a uterine body, which is the thickened  part of the Uterus. Now the uterine body has
155. 14:00two surfaces, and if you look here. One surface  is called the vesical surface, or the anterior
156. 14:06surface because it faces the urinary bladder. And  one surface is called the intestinal or posterior
157. 14:12surface because it faces the sigmoid colon. What separates these two surfaces
158. 14:18is the border of the Uterus. This border is where  the broad ligament of the Uterus is attached to.
159. 14:25Another part of the Uterus is called the cervix  of the Uterus. This is the cylindrical part of
160. 14:30the Uterus. The lower part of it lies in the  vagina, and the upper part is above the vagina.
161. 14:37That means we can subdivide it into he  supravaginal part, and the vaginal part.
162. 14:43Other things we can see here are the uterine  horns, which are paired structures through which
163. 14:49the uterine tubes enter the Uterus. Pretty straightforward, isn't it?
164. 14:53Now, inside the Uterus, we can see the uterine  cavity. This cavity has three openings. Two
165. 15:01at the base, where the uterine tube opens, called  the uterine opening of the oviduct. And one
166. 15:07opening down here at the end of the cervical canal  called the external os of the Uterus. Which is
167. 15:14the opening of the cervical canal to the vagina. This canal is bordered by the cervical lips. So
168. 15:22if we look at the posterior/lateral angle of the  Uterus and the vagina, and remove the posterior
169. 15:28wall of the vagina, we'll be able to see the  external os of the Uterus. And we'll also be able
170. 15:34to see that it's bordered by the anterior lip of  the cervix, and the posterior lip of the cervix.
171. 15:42In nulliparous women, meaning women  that haven't had a baby before,
172. 15:46this orifice is small and round, as you see here  on the left. And after childbirth, it becomes like
173. 15:53a narrow fissure, as you see here. Alright.
174. 15:56Let's now take the Uterus, take  one piece of it out, and look at it
175. 16:00underneath the microscope. We'll see this. Now the Uterus consists of an Endometrium,
176. 16:06a Myometrium, and a Perimetrium. The endometrium contains specialized
177. 16:12mucosa that undergoes marked  changes during the menstrual cycle.
178. 16:16It consists of two layers. A functional layer that  undergoes menstrual changes and a basal layer that
179. 16:23doesn't change during the menstrual cycle. Now, the functional layer is special;
180. 16:28let's zoom in on it. It consists  of simple columnar epithelium.
181. 16:32It has an endometrial stroma, which  is the underlying connective tissue.
182. 16:37And it has many uterine glands, which during  the menstrual cycle, the surface epithelium
183. 16:43invaginates into the stroma to form simple  tubular glands, which is the one you see here.
184. 16:50So what happens is, while the follicle is  growing, it releases estrogen, right? As the
185. 16:57estrogen level gradually rise, it signals to start  the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle.
186. 17:04At this point, the blood discharge starts slowing  and then stops in response to rising hormone
187. 17:10levels. The lining of the Uterus will thicken  and proliferate with the rising of estrogen.
188. 17:16Then when Ovulation happen due to the  pike in Luteinizing hormone release.
189. 17:21After Ovulation under the influence of  progesterone, the endometrium changes
190. 17:26to a secretory lining in preparation for  the potential implantation of an embryo
191. 17:32to establish a pregnancy. If implantation happens,
192. 17:36the inner lining remains. But if implantation  doesn't happen within approximately two weeks,
193. 17:43the progesterone producing corpus luteum in the  Ovary will die off, right? And since corpus luteum
194. 17:49is the one that produces mainly progesterone. If  it degenerates, the progesterone and the estrogen
195. 17:55levels decrease. This hormone decrease causes the  Uterus to shed its lining during menstruation.
196. 18:03So with this in mind. This specimen is from the  early secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
197. 18:09because the uterine glands are mostly  straight and only slightly dilated.
198. 18:14So that was the functional layer of the Uterus.
199. 18:18The basal layer again is retained during  menstruation and regenerates the functional layer.
200. 18:25Next, let's do the Myometrium. The myometrium  is composed of three layers of smooth muscle.
201. 18:32The Inner and Outer Layers are mostly  longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle.
202. 18:36And the Middle Layer, which is the thickest  layer of mostly circular or spiral bundles
203. 18:42of smooth muscle with numerous blood vessels. Now, the endometrium contains a unique system
204. 18:48of blood vessels that undergo marked  changes during the menstrual cycle.
205. 18:53It contains arcuate arteries which  encircle the Uterus in the myometrium,
206. 18:59Arcuate arteries branch off as radial  arteries that ascend into the endometrium.
207. 19:05The radial arteries give off straight  arteries, which supply the basal layer,
208. 19:10and spiral arteries which pass through the  basal layer and supply the functional layer.
209. 19:17Alright. The last layer is the perimetrium,  which is the outer serous layer of the Uterus,
210. 19:24and it's continuous with the  broad ligament, as you see here.
211. 19:28Now, let's go through the fixation of the Uterus.  The Uterus is held in place by the help of the
212. 19:34peritoneal folds, the parametrial ligaments,  and the supporting apparatus of the Uterus.
213. 19:41Remember we talked about the peritoneum  and that it consists of two layers.
214. 19:45And then, we talked about how the peritoneum  forms a double fold at the Uterus,
215. 19:50forming the broad ligament of the Uterus. Which  is attached to the uterine border medially
216. 19:56and is continuous with the parietal  peritoneum of the pelvic wall laterally?
217. 20:01The Broad ligament consists of three parts. The  Mesovarium which is a peritoneal fold of the
218. 20:07Ovary, the mesosalpinx which is a peritoneal  fold o the uterine tube. And the mesometrium,
219. 20:13which is a peritoneal fold of the Uterus. They  all a part of the broad ligament of the Uterus.
220. 20:20And they help fixate the organs in place. Here's another angle, kind of,
221. 20:24showing you that the broad ligament is more  vertically located along the uterine border.
222. 20:29Alright. Parametrial ligaments are ligaments that hold
223. 20:33the uterus in its proper position in the pelvis. These are the Cardinal ligament of the Uterus,
224. 20:40which extends from the cervix uteri to  the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity
225. 20:44There's the vesico-uterine ligament, which  extends from the Uterus to the urinary bladder.
226. 20:50The pubocervical ligament, goes from  the pubic symphysis to the cervix.
227. 20:56There's the uterosacral ligament  and the rectouterine ligament.
228. 21:00So that's these. Another paraumbilical ligament that's important
229. 21:05is the round ligament of the Uterus, which keeps  the Uterus in anteversion during pregnancy.
230. 21:12Next, we have the supporting apparatus of the  Uterus. This mainly include the perineal muscles.
231. 21:19These muscles hold the Uterus, like a plate. So here we see the posterior aspect of the pelvis.
232. 21:25If we go ahead and expose it a little bit,  we'll be able to see the perineal muscles here.
233. 21:31They provide support to the inner genital organs. Another supporting apparatus is
234. 21:36the levator anii muscle. So if we add the pelvic bone back,
235. 21:41and there you see the levator ani  muscle. It also supports the Uterus.
236. 21:45So that was the fixation of  the Uterus. Alright. 3 down.
237. 21:50Let's quickly do the vagina, and  then we'll do the external organs.
238. 21:54The vagina is a hollow muscular tube that serves  as the terminal part of the female genital tract.
239. 22:01It extends from the Uterus  to the external genitals
240. 22:04and ends with the vaginal orifice, located  within the vestibule of the vagina. Vestibule
241. 22:10is just the space bordered by the inner lips. Within the vagina, you'll find the vaginal canal,
242. 22:16which is the cavity of the vagina. This cavity is bordered anteriorly
243. 22:20by the anterior wall and a Posterior wall. Up in this area, around the cervix of the
244. 22:27Uterus. You'll find a groove. This groove has  an anatomical name, called the Vaginal Fornix.
245. 22:34It has an anterior part, which is the shallow  part of the fornix. It has a posterior
246. 22:40part which is deeper, and two lateral parts. At the external vaginal orifice, in young women,
247. 22:47you'll find a thin piece of mucosal tissue  that surrounds or partially covers it.
248. 22:54From the third week of gestation to the  second trimester, the hymen is formed
249. 22:59following the vagina. Some girls are born without  a hymen. Others have only fragments of tissue.
250. 23:05It doesn't grow back, which is fine because it  really doesn't have any practical use anyway.
251. 23:10But as you can see here, the hymen can  have several anatomical variations.
252. 23:14It can range from thin and stretchy to thick  and somewhat rigid. 1-2 out of 1,000 infants
253. 23:22may have an imperforated hymen, though. This  is the only variation that may require medical
254. 23:28intervention because it can completely  prevent the passage of menstrual fluid
255. 23:32or slows it significantly. And in a practical setting,
256. 23:36The hymen can stretch or tear as a result  of various behaviors, by the use of tampons,
257. 23:42or menstrual cups, pelvic examinations  with a speculum, and sexual intercourse.
258. 23:49Alright. Let's change the angle.
259. 23:51In front of the Vagina, you'll find the urinary  bladder and the urethra. So between them,
260. 23:56you'll find the urethrovaginal septum,  which is just a plate of connective tissue.
261. 24:02And behind the Vagina you'll find the Rectum.  So in between them is the rectovaginal septum.
262. 24:08And as the peritoneum covers  the inner wall of the pelvis,
263. 24:12it forms a pouch called the Recto-uterine pouch,  or sometimes referred to as the pouch of Douglas.
264. 24:19Alright. Let's now take a piece of the vaginal wall
265. 24:22and look at it underneath the microscope. We'll see this.
266. 24:26So it's going to have a mucosa,  muscularis, and a serosa or adventitia.
267. 24:32The mucosa of the vagina is, it forms contains  numerous transverse folds on the surface of the
268. 24:38mucosa. And if we take a closer look into the  epithelium of it, you'll see that it's lined by
269. 24:44Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium. Under physiological conditions, Estrogen
270. 24:51promotes the storage of glycogen in the middle  and upper layers of the epithelium. Now,
271. 24:56why would you need these cells to store glycogen? As epithelial cells are exfoliated, glycogen is
272. 25:04released. Right? This released glycogen will get  metabolized by bacteria producing lactic acid.
273. 25:11This lowers the pH in the lumen and  inhibits the growth of the pathogen.
274. 25:16Pretty cool process. That's why  sometimes issues with estrogen levels
275. 25:21can be reflected by the vaginal discharge. Awesome. So that's the mucosa. The muscularis
276. 25:27is composed of two indistinct  layers of smooth muscle. An
277. 25:31inner circular layer and a much  thicker, outer longitudinal layer.
278. 25:36Then the outer part is  either adventitia or serosa.
279. 25:40The adventitia consists of loose  connective tissue and provides a
280. 25:44connection with the surrounding organs, which  is the rectum, urinary bladder, and the urethra.
281. 25:50Tunica serosa covers the upper part  of the posterior wall of the vagina.
282. 25:55Awesome. So now we've gone through the Ovaries,
283. 25:58we've gone through the uterine tubes and  the Uterus and the vagina. All of those are
284. 26:04considered internal genital organs. Let's now go through the external
285. 26:09genital organs. They're pretty straight forward. So let's look at this model from this perspective.
286. 26:14We'll see this. The external genital organs consist
287. 26:19of a vestibule, labia minora, the clitoris, the  bulb of the vestibule and its associated glands,
288. 26:26and the labia majora or outer lips. So let’s do the vestibule first.
289. 26:32The vaginal vestibule is an area  bordered by the labia minora.
290. 26:37And within the vaginal vestibule, you'll find the  external urethral orifice coming from the urinary
291. 26:43bladder. And the vaginal orifice, which leads into  the vagina. You'll also find the Lesser vestibular
292. 26:50glands, which help secrete a substance to  lubricate the urethra opening. This substance is
293. 26:56also believed to act as an antimicrobial as well. Now, there are paired mucous glands embedded in
294. 27:03the perineal membrane, called the greater  vestibular glands, or Bartholin's glands.
295. 27:09These glands open into the posterior part of  the vestibule. They secrete fluid that helps
296. 27:15lubricate the vagina. Sometimes the ducts of these  glands can become obstructed, and fluid backs up,
297. 27:22forming a cyst. Called bartholin's cyst So that was the vestibule. Around the vestibule,
298. 27:29you'll find labia minora. Labia minora are two small
299. 27:34cutaneous folds situated between labia majora.  They extend from the clitoris obliquely downward,
300. 27:42and the posterior ends of them are usually  joined across the midline by the fold of the skin
301. 27:47called the frenulum of labia minora. The inner surface of the labia minora
302. 27:52is lined by the mucous, containing numerous  glands which moisten the vaginal vestibule.
303. 27:57Next, we have the clitoris, this one The clitoris is one of the most sensitive
304. 28:04erogenous zones due to its high concentration of  nerve endings. We say it's the female version of
305. 28:10a penis since it's made up of corpus cavernosum,  the same as the penis. That's the erectile tissue.
306. 28:17It consists of the glans clitoris,  which is the terminal external part.
307. 28:21Body of the clitoris, splits  into two crura of clitoris.
308. 28:26Around the glans clitoris, we  have the Prepuce of clitoris,
309. 28:30or the clitoral hood. This is a fold of skin that  surrounds and protects the glans of the clitoris
310. 28:36So that was the clitoris. Then we got something called the bulb of
311. 28:41the vestibule. This is a type of erectile tissue  closely related to the clitoris. The vestibule
312. 28:47bulbs are two bulbs of erectile tissue that start  close to the inferior side of the body of the
313. 28:54clitoris and then extend towards the urethra and  vagina on the medial side of the clitoral crus.
314. 29:02It is formed by the plexus of venous  blood vessels covered by the capsule.
315. 29:07Alright. Let's now do some  other external structures.
316. 29:10Here we can see the labia  minora and the glans clitoris.
317. 29:14Lateral to the labia minora,  we can find the labia majora.
318. 29:19Each labium has two surfaces: an outer part which  is basically skin covered by hair, and an inner
319. 29:26part, which is smooth with sebaceous glands. The labia are thicker upwards, and at the upper
320. 29:34angle where they meet, we call this area  the anterior commissure. And posteriorly,
321. 29:40they don't directly connect as the anterior side  does, but together with the surrounding skin,
322. 29:46they form the posterior labial commissure. In front of the pubic symphysis, we can find Mons,
323. 29:53located above labia majora. It is triangular in  shape, formed by fatty tissue, and becomes covered
324. 30:01by hair at the time of puberty. This is also where  the round ligament of the Uterus attaches to.
325. 30:07So that was finally everything I  had about the female genital system.
326. 30:11We talked about the internal female genital  organs, which consist of the ovaries,
327. 30:16uterine tubes, Uterus, and the vagina. And the external genital system,
328. 30:22which consists of the vestibule, labia minora,  clitoris, bulb of the vestibule, the labia majora.
329. 30:28As well as the upper area called the mons pubis. I really hope you found this video helpful. If
330. 30:34you did, please put a like, comment,  and subscribe. See you next time.