[F5] 2 JAM REVISION! Sejarah Tingkatan 5 Bab 1–10 — Transcript

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1. 0:00Welcome to our discussion.
2. 0:02Today, we will continue to delve into a very important topic in the Form 5 history curriculum.
3. 0:10Chapter 1, National Sovereignty.
4. 0:13We will try to understand together what exactly is the core strength of our country,
5. 0:18how it was built and what is our role in this.
6. 0:22Let's start with the most basic.
7. 0:25Now let's discuss chapter 1.1.
8. 0:27What exactly do we mean when we say Sovereignty?
9. 0:32Okay, simply put, Sovereignty is the highest power of a country.
10. 0:38The highest power?
11. 0:39Yes, it means that the country is free.
12. 0:42Free to determine its own course, to govern itself, without any interference from external forces.
13. 0:49Understand, understand.
14. 0:50And this concept is actually not a new thing in Malaysia.
15. 0:53Oh yes? It has existed for a long time, since the time of the Malay Sultanate of Malacca.
16. 0:58After that, it continued to be strengthened after we gained independence in 57 and the formation of Malaysia in 63.
17. 1:06What is interesting about Sovereignty is when we look at the origins of the word itself in various languages.
18. 1:13Haa, what is that?
19. 1:14For example, in Greek, there is the word superanus or supremus.
20. 1:20It means supreme or supreme.
21. 1:22Supreme supreme?
22. 1:23Yes, referring to a free and independent country.
23. 1:27In English, we use sovereignty.
24. 1:30It means that the country has full power to rule.
25. 1:34Okay.
26. 1:34In Arabic, it comes from the word daulah.
27. 1:38Daulah?
28. 1:39Is it like the Islamic daulah?
29. 1:41Haa.
30. 1:42It means the power of government or government.
31. 1:44And in our own Malay language, the word daulah refers to the supreme power of a king or country.
32. 1:52So, many languages ​​refer to the same thing, right?
33. 1:56Full power, freedom.
34. 1:58That's right.
35. 2:00In conclusion, Sovereignty is the supreme power of an independent country to run its own government.
36. 2:07But this concept must change with the times, right?
37. 2:10Is there a difference between the Sovereignty of the past and the Sovereignty of the present?
38. 2:15Yes. There is a difference.
39. 2:17Traditional sovereignty, like the time of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka, was more focused on the king.
40. 2:25The king as the center of power?
41. 2:26Exactly.
42. 2:28The king was the absolute ruler.
43. 2:30His power and authority were also supported by the loyalty of the people.
44. 2:35That was the axis of Sovereignty at that time.
45. 2:37Okay.
46. 2:37Unlike modern sovereignty, this one is heavily influenced by ideas from Europe, especially after the revolutions there.
47. 2:47Hmm, revolutions like the French revolution.
48. 2:49Yes, for example.
49. 2:51Modern sovereignty is more related to the concept of a nation-state, people's rights, constitutional government.
50. 2:58This means that power is no longer concentrated in just one king.
51. 3:00That's right. Like the sovereignty of Malaysia today, it is modern in nature. It was born from a combination of states that form a federation.
52. 3:10Okay.
53. 3:10We have a constitutional monarchy system, where the king's power is subject to the constitution.
54. 3:17And we have a parliamentary democracy, where the people elect their representatives.
55. 3:22These are all the characteristics of modern sovereignty.
56. 3:24Okay, now we are a little clear about the basic concept and types of sovereignty.
57. 3:28Now, let's discuss chapter 1.2.
58. 3:30How do we know if a country is truly sovereign?
59. 3:34What characteristics must it have?
60. 3:36Okay. There are four main characteristics that we can look at to determine whether a country is sovereign or not.
61. 3:42Four main characteristics? What is that?
62. 3:44First, the country must have an organized government.
63. 3:48That means, there must be a functioning government.
64. 3:51A stable government, I suppose.
65. 3:52Yes, one that can maintain political stability, manage the economy, and maintain defense.
66. 3:58Like in Malaysia, we have a clear administrative machinery under our constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
67. 4:06Okay. The first is government. What else?
68. 4:09Second, the country must have clear and recognized borders.
69. 4:16Territorial borders?
70. 4:17That's right. The dividing line between our country and neighboring countries.
71. 4:22And these borders are important.
72. 4:23Not just lines on a map.
73. 4:26They determine the extent of our legal authority, our administration, our defense.
74. 4:32And they must be recognized by other countries, such as through the UN.
75. 4:36Understand.
76. 4:37So, government, borders.
77. 4:40The third?
78. 4:41Third, there must be its own legal system.
79. 4:45This is the law of the country.
80. 4:46Yes. The system of laws and regulations to ensure that the country is peaceful, the people are prosperous, and justice is maintained.
81. 4:56It is the backbone of the country.
82. 4:58Like in Malaysia, we have the highest law which is the federal constitution.
83. 5:03The federal constitution. Okay.
84. 5:06And finally, the fourth?
85. 5:09The fourth and this is very important is to have the people.
86. 5:13The people. I mean the population.
87. 5:15Yes. The population that lives in the country is bound by the laws of the country and forms the identity of the country.
88. 5:23Like us in Malaysia, our people are of various races, but united under one national family and we have the national pillars as a common guide.
89. 5:32Okay. So four characteristics.
90. 5:34Government, borders, legislation and the people. Only when all of these are complete can we say that the country is sovereign, yes.
91. 5:42Exactly.
92. 5:43When these characteristics are present, it is clear that sovereignty is an important foundation.
93. 5:49Now, let's discuss chapter 1.3.
94. 5:52Can you explain further, why do we consider this sovereignty to be so, so critical for a country like Malaysia?
95. 5:58What is its real importance?
96. 5:59Sovereignty is like a license for our country to function fully. Very important.
97. 6:08A license to function?
98. 6:09Yes. First, it guarantees the effectiveness of administration. When we are sovereign, we are free to make our own policies. We don't have to follow the dictates of external powers. We can make development plans, manage the country according to our own needs.
99. 6:24So, we can make the best decisions for our country.
100. 6:27That's right. This leads to the second interest. Economic prosperity. We can manage our own natural resources, develop the economy according to our own will for the benefit of our people. Isn't it just outsiders coming to take advantage, right?
101. 6:40Yes, that's right. Okay, is there economic administration again?
102. 6:44Yes. Third, sovereignty is important for social well-being.
103. 6:50Social well-being? What is that?
104. 6:52Through policies that a sovereign government can make, we can foster unity among our diverse people. Maintain harmony, build a united society. This is important for long-term stability.
105. 7:06Hmm, that's important. Especially in Malaysia.
106. 7:09Very important. And finally, fourth, sovereignty allows us to establish foreign relations with dignity.
107. 7:17What does that mean?
108. 7:18We can relate to other countries on an equal footing, not as a subservient or dependent country.
109. 7:25We can join international organizations, sign agreements, and engage in diplomatic cooperation as an independent and respected country.
110. 7:34This is not an opportunity for our country to excel on the world stage.
111. 7:38Okay, so it is clear that its importance is for good governance, a prosperous economy, a prosperous society, and also equal international relations.
112. 7:47Now let's discuss chapter 1.4.
113. 7:50Since sovereignty is so important, like the soul of our country, of course defending it is not an easy task and as mentioned earlier, it is not the government's job alone, right?
114. 7:59That's right. Defending sovereignty is our shared responsibility. Collectively.
115. 8:04So, how can we do it? What steps can be taken by the government and also by us as the people?
116. 8:11There are several main steps. First of all, it is important to create political stability and economic prosperity.
117. 8:18Political stability and economic prosperity? What is that?
118. 8:21The government must govern the country efficiently, fairly, and transparently, distribute the country's wealth equitably. Ensure that politics is stable and there is no chaos.
119. 8:31And the role of the people.
120. 8:33A good first step for development and most importantly, obey the law. Don't do things that can disrupt stability.
121. 8:40Okay, so cooperation between the government and the people for stability and prosperity is the first step. What else?
122. 8:47The second step is to cultivate patriotism. The spirit of love for the country.
123. 8:53Patriotism. How do you cultivate that?
124. 8:55The government can play a role through history education in schools, holding national day celebrations, awareness campaigns.
125. 9:02But more importantly, it comes from the heart of every citizen.
126. 9:08What do you mean by "from the heart"?
127. 9:09That means we have to feel proud to be Malaysians. Appreciate our history, our heritage, respect national symbols like the flag, our national anthem.
128. 9:21Show this spirit in our daily actions. Be united despite different races and religions.
129. 9:27Understand. You have to have love for the country.
130. 9:30Yes. Love and being willing to defend the good name of the country. That's patriotism.
131. 9:35Okay. The third?
132. 9:37The third, strengthening the country's defense. This seems like a soldier's job, but it's not.
133. 9:44Oh, isn't it just the military's job?
134. 9:46The military and security forces are on the front lines. The government is responsible for formulating a solid defense policy,
135. 9:54providing modern equipment for our armed forces. But the people also have a role.
136. 9:58The role of the people in defense? What is that?
137. 10:02We must always be sensitive to national security issues. Don't be easily influenced by external elements or propaganda that wants to divide us.
138. 10:11Never cooperate with the country's enemies. And if the situation requires it, we must be ready to sacrifice to defend the homeland. This spirit is important.
139. 10:20So, close cooperation between the government and the people in these three aspects, politics, economy, patriotism and defense, this is what will be very important for the sovereignty of our country, right?
140. 10:34Exactly. It is a continuous effort and requires commitment from all parties.
141. 10:39So, in short, we can say that sovereignty is indeed the lifeblood of an independent country like Malaysia.
142. 10:48It is not just a concept, but encompasses the highest power for us to govern our own country.
143. 10:54It has clear characteristics that we have discussed earlier. Government, borders, legislation, people.
144. 11:00And it is very important for the progress of our country in terms of administration, economy, society and external relations.
145. 11:08Most importantly, it requires a firm commitment from the government and each of us, Malaysian citizens, to continue to defend it.
146. 11:16That's right.
147. 11:17Thank you for the very in-depth sharing earlier.
148. 11:21We learned a lot today. See you in the next episode.
149. 11:24Welcome back everyone. Today, we want to delve into a very fundamental topic for Malaysia.
150. 11:30namely BAP 2, the Federal Constitution.
151. 11:34This is not just a collection of the country's highest laws.
152. 11:38But it is actually the foundation of our country.
153. 11:42What is interesting is that it combines our traditional heritage with a modern structure.
154. 11:47So, let's begin our exploration of this important document.
155. 11:52Now, let's discuss BAP 2.1, Historical Background of the Federal Constitution.
156. 11:58We will see how the basis of our constitution began to form long before the British era, right?
157. 12:06Yes, that's right. Actually, if we look at its roots, it comes from the traditional values ​​of the Malay Sultanate.
158. 12:13Before the British came and intervened, these Malay states already had their own laws and customs as the rules of government.
159. 12:20Oh, so there was a system at that time. What did it look like?
160. 12:24Indeed, there was. The most famous example, we have the Melaka canon law and also the Melaka maritime law.
161. 12:30That's for Melaka. But that's not all. There are also other written laws in states like Pahang, Kedah, Johor.
162. 12:37There is even the 99 Perak law.
163. 12:40In this system, the king is the sovereign ruler.
164. 12:43So, these laws and customs are the core, the guide for the king to rule and the people to obey.
165. 12:50Understand, understand. So, there is a local legal framework based on Malay tradition.
166. 12:56Then, when the British came, they brought their system too. How was that?
167. 13:02Yes, that's right. When the British came, especially in the Straits States like Pulau Punang, Melaka, Singapore,
168. 13:08they started to introduce the English legal system.
169. 13:10This was done through what is called the Charter of Justice
170. 13:15which was first introduced in Penang in 1807.
171. 13:20Charter of Justice. Okay.
172. 13:22Yes. This charter, the charter after that, reorganized the court system there.
173. 13:28In Sarawak, English law came in through an ordinance.
174. 13:32For example, The Sarawak Application of Laws Ordinance 1949.
175. 13:36Similarly in Sabah with the Sabah Application of Laws Ordinance 1951.
176. 13:42So, the constitution that we have today, it is actually the result of evolution.
177. 13:46Like layers of history. Local customary law, Islamic law.
178. 13:51Then, added to that, the influence of English law.
179. 13:54That's interesting. An evolution is not something that appears suddenly.
180. 13:59Okay, fine.
181. 14:00Now let's discuss chapter 2.2.
182. 14:03History of the drafting of the federal constitution.
183. 14:06From the background above, how did the process of drafting the federal constitution itself happen?
184. 14:12Especially as we get closer to independence.
185. 14:14Okay, this drafting process, it is not a one-step process.
186. 14:18It went through several important phases, in stages.
187. 14:21If we want to trace its early history, we can look as early as 1877.
188. 14:27At that time, the Perak State Council was established and began to draft laws for the state of Perak.
189. 14:33That was the initial stage.
190. 14:341877? Wow, that was a long time ago.
191. 14:36Yes, a long time ago.
192. 14:38Then, the process of drafting this law went through different institutions
193. 14:42according to the British administrative structure at that time.
194. 14:45There was a Legislative Council in the Straits Settlements.
195. 14:47There was a Federal Executive Council in the federated Malay states, like Perak, Selangor.
196. 14:53And there were State Councils in the non-federated Malay states.
197. 14:56Each drafted laws according to its own area of ​​jurisdiction.
198. 14:59So, there were many bodies involved before this.
199. 15:02That's right.
200. 15:03But, the most significant step, which really led towards the formation of the Constitution of the Independent State,
201. 15:11was the establishment of the Constitutional Commission of the Federation of Malaya.
202. 15:14This commission is better known as the RID Commission.
203. 15:18It was established in May 1956.
204. 15:22Ah, the RID Commission.
205. 15:25This is the name we always hear when talking about constitutions, right?
206. 15:28So, this is the body that drafted the 1957 Federal Constitution of Malaya.
207. 15:34Exactly.
208. 15:35The RID Commission was given the mandate to draft a new constitution for the Federation of Malaya that would become independent.
209. 15:43They referred a lot to the Westminster model from Britain, but it had to be adapted to our local conditions.
210. 15:49It cannot be taken in its entirety.
211. 15:51There must be adjustments, right?
212. 15:52What are their main terms of reference?
213. 15:54There are several main terms of reference that the RID Commission must adhere to.
214. 15:58First, a strong Federal government must be established, but at the same time, the autonomy of the states must also be preserved.
215. 16:07Second, the position of the Malay Rulers as constitutional monarchs in this new system must be guaranteed.
216. 16:13Third, this is important, we must guarantee the special position of the Malays and also the legitimate interests of other races.
217. 16:20It must be balanced.
218. 16:21Balance is important.
219. 16:23Indeed.
220. 16:24Fourth, we must create a parliamentary system, preferably with two chambers, the House of Representatives and the House of Representatives.
221. 16:31And fifth, we must create a common type of citizenship for all federal residents.
222. 16:37So, the draft produced by the RID Commission was the basis which was then debated, several amendments were made and finally approved.
223. 16:45This is what became the 1957 Federal Constitution of Malaya that we used when the country gained independence on 31 August 1957.
224. 16:55The Federal Constitution.
225. 16:56One thing that is always mentioned about our constitution is its uniqueness.
226. 17:00It combines traditional characteristics and also modern characteristics.
227. 17:04Can you explain a little about this combination?
228. 17:06Yes, this combination is what actually forms the identity of our constitution and contributes to its stability.
229. 17:13If we break it down, there are two main types of characteristics.
230. 17:17First, traditional characteristics.
231. 17:19These are elements inherited from our history, especially from the institution of the Malay Sultanate.
232. 17:27There are four main things here.
233. 17:28Four things, right? What is that?
234. 17:31Okay, the first is the sultanate or monarchy.
235. 17:35This constitutional monarchy system is maintained, with the Tuan Agong as the head of state,
236. 17:40and the kings or sultans as the heads of their respective states.
237. 17:44Second, the Islamic religion.
238. 17:45Islam is placed as the central religion, but at the same time,
239. 17:49the constitution guarantees freedom for other religions to be practiced in peace and harmony.
240. 17:54Okay, the third?
241. 17:55Third, the Malay language.
242. 17:57The Malay language is designated as the national language of the country.
243. 18:00And the fourth, the special position of the Malays and Bumi Putra, Sabak and Sarawak.
244. 18:05This is enshrined, but again, the constitution also mentions the protection of the legitimate interests of other races.
245. 18:12So there are guarantees for all parties.
246. 18:14So these four traditional characteristics, the king, the Islamic religion, the Malay language and the special position of the Malays of Bumi Putra,
247. 18:21are like pillars of heritage in our constitution, right?
248. 18:24That's right. It reflects the historical roots of our country.
249. 18:27Okay, that's a traditional feature.
250. 18:30What about the modern features that were included?
251. 18:32What new elements were brought in?
252. 18:36Well, the modern features more reflect Malaysia's aspirations to become a modern, democratic and organised nation-state.
253. 18:45There are three main features here.
254. 18:47First, the federal government.
255. 18:49This means that we have a division of power between the central government in Putrajaya and the state governments.
256. 18:57Each level has its own jurisdiction.
257. 19:00Division of power, okay.
258. 19:01Second, the parliamentary democratic system.
259. 19:04This means that the power of government comes from the people.
260. 19:08You as the people elect representatives to parliament and the State Legislative Assembly through an election process that is held periodically.
261. 19:16So is the voice of the people important in this system?
262. 19:19Very important.
263. 19:20And third, citizenship.
264. 19:22Before independence, the level of citizenship varied.
265. 19:26But with the 1957 Constitution, a common concept of citizenship was introduced for the entire federation.
266. 19:35So, the combination of these two sets of features, the traditional that was inherited and the modern that was introduced, is
267. 19:42what makes our constitution a document that is quite unique, stable and relevant to this day.
268. 19:48It formed the foundation of the country you live in now.
269. 19:51A very interesting combination.
270. 19:53It really reflects Malaysia itself.
271. 19:55Okay, thank you for the explanation.
272. 19:58Now, let's discuss chapter 2.4.
273. 20:01Amendments to the Federal Constitution of 1963 and 1965.
274. 20:06We mentioned earlier that this constitution has evolved.
275. 20:09These amendments show its dynamic nature, right?
276. 20:12Why did the amendments in 1963 and 1965 need to be made?
277. 20:16Especially 1963.
278. 20:17Yes, the constitution is not a frozen document.
279. 20:21It needs to be adapted to the changing times and needs of the country.
280. 20:26The 1963 amendment was very, very important.
281. 20:31It can be said to be one of the biggest amendments in the history of our constitution.
282. 20:35Why is it so important?
283. 20:37The main reason is the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
284. 20:42The 1957 Federal Constitution of Malaya was originally drafted for 11 states in the Peninsula only.
285. 20:51When Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore at that time before leaving in 1965 agreed to merge to form Malaysia,
286. 21:01the existing constitution had to be changed on a large scale.
287. 21:05Haa, that's logical.
288. 21:06It had to be adapted for the new states to join.
289. 21:09That's right.
290. 21:11It had to be adapted to accept these new states,
291. 21:14taking into account the administrative structure,
292. 21:16special needs and guarantees agreed for them.
293. 21:21So many new clauses were added or old clauses were modified.
294. 21:25What are some of the main changes made in this 1963 amendment?
295. 21:31Can you give an example?
296. 21:31Yes. Among the most significant changes is related to the structure of the Supreme Court of the Nation.
297. 21:38Before that, we had a Court of Appeal system.
298. 21:41With the 1963 amendment, the Federal Court was created as the new Supreme Court for the whole of Malaysia.
299. 21:49Under the Federal Court, three High Courts with equal powers were created.
300. 21:53One for Malaya, Peninsular Malaysia.
301. 21:56One for Singapore, but this was only until 1965 when Singapore left.
302. 22:00And another for Borneo which covered Sabah and Sarawak.
303. 22:04This Borneo High Court was later known as the Sabah and Sarawak High Court.
304. 22:09So, a major restructuring of the judiciary?
305. 22:13Yes, it is indeed major.
306. 22:14Apart from that, another important example, the position of the Head of State was created specifically for Sabah and Sarawak.
307. 22:22Because these two states do not have a Sultan or Raja as Head of State.
308. 22:27So, the Head of State was appointed as Head of State.
309. 22:30The amendments of 1963 and also 1965 when Singapore left, this clearly shows the flexible nature of our constitution.
310. 22:39It can and should be changed to adapt to the current reality and needs of the country.
311. 22:45Like the great event of the formation of Malaysia.
312. 22:47It is clear, from our discussion, that this federal constitution is indeed the main pillar of our country, Malaysia.
313. 22:55It is not just a long legal document, but it is a reflection of our history,
314. 23:01a unique blend of traditional values ​​and modern aspirations and a living document that continues to evolve through amendments when necessary.
315. 23:08Indeed, it is the highest guide we have to ensure political stability,
316. 23:16social harmony and also to protect the fundamental rights of every citizen.
317. 23:22The rule of law that is anchored in the constitution is the foundation for us to continue building a developed and united Malaysian nation.
318. 23:31This constitution remains the basic framework that lifts us all,
319. 23:36a testament to the wisdom of our country's founders in designing a system that is unique and suitable for Malaysia.
320. 23:43It is something we need to understand and appreciate.
321. 23:47It seems that that is all our sharing for this time.
322. 23:50See you again in our next exploration session. 324 CHAPTER 3 00:23:54,120 --> 00:23:56,780 Welcome everyone to our sharing session.
323. 23:56Today, we want to delve into chapter three, the Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy.
324. 24:03We want to try to understand how our rather unique system of government functions and develops.
325. 24:10That's right. If we want to understand the current system, we have to look at its roots first.
326. 24:14Okay, now let's discuss chapter three point one.
327. 24:18So let's start with the roots of the traditional Malay monarchy, right?
328. 24:22Yes, the foundation is from the Malay Sultanate. Like the Melaka era, the most obvious example.
329. 24:28At that time, the King had absolute power. He held all the government, laws, and judiciary under him.
330. 24:35Like the Melaka canon law, all of it?
331. 24:37Yes, that's right. Melaka canon law, Melaka Maritime law.
332. 24:41That shows that there was already an organized legal system.
333. 24:45And Islam was indeed the important core of the administration at that time.
334. 24:48Understand. So it was indeed a solid system for that time.
335. 24:52But, when the British came, things changed, right?
336. 24:57Yes, that's right. This British intervention brought about big changes.
337. 25:01The institution of the King was maintained.
338. 25:04But a lot of the real power was transferred to the British resident or advisor.
339. 25:09Except for the Islamic religion and Malay customs.
340. 25:11That's what the King still holds.
341. 25:12So that's where the evolution towards a constitutional King began.
342. 25:17Exactly. The King still exists but rules according to advice and the constitution.
343. 25:24This concept was then integrated with the parliamentary democracy that we practice now.
344. 25:30It was a long process.
345. 25:31The evolution is interesting.
346. 25:33Ok, now let's discuss chapter 3.2.
347. 25:35The institution of the Conference of Rulers.
348. 25:38Its role did not stop after independence, right?
349. 25:39It did not stop. In fact, it continued and its role was further strengthened after 1957.
350. 25:46Interestingly, after Malaysia was formed in 1963,
351. 25:51the di-Pertuan Negeri from Melaka, Penang, Sarawak and Sabah also became members of the council.
352. 25:57Oh, so its membership expanded?
353. 25:59Yes, but you have to remember that the power to elect the di-Pertuan Agom or YDPA
354. 26:04remains exclusive to the nine Malay Rajas.
355. 26:08The Yang di-Pertuan Negeri is not involved in the election.
356. 26:11Ok, I understand. So what are the main functions of the Conference of Rulers?
357. 26:15It is not just symbolic, is it?
358. 26:16No, its function is very substantive.
359. 26:20The most important one is to elect the YDPA and deputy YDPA.
360. 26:23Then it gives advice on the appointment of important positions such as judges.
361. 26:27They are also the pardon board for certain cases.
362. 26:31The Conference of Rulers also has to be approved if there is a law to change the state's borders
363. 26:36and most importantly it is the highest reference regarding the special position of the Malays,
364. 26:42the Bumi Putera and also the legal rights of other races.
365. 26:45So it really has many roles, please be great. The Rulers are a symbol of their power, right?
366. 26:51Yes, that's right. A symbol of the collective power and sovereignty of the Malay Rulers.
367. 26:56Okay, now let's discuss chapter 3.3.
368. 27:00We focus on the institution of the dipertuan agung or YDPA.
369. 27:04This is also a unique creation after independence.
370. 27:07That's right. The position of YDPA was created in 1957.
371. 27:11His Majesty is the supreme head of state and the election system is rotating every 5 years
372. 27:18among the 9 Malay Rulers, it is very unique.
373. 27:23It doesn't exist anywhere else.
374. 27:24And the power of the YDPA encompasses all three branches of government, right?
375. 27:29Executive, legislative, judicial.
376. 27:31Can you explain a little?
377. 27:33Yes.
378. 27:34In terms of the executive, the YDPA appoints the Prime Minister.
379. 27:39Then, on the advice of the PM,
380. 27:41he appoints the Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the Attorney General, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
381. 27:46He is also the supreme commander of the Armed Forces.
382. 27:49But remember, most of this executive power is his acting on the advice of the Cabinet.
383. 27:56Okay, that's executive.
384. 27:57What about legislation?
385. 27:59In legislation, the YDPA gives royal assent to bills that have been passed by Parliament.
386. 28:06Without this assent, laws do not become law.
387. 28:09He can also summon, suspend or dissolve Parliament.
388. 28:13And the judiciary?
389. 28:14In terms of the judiciary, he appoints judges of higher courts such as the federal court, the court of appeal.
390. 28:21But this is also on the advice of the PM after consulting the council of rulers.
391. 28:27Apart from that, he has the power to pardon for offences in federal territories, non-monarchical states or court-martial cases.
392. 28:36There are many things to say about his powers, right?
393. 28:37There is also, he is also the head of Islam for his own state, the federal territory, Melaka, Penang, Sarawak and Sabah.
394. 28:48And his Majesty is responsible for safeguarding the special position of the Malays and the Bumi Putra of Sabah and Sarawak as well as the rights of other races.
395. 28:57Oh yes, and he can also declare an emergency if the situation requires it.
396. 29:01So the role of the YDPA is indeed complex and not just a symbol.
397. 29:07Okay, now let's discuss chapter 3.4.
398. 29:11Let's move on to the aspect of democracy and separation of powers.
399. 29:15How does our constitution guarantee the rights of the people?
400. 29:18The federal constitution itself is the main guarantee.
401. 29:22There are fundamental freedoms listed.
402. 29:25Such as personal freedom, freedom of religion, freedom of speech and peaceful assembly, association, the right to education.
403. 29:33But this freedom has its rights, right?
404. 29:35Yes, that's right.
405. 29:37This freedom is not absolute.
406. 29:39There are certain restrictions that parliament can make for the sake of national security, civil defense or morals.
407. 29:46We also have Suhakam, the Human Rights Commission to promote and protect these rights.
408. 29:54Okay.
409. 29:54And regarding the separation of powers, it is important to avoid power being concentrated in one place?
410. 30:00Very important.
411. 30:02That is the basis of modern democracy.
412. 30:04Government power is divided into three main bodies to create checks and balances.
413. 30:13What are those three bodies?
414. 30:14First, the legislative body.
415. 30:18This is the parliament, the House of Representatives and the Senate.
416. 30:22The main task is to enact laws.
417. 30:24Second, the executive or administrative body.
418. 30:27This is the cabinet led by the Prime Minister.
419. 30:31Its task is to implement government policies and laws that have been enacted by parliament.
420. 30:37Third, the judiciary.
421. 30:39These are our courts. Its task is to interpret the law and administer justice.
422. 30:45All three bodies are theoretically independent of each other.
423. 30:49Understand. So there is a clear structure to distribute power.
424. 30:54Now let's discuss chapter 3.5.
425. 30:56When we have seen all this, what do you think makes the practice of parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy in Malaysia unique?
426. 31:04The most important uniqueness for me is the combination itself.
427. 31:10The combination of traditional elements, namely the institution of a constitutional monarchy with modern elements, namely Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.
428. 31:18We do not just keep the king as a historical symbol, but the king has a role that is enshrined in the constitution.
429. 31:26Including discretionary power, right?
430. 31:28Yes, that's right. In certain circumstances, the YDPA or the State King has discretionary power.
431. 31:34The power to make decisions without having to follow the advice of the executive.
432. 31:38For example, like appointing a Prime Minister who is believed to have majority support or when to consider a request to dissolve parliament.
433. 31:45And the king is also often seen as a stabilizing factor, right?
434. 31:50Especially when politics are uncertain.
435. 31:53Exactly. The institution of the king stands above party politics.
436. 31:57It becomes like a beacon of stability, a symbol of national unity, especially in the context of our society of various races and religions.
437. 32:06Are there any other unique characteristics?
438. 32:08Another, perhaps the way we practice democracy itself.
439. 32:13Our political history is often colored by cooperation between parties through the formation of coalition parties.
440. 32:21Starting with the alliance party first, then the national front and other coalitions after that.
441. 32:27This practice of consensus or consensus, although it has its ups and downs, is quite evident in Malaysian politics.
442. 32:33It reflects the way democracy tries to adapt to the reality of a plural society.
443. 32:39So to sum up, the constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy in Malaysia are indeed a unique and complex blend.
444. 32:48It combines our historical heritage, which is monarchy, with the principles of modern democracy.
445. 32:54The result is an administrative framework that has its own checks and balances through the separation of powers.
446. 33:01And at the same time, we maintain the institution of the monarchy not only as a symbol,
447. 33:06but as an important component that functions for the unity and stability of the country.
448. 33:11It is a dynamic hybrid system.
449. 33:13That's right. It is important for us to understand how the continuity of the monarchy in this modern democratic framework
450. 33:21continues to shape the identity of the country and contribute to the stability that we enjoy.
451. 33:27It is something that we should reflect on.
452. 33:30Okay, that's all for our sharing for now.
453. 33:33See you in the next review. 456 CHAPTER 4 00:33:36,260 --> 00:33:38,700 Welcome to our discussion.
454. 33:38Today we want to delve a little into chapter four.
455. 33:44It is about the federal system in our country, Malaysia.
456. 33:47This system is quite unique and the way it forms the administration of our country is really interesting.
457. 33:54Let's try to understand it together.
458. 33:55Yes, that's right.
459. 33:58It revolves around how power is distributed.
460. 34:01I mean, between the central government near Putrajaya and the state governments.
461. 34:07This is important, right?
462. 34:09Because the design of this system aims to maintain stability and also to ensure that development reaches the entire country.
463. 34:17It's not just concentrated in one place.
464. 34:19So let's look at a little bit of its history, how it started and how it works now.
465. 34:24Okay, it sounds complex but it's important.
466. 34:27Now let's discuss chapter four point one.
467. 34:31The background of the federal system in our country.
468. 34:34Where did the idea of ​​merging these states come from?
469. 34:38How could it be triggered?
470. 34:40Hmm, this idea of ​​merging has actually been around for a long time.
471. 34:44It's not a very new thing.
472. 34:45If we look at history,
473. 34:48as early as 1895,
474. 34:51the Negeri Sembilan Confederation existed.
475. 34:53That's an early example.
476. 34:54Oh, 1895.
477. 34:57That's a long time ago
478. 34:57. Yes, then there was a slightly bigger step in 1896.
479. 35:04That was when the Federated Malay States or NNNB was formed.
480. 35:08It involved Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang.
481. 35:13They were united under a central administration that was controlled by the British at the time.
482. 35:19Its center was in Kuala Lumpur.
483. 35:21This could be said to be the first step towards a larger and more integrated political entity.
484. 35:26So, this process took time.
485. 35:29Gradually.
486. 35:31After NNNB,
487. 35:32what other important events brought us to the federal system like today?
488. 35:36There were more, right?
489. 35:38There were, there were several more.
490. 35:39After NNNB,
491. 35:41the British tried to further coordinate the administration.
492. 35:44So, the Federal Executive Council was established in 1927.
493. 35:48Okay.
494. 35:49Then,
495. 35:50let's jump a little to 1946.
496. 35:54At that time there was the Malayan Union.
497. 35:56This was really controversial at the time.
498. 35:59Many Malays were about it.
499. 36:00Haa.
500. 36:00The Malayan Union is always mentioned in history books.
501. 36:04Why was it so controversial?
502. 36:06The main reason was that it abolished the sovereignty of the Malay kings and the special rights of the Malays.
503. 36:12It was like turning Malaya into a colony.
504. 36:14But, the great opposition from the Malays at that time led by Datuk On Jafar and UMNO succeeded in failing the Malayan Union.
505. 36:24So, that opposition is what led to...
506. 36:27Yes, that opposition is what ultimately led to the formation of the Federation of Malaya 1948.
507. 36:35This is a very important compromise.
508. 36:37It united the nine Malay states and two Straits States, namely Penang and Malacca.
509. 36:43The important thing is, the 1948 PTM restored the position of the Malay kings and there was a division of power between the center and the states.
510. 36:51So, the 1948 Federation of Malaya is like an early model for our current system.
511. 36:58And the culmination of that was independence, right?
512. 37:01That's right. The culmination was when the Federation of Malaya achieved independence in 1957.
513. 37:08This is the time when we have a fairly strong central government.
514. 37:13But at the same time, we practice a system of monarchical government.
515. 37:16The head of state is the di-Pertuan Agong.
516. 37:19And finally, the last step in this evolution was the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
517. 37:27This united the Federation of Malaya with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak.
518. 37:33Although Singapore later left in 1965.
519. 37:36Yes, that's right. Singapore left in 1965.
520. 37:40But Sabah and Sarawak remained in the Federation.
521. 37:43So, if you look, our Federal system today is the result of a long historical journey,
522. 37:50full of negotiations, compromises and adjustments.
523. 37:53It didn't happen overnight.
524. 37:55Understand, understand. It's an interesting evolution.
525. 37:59Now let's discuss chapter 4.2, Powers of the Federal Government and State Governments.
526. 38:05Okay, there's the Federation, there's the states.
527. 38:07How exactly is that power divided? Who does what?
528. 38:12Okay, basically, we can divide the administration in Malaysia into three main levels.
529. 38:19The top level is the Federal Government or the Central Government.
530. 38:23Then, the second level is the State Government.
531. 38:26And the lowest level, closest to the people is the Local Government or PBT.
532. 38:31Local authorities, right?
533. 38:33Like City Councils, Municipal Councils.
534. 38:36That's right. And the division of power between the Federation and the States,
535. 38:41is clearly stated in the Federal Constitution.
536. 38:44This is important.
537. 38:45In the Constitution, there are three main lists that determine the areas of jurisdiction.
538. 38:50The Federal List, the State List and the Joint List.
539. 38:54Is that a little easy? What is the difference in the main powers between the Federation and the States?
540. 38:59Yes, yes. It's easy to tell a story like this.
541. 39:01Matters that have a big impact on the entire country
542. 39:06are usually under the authority of the Federal Government.
543. 39:09For example, foreign affairs, our diplomatic relations,
544. 39:12national defense, our army,
545. 39:14internal security, police,
546. 39:17national finance, like the annual plough,
547. 39:19education, especially higher education,
548. 39:22public health.
549. 39:23These things need a uniform policy for one Malaysia.
550. 39:26Okay, I understand. That's the big one, the national level.
551. 39:29Yes, what about the State Government,
552. 39:32its power is more on matters that are close to the state itself,
553. 39:36or there are unique local needs.
554. 39:38Like land matters, land is under the state,
555. 39:41agriculture, forestry within the state,
556. 39:44Islamic law and Malay customs are also under the state.
557. 39:47And also, Local Government matters.
558. 39:50So, it's like the division of duties in one big house.
559. 39:56Some take care of external affairs,
560. 39:59some take care of internal affairs.
561. 40:02Is that what it's like?
562. 40:03Haa, that's more or less the analogy.
563. 40:05That's a good analogy.
564. 40:07And don't forget, there was another list earlier.
565. 40:11Joint list.
566. 40:13Haa, yes. What is the joint list for?
567. 40:16This joint list is for matters that both levels of government,
568. 40:21federal and state, can make laws or programs.
569. 40:26For example, community welfare, town and country planning,
570. 40:30drainage and irrigation, culture, sports.
571. 40:33These things always require cooperation.
572. 40:36Okay, so there are matters that only the federal government can do,
573. 40:40some states can do, some they do together.
574. 40:43Exactly.
575. 40:44And another important point that you need to know,
576. 40:48Sabah and Sarawak are a little different.
577. 40:50They have a little extra power in the state list
578. 40:53and also the joint list.
579. 40:55This is based on an agreement when Malaysia was formed
580. 40:58to protect their unique interests.
581. 41:01Oh, there are some privileges for Sabah and Sarawak.
582. 41:04That's right.
583. 41:05And the local government, the PBT,
584. 41:07they are the closest to all of us.
585. 41:09They manage your restaurant license,
586. 41:11collect the garbage in front of your house, make sure the street lights are on,
587. 41:15take care of the playground, that's all the PBT's job.
588. 41:18Understand. So this system has layers of power.
589. 41:22Now, let's discuss chapter 4.3.
590. 41:25Cooperation between the Federal Government and the State Government.
591. 41:28Earlier, I said that power is clearly divided in the constitution.
592. 41:32But why is there still a need for cooperation?
593. 41:35Isn't it clear enough who does what?
594. 41:37Hmm, good question.
595. 41:39Even though power has been divided,
596. 41:41there are many administrative issues.
597. 41:44And especially development,
598. 41:46it crosses the boundaries of jurisdiction.
599. 41:49Or maybe it needs resources from both levels of government.
600. 41:53One side has land, the other side has funds, for example.
601. 41:56If there is no cooperation,
602. 41:59it will be difficult for us to achieve the goal of national development
603. 42:01in a comprehensive and balanced way.
604. 42:04Maybe we can discuss it later.
605. 42:05Can you give an example of what kind of cooperation is happening?
606. 42:08Yes.
607. 42:09The most obvious example is probably in the development of regional corridors.
608. 42:13Have you heard of Iskandar Malaysia in Johor?
609. 42:15Or NCR in the North of the Peninsula?
610. 42:18ICER on the East Coast?
611. 42:20Skor in Sarawak?
612. 42:22SDC in Sabah?
613. 42:23Haa, yes, yes.
614. 42:24Always hear those names.
615. 42:25big projects here?
616. 42:27That's right.
617. 42:28These are all mega projects to boost the economy of certain regions.
618. 42:33Projects like this are impossible to do without close cooperation.
619. 42:37The state government provides land, facilitates approvals.
620. 42:40The federal government brings in investment,
621. 42:43provides large infrastructure funds,
622. 42:46creates support policies.
623. 42:47It has to go hand in hand.
624. 42:48Okay.
625. 42:50That's an example for the economy.
626. 42:52Are there examples of cooperation in other fields,
627. 42:54besides the economy?
628. 42:55There are many more.
629. 42:56Another example in the conservation of our national treasures.
630. 43:00Like the Pahang,
631. 43:02Kelantan,
632. 43:03Terengganu National Parks.
633. 43:04Or our beautiful Marine Parks.
634. 43:07The management of protected areas like this
635. 43:09requires federal cooperation
636. 43:11through the forest department
637. 43:12or marine department
638. 43:13and the state government
639. 43:15because it is in the state area.
640. 43:17Including protecting endangered animals and plants.
641. 43:21Like the rafflesia flower.
642. 43:22Exactly.
643. 43:24Protecting our country's biodiversity is
644. 43:26a shared responsibility.
645. 43:28The same goes for our UNESCO world heritage sites.
646. 43:32For example, Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak
647. 43:34or Kinabalu Park in Sabah.
648. 43:37The management is complex.
649. 43:39It requires cooperation.
650. 43:41That's right.
651. 43:42Also,
652. 43:43maybe in matters that are closer to the common people?
653. 43:45Yes.
654. 43:46For example, the provision of public housing.
655. 43:49For the past few decades,
656. 43:51the government has made efforts to provide affordable housing.
657. 43:54In the past, there were low-cost houses.
658. 43:56Now there are programs like PPR,
659. 43:58the People's Housing Program
660. 43:59or PR1MI.
661. 44:02Usually,
662. 44:02the state government helps provide suitable land.
663. 44:05The federal government
664. 44:07provides construction funds
665. 44:08or subsidies.
666. 44:09The purpose is the same,
667. 44:10the same purpose, to help the people,
668. 44:12especially the B40 and M40 groups
669. 44:14to have their own homes.
670. 44:16That is really important,
671. 44:18cooperation for the people's homes.
672. 44:19Another example of critical cooperation
673. 44:22is in ensuring
674. 44:24national security and sovereignty.
675. 44:26The best example is probably
676. 44:28ESSOM
677. 44:29or
678. 44:30the East Sabah Special
679. 44:31Security Area
680. 44:33. Ah,
681. 44:34ESSOM.
682. 44:35To deal with the issue of invasion
683. 44:37in Sabah, right?
684. 44:38That's right.
685. 44:40ESSOM involves
686. 44:41very close
687. 44:42cooperation
688. 44:43between
689. 44:44federal security agencies
690. 44:46such as
691. 44:47ETM,
692. 44:48PDRM,
693. 44:49APMM
694. 44:49with
695. 44:50the Sabah state government
696. 44:51and its agencies.
697. 44:53This shows
698. 44:54how important
699. 44:56central-state cooperation is for
700. 44:57national security
701. 44:58issues . It is clear now,
702. 45:00that cooperation
703. 45:01is indeed an
704. 45:02important
705. 45:03pillar in
706. 45:03this federal system.
707. 45:05It is not just
708. 45:05a division of power
709. 45:06on paper.
710. 45:08Now,
711. 45:09let's discuss
712. 45:09chapter 4.4.
713. 45:11Factors that strengthen
714. 45:12the federal system.
715. 45:14It has been going on for a long time
716. 45:15This system,
717. 45:16what exactly
718. 45:16has made it last
719. 45:17and strong until now?
720. 45:19What is the glue?
721. 45:20Hmm,
722. 45:21there are several factors.
723. 45:23But the two most important ones
724. 45:25are mentioned in
725. 45:25the constitution itself.
726. 45:27The first
727. 45:28and most basic
728. 45:29is
729. 45:30the supremacy of the constitution.
730. 45:31The supremacy of the constitution.
731. 45:34What it means is that
732. 45:35the federal constitution
733. 45:36is the highest
734. 45:38law
735. 45:39in Malaysia.
736. 45:40The Supreme Law of the Land.
737. 45:41All other laws,
738. 45:43whether made by
739. 45:44the Federal Parliament
740. 45:45or the State Legislative Assembly
741. 45:47,
742. 45:47cannot
743. 45:48conflict
744. 45:48with the constitution.
745. 45:50It is like
746. 45:50a main rule book
747. 45:51that all parties,
748. 45:53the federal government,
749. 45:54the state government,
750. 45:55and even us as the people
751. 45:57must obey.
752. 45:58So,
753. 45:58the constitution is
754. 45:59like a referee.
755. 46:01If there is any
756. 46:02dispute
757. 46:03about power or
758. 46:04rights,
759. 46:05refer back
760. 46:05to the constitution.
761. 46:07Exactly.
762. 46:09The constitution
763. 46:09has clearly
764. 46:10outlined
765. 46:11the boundaries of
766. 46:12federal and state power .
767. 46:14It also guarantees
768. 46:15the rights of the state government
769. 46:16and the fundamental rights of the people.
770. 46:18If there is any
771. 46:19contradiction
772. 46:19or dispute,
773. 46:21the federal court
774. 46:22will
775. 46:23interpret the constitution
776. 46:24and make
777. 46:24the final decision.
778. 46:26This ensures that
779. 46:26the system runs
780. 46:27according to the rules.
781. 46:28Okay.
782. 46:29That's the first factor,
783. 46:30the supremacy of the constitution.
784. 46:32What is the second
785. 46:33important factor?
786. 46:34The second factor
787. 46:35is
788. 46:36coordination
789. 46:37between the
790. 46:38federal government
791. 46:38and the state government.
792. 46:40That means,
793. 46:41we have a mechanism
794. 46:42or official platform
795. 46:43created specifically
796. 46:45for both
797. 46:46levels of government
798. 46:47to sit at the table,
799. 46:48discuss
800. 46:49and coordinate
801. 46:50policies and actions.
802. 46:51Oh,
803. 46:52are there special councils
804. 46:53like that?
805. 46:54Yes,
806. 46:55there are.
807. 46:56For example,
808. 46:57the national finance council.
809. 46:59This council
810. 46:59is chaired by
811. 47:00the Prime Minister,
812. 47:02with the Minister
813. 47:02of Finance
814. 47:03and the Representative of each State as members.
815. 47:05Usually,
816. 47:05the Menteri Besar
817. 47:06or Chief Minister.
818. 47:07Its main task is
819. 47:08to discuss
820. 47:09the distribution of tax revenue
821. 47:10between the federal
822. 47:12and state governments,
823. 47:13the provision of grants
824. 47:14from the center to the states
825. 47:15and loans.
826. 47:16So,
827. 47:17this is about money,
828. 47:18that's important.
829. 47:18Very important.
830. 47:19Apart from that,
831. 47:21there is this
832. 47:22national land council
833. 47:23to coordinate
834. 47:24land-related
835. 47:25policies
836. 47:26between all states
837. 47:27so that they are more uniform
838. 47:28according to the
839. 47:29constitutional framework.
840. 47:30There is also
841. 47:31a national council
842. 47:32for local governments
843. 47:33to coordinate
844. 47:34the affairs of local government units
845. 47:35throughout the country.
846. 47:37So,
847. 47:37these councils
848. 47:38are where
849. 47:38they discuss
850. 47:39and resolve
851. 47:40any issues
852. 47:41harmoniously.
853. 47:42That's right.
854. 47:43It's an important platform
855. 47:44to establish
856. 47:45good working relationships,
857. 47:47avoid unnecessary
858. 47:48conflicts
859. 47:48and ensure that
860. 47:49national policies
861. 47:50can be implemented
862. 47:51smoothly
863. 47:51at all levels.
864. 47:53This is all for
865. 47:54your own good
866. 47:54as the people in
867. 47:55the end.
868. 47:56So,
869. 47:57let me summarize a bit, right?
870. 47:59The federal system
871. 48:00in Malaysia
872. 48:01is not static.
873. 48:02It is a dynamic
874. 48:03system .
875. 48:04It is shaped by
876. 48:05the course of history.
877. 48:06We are unique
878. 48:07and it is constantly
879. 48:08adjusted
880. 48:09from time to time,
881. 48:10especially through
882. 48:11the constitution
883. 48:12and the spirit of cooperation.
884. 48:14The purpose remains the same.
885. 48:16Want to find
886. 48:16a balance of power
887. 48:17between the center
888. 48:18and the states,
889. 48:19why is this balance important
890. 48:20?
891. 48:21To achieve
892. 48:21political stability,
893. 48:23to ensure that
894. 48:23economic development is
895. 48:24fair and equitable
896. 48:25and most importantly
897. 48:26for the well-being
898. 48:28of all Malaysians,
899. 48:29no matter
900. 48:30which state you are in.
901. 48:31A clear
902. 48:32division of power
903. 48:32coupled with
904. 48:33a strong
905. 48:35cooperation mechanism
906. 48:36, this is what is
907. 48:36the pillar of the strength of our system.
908. 48:38Thank you very much
909. 48:39for the very in-depth
910. 48:40and clear
911. 48:41explanation
912. 48:43. See you again
913. 48:44in our
914. 48:45next discussion.
915. 48:45Welcome to all
916. 48:46our partners.
917. 48:48Today we want
918. 48:49to delve into a
919. 48:51very important
920. 48:52topic
921. 48:53in the history of our country.
922. 48:55That's right.
923. 48:56That is chapter five
924. 48:57on
925. 48:58the formation of Malaysia.
926. 48:59We will look at
927. 49:00the original idea,
928. 49:02how people received it,
929. 49:04what steps were taken
930. 49:05and the challenges
931. 49:06that existed at that time.
932. 49:07Yes, a rather long
933. 49:09and interesting process
934. 49:10actually.
935. 49:11Let's get started.
936. 49:13Now let's
937. 49:14discuss chapter
938. 49:15five point one.
939. 49:16Okay, so
940. 49:17the concept of the idea
941. 49:18of ​​Malaysia.
942. 49:19Can you explain a little bit
943. 49:20about what it is basically?
944. 49:22Okay.
945. 49:23It was actually
946. 49:24an idea,
947. 49:25a big idea
948. 49:26that was initiated by
949. 49:28Tunku Abdul Rahman
950. 49:29Putra Alhaj.
951. 49:30Tunku himself, right?
952. 49:31Yes, Tunku.
953. 49:32The aim at that time
954. 49:34was to merge
955. 49:35the Federation of Malaya
956. 49:36, which was already independent
957. 49:37at that time
958. 49:37, with
959. 49:38the neighboring territories
960. 49:40that were still under British rule.
961. 49:42Which territories were those?
962. 49:43Singapore,
963. 49:44Sarawak,
964. 49:45Sabah
965. 49:45and initially
966. 49:47Brunei was also
967. 49:48in the initial planning.
968. 49:49Oh, Brunei too?
969. 49:51Yes.
970. 49:52The aim was
971. 49:52not just to
972. 49:53form a new country
973. 49:55but more
974. 49:56to accelerate
975. 49:57the independence
976. 49:58of these territories.
977. 49:59Sarawak,
978. 50:00Sabah,
979. 50:00Singapore were
980. 50:01not yet independent, right?
981. 50:02That's right, that's right.
982. 50:04So to merge into
983. 50:05a larger
984. 50:06federation ,
985. 50:07more stable
986. 50:08within the Commonwealth
987. 50:09and also
988. 50:10there was a factor
989. 50:11to contain external influence
990. 50:12at that time.
991. 50:13If you look at
992. 50:13the 1963 map,
993. 50:15you can clearly see
994. 50:16the final combination.
995. 50:17The Federation of Malaya,
996. 50:18Singapore,
997. 50:19Sarawak
998. 50:20and Sabah.
999. 50:20Okay, I understand.
1000. 50:21That's the basic concept.
1001. 50:23Now let's
1002. 50:23discuss chapter 5.2.
1003. 50:25Why
1004. 50:26was this idea so important
1005. 50:27at that time?
1006. 50:28What was the rationale?
1007. 50:30The main reasons for it?
1008. 50:31Were there several
1009. 50:32main reasons?
1010. 50:33Or rationale?
1011. 50:34Why did this idea
1012. 50:35arise at that time?
1013. 50:36It can be said that
1014. 50:37there were four big factors.
1015. 50:39Four of them?
1016. 50:39Okay.
1017. 50:40First,
1018. 50:41and perhaps the most
1019. 50:42pressing
1020. 50:42, was the issue of security.
1021. 50:44Security?
1022. 50:45What was that?
1023. 50:46The communist threat.
1024. 50:48At that time, it was
1025. 50:48quite serious,
1026. 50:50especially the
1027. 50:51communist influence in Singapore
1028. 50:52and there were also
1029. 50:53communist elements
1030. 50:54operating
1031. 50:55clandestinely
1032. 50:56in Sarawak.
1033. 50:57Hmm,
1034. 50:58so merging is
1035. 50:59a way to control it, right?
1036. 51:00Right.
1037. 51:01It is seen as
1038. 51:02a way to block
1039. 51:03communist influence
1040. 51:04from continuing to spread
1041. 51:06or becoming stronger.
1042. 51:07That's one thing.
1043. 51:09The second,
1044. 51:10this is a
1045. 51:10bit strategic.
1046. 51:12Balance
1047. 51:13of population composition.
1048. 51:14Balance of population?
1049. 51:16What do you mean?
1050. 51:16Like this.
1051. 51:17If we say that
1052. 51:18only
1053. 51:19the Federation of Malaya
1054. 51:20merges
1055. 51:21with Singapore
1056. 51:22,
1057. 51:23the racial composition
1058. 51:24in
1059. 51:25the new country may change.
1060. 51:26The Chinese population
1061. 51:27may become
1062. 51:28larger.
1063. 51:29Oh,
1064. 51:29I understand,
1065. 51:30I understand.
1066. 51:30So,
1067. 51:31by bringing in
1068. 51:32Sabah and Sarawak
1069. 51:33, which have a large
1070. 51:34population of Bumi Putera,
1071. 51:36Iban,
1072. 51:36Karazan Dusun,
1073. 51:37Bruneian Malays,
1074. 51:38Bajau and others,
1075. 51:39it is seen as being able to
1076. 51:40rebalance
1077. 51:42the
1078. 51:42racial composition
1079. 51:44so that
1080. 51:44it is not too
1081. 51:45dominated
1082. 51:45by one race.
1083. 51:46Interesting,
1084. 51:47interesting.
1085. 51:48The third factor?
1086. 51:49The third one
1087. 51:49, as
1088. 51:50I mentioned earlier,
1089. 51:51is to accelerate
1090. 51:52independence.
1091. 51:54Specifically
1092. 51:54for Sarawak,
1093. 51:55Sabah,
1094. 51:56Singapore and Brunei
1095. 51:57in the beginning.
1096. 51:58They are not yet
1097. 51:59fully independent, right?
1098. 52:00So,
1099. 52:01joining Malaysia is
1100. 52:01like a shortcut
1101. 52:03to achieving
1102. 52:03independence.
1103. 52:04Okay.
1104. 52:05And the last one?
1105. 52:06The fourth,
1106. 52:07regional development.
1107. 52:09When merged,
1108. 52:10the market becomes wider,
1109. 52:11we can share resources,
1110. 52:13plan economic development
1111. 52:14,
1112. 52:15social infrastructure
1113. 52:16together.
1114. 52:17The hope is that
1115. 52:18development
1116. 52:19will be faster
1117. 52:20and more balanced
1118. 52:21between all regions.
1119. 52:22Obviously.
1120. 52:23So, there are reasons for
1121. 52:24security,
1122. 52:25demography,
1123. 52:26independence
1124. 52:27and economy.
1125. 52:29Complex,
1126. 52:30those factors.
1127. 52:31Now,
1128. 52:32let's discuss
1129. 52:33chapter 5.3.
1130. 52:34What about
1131. 52:35the public reaction?
1132. 52:37The reception in each
1133. 52:38region,
1134. 52:39not everyone will
1135. 52:40immediately say okay, right?
1136. 52:41That's right.
1137. 52:42The reaction is very,
1138. 52:43very diverse.
1139. 52:45Not uniform at all.
1140. 52:46Let's look at each one.
1141. 52:47Okay, okay.
1142. 52:48The Malayan Land Federation itself,
1143. 52:50in general,
1144. 52:52the reception is quite good.
1145. 52:54The main political parties,
1146. 52:56like UMNO,
1147. 52:57MCA,
1148. 52:57MIC,
1149. 52:58in the alliance,
1150. 52:59they support it.
1151. 53:00Maybe because they see
1152. 53:01this as a
1153. 53:03continuation
1154. 53:04after independence.
1155. 53:05Okay,
1156. 53:06what about in Malaya,
1157. 53:07Sarawak?
1158. 53:08Sarawak is
1159. 53:09a little more complicated.
1160. 53:11There are indeed parties
1161. 53:12that supported it from the beginning.
1162. 53:13Like Barjasa,
1163. 53:15Panas,
1164. 53:15Pesaka,
1165. 53:16SCA,
1166. 53:17they saw
1167. 53:18the benefits of joining forces.
1168. 53:20But,
1169. 53:20there were also those who strongly opposed it
1170. 53:22at the beginning.
1171. 53:23The main party that opposed it was
1172. 53:24SUPP,
1173. 53:26Sarawak United People's Party.
1174. 53:28Why are they so against it?
1175. 53:29They are more inclined
1176. 53:31to want Sarawak
1177. 53:31to be independent first?
1178. 53:33Or are you worried about losing
1179. 53:35Sarawak's autonomy and identity
1180. 53:36when it joins Malaysia?
1181. 53:38There was also SNAP,
1182. 53:39who were hesitant at first.
1183. 53:40But
1184. 53:41then they agreed
1185. 53:42to support it.
1186. 53:43Finally,
1187. 53:44these pro-Malaysia parties
1188. 53:46joined forces
1189. 53:47to form the Sarawak Alliance.
1190. 53:48So, it seems like there is
1191. 53:49a clear division of opinion
1192. 53:50there.
1193. 53:52What about Sabah?
1194. 53:54Is it the same as Sarawak?
1195. 53:56More or less.
1196. 53:57There are parties like
1197. 53:58UNKO,
1198. 53:59USNO,
1199. 54:01Pasuk Momogun.
1200. 54:02They support
1201. 54:03the formation of Malaysia.
1202. 54:05They also formed
1203. 54:06the Sabah Alliance.
1204. 54:07But,
1205. 54:08like in Selawak,
1206. 54:09there are still concerns.
1207. 54:11Some think
1208. 54:12about independence.
1209. 54:13Sabah itself,
1210. 54:13some worry
1211. 54:15about
1212. 54:15the domination of Malaya
1213. 54:17or the peninsula.
1214. 54:19They are afraid that Sabah will become
1215. 54:19like the younger brother later.
1216. 54:21Okay.
1217. 54:23As for Singapore,
1218. 54:24isn't the communist issue
1219. 54:25strong there?
1220. 54:27Yes.
1221. 54:28In Singapore,
1222. 54:29the PAP,
1223. 54:29under Lee Kuan Yew,
1224. 54:31is a
1225. 54:32strong supporter of this idea.
1226. 54:33They see
1227. 54:34this as the best way
1228. 54:35to guarantee Singapore's
1229. 54:36security
1230. 54:37from the communist threat
1231. 54:38and also
1232. 54:39open up a larger
1233. 54:40economic outlet
1234. 54:41through the common market.
1235. 54:43But there must be some
1236. 54:44who disagree, right?
1237. 54:45There are.
1238. 54:46The main opposition party
1239. 54:47at the time,
1240. 54:48Barisan Sosialis.
1241. 54:49They are strongly opposed.
1242. 54:51They consider Malaysia
1243. 54:51to be a new form
1244. 54:52of colonization
1245. 54:53by the Malays
1246. 54:54or neo-colonialism.
1247. 54:55So,
1248. 54:56in Singapore,
1249. 54:57there is also a great battle of opinions.
1250. 54:58Okay.
1251. 54:59Another one,
1252. 55:00Brunei.
1253. 55:01I said it was included
1254. 55:01in the initial plan.
1255. 55:03Brunei is
1256. 55:04a bit of a special case.
1257. 55:05Sultan Omar Ali
1258. 55:06Saifuddin,
1259. 55:07at first he
1260. 55:08seemed interested too.
1261. 55:08But the Brunei People's Party,
1262. 55:11PRB,
1263. 55:12under the leadership of
1264. 55:12AM Azhari,
1265. 55:14they talked a lot about it.
1266. 55:15Why is PRB talking?
1267. 55:17Azhari
1268. 55:17has his own idea.
1269. 55:20He wants to form
1270. 55:20a coalition
1271. 55:21of the states
1272. 55:22of North Borneo,
1273. 55:23Sarawak,
1274. 55:24Sabah and Brunei,
1275. 55:25under the leadership of
1276. 55:26the Sultan of Brunei.
1277. 55:28He does not want
1278. 55:28to join Malaysia.
1279. 55:29In addition,
1280. 55:30there is the issue
1281. 55:31of
1282. 55:32Brunei's oil wealth,
1283. 55:33fearing that he will
1284. 55:33have to share too much.
1285. 55:34Finally,
1286. 55:36after the
1287. 55:36Brunei rebellion
1288. 55:38by the PRB
1289. 55:38failed
1290. 55:39and negotiations
1291. 55:40did not reach an agreement
1292. 55:42on the
1293. 55:43financial conditions
1294. 55:43and the position of the Sultan,
1295. 55:45Brunei decided
1296. 55:45not to
1297. 55:46join Malaysia.
1298. 55:47Huh,
1299. 55:48the reaction everywhere
1300. 55:49was really mixed .
1301. 55:50Now let's
1302. 55:51discuss chapter 5.4.
1303. 55:53With
1304. 55:53such a reaction,
1305. 55:55there are many differences of opinion.
1306. 55:57What steps
1307. 55:58were taken to
1308. 55:59realize
1309. 56:00this Malaysia idea?
1310. 56:01The process
1311. 56:02really had to be done
1312. 56:03carefully
1313. 56:04and systematically.
1314. 56:05There were several
1315. 56:06important steps taken.
1316. 56:07What was the first step?
1317. 56:09First,
1318. 56:09after Tunku
1319. 56:10officially announced the proposal
1320. 56:11,
1321. 56:12Tunku himself
1322. 56:13made a series of visits.
1323. 56:14Importantly,
1324. 56:15in July 1961,
1325. 56:17he went to Sarawak
1326. 56:18and Sabah,
1327. 56:19then to Brunei.
1328. 56:20The purpose was
1329. 56:21to meet
1330. 56:21local leaders,
1331. 56:22explain
1332. 56:23the concept of Malaysia himself,
1333. 56:24answer their doubts.
1334. 56:26Okay,
1335. 56:26Tunku's visit,
1336. 56:27then?
1337. 56:28After that,
1338. 56:29they set up
1339. 56:29a special committee.
1340. 56:31It was called the Malaysian Unity
1341. 56:32Consultative Committee
1342. 56:33. or JPPM
1343. 56:34in August 1961.
1344. 56:36What is the function of JPPM?
1345. 56:38Its function is like
1346. 56:39a platform for
1347. 56:39leaders
1348. 56:40from all the regions
1349. 56:41involved in
1350. 56:42Malaya,
1351. 56:43Singapore,
1352. 56:43Sabah, Sarawak
1353. 56:44to sit around the table,
1354. 56:46discuss, share views,
1355. 56:47gather information.
1356. 56:48And most importantly,
1357. 56:49spread information
1358. 56:50about Malaysia
1359. 56:50to the people
1360. 56:51in their respective regions.
1361. 56:52To make everyone
1362. 56:53understand that, right?
1363. 56:55Like an information
1364. 56:56and negotiation session, right?
1365. 56:57Right.
1366. 56:58Then,
1367. 56:59specifically for Singapore,
1368. 57:01the Singapore government
1369. 57:02held a referendum
1370. 57:03in September 1962.
1371. 57:06To ask the opinions
1372. 57:06of the Singaporeans themselves
1373. 57:07whether
1374. 57:08they agree or not
1375. 57:09to join Malaysia.
1376. 57:11As a result,
1377. 57:12the vast majority
1378. 57:13of Singaporeans
1379. 57:13chose to
1380. 57:14join Malaysia
1381. 57:15even though
1382. 57:15there were
1383. 57:16different options
1384. 57:17for joining Malaysia
1385. 57:18. Okay,
1386. 57:19a referendum in Singapore.
1387. 57:20What about
1388. 57:21Sabah and Sarawak?
1389. 57:22Was there no referendum?
1390. 57:23There was no referendum
1391. 57:24like in Singapore.
1392. 57:25But,
1393. 57:26they used
1394. 57:26a different approach.
1395. 57:27The British and Malaya
1396. 57:29agreed to establish
1397. 57:30a special commission,
1398. 57:31the Kobold Commission.
1399. 57:32January 1962.
1400. 57:34Led by
1401. 57:35Lord Kobold
1402. 57:36from the British
1403. 57:36with members
1404. 57:37from the British
1405. 57:38and Malaya.
1406. 57:39What is the task
1407. 57:40of the Kobold Commission?
1408. 57:41Their main task
1409. 57:42was to go to
1410. 57:43Sarawak and Sabah,
1411. 57:44meet the public,
1412. 57:45community leaders,
1413. 57:46political parties
1414. 57:47to survey the views
1415. 57:48of the people there
1416. 57:49about
1417. 57:50the Malaysia proposal.
1418. 57:51Want to know if they agree
1419. 57:52or not and if so,
1420. 57:54what are the conditions?
1421. 57:55So,
1422. 57:55what are the results of their survey?
1423. 57:57The Kobold Commission report
1424. 57:58came out a few
1425. 57:59months ago.
1426. 58:01The main conclusion was that
1427. 58:02approximately
1428. 58:03two-thirds
1429. 58:03of the people
1430. 58:04of Sarawak and Sabah
1431. 58:05support the idea of ​​Malaysia.
1432. 58:07But...
1433. 58:08But...
1434. 58:09There is a but.
1435. 58:11The support is
1436. 58:11conditional.
1437. 58:13They want
1438. 58:13certain guarantees.
1439. 58:15Especially regarding
1440. 58:16the special rights
1441. 58:17of the indigenous people,
1442. 58:18autonomy in
1443. 58:19several areas
1444. 58:20such as immigration,
1445. 58:21language,
1446. 58:22religion
1447. 58:23and representation
1448. 58:24in the Federal Parliament.
1449. 58:26These conditions are important.
1450. 58:28Okay.
1451. 58:28So,
1452. 58:29the majority supports
1453. 58:30but with guarantees.
1454. 58:32After that,
1455. 58:32what happens?
1456. 58:33Based on
1457. 58:34the report,
1458. 58:35the next step
1459. 58:36is to establish the
1460. 58:37Intergovernmental
1461. 58:38Commission
1462. 58:39or JAK
1463. 58:40August 1962.
1464. 58:42This commission
1465. 58:43is represented by
1466. 58:44the British Government,
1467. 58:45Malaya,
1468. 58:46Sarawak and Sabah.
1469. 58:47What does this JAK do?
1470. 58:48This JAK is
1471. 58:50responsible
1472. 58:51for drafting
1473. 58:52the details of the new Malaysian
1474. 58:53Constitution .
1475. 58:55Specifically,
1476. 58:55how do you include
1477. 58:56all the guarantees and conditions
1478. 58:58demanded by
1479. 58:59Sabah and Sarawak earlier
1480. 59:00in the Constitution,
1481. 59:02to ensure that their
1482. 59:03rights are protected
1483. 59:04when they enter Malaysia?
1484. 59:05Wow,
1485. 59:06there are so many
1486. 59:06authorities
1487. 59:07and negotiations. Does the process
1488. 59:09seem meticulous
1489. 59:10?
1490. 59:11Now,
1491. 59:12let's discuss
1492. 59:13chapter 5.5.
1493. 59:14all these steps
1494. 59:16finally led
1495. 59:17to an
1496. 59:17official agreement, right?
1497. 59:19Yes, that's right.
1498. 59:20The culmination of
1499. 59:21all these negotiations
1500. 59:22and preparations
1501. 59:23was the signing of
1502. 59:24the Malaysia Agreement
1503. 59:25or its official name,
1504. 59:26the Malaysia Agreement.
1505. 59:28Better known
1506. 59:29as MA63.
1507. 59:31MA63.
1508. 59:33Where
1509. 59:33and when
1510. 59:34was it signed?
1511. 59:35It was signed
1512. 59:36in London
1513. 59:37on 9 July 1963. This is
1514. 59:39the legal
1515. 59:40document
1516. 59:41that
1517. 59:41officially formed Malaysia.
1518. 59:42The signatories were
1519. 59:44representatives from
1520. 59:44the British Government,
1521. 59:46the Federation of Malaya,
1522. 59:47Singapore,
1523. 59:48Sarawak and Sabah.
1524. 59:50What is the main point
1525. 59:51of the Malaysia Agreement?
1526. 59:53This MA63? There
1527. 59:54are many
1528. 59:55points
1529. 59:56, but the most important one
1530. 59:58is that it sets
1531. 59:59the conditions for
1532. 59:59the entry of Sarawak,
1533. 1:00:01Sabah
1534. 1:00:01and Singapore
1535. 1:00:02into
1536. 1:00:03the Federation of Malaysia.
1537. 1:00:05It set
1538. 1:00:06the date for the formation of
1539. 1:00:06Malaysia on
1540. 1:00:0731 August
1541. 1:00:081963
1542. 1:00:09, although this date
1543. 1:00:11later
1544. 1:00:11had to be postponed a little.
1545. 1:00:13Oh, why the delay?
1546. 1:00:15There were objections
1547. 1:00:15from Indonesia
1548. 1:00:16and the Philippines
1549. 1:00:16at the time.
1550. 1:00:17So the UN
1551. 1:00:18sent a
1552. 1:00:19review mission
1553. 1:00:20to Sabah Sarawak.
1554. 1:00:21The result was a little late
1555. 1:00:22so
1556. 1:00:23the declaration
1557. 1:00:24date was moved to
1558. 1:00:2516 September
1559. 1:00:261963.
1560. 1:00:28Okay, I understand.
1561. 1:00:29What else is
1562. 1:00:29in MA63?
1563. 1:00:31It also
1564. 1:00:31recognizes
1565. 1:00:32the sovereignty
1566. 1:00:33of these merged
1567. 1:00:34territories .
1568. 1:00:35After that,
1569. 1:00:35it allocated the number of
1570. 1:00:36parliamentary
1571. 1:00:37seats
1572. 1:00:38for each
1573. 1:00:38new state.
1574. 1:00:39Singapore, Sarawak,
1575. 1:00:41Sabah.
1576. 1:00:42And perhaps most importantly
1577. 1:00:43,
1578. 1:00:44it recognised
1579. 1:00:45and guaranteed
1580. 1:00:45the special position
1581. 1:00:47of the Bumi Putera
1582. 1:00:47in Sarawak and Sabah
1583. 1:00:49on par with
1584. 1:00:50the special position
1585. 1:00:51of the Malays
1586. 1:00:51in the Peninsula
1587. 1:00:52which is enshrined
1588. 1:00:53in the Constitution
1589. 1:00:54of the Federation of Malaya.
1590. 1:00:56This includes
1591. 1:00:56customary land rights
1592. 1:00:57and so on.
1593. 1:00:59So,
1594. 1:00:59MA63
1595. 1:01:00is the basic document
1596. 1:01:02that is the main reference
1597. 1:01:03regarding the rights
1598. 1:01:04and responsibilities
1599. 1:01:04of the states
1600. 1:01:05in Malaysia.
1601. 1:01:06Okay,
1602. 1:01:07so MA63 is
1603. 1:01:08the basic document.
1604. 1:01:10But as mentioned earlier,
1605. 1:01:11this formation
1606. 1:01:12did not all
1607. 1:01:13go smoothly, right?
1608. 1:01:15Now let's
1609. 1:01:16discuss
1610. 1:01:16chapter 5.6.
1611. 1:01:18There was opposition
1612. 1:01:18from outside, right?
1613. 1:01:19That confrontation.
1614. 1:01:21Yes, that's right.
1615. 1:01:22The formation of Malaysia
1616. 1:01:23faced great opposition
1617. 1:01:24from its two closest neighbours
1618. 1:01:25,
1619. 1:01:26Indonesia
1620. 1:01:27and the Philippines.
1621. 1:01:28This was the biggest
1622. 1:01:29challenge at the time.
1623. 1:01:30Indonesia,
1624. 1:01:31why
1625. 1:01:31were they talking about it?
1626. 1:01:32President Soekarno
1627. 1:01:33of Indonesia
1628. 1:01:34at the time,
1629. 1:01:35he had a
1630. 1:01:36very negative view
1631. 1:01:36of Malaysia.
1632. 1:01:38He considered
1633. 1:01:38Malaysia
1634. 1:01:39to be a neocolonialist
1635. 1:01:39project
1636. 1:01:40.
1637. 1:01:43Neocolonialism.
1638. 1:01:44What did he mean?
1639. 1:01:45What did he mean,
1640. 1:01:46a new form of colonialism.
1641. 1:01:47Soekarno believed
1642. 1:01:48that the British
1643. 1:01:49actually still
1644. 1:01:50wanted to maintain their influence
1645. 1:01:51and interests
1646. 1:01:51in the region
1647. 1:01:52, but only through
1648. 1:01:54a new way,
1649. 1:01:55namely through
1650. 1:01:55the formation of Malaysia.
1651. 1:01:57He did not believe
1652. 1:01:57that this was genuinely
1653. 1:01:58full independence.
1654. 1:02:00So,
1655. 1:02:00what did Indonesia do?
1656. 1:02:02In January 1963,
1657. 1:02:04Indonesia officially
1658. 1:02:05launched
1659. 1:02:06a policy of confrontation
1660. 1:02:07against Malaysia.
1661. 1:02:08This confrontation
1662. 1:02:09was not just
1663. 1:02:09a war of words
1664. 1:02:10or diplomacy, you know.
1665. 1:02:11Oh,
1666. 1:02:12are there other actions?
1667. 1:02:13Yes.
1668. 1:02:14It involved
1669. 1:02:14military action.
1670. 1:02:16The Indonesian army
1671. 1:02:17carried out small
1672. 1:02:17attacks on the borders
1673. 1:02:18of Sarawak and Sabah.
1674. 1:02:20There was also
1675. 1:02:20an incident of
1676. 1:02:21Indonesian
1677. 1:02:22paratroopers landing
1678. 1:02:24in several
1679. 1:02:24places in Johor.
1680. 1:02:26So,
1681. 1:02:26the situation
1682. 1:02:27was indeed tense.
1683. 1:02:28It was like a
1684. 1:02:29low-scale war .
1685. 1:02:30Is that serious?
1686. 1:02:31How
1687. 1:02:31did Malaysia deal with it?
1688. 1:02:32Malaysia had to
1689. 1:02:34increase
1690. 1:02:35its national defense.
1691. 1:02:36Luckily,
1692. 1:02:37we got
1693. 1:02:38help from
1694. 1:02:38Commonwealth
1695. 1:02:39countries ,
1696. 1:02:40especially
1697. 1:02:41Britain,
1698. 1:02:42Australia
1699. 1:02:42and New Zealand.
1700. 1:02:44Their soldiers
1701. 1:02:44helped guard
1702. 1:02:45the border.
1703. 1:02:46At the same time,
1704. 1:02:47Malaysia used
1705. 1:02:48diplomatic channels to
1706. 1:02:49bring this issue
1707. 1:02:50to the
1708. 1:02:51United Nations,
1709. 1:02:52the UN.
1710. 1:02:53Trying to find
1711. 1:02:54a peaceful solution.
1712. 1:02:55So,
1713. 1:02:56how
1714. 1:02:56did all this end?
1715. 1:02:57Especially
1716. 1:02:58the confrontation?
1717. 1:02:59The confrontation
1718. 1:03:00dragged on for several years.
1719. 1:03:03It only began to subside
1720. 1:03:04and finally ended when
1721. 1:03:05major political changes
1722. 1:03:07occurred
1723. 1:03:08in Indonesia.
1724. 1:03:09After the
1725. 1:03:10G30 SPKI incident
1726. 1:03:11in 1965,
1727. 1:03:13President Soekarno's power
1728. 1:03:14began to decline
1729. 1:03:15and General Soeharto
1730. 1:03:16took over.
1731. 1:03:17The new Indonesian government
1732. 1:03:18brought Soeharto
1733. 1:03:19to take a peaceful approach
1734. 1:03:20with Malaysia.
1735. 1:03:21Finally,
1736. 1:03:22a peace agreement
1737. 1:03:23was signed
1738. 1:03:23in 1966,
1739. 1:03:25officially
1740. 1:03:26ending
1741. 1:03:26the confrontation
1742. 1:03:27. It is clear that
1743. 1:03:29the process of establishing
1744. 1:03:30Malaysia
1745. 1:03:31was indeed a journey
1746. 1:03:32full
1747. 1:03:34of twists and turns,
1748. 1:03:35from convincing
1749. 1:03:36the people within the country,
1750. 1:03:38complicated negotiations
1751. 1:03:39between leaders,
1752. 1:03:41and then facing
1753. 1:03:42great opposition
1754. 1:03:43from outside,
1755. 1:03:43such as the confrontation.
1756. 1:03:44That's right.
1757. 1:03:45It is a process
1758. 1:03:46of unifying regions
1759. 1:03:47with
1760. 1:03:48quite different
1761. 1:03:49histories, cultures, and
1762. 1:03:50interests under one
1763. 1:03:52federal roof,
1764. 1:03:53not an easy task.
1765. 1:03:54Thank you for
1766. 1:03:55this in-depth sharing.
1767. 1:03:56See you in
1768. 1:03:57the next sharing.
1769. 1:03:58Welcome everyone.
1770. 1:04:00Today we are going to
1771. 1:04:00delve into chapter six.
1772. 1:04:02We will look at
1773. 1:04:03the major challenges
1774. 1:04:05that Malaysia faced
1775. 1:04:06immediately after
1776. 1:04:07its formation
1777. 1:04:08in 1963.
1778. 1:04:10Hmm, that's right.
1779. 1:04:11A very challenging
1780. 1:04:13period
1781. 1:04:15for a newly born country.
1782. 1:04:16Yes, we will see
1783. 1:04:17how our country
1784. 1:04:19at that time handled
1785. 1:04:20regional development issues
1786. 1:04:22like Sarawak-Sabah,
1787. 1:04:24then there were political issues
1788. 1:04:26about Singapore,
1789. 1:04:27the communist threat.
1790. 1:04:29Hmm,
1791. 1:04:30there were also economic problems,
1792. 1:04:31racial tensions, there were
1793. 1:04:33many.
1794. 1:04:34There really were many.
1795. 1:04:35Okay,
1796. 1:04:35let's start
1797. 1:04:36our analysis.
1798. 1:04:37Now let's
1799. 1:04:38discuss
1800. 1:04:38chapter 6.1.
1801. 1:04:40Okay,
1802. 1:04:40about Sarawak and Sabah,
1803. 1:04:42after joining Malaysia,
1804. 1:04:44the development
1805. 1:04:45and socio-economic challenges
1806. 1:04:47there
1807. 1:04:47are unique, right?
1808. 1:04:49Very unique.
1809. 1:04:50One big thing is,
1810. 1:04:51they want to expand
1811. 1:04:52their economy.
1812. 1:04:53What do you mean?
1813. 1:04:53Because they depend a lot
1814. 1:04:55on agriculture
1815. 1:04:56for themselves.
1816. 1:04:58Like rice,
1817. 1:04:59a little bit of vegetables
1818. 1:05:00for their own consumption.
1819. 1:05:01So,
1820. 1:05:02the government has to think of
1821. 1:05:03ways to bring
1822. 1:05:03in a commercial economy.
1823. 1:05:05Like rubber,
1824. 1:05:06palm oil, all that.
1825. 1:05:07Yes,
1826. 1:05:08rubber,
1827. 1:05:08palm oil,
1828. 1:05:09cocoa.
1829. 1:05:10Then there is
1830. 1:05:11the potential for timber,
1831. 1:05:12petroleum too,
1832. 1:05:13but the challenge is
1833. 1:05:14infrastructure.
1834. 1:05:16Ah yes,
1835. 1:05:17the state is vast, right?
1836. 1:05:18Transportation is also difficult.
1837. 1:05:19Indeed,
1838. 1:05:21a lot depends on
1839. 1:05:21rivers, seas.
1840. 1:05:23Building roads
1841. 1:05:24takes time,
1842. 1:05:24costs a lot.
1843. 1:05:26That was a big priority
1844. 1:05:26for the government at that time.
1845. 1:05:28Apart from the economy
1846. 1:05:29and roads,
1847. 1:05:30what about education,
1848. 1:05:31especially in the interior?
1849. 1:05:33That was also a big issue.
1850. 1:05:34Access to education
1851. 1:05:35was very limited
1852. 1:05:36if you compare it
1853. 1:05:36to the peninsula
1854. 1:05:37or the main cities
1855. 1:05:38there.
1856. 1:05:39So,
1857. 1:05:40the federal government
1858. 1:05:41intervened,
1859. 1:05:42right?
1860. 1:05:42Yes,
1861. 1:05:43through the five-year
1862. 1:05:43Malaysia plan
1863. 1:05:44.
1864. 1:05:45Starting in
1865. 1:05:461966.
1866. 1:05:47The focus
1867. 1:05:49was on basic infrastructure,
1868. 1:05:50roads,
1869. 1:05:51water,
1870. 1:05:52electricity,
1871. 1:05:52then schools,
1872. 1:05:53clinics.
1873. 1:05:54Wanting to close the development gap
1874. 1:05:55.
1875. 1:05:56That was important
1876. 1:05:57for
1877. 1:05:58national integration, right?
1878. 1:05:59Very important.
1879. 1:06:00Otherwise,
1880. 1:06:01the feeling of being marginalized
1881. 1:06:02could be
1882. 1:06:03another problem.
1883. 1:06:03Okay, fine.
1884. 1:06:05Now let's
1885. 1:06:05discuss
1886. 1:06:06chapter 6.2.
1887. 1:06:08Apart from this territorial issue,
1888. 1:06:09there is another
1889. 1:06:10big event,
1890. 1:06:11which is
1891. 1:06:12the separation of Singapore
1892. 1:06:13in 1965.
1893. 1:06:14What is the main cause
1894. 1:06:17of it?
1895. 1:06:18It is a bit complex.
1896. 1:06:20There are political factors,
1897. 1:06:21there are economic factors,
1898. 1:06:22there are also problems
1899. 1:06:23of nationalism
1900. 1:06:24that are the background to it.
1901. 1:06:25What is it like
1902. 1:06:26in terms of politics
1903. 1:06:27? Is there an issue between
1904. 1:06:28Lee Kuan Yew
1905. 1:06:28and the federal government?
1906. 1:06:30There is indeed
1907. 1:06:30tension.
1908. 1:06:31Lee Kuan Yew
1909. 1:06:32and his party,
1910. 1:06:33the PAP,
1911. 1:06:33have a
1912. 1:06:34Malaysian Malaysia campaign.
1913. 1:06:35Oh,
1914. 1:06:36the one about
1915. 1:06:37equal rights, right?
1916. 1:06:38Yes.
1917. 1:06:38The demand for
1918. 1:06:39equal rights
1919. 1:06:40for all races
1920. 1:06:40is seen by
1921. 1:06:41some parties,
1922. 1:06:42especially in
1923. 1:06:43the alliance,
1924. 1:06:43as challenging
1925. 1:06:45the special status
1926. 1:06:46of the Malays
1927. 1:06:46that is enshrined
1928. 1:06:47in the constitution.
1929. 1:06:48So,
1930. 1:06:49this has indeed
1931. 1:06:50heated up
1932. 1:06:50the relationship between the PAP
1933. 1:06:51and the alliance.
1934. 1:06:52Understand.
1935. 1:06:54From
1936. 1:06:54an economic point of view,
1937. 1:06:56there is an issue
1938. 1:06:57about the common market, right?
1939. 1:06:58That's right.
1940. 1:06:59The common market
1941. 1:07:00or common market
1942. 1:07:01doesn't seem to be happening very well.
1943. 1:07:03Its implementation
1944. 1:07:04has been slow.
1945. 1:07:05Then,
1946. 1:07:05there is the issue of
1947. 1:07:06additional taxes
1948. 1:07:07that the
1949. 1:07:07federal government
1950. 1:07:08is proposing for Singapore.
1951. 1:07:09So,
1952. 1:07:10Singapore is not satisfied?
1953. 1:07:11That's how it is.
1954. 1:07:12Added to that,
1955. 1:07:13there is a dispute
1956. 1:07:14over the interest on the
1957. 1:07:15RM150 million loan
1958. 1:07:16that Singapore gave
1959. 1:07:17for the development of
1960. 1:07:18Sabah and Sarawak.
1961. 1:07:20This money issue
1962. 1:07:20is indeed sensitive.
1963. 1:07:21And the situation
1964. 1:07:22became even worse
1965. 1:07:23with
1966. 1:07:24the race riots in Singapore
1967. 1:07:25in 1964.
1968. 1:07:28Exactly.
1969. 1:07:29The July riots,
1970. 1:07:30then there was
1971. 1:07:31September
1972. 1:07:321964.
1973. 1:07:33Tensions between
1974. 1:07:35the Malays
1975. 1:07:35and Chinese in Singapore
1976. 1:07:36at the time were mixed.
1977. 1:07:37So,
1978. 1:07:38all these factors
1979. 1:07:39were mixed together?
1980. 1:07:40Yes,
1981. 1:07:40they were mixed together.
1982. 1:07:42Finally,
1983. 1:07:42the leaders of both
1984. 1:07:43sides,
1985. 1:07:43Tunku Abraham
1986. 1:07:44and Lee Kuan Yew,
1987. 1:07:45seemed to have reached
1988. 1:07:46an agreement.
1989. 1:07:47Perhaps separating was
1990. 1:07:48the best way
1991. 1:07:48to avoid a
1992. 1:07:49worse conflict.
1993. 1:07:50A decision
1994. 1:07:51that must have been difficult
1995. 1:07:53at the time.
1996. 1:07:54Okay,
1997. 1:07:54now let's
1998. 1:07:55discuss
1999. 1:07:56chapter 6.3.
2000. 1:07:58At the same time,
2001. 1:08:00there was another
2002. 1:08:01threat. The internal
2003. 1:08:02security threat
2004. 1:08:03.
2005. 1:08:05Communists,
2006. 1:08:05especially in Sarawak.
2007. 1:08:07What kind of
2008. 1:08:08threat was that?
2009. 1:08:09This communist threat,
2010. 1:08:11he was through
2011. 1:08:11his secret organization,
2012. 1:08:13CCO.
2013. 1:08:15Then the North Kalimantan
2014. 1:08:16Communist Party
2015. 1:08:17,
2016. 1:08:18PKKU, was established.
2017. 1:08:19They were
2018. 1:08:20from the beginning
2019. 1:08:21against
2020. 1:08:22the formation of Malaysia.
2021. 1:08:23So,
2022. 1:08:24how did
2023. 1:08:25they go about it?
2024. 1:08:26There were two main ways.
2025. 1:08:28One,
2026. 1:08:28through political movements
2027. 1:08:29to infiltrate
2028. 1:08:30trade unions,
2029. 1:08:32political parties,
2030. 1:08:33students,
2031. 1:08:34to influence the public
2032. 1:08:35to reject Malaysia.
2033. 1:08:37The second?
2034. 1:08:38Armed attacks.
2035. 1:08:39Ah,
2036. 1:08:39the second was
2037. 1:08:40armed attacks.
2038. 1:08:41They have
2039. 1:08:42guerrilla forces
2040. 1:08:42like
2041. 1:08:43the Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force,
2042. 1:08:45PGRS
2043. 1:08:46and
2044. 1:08:47the North Kalimantan Communist Force,
2045. 1:08:48PKKU.
2046. 1:08:50Their targets are
2047. 1:08:50our Security Forces.
2048. 1:08:52Sometimes,
2049. 1:08:52civilians
2050. 1:08:53are also victims.
2051. 1:08:54So,
2052. 1:08:55this is a serious
2053. 1:08:57security challenge .
2054. 1:08:58What is the government
2055. 1:08:59doing for this hand?
2056. 1:09:00The government is using
2057. 1:09:02a two-pronged strategy.
2058. 1:09:04Just like the communists
2059. 1:09:05during the emergency
2060. 1:09:06in the Peninsular before.
2061. 1:09:08What are those two points?
2062. 1:09:09First,
2063. 1:09:10the War of Nerves.
2064. 1:09:11This is an effort to win
2065. 1:09:12the hearts and minds of the people.
2066. 1:09:14Create awareness campaigns,
2067. 1:09:16bring development,
2068. 1:09:17offer amnesty
2069. 1:09:18if they surrender,
2070. 1:09:19declare certain areas
2071. 1:09:21as white areas
2072. 1:09:22when they are safe.
2073. 1:09:23Okay.
2074. 1:09:24The second?
2075. 1:09:24Military operations.
2076. 1:09:26Yes,
2077. 1:09:26military operations.
2078. 1:09:27The most famous example is
2079. 1:09:29Operation Hammer
2080. 1:09:30in 1965.
2081. 1:09:32What was Operation Hammer like?
2082. 1:09:33It relocated
2083. 1:09:35villagers,
2084. 1:09:36especially those living
2085. 1:09:36near the forest,
2086. 1:09:38to new villages
2087. 1:09:39with security controls.
2088. 1:09:41The aim was to cut off
2089. 1:09:42the connection between the villagers
2090. 1:09:43and the communists,
2091. 1:09:44food supplies,
2092. 1:09:45information.
2093. 1:09:46It's like the BRICS plan
2094. 1:09:47during the emergency, right?
2095. 1:09:49That's more or less
2096. 1:09:50the concept.
2097. 1:09:50It was effective too.
2098. 1:09:51After that, there were many
2099. 1:09:53other operations.
2100. 1:09:54And Operation Seri Aman
2101. 1:09:55in 1973
2102. 1:09:57was a
2103. 1:09:58great success, right?
2104. 1:10:00That's right.
2105. 1:10:01Operation Seri Aman was
2106. 1:10:02very significant.
2107. 1:10:03As a result of the negotiations and operations,
2108. 1:10:04many communist members
2109. 1:10:06surrendered.
2110. 1:10:07Including their main leader
2111. 1:10:08,
2112. 1:10:08Bong Ki Chok.
2113. 1:10:10Wow,
2114. 1:10:10that must have been a huge blow
2115. 1:10:11to the communist movement.
2116. 1:10:13Indeed.
2117. 1:10:15After that,
2118. 1:10:15the communist threat in Sarawak
2119. 1:10:16began to decrease a lot
2120. 1:10:18although it still existed.
2121. 1:10:18I'm a little sick to my stomach.
2122. 1:10:20Okay,
2123. 1:10:20it's clear that the strategy worked.
2124. 1:10:22Now let's discuss
2125. 1:10:24chapter 6.4.
2126. 1:10:25Apart from security, politics, and regional
2127. 1:10:27issues
2128. 1:10:28, there are also
2129. 1:10:29broader
2130. 1:10:30development and economic
2131. 1:10:31issues , right?
2132. 1:10:33Overall
2133. 1:10:33for the country.
2134. 1:10:34Yes, that's right.
2135. 1:10:35After the formation of Malaysia,
2136. 1:10:37we inherited an
2137. 1:10:38unbalanced economic and social
2138. 1:10:39structure
2139. 1:10:40from the colonial era .
2140. 1:10:41What do you mean,
2141. 1:10:42is there a huge
2142. 1:10:43income gap
2143. 1:10:44? The gap in living standards
2144. 1:10:45between urban
2145. 1:10:46and rural areas
2146. 1:10:47is very significant.
2147. 1:10:48There are also differences
2148. 1:10:48between regions
2149. 1:10:49. The West Coast of the Peninsular
2150. 1:10:50is more developed than
2151. 1:10:51the East Coast,
2152. 1:10:52Sabah and Sarawak.
2153. 1:10:53What kind of all-round
2154. 1:10:54job opportunities
2155. 1:10:55are there? That's also a problem.
2156. 1:10:57Limited job opportunities,
2157. 1:10:58especially for
2158. 1:10:59those without
2159. 1:11:00a high degree.
2160. 1:11:01So,
2161. 1:11:01the unemployment rate
2162. 1:11:02is also increasing.
2163. 1:11:03Especially
2164. 1:11:04among young people.
2165. 1:11:05Apart from the economy,
2166. 1:11:07there are
2167. 1:11:07health and social
2168. 1:11:08issues .
2169. 1:11:09There are.
2170. 1:11:10For example,
2171. 1:11:10the high
2172. 1:11:11birth rate ,
2173. 1:11:12especially in rural areas.
2174. 1:11:13But,
2175. 1:11:14health facilities
2176. 1:11:15such as clinics,
2177. 1:11:16hospitals,
2178. 1:11:17doctors,
2179. 1:11:18and nurses
2180. 1:11:19are not enough there.
2181. 1:11:19All of this contributes
2182. 1:11:21to the problem
2183. 1:11:22of poverty as well.
2184. 1:11:23So,
2185. 1:11:24what steps does the government
2186. 1:11:25take to overcome all of this?
2187. 1:11:26The government realizes that
2188. 1:11:27this cannot be allowed to happen.
2189. 1:11:28They have launched
2190. 1:11:29various
2191. 1:11:30development plans.
2192. 1:11:31Like,
2193. 1:11:31the rural
2194. 1:11:32development plan .
2195. 1:11:34Want to provide
2196. 1:11:34basic facilities
2197. 1:11:35like roads,
2198. 1:11:36clean water,
2199. 1:11:37electricity.
2200. 1:11:38As for jobs?
2201. 1:11:39They set up
2202. 1:11:40vocational and technical
2203. 1:11:40training centers .
2204. 1:11:42Want to give job skills
2205. 1:11:43to youth
2206. 1:11:44so that they can easily get jobs
2207. 1:11:46in the industrial
2208. 1:11:47or service sectors.
2209. 1:11:48What about the high birth rate?
2210. 1:11:50The government introduced
2211. 1:11:51a
2212. 1:11:52family planning program .
2213. 1:11:54It's not about restricting
2214. 1:11:54births,
2215. 1:11:56but more about
2216. 1:11:57helping families
2217. 1:11:58plan
2218. 1:11:59their family size
2219. 1:12:00according to their ability
2220. 1:12:01and taking care of
2221. 1:12:02the health of mothers
2222. 1:12:03and children.
2223. 1:12:04Hmm,
2224. 1:12:04so the effort
2225. 1:12:06must be comprehensive
2226. 1:12:07to address
2227. 1:12:07the root cause of the problem.
2228. 1:12:08Yes,
2229. 1:12:09because the government understands that
2230. 1:12:11long-term
2231. 1:12:12national stability
2232. 1:12:13is not just
2233. 1:12:14a security issue,
2234. 1:12:16but also requires
2235. 1:12:17balanced
2236. 1:12:18socioeconomic
2237. 1:12:19development .
2238. 1:12:20Agreed.
2239. 1:12:21Okay,
2240. 1:12:21and finally,
2241. 1:12:22let's discuss
2242. 1:12:24chapter 6.5.
2243. 1:12:26Perhaps this is
2244. 1:12:27the most difficult
2245. 1:12:28challenge we face
2246. 1:12:29, which is
2247. 1:12:29the tragedy of
2248. 1:12:31racial relations
2249. 1:12:31on May 13,
2250. 1:12:331969.
2251. 1:12:35A black spot
2252. 1:12:36in our history.
2253. 1:12:38What exactly
2254. 1:12:38was the main trigger?
2255. 1:12:40The May 13 incident
2256. 1:12:41was the culmination of
2257. 1:12:43racial tension
2258. 1:12:44that had
2259. 1:12:45existed for a long time.
2260. 1:12:47The cause is complex.
2261. 1:12:48Is it related to
2262. 1:12:49the socioeconomic
2263. 1:12:50imbalance
2264. 1:12:51we discussed earlier?
2265. 1:12:52Very related. The
2266. 1:12:53economic
2267. 1:12:54imbalance
2268. 1:12:55between races
2269. 1:12:56inherited
2270. 1:12:56from the colonial era
2271. 1:12:58does exist.
2272. 1:12:59Then
2273. 1:13:00in the
2274. 1:13:001969
2275. 1:13:01general election
2276. 1:13:02, the issues
2277. 1:13:03Racialism
2278. 1:13:04, language,
2279. 1:13:05religion,
2280. 1:13:05special rights,
2281. 1:13:07all of these
2282. 1:13:08were played by
2283. 1:13:09some
2284. 1:13:09political figures
2285. 1:13:10to gain votes.
2286. 1:13:11So the atmosphere
2287. 1:13:12during the campaign
2288. 1:13:13was tense, right?
2289. 1:13:14Very tense.
2290. 1:13:15After
2291. 1:13:16the election results
2292. 1:13:16were announced
2293. 1:13:17, an opposition party
2294. 1:13:18that won several
2295. 1:13:19seats
2296. 1:13:20held a
2297. 1:13:21victory parade.
2298. 1:13:22Unfortunately,
2299. 1:13:22there was an element
2300. 1:13:23of provocation
2301. 1:13:24in the parade.
2302. 1:13:25And that is what
2303. 1:13:25sparked
2304. 1:13:26the riots?
2305. 1:13:27Yes.
2306. 1:13:28The parade
2307. 1:13:28and the lack of response
2308. 1:13:29from other parties
2309. 1:13:30sparked
2310. 1:13:31severe racial
2311. 1:13:32riots, especially
2312. 1:13:33around
2313. 1:13:33Kuala Rumpur. A
2314. 1:13:34very critical
2315. 1:13:35situation .
2316. 1:13:37What was the government's action
2317. 1:13:37at the time?
2318. 1:13:38The government's action
2319. 1:13:39was very swift.
2320. 1:13:40The Supreme Leader
2321. 1:13:42declared a state of emergency
2322. 1:13:43throughout the country.
2323. 1:13:44The constitution
2324. 1:13:45and parliament
2325. 1:13:45were temporarily suspended.
2326. 1:13:47And the administration
2327. 1:13:47was taken over by
2328. 1:13:48Magiran.
2329. 1:13:49That's right.
2330. 1:13:50The National Movement Council
2331. 1:13:51or Magiran
2332. 1:13:52was established.
2333. 1:13:53It was chaired by
2334. 1:13:55the Deputy Prime Minister
2335. 1:13:56at the time.
2336. 1:13:57Tun Abdul Razak.
2337. 1:13:59Magiran was given
2338. 1:13:59full authority
2339. 1:14:00to restore
2340. 1:14:01peace
2341. 1:14:01and stability to the country.
2342. 1:14:03The role of the Malay Rulers
2343. 1:14:04at the time?
2344. 1:14:05Very important.
2345. 1:14:06The Malay Rulers
2346. 1:14:07came out to
2347. 1:14:08appeal for
2348. 1:14:09the people to calm down,
2349. 1:14:10stop the violence
2350. 1:14:12and return
2351. 1:14:13to unity.
2352. 1:14:14The appeal
2353. 1:14:15helped a lot
2354. 1:14:16to defuse the situation.
2355. 1:14:17So if we
2356. 1:14:18look back at
2357. 1:14:18all this,
2358. 1:14:19it is clear that
2359. 1:14:20the early years
2360. 1:14:21after Malaysia
2361. 1:14:22was formed
2362. 1:14:22were full of trials.
2363. 1:14:24Big trials.
2364. 1:14:24That's right.
2365. 1:14:25From trying to
2366. 1:14:26unite new regions
2367. 1:14:28like Sabah and Sarawak,
2368. 1:14:29to overcoming
2369. 1:14:30development differences,
2370. 1:14:32the communist threat again.
2371. 1:14:33The separation from
2372. 1:14:34Singapore,
2373. 1:14:35economic problems, until
2374. 1:14:37the most difficult
2375. 1:14:38test ,
2376. 1:14:38racial relations,
2377. 1:14:40that May 13.
2378. 1:14:41All these challenges
2379. 1:14:42really tested
2380. 1:14:44the resilience of our country
2381. 1:14:45, which was very new
2382. 1:14:46at that time.
2383. 1:14:47But the steps
2384. 1:14:48taken,
2385. 1:14:49even though some
2386. 1:14:50were painful,
2387. 1:14:50some were difficult,
2388. 1:14:51showed how
2389. 1:14:52important continuous
2390. 1:14:53efforts are to
2391. 1:14:54maintain unity
2392. 1:14:55and
2393. 1:14:56socio-economic balance.
2394. 1:14:58That's it,
2395. 1:14:59our conclusion
2396. 1:14:59for chapter 6.
2397. 1:15:01See you
2398. 1:15:01in the next session.
2399. 1:15:03Welcome everyone.
2400. 1:15:04Today we want
2401. 1:15:05to talk about
2402. 1:15:06a chapter that
2403. 1:15:07is really important
2404. 1:15:09for
2405. 1:15:10our country.
2406. 1:15:11Yes, that's right.
2407. 1:15:12Chapter 7,
2408. 1:15:13Building
2409. 1:15:14National Prosperity.
2410. 1:15:16We will focus
2411. 1:15:17on efforts
2412. 1:15:18to foster
2413. 1:15:19unity and
2414. 1:15:20national integration
2415. 1:15:21in Malaysia.
2416. 1:15:23These two things
2417. 1:15:24are like
2418. 1:15:25the backbone
2419. 1:15:25of our strength, right?
2420. 1:15:27That's right.
2421. 1:15:28Let's get started right away.
2422. 1:15:28Now,
2423. 1:15:30let's discuss
2424. 1:15:31chapter 7.1.
2425. 1:15:32Okay,
2426. 1:15:33in this chapter
2427. 1:15:33there are two main concepts.
2428. 1:15:35Racial unity
2429. 1:15:36and national integration.
2430. 1:15:39Once you hear it,
2431. 1:15:40it's the same.
2432. 1:15:42Ah,
2433. 1:15:42close but not
2434. 1:15:44exactly the same.
2435. 1:15:45We can understand
2436. 1:15:46this racial unity
2437. 1:15:46as a situation.
2438. 1:15:49A situation when
2439. 1:15:49our people
2440. 1:15:50of various ethnicities,
2441. 1:15:51religions, and
2442. 1:15:52regions
2443. 1:15:53can live in peace,
2444. 1:15:55harmony.
2445. 1:15:55living together
2446. 1:15:56in a united
2447. 1:15:57society
2448. 1:15:59.
2449. 1:15:59Yes,
2450. 1:16:00that's right.
2451. 1:16:01And there is
2452. 1:16:02a common
2453. 1:16:03national identity
2454. 1:16:03guided by
2455. 1:16:04the federal
2456. 1:16:05constitution
2457. 1:16:06and also
2458. 1:16:07the pillars of the country.
2459. 1:16:09It's like
2460. 1:16:09the final destination
2461. 1:16:11that we
2462. 1:16:12want to achieve
2463. 1:16:13together.
2464. 1:16:14Okay,
2465. 1:16:14I understand.
2466. 1:16:15So,
2467. 1:16:16if unity is
2468. 1:16:17like a destination,
2469. 1:16:19what is national integration
2470. 1:16:20?
2471. 1:16:20How can it be
2472. 1:16:21different?
2473. 1:16:21Ha,
2474. 1:16:22if unity is
2475. 1:16:23a destination,
2476. 1:16:25national integration is
2477. 1:16:26the journey.
2478. 1:16:28It's a process.
2479. 1:16:29A process that is
2480. 1:16:30always going on,
2481. 1:16:31dynamic, people say.
2482. 1:16:32Continuous efforts
2483. 1:16:33to strengthen
2484. 1:16:34community relations.
2485. 1:16:36Strengthening relations
2486. 1:16:37between states
2487. 1:16:38and regions.
2488. 1:16:39So that we feel like
2489. 1:16:40we are one nation?
2490. 1:16:42Exactly.
2491. 1:16:43So that a united
2492. 1:16:44Malaysian nation
2493. 1:16:45is formed
2494. 1:16:46and the foundation remains the same
2495. 1:16:47constitution and pillars of the country.
2496. 1:16:49Are there any examples of
2497. 1:16:50early efforts?
2498. 1:16:51Yes.
2499. 1:16:52An interesting example,
2500. 1:16:54perhaps many people haven't noticed,
2501. 1:16:56is the
2502. 1:16:56Malaysian ferry service.
2503. 1:16:58Launched in
2504. 1:16:581986.
2505. 1:17:00Oh,
2506. 1:17:01the one that connects
2507. 1:17:01the peninsula
2508. 1:17:02with Sabah and Sarawak?
2509. 1:17:03Yes.
2510. 1:17:05That's not just
2511. 1:17:06a physical connection
2512. 1:17:07,
2513. 1:17:08but it's a symbolic
2514. 1:17:09effort to
2515. 1:17:09integrate the people of
2516. 1:17:11the peninsula
2517. 1:17:11with Sabah and Sarawak.
2518. 1:17:13Wanting to build a bridge,
2519. 1:17:15that spirit of activity.
2520. 1:17:17When we talk about
2521. 1:17:17this rapid unity,
2522. 1:17:18we can't run away
2523. 1:17:19from history, right?
2524. 1:17:20Especially the impact of
2525. 1:17:21the British era's policies.
2526. 1:17:24What exactly is the challenge of
2527. 1:17:25the historical legacy?
2528. 1:17:27We can't run away.
2529. 1:17:29The British policies of the past,
2530. 1:17:30although
2531. 1:17:31their original purpose may have been different,
2532. 1:17:32but their side effect was
2533. 1:17:34that they indirectly
2534. 1:17:35created
2535. 1:17:36separation between the races.
2536. 1:17:37What kind of separation was that?
2537. 1:17:39In what ways?
2538. 1:17:39Many ways.
2539. 1:17:41For example,
2540. 1:17:42in administration,
2541. 1:17:43the resident system itself,
2542. 1:17:45the way they managed
2543. 1:17:46the Malay state was different.
2544. 1:17:47Then,
2545. 1:17:48in economic activities,
2546. 1:17:49the British encouraged
2547. 1:17:50immigration
2548. 1:17:51to work in
2549. 1:17:52tin mines,
2550. 1:17:53rubber plantations.
2551. 1:17:54So there were a lot of Chinese
2552. 1:17:55in the mines,
2553. 1:17:56Indians in the plantations.
2554. 1:17:57That's right.
2555. 1:17:58The Malays
2556. 1:17:59mostly
2557. 1:18:00remained in
2558. 1:18:00the traditional economy.
2559. 1:18:02Agriculture,
2560. 1:18:03subsistence,
2561. 1:18:04fishing.
2562. 1:18:04So indirectly,
2563. 1:18:07these races
2564. 1:18:08were separated in terms of
2565. 1:18:09location,
2566. 1:18:10place of residence
2567. 1:18:11and also type
2568. 1:18:12of work.
2569. 1:18:13It's like there was a little divide
2570. 1:18:14and rule
2571. 1:18:14economically.
2572. 1:18:16And education also
2573. 1:18:17played a role
2574. 1:18:18in this separation.
2575. 1:18:19The vernacular
2576. 1:18:20school system
2577. 1:18:21. Yes, that's another
2578. 1:18:22big factor.
2579. 1:18:23There are
2580. 1:18:24Malay,
2581. 1:18:25Chinese,
2582. 1:18:25Indian and English schools
2583. 1:18:27. Each one uses
2584. 1:18:28its own language of instruction,
2585. 1:18:29the curriculum is different.
2586. 1:18:31So the children
2587. 1:18:31don't socialize much
2588. 1:18:32from a young age
2589. 1:18:34. They're in
2590. 1:18:34their own groups
2591. 1:18:35. That's more or less the case.
2592. 1:18:37Interaction between
2593. 1:18:38races
2594. 1:18:39became limited.
2595. 1:18:40In addition,
2596. 1:18:41when independence was about to be achieved,
2597. 1:18:42a political ideology emerged
2598. 1:18:44that
2599. 1:18:44was more based on race.
2600. 1:18:47Political parties
2601. 1:18:47tended to fight for
2602. 1:18:48the interests
2603. 1:18:49of their respective races first.
2604. 1:18:51So
2605. 1:18:51the challenges we
2606. 1:18:53inherited were indeed
2607. 1:18:54many layers .
2608. 1:18:55Okay,
2609. 1:18:55now let's
2610. 1:18:56discuss
2611. 1:18:57chapter 7.2.
2612. 1:18:58When you see
2613. 1:18:59the historical challenges,
2614. 1:19:01it is clear why
2615. 1:19:01education is considered
2616. 1:19:02very important.
2617. 1:19:03Like a tool
2618. 1:19:04to reunite
2619. 1:19:05our society.
2620. 1:19:07What were the initial steps
2621. 1:19:08taken?
2622. 1:19:09After independence,
2623. 1:19:10a lot of
2624. 1:19:11focus was given
2625. 1:19:12to the education system.
2626. 1:19:14One
2627. 1:19:14very significant step
2628. 1:19:15was
2629. 1:19:16the report of
2630. 1:19:17the cabinet
2631. 1:19:18committee
2632. 1:19:18to study
2633. 1:19:19the implementation of
2634. 1:19:20the 1979
2635. 1:19:20education policy. The 1979 cabinet
2636. 1:19:23report
2637. 1:19:23?
2638. 1:19:25What is so important
2639. 1:19:26about
2640. 1:19:26this report?
2641. 1:19:27This report
2642. 1:19:28is not just
2643. 1:19:28an ordinary proposal, you know.
2644. 1:19:29It really
2645. 1:19:30emphasizes the role of
2646. 1:19:31the Malay language,
2647. 1:19:32it must be the language
2648. 1:19:33of unity and
2649. 1:19:34must be taught in all
2650. 1:19:35schools.
2651. 1:19:36It also
2652. 1:19:36recommends an emphasis
2653. 1:19:38on noble values
2654. 1:19:38.
2655. 1:19:39Through subjects
2656. 1:19:40such as Islamic education
2657. 1:19:41and moral education.
2658. 1:19:43Yes,
2659. 1:19:43and also
2660. 1:19:44co-curricular
2661. 1:19:45activities .
2662. 1:19:47So that these children
2663. 1:19:48could get along,
2664. 1:19:49work together,
2665. 1:19:50all of this
2666. 1:19:51became the basis
2667. 1:19:51for the introduction of
2668. 1:19:52the new curriculum
2669. 1:19:53for primary schools
2670. 1:19:54KBSR in 1983
2671. 1:19:56and the
2672. 1:19:58integrated curriculum
2673. 1:19:58for secondary schools
2674. 1:19:59KBSM in
2675. 1:20:001989.
2676. 1:20:02Oh,
2677. 1:20:03KBSR and
2678. 1:20:04KBSM.
2679. 1:20:05Which were later
2680. 1:20:06updated to become
2681. 1:20:06the current
2682. 1:20:07KSSR and KSSM.
2683. 1:20:09The basic goal
2684. 1:20:11is indeed for
2685. 1:20:11unity.
2686. 1:20:13That's right,
2687. 1:20:13the main goal
2688. 1:20:14is indeed in that direction.
2689. 1:20:16Wanting to cultivate
2690. 1:20:16noble values
2691. 1:20:17​​and the spirit
2692. 1:20:18of unity
2693. 1:20:19right from
2694. 1:20:20school.
2695. 1:20:21And all of this has
2696. 1:20:22a philosophy that is
2697. 1:20:23a guide, right?
2698. 1:20:24The National Education Philosophy
2699. 1:20:24.
2700. 1:20:25Yes,
2701. 1:20:26the National
2702. 1:20:27Education Philosophy
2703. 1:20:28or FPK.
2704. 1:20:29Enacted in
2705. 1:20:301988
2706. 1:20:31and revised slightly
2707. 1:20:33in 1996.
2708. 1:20:34This FPK is
2709. 1:20:35what is
2710. 1:20:36the foundation of our education system
2711. 1:20:36.
2712. 1:20:38Its ambitions
2713. 1:20:38are big.
2714. 1:20:39What are its ambitions?
2715. 1:20:40Wanting to produce
2716. 1:20:41balanced
2717. 1:20:42and harmonious
2718. 1:20:43individuals .
2719. 1:20:45Balanced in
2720. 1:20:45terms of intellect,
2721. 1:20:47spirituality,
2722. 1:20:48emotions
2723. 1:20:48and body
2724. 1:20:49based on
2725. 1:20:50faith in
2726. 1:20:51God.
2727. 1:20:52This kind of individual
2728. 1:20:53is expected
2729. 1:20:54to contribute
2730. 1:20:55to the harmony
2731. 1:20:56and prosperity
2732. 1:20:57of the family,
2733. 1:20:58society
2734. 1:20:59and country.
2735. 1:21:00Wow,
2736. 1:21:00that philosophy
2737. 1:21:01is truly comprehensive
2738. 1:21:03. And all of this
2739. 1:21:04is further strengthened
2740. 1:21:04by the Education Act
2741. 1:21:061996, right?
2742. 1:21:07That's right.
2743. 1:21:08The Education Act
2744. 1:21:091996
2745. 1:21:10seems to
2746. 1:21:10further strengthen the
2747. 1:21:12legal
2748. 1:21:12framework
2749. 1:21:13for
2750. 1:21:14our national
2751. 1:21:15education system
2752. 1:21:15in line with
2753. 1:21:17the FPK.
2754. 1:21:17ok.
2755. 1:21:18Now let's
2756. 1:21:19discuss
2757. 1:21:207.3.
2758. 1:21:22We touched
2759. 1:21:23on the Malay language
2760. 1:21:24in
2761. 1:21:24the cabinet report.
2762. 1:21:25But,
2763. 1:21:26the role of the Malay language
2764. 1:21:27as the
2765. 1:21:28national
2766. 1:21:29language is
2767. 1:21:29very critical
2768. 1:21:31for
2769. 1:21:32unity, isn't it?
2770. 1:21:32Very critical.
2771. 1:21:33The position of the Malay language
2772. 1:21:35as the
2773. 1:21:35national language
2774. 1:21:36and the
2775. 1:21:37official language of the country
2776. 1:21:38is firmly
2777. 1:21:39enshrined
2778. 1:21:39in the
2779. 1:21:40Federal Constitution.
2780. 1:21:41Article 152.
2781. 1:21:43And it is
2782. 1:21:44further enforced with
2783. 1:21:44the National Language Act
2784. 1:21:45.
2785. 1:21:46Yes, the
2786. 1:21:47National
2787. 1:21:48Language Act 1963-67.
2788. 1:21:51This act
2789. 1:21:52stipulates
2790. 1:21:52the use of
2791. 1:21:53the Malay language
2792. 1:21:54in
2793. 1:21:55official matters.
2794. 1:21:56That means
2795. 1:21:57in government
2796. 1:21:58administration
2797. 1:21:59, the courts
2798. 1:21:59with a few
2799. 1:22:00exceptions
2800. 1:22:01and importantly
2801. 1:22:02in the national
2802. 1:22:03education
2803. 1:22:03system .
2804. 1:22:05Its use
2805. 1:22:05is expanded
2806. 1:22:06in
2807. 1:22:06stages, right?
2808. 1:22:08So,
2809. 1:22:08the main language of instruction
2810. 1:22:09.
2811. 1:22:10That's right.
2812. 1:22:11The process
2813. 1:22:12takes time
2814. 1:22:13but the goal
2815. 1:22:14is clear.
2816. 1:22:14to make the Malay
2817. 1:22:16language
2818. 1:22:16the language
2819. 1:22:17of knowledge
2820. 1:22:18and the
2821. 1:22:18main language of communication
2822. 1:22:20for Malaysians.
2823. 1:22:21And is there a
2824. 1:22:21specific institution
2825. 1:22:22established
2826. 1:22:23to uphold
2827. 1:22:24the Malay language?
2828. 1:22:25Of course.
2829. 1:22:26The most important example is
2830. 1:22:27the National
2831. 1:22:29University
2832. 1:22:29of Malaysia
2833. 1:22:30UKM,
2834. 1:22:30which was established
2835. 1:22:31in 1970.
2836. 1:22:33One of
2837. 1:22:34the missions of the establishment
2838. 1:22:35of UKM
2839. 1:22:36is to
2840. 1:22:36adopt the
2841. 1:22:37Malay language
2842. 1:22:38as the language of
2843. 1:22:39higher education,
2844. 1:22:40the academic language.
2845. 1:22:41So it is the birthplace
2846. 1:22:43of many scholars
2847. 1:22:44who write
2848. 1:22:44in the
2849. 1:22:45Malay language.
2850. 1:22:46Exactly.
2851. 1:22:47And let's not forget
2852. 1:22:48the role of the Language and Library
2853. 1:22:50Department
2854. 1:22:50of the DBP.
2855. 1:22:52Since its establishment
2856. 1:22:53in 1956
2857. 1:22:54, before
2858. 1:22:56Merdeka,
2859. 1:22:56DBP has played
2860. 1:22:57a big role.
2861. 1:22:59What is
2862. 1:23:00DBP's main role?
2863. 1:23:01Various.
2864. 1:23:02Developing the
2865. 1:23:03Malay language itself,
2866. 1:23:04publishing books,
2867. 1:23:05magazines,
2868. 1:23:06dictionaries,
2869. 1:23:07encouraging the
2870. 1:23:08correct use of the language.
2871. 1:23:08But more than that,
2872. 1:23:10DBP also tries
2873. 1:23:11to foster unity
2874. 1:23:12through
2875. 1:23:13national language and literature.
2876. 1:23:15What is its slogan?
2877. 1:23:17The language of
2878. 1:23:17the soul of the nation.
2879. 1:23:19It is very relevant.
2880. 1:23:20It is relevant.
2881. 1:23:21Language is not
2882. 1:23:22just a means of communication.
2883. 1:23:24But it carries
2884. 1:23:25identity,
2885. 1:23:26it carries the soul of the nation.
2886. 1:23:28Okay.
2887. 1:23:29Now,
2888. 1:23:29let's discuss
2889. 1:23:30chapter 7.4.
2890. 1:23:32What about
2891. 1:23:33culture?
2892. 1:23:34Is there a specific policy
2893. 1:23:35for this?
2894. 1:23:36Yes.
2895. 1:23:37The national cultural policy
2896. 1:23:38.
2897. 1:23:39It was formulated as
2898. 1:23:39a guide.
2899. 1:23:41The aim is to form
2900. 1:23:42and maintain
2901. 1:23:42a national identity
2902. 1:23:44that can be shared
2903. 1:23:45by all races
2904. 1:23:46in Malaysia.
2905. 1:23:47Its focus is to
2906. 1:23:48strengthen unity
2907. 1:23:49through culture.
2908. 1:23:51The way is
2909. 1:23:52to make
2910. 1:23:53the culture of the people
2911. 1:23:54from this region
2912. 1:23:55the core.
2913. 1:23:57But at the same time,
2914. 1:23:58celebrate and accept
2915. 1:23:59other cultural elements
2916. 1:24:00that are appropriate and appropriate.
2917. 1:24:02Okay.
2918. 1:24:03Another important element.
2919. 1:24:04Now,
2920. 1:24:05let's discuss
2921. 1:24:06chapter 7.5.
2922. 1:24:07sports.
2923. 1:24:09People always say
2924. 1:24:10that sports can
2925. 1:24:10unite us all,
2926. 1:24:12right? It's true.
2927. 1:24:13Sports are
2928. 1:24:14a very effective
2929. 1:24:15platform for unity .
2930. 1:24:16Just look at schools.
2931. 1:24:18There are policies like
2932. 1:24:19one student, one sport,
2933. 1:24:20then there are
2934. 1:24:21student integration plans
2935. 1:24:23for
2936. 1:24:23unity,
2937. 1:24:24remove.
2938. 1:24:25All of this really
2939. 1:24:25encourages students
2940. 1:24:26from different races
2941. 1:24:27to interact,
2942. 1:24:29work together
2943. 1:24:30through sports.
2944. 1:24:31If it's at a higher
2945. 1:24:32level ,
2946. 1:24:33is it university,
2947. 1:24:34is it between states?
2948. 1:24:35There are too.
2949. 1:24:36At universities,
2950. 1:24:37there is the Universiti Malaysia
2951. 1:24:38sports event ,
2952. 1:24:39MASOM,
2953. 1:24:40since 1974.
2954. 1:24:41And the most popular,
2955. 1:24:43the Malaysian sports
2956. 1:24:44or SUKMA.
2957. 1:24:45SUKMA is held
2958. 1:24:46every two years
2959. 1:24:47since 1988.
2960. 1:24:49It's not just
2961. 1:24:49a competition, you know,
2962. 1:24:50but it's like
2963. 1:24:51a bridge of integration
2964. 1:24:52between states.
2965. 1:24:53International events
2966. 1:24:55like
2967. 1:24:55Letur Delangkawi
2968. 1:24:57or MotoGP
2969. 1:24:58also have an effect
2970. 1:24:58, right?
2971. 1:24:59Yes,
2972. 1:25:00that's right.
2973. 1:25:01When we successfully
2974. 1:25:02organize a
2975. 1:25:03big event like that,
2976. 1:25:05it not only
2977. 1:25:06shows our country's
2978. 1:25:07capabilities
2979. 1:25:08, but
2980. 1:25:09indirectly,
2981. 1:25:10it raises
2982. 1:25:11a sense of pride.
2983. 1:25:12That spirit of togetherness.
2984. 1:25:14All Malaysians,
2985. 1:25:15regardless of race
2986. 1:25:16or religion
2987. 1:25:17, support
2988. 1:25:18as one voice.
2989. 1:25:20That's the effect.
2990. 1:25:21Hmm,
2991. 1:25:22this sport
2992. 1:25:22is really strong
2993. 1:25:23. Okay,
2994. 1:25:24we've seen
2995. 1:25:25all kinds of efforts.
2996. 1:25:26Education,
2997. 1:25:27language,
2998. 1:25:27culture,
2999. 1:25:28sports.
3000. 1:25:29Now let's
3001. 1:25:30discuss chapter 7.6,
3002. 1:25:31Rukun Negara.
3003. 1:25:33This is like
3004. 1:25:33the ideological compass
3005. 1:25:35of our country, right?
3006. 1:25:36Exactly.
3007. 1:25:37The Rukun Negara
3008. 1:25:38was not born in
3009. 1:25:39a vacuum.
3010. 1:25:40It was proclaimed
3011. 1:25:41on 31 August
3012. 1:25:431970,
3013. 1:25:44more than a year
3014. 1:25:45after
3015. 1:25:46the dark events
3016. 1:25:47of 13 May
3017. 1:25:481969.
3018. 1:25:49It was
3019. 1:25:50a response
3020. 1:25:51to that tragedy.
3021. 1:25:52So,
3022. 1:25:52it was born from
3023. 1:25:53a pressing
3024. 1:25:54need to find a
3025. 1:25:55stronger
3026. 1:25:56formula
3027. 1:25:56for unity .
3028. 1:25:57That's right.
3029. 1:25:58After 13 May,
3030. 1:26:00the country's leaders realized that
3031. 1:26:01we needed
3032. 1:26:02a set of principles,
3033. 1:26:03a national
3034. 1:26:04ideology
3035. 1:26:05as a guide
3036. 1:26:06for all Malaysians
3037. 1:26:07to
3038. 1:26:07ensure that
3039. 1:26:08our country
3040. 1:26:09remains united
3041. 1:26:10and stable. And
3042. 1:26:11the five principles
3043. 1:26:12of the Rukun Negara
3044. 1:26:13emerged .
3045. 1:26:14Can we mention them
3046. 1:26:15again?
3047. 1:26:16Sure.
3048. 1:26:17The five main principles
3049. 1:26:18are
3050. 1:26:18first,
3051. 1:26:19belief in
3052. 1:26:20God.
3053. 1:26:21Second,
3054. 1:26:22loyalty to
3055. 1:26:23the King and the State.
3056. 1:26:24Third,
3057. 1:26:25the supremacy of the constitution.
3058. 1:26:26Fourth,
3059. 1:26:27the rule of law.
3060. 1:26:29And fifth,
3061. 1:26:30decency and
3062. 1:26:30morality.
3063. 1:26:31These five principles
3064. 1:26:32seem
3065. 1:26:33simple.
3066. 1:26:33But, their meaning is profound, right?
3067. 1:26:35Very profound.
3068. 1:26:37Each one
3069. 1:26:37has its rationale
3070. 1:26:38and importance.
3071. 1:26:40For example,
3072. 1:26:41belief in
3073. 1:26:42God is the
3074. 1:26:42spiritual
3075. 1:26:43foundation
3076. 1:26:44of our
3077. 1:26:45multi-religious society.
3078. 1:26:45Loyalty to
3079. 1:26:47the King and the Country is
3080. 1:26:48the symbol of our unity.
3081. 1:26:50The supremacy
3082. 1:26:51of the constitution
3083. 1:26:51and sovereignty
3084. 1:26:52The law is
3085. 1:26:53the pillar of
3086. 1:26:55our
3087. 1:26:56parliamentary democracy
3088. 1:26:57and constitutional monarchy
3089. 1:26:58. And lastly,
3090. 1:27:00politeness
3091. 1:27:00and decency are
3092. 1:27:02like
3093. 1:27:02a guide to
3094. 1:27:04our daily social etiquette.
3095. 1:27:05Yes,
3096. 1:27:06it is important to
3097. 1:27:06guarantee harmonious relationships
3098. 1:27:07in
3099. 1:27:08a plural society
3100. 1:27:09like ours.
3101. 1:27:10Respect,
3102. 1:27:11courtesy,
3103. 1:27:13basic
3104. 1:27:14but very important things.
3105. 1:27:15Behind
3106. 1:27:16these five principles,
3107. 1:27:17the Rukun Negara
3108. 1:27:17has a
3109. 1:27:18greater goal, right?
3110. 1:27:19What is it?
3111. 1:27:20There are five
3112. 1:27:20main goals
3113. 1:27:21of the Rukun Negara.
3114. 1:27:23First,
3115. 1:27:23to achieve
3116. 1:27:24closer
3117. 1:27:25unity
3118. 1:27:25among
3119. 1:27:26the entire community.
3120. 1:27:28Second,
3121. 1:27:28to maintain
3122. 1:27:29a democratic way of life
3123. 1:27:30.
3124. 1:27:31Third,
3125. 1:27:31to create
3126. 1:27:32a just
3127. 1:27:33society
3128. 1:27:34where
3129. 1:27:34the country's prosperity
3130. 1:27:35can be enjoyed
3131. 1:27:36together
3132. 1:27:37fairly and equitably.
3133. 1:27:39Two more.
3134. 1:27:40Fourth,
3135. 1:27:41to guarantee
3136. 1:27:41a liberal way of life
3137. 1:27:43towards
3138. 1:27:43diverse cultural
3139. 1:27:45traditions .
3140. 1:27:47And fifth,
3141. 1:27:48to build
3142. 1:27:49a progressive
3143. 1:27:50society
3144. 1:27:51that will
3145. 1:27:52use
3146. 1:27:52modern science
3147. 1:27:53and technology
3148. 1:27:54.
3149. 1:27:55So,
3150. 1:27:55the Rukun Negara
3151. 1:27:56is not just
3152. 1:27:57to be memorized,
3153. 1:27:58but to be
3154. 1:27:59lived
3155. 1:28:00and practiced
3156. 1:28:01as a guide to
3157. 1:28:02all of our lives.
3158. 1:28:03That's right.
3159. 1:28:04It is
3160. 1:28:04our collective pledge
3161. 1:28:06as Malaysians.
3162. 1:28:07So,
3163. 1:28:08if we look
3164. 1:28:08back at the entire
3165. 1:28:10seventh chapter,
3166. 1:28:11it is clear
3167. 1:28:12how much
3168. 1:28:13effort has been made
3169. 1:28:14and is still being made
3170. 1:28:16to build
3171. 1:28:17a
3172. 1:28:17united
3173. 1:28:18and prosperous
3174. 1:28:19Malaysian nation
3175. 1:28:21.
3176. 1:28:21Yes, it is a
3177. 1:28:22complex process
3178. 1:28:23involving many
3179. 1:28:24aspects of history,
3180. 1:28:25politics,
3181. 1:28:26economics,
3182. 1:28:27social,
3183. 1:28:27education,
3184. 1:28:29language,
3185. 1:28:29culture,
3186. 1:28:30even
3187. 1:28:31national ideology.
3188. 1:28:33Everything
3189. 1:28:33is closely related.
3190. 1:28:35And this journey?
3191. 1:28:36It is not just the government's
3192. 1:28:38work, right?
3193. 1:28:40It is our shared responsibility
3194. 1:28:41as
3195. 1:28:42Malaysians.
3196. 1:28:43It requires
3197. 1:28:44all of us
3198. 1:28:45to appreciate the basic principles
3199. 1:28:46of our country.
3200. 1:28:48I completely agree.
3201. 1:28:49Unity
3202. 1:28:50is not something static.
3203. 1:28:52It needs to be constantly
3204. 1:28:53nurtured and maintained
3205. 1:28:54by each generation.
3206. 1:28:56That's right.
3207. 1:28:58Okay,
3208. 1:28:58that's all our sharing
3209. 1:28:59for this time.
3210. 1:29:00Hopefully it is useful.
3211. 1:29:02See you again
3212. 1:29:02in the next sharing.
3213. 1:29:03Welcome
3214. 1:29:04to our session today.
3215. 1:29:06We will
3216. 1:29:06delve into
3217. 1:29:07the history of Form 5
3218. 1:29:09, especially
3219. 1:29:10chapter 8.
3220. 1:29:12Building
3221. 1:29:12national prosperity.
3222. 1:29:14Our focus this time
3223. 1:29:15is on
3224. 1:29:16two important policies
3225. 1:29:17, namely
3226. 1:29:18the New Economic Policy
3227. 1:29:20or NEP
3228. 1:29:21and
3229. 1:29:22the National Development Policy
3230. 1:29:23DPN.
3231. 1:29:25Yes, that's right.
3232. 1:29:26Both of these policies,
3233. 1:29:27NEP and DPN, are
3234. 1:29:28integrated government
3235. 1:29:29efforts .
3236. 1:29:31The goal is
3237. 1:29:32to close
3238. 1:29:33the economic gap
3239. 1:29:34between races
3240. 1:29:35and regions
3241. 1:29:36and also
3242. 1:29:37to drive
3243. 1:29:37the development of
3244. 1:29:38our country after independence.
3245. 1:29:40It's a big effort.
3246. 1:29:41Okay
3247. 1:29:42, interesting.
3248. 1:29:43Now let's
3249. 1:29:43discuss
3250. 1:29:44chapter 8.1.
3251. 1:29:46Can we start
3252. 1:29:46with
3253. 1:29:47the background
3254. 1:29:48of the NEP?
3255. 1:29:49Why was it launched?
3256. 1:29:50What was its main goal?
3257. 1:29:51Hmm,
3258. 1:29:52the NEP was launched
3259. 1:29:54in 1970, right?
3260. 1:29:55It was actually
3261. 1:29:56a response to
3262. 1:29:57the socio-economic challenges
3263. 1:29:58of the time.
3264. 1:29:59Especially the issue of
3265. 1:30:00economic imbalance
3266. 1:30:01, which was quite significant.
3267. 1:30:03So,
3268. 1:30:04the main goal
3269. 1:30:05is very clear
3270. 1:30:05to achieve
3271. 1:30:06national unity.
3272. 1:30:07But the way to do it
3273. 1:30:08is through a fairer
3274. 1:30:09distribution of the economy
3275. 1:30:10.
3276. 1:30:11So,
3277. 1:30:11it's not just about
3278. 1:30:12the economy
3279. 1:30:13but there is
3280. 1:30:14a strong unity target
3281. 1:30:15there.
3282. 1:30:16I think
3283. 1:30:16there are two
3284. 1:30:17main objectives, right?
3285. 1:30:19Exactly.
3286. 1:30:20The first is
3287. 1:30:21to eradicate poverty.
3288. 1:30:23Regardless of race.
3289. 1:30:24The way is to
3290. 1:30:25increase income,
3291. 1:30:26and open up
3292. 1:30:27more
3293. 1:30:27job opportunities
3294. 1:30:28for everyone.
3295. 1:30:30The second,
3296. 1:30:31this is a
3297. 1:30:31bit unique.
3298. 1:30:32Reorganizing
3299. 1:30:33society.
3300. 1:30:34The goal is to
3301. 1:30:35reduce
3302. 1:30:36and if possible
3303. 1:30:37eliminate
3304. 1:30:38the identification of race
3305. 1:30:39according to economic function
3306. 1:30:40or location.
3307. 1:30:41It's like trying to tear down
3308. 1:30:42the economic wall
3309. 1:30:43between races.
3310. 1:30:44Phew, that's
3311. 1:30:45a very high
3312. 1:30:46ambition .
3313. 1:30:48Now let's
3314. 1:30:48discuss
3315. 1:30:49chapter 8.2
3316. 1:30:50How was
3317. 1:30:52the NEP
3318. 1:30:52implemented
3319. 1:30:53to achieve
3320. 1:30:54the goals just now?
3321. 1:30:55The implementation
3322. 1:30:56is indeed
3323. 1:30:57comprehensive.
3324. 1:30:58To improve
3325. 1:30:59the standard of living of the people,
3326. 1:31:00especially in rural areas,
3327. 1:31:02the focus is on
3328. 1:31:02the poor.
3329. 1:31:04Like
3330. 1:31:04farmers,
3331. 1:31:05fishermen,
3332. 1:31:07there are all sorts
3333. 1:31:07of things.
3334. 1:31:08The
3335. 1:31:08green book
3336. 1:31:10plan , land development
3337. 1:31:11by Felda,
3338. 1:31:12which we all know,
3339. 1:31:13agricultural assistance
3340. 1:31:14for equipment,
3341. 1:31:15seeds,
3342. 1:31:16fertilizers.
3343. 1:31:17Then there are
3344. 1:31:17credit facilities,
3345. 1:31:18marketing assistance,
3346. 1:31:20the cooperative movement is also
3347. 1:31:21continued.
3348. 1:31:21There are many
3349. 1:31:22approaches.
3350. 1:31:24That's for rural areas.
3351. 1:31:25What about
3352. 1:31:26in the cities
3353. 1:31:27? The focus is a little different
3354. 1:31:28.
3355. 1:31:29Yes, in the cities
3356. 1:31:30the issue is more about
3357. 1:31:31low income
3358. 1:31:32and
3359. 1:31:33housing problems.
3360. 1:31:34So, the government focuses
3361. 1:31:35on industrial and
3362. 1:31:36business
3363. 1:31:36development
3364. 1:31:37to create jobs.
3365. 1:31:39After that,
3366. 1:31:40provide
3367. 1:31:41better basic facilities,
3368. 1:31:42education,
3369. 1:31:43clean water,
3370. 1:31:44electricity,
3371. 1:31:45roads.
3372. 1:31:46There is also
3373. 1:31:46social assistance,
3374. 1:31:47like free textbooks
3375. 1:31:48,
3376. 1:31:49low-cost houses,
3377. 1:31:50think of it as a complete package.
3378. 1:31:52Felda is big, right, the
3379. 1:31:54establishment of new towns
3380. 1:31:55like
3381. 1:31:56Tun Abdul Razak's
3382. 1:31:57town in the triangle,
3383. 1:31:58you can see
3384. 1:31:59the large scale
3385. 1:32:00of this land
3386. 1:32:01development project
3387. 1:32:02, right? That's right,
3388. 1:32:03that's a very clear
3389. 1:32:04physical example
3390. 1:32:05. That's a big transformation.
3391. 1:32:07Apart from that,
3392. 1:32:08another
3393. 1:32:09important aspect in IB
3394. 1:32:10is the ownership of Bumi Putera's
3395. 1:32:11share capital
3396. 1:32:12.
3397. 1:32:13Haa,
3398. 1:32:13this is where we see
3399. 1:32:14the establishment of Permodalan
3400. 1:32:16Nasional Berhad
3401. 1:32:16PNB
3402. 1:32:17in ​​1978.
3403. 1:32:18After that, the ASN National
3404. 1:32:20Unit Trust Scheme
3405. 1:32:21and Unit Trust
3406. 1:32:22came out.
3407. 1:32:23Bumi Putera ASB.
3408. 1:32:25This is a way to give
3409. 1:32:26more Bumi Puteras
3410. 1:32:27the opportunity to own
3411. 1:32:29a few big companies.
3412. 1:32:31But at the same time,
3413. 1:32:32the ASM Malaysia share trust
3414. 1:32:33is also open
3415. 1:32:34to non-Bumi Puteras.
3416. 1:32:36What about
3417. 1:32:36support
3418. 1:32:37for small businesses,
3419. 1:32:39small
3420. 1:32:40and medium
3421. 1:32:41industries (SMEs)?
3422. 1:32:42Oh,
3423. 1:32:43SMEs are also important.
3424. 1:32:44Not to be forgotten.
3425. 1:32:45Companies like
3426. 1:32:46Best Form Co.,
3427. 1:32:47Ramli Food Processing,
3428. 1:32:48which are popular now,
3429. 1:32:50are among the examples
3430. 1:32:51that received
3431. 1:32:52early support.
3432. 1:32:53Assistance comes
3433. 1:32:54from agencies like
3434. 1:32:55Pernas,
3435. 1:32:56Agrobank,
3436. 1:32:56Amanah Ihtiar Malaysia,
3437. 1:32:58for loans,
3438. 1:32:59guidance.
3439. 1:33:00This is important
3440. 1:33:01for income widows,
3441. 1:33:02especially
3442. 1:33:03in rural areas.
3443. 1:33:04Ok,
3444. 1:33:05the picture
3445. 1:33:06of the NEP market is clear
3446. 1:33:08. Now,
3447. 1:33:09let's discuss
3448. 1:33:09chapter 8.3.
3449. 1:33:11After the NEP expired,
3450. 1:33:13the DPN
3451. 1:33:14was introduced
3452. 1:33:15in 1991.
3453. 1:33:17What is the purpose
3454. 1:33:17of the DPN?
3455. 1:33:19The DPN
3456. 1:33:19was launched by
3457. 1:33:21Tun Dr. Mahathir
3458. 1:33:22at the time
3459. 1:33:22and was seen as
3460. 1:33:23a continuation of the NEP.
3461. 1:33:25It was for the period
3462. 1:33:261991
3463. 1:33:27to 2000
3464. 1:33:29under the framework of
3465. 1:33:30the second long-term
3466. 1:33:30plan
3467. 1:33:32or RRGP2.
3468. 1:33:34The aim is not
3469. 1:33:34only to consolidate
3470. 1:33:35what the NEP
3471. 1:33:36has achieved
3472. 1:33:37but also to be a kind of
3473. 1:33:38foundation
3474. 1:33:40towards
3475. 1:33:41Vision 2020.
3476. 1:33:43Remember
3477. 1:33:43Vision 2020?
3478. 1:33:45Remember?
3479. 1:33:46Those big stories.
3480. 1:33:47So,
3481. 1:33:48is the core goal
3482. 1:33:49of the DPN
3483. 1:33:49still the same?
3484. 1:33:50Unity through
3485. 1:33:51wealth distribution?
3486. 1:33:52Yes,
3487. 1:33:53the goal of unity
3488. 1:33:55remains
3489. 1:33:56the backbone.
3490. 1:33:57However,
3491. 1:33:58this DPN
3492. 1:33:59has a
3493. 1:34:00slightly new emphasis.
3494. 1:34:01It is more on
3495. 1:34:01balanced development.
3496. 1:34:03meaning,
3497. 1:34:04balanced not
3498. 1:34:05only between races
3499. 1:34:06but also
3500. 1:34:07between developed
3501. 1:34:08and less developed states.
3502. 1:34:10Between urban
3503. 1:34:11and rural areas. The approach
3504. 1:34:12is more comprehensive
3505. 1:34:13.
3506. 1:34:14Okay,
3507. 1:34:14understand?
3508. 1:34:15Chapter 8.4
3509. 1:34:16says that
3510. 1:34:17the DPN
3511. 1:34:18continues
3512. 1:34:18the basic strategy
3513. 1:34:19of the NEP.
3514. 1:34:20Maybe we can
3515. 1:34:21start with
3516. 1:34:21the main focus
3517. 1:34:22of the DPN
3518. 1:34:23on
3519. 1:34:23poverty eradication.
3520. 1:34:24What is the emphasis?
3521. 1:34:25To be clear,
3522. 1:34:27the DPN does
3523. 1:34:27continue to focus
3524. 1:34:28on poverty eradication.
3525. 1:34:30In particular,
3526. 1:34:31poverty is persistent
3527. 1:34:32even though it affects
3528. 1:34:33all races
3529. 1:34:34, but there is
3530. 1:34:35also special attention
3531. 1:34:36for Bumi Putera, that is
3532. 1:34:37the way it does it.
3533. 1:34:38As usual,
3534. 1:34:39continue to provide
3535. 1:34:40assistance,
3536. 1:34:41subsidies,
3537. 1:34:42support to
3538. 1:34:42rice farmers,
3539. 1:34:43fishermen,
3540. 1:34:44to increase
3541. 1:34:45their income.
3542. 1:34:46But,
3543. 1:34:47what's also interesting
3544. 1:34:49is the emphasis on
3545. 1:34:50human capital
3546. 1:34:50development
3547. 1:34:51in terms of skills
3548. 1:34:52training
3549. 1:34:52for young people
3550. 1:34:53, right,
3551. 1:34:54through agencies
3552. 1:34:55like Giat Mara,
3553. 1:34:57ILP,
3554. 1:34:58the Industrial
3555. 1:34:58Training Institute
3556. 1:35:00. Oh, Giat Mara and
3557. 1:35:01ILP.
3558. 1:35:02Yes,
3559. 1:35:02the purpose is clear.
3560. 1:35:03To give them
3561. 1:35:04skills
3562. 1:35:04so they can get
3563. 1:35:06a slightly higher-paying job.
3564. 1:35:07Understand,
3565. 1:35:08understand.
3566. 1:35:09That's from the perspective
3567. 1:35:09of poverty.
3568. 1:35:11As for
3569. 1:35:11the restructuring
3570. 1:35:12of society,
3571. 1:35:13This is like,
3572. 1:35:14it sounds like
3573. 1:35:15a big thing
3574. 1:35:16,
3575. 1:35:17a little complex.
3576. 1:35:18Yes, that's
3577. 1:35:18right.
3578. 1:35:19It's
3579. 1:35:20an important milestone.
3580. 1:35:21In both
3581. 1:35:22policies,
3582. 1:35:23chapter 8.4,
3583. 1:35:25he talks about
3584. 1:35:25this step being taken
3585. 1:35:26continuously
3586. 1:35:27with the aim of
3587. 1:35:28forming
3588. 1:35:29the Bumi Putera Commercial
3589. 1:35:30and Industrial
3590. 1:35:31Community ,
3591. 1:35:32MPPB.
3592. 1:35:33MPPB right?
3593. 1:35:34Haa,
3594. 1:35:34MPPB.
3595. 1:35:35This is in line with
3596. 1:35:36Article 153
3597. 1:35:37of the Federal Constitution
3598. 1:35:38about
3599. 1:35:39the special position.
3600. 1:35:40The goal of the MPPB is
3601. 1:35:42to actively
3602. 1:35:43increase
3603. 1:35:43the participation of
3604. 1:35:44Bumi Putera
3605. 1:35:45in the
3606. 1:35:46modern economic sector.
3607. 1:35:47Like manufacturing,
3608. 1:35:48services, not
3609. 1:35:49just regular
3610. 1:35:50work ,
3611. 1:35:51but also the
3612. 1:35:52management level,
3613. 1:35:53ownership,
3614. 1:35:54all of which have been mentioned
3615. 1:35:55in the ways.
3616. 1:35:56Property management training
3617. 1:35:56,
3618. 1:35:57business ethics,
3619. 1:35:58government contracts,
3620. 1:35:59quotas,
3621. 1:36:00licenses,
3622. 1:36:01encouraging joint ventures between
3623. 1:36:02Bumi Putera
3624. 1:36:03and non-Bumi Putera
3625. 1:36:04are also there.
3626. 1:36:05Joint ventures
3627. 1:36:06are interesting.
3628. 1:36:06Right?
3629. 1:36:07After that,
3630. 1:36:08exposure to new technologies,
3631. 1:36:09international markets,
3632. 1:36:10all of that.
3633. 1:36:11The big goal is
3634. 1:36:12to give
3635. 1:36:14our workforce a pattern
3636. 1:36:15that reflects
3637. 1:36:15the composition
3638. 1:36:16of the Malaysian race.
3639. 1:36:17Okay, clear.
3640. 1:36:18Apart from the community,
3641. 1:36:19there is also talk
3642. 1:36:20about the restructuring
3643. 1:36:22of share capital.
3644. 1:36:24What's this story?
3645. 1:36:26Yes, this
3646. 1:36:26DPN
3647. 1:36:27continues
3648. 1:36:28the NEP's
3649. 1:36:28goal of achieving
3650. 1:36:30at least
3651. 1:36:3130% ownership of
3652. 1:36:32corporate share capital
3653. 1:36:33by Bumi Putera.
3654. 1:36:35If we look at
3655. 1:36:35the way it was implemented,
3656. 1:36:37the most used was
3657. 1:36:38the privatization program.
3658. 1:36:39The privatization
3659. 1:36:40of government companies?
3660. 1:36:41That's right.
3661. 1:36:42The transfer of ownership of government companies
3662. 1:36:43to the private sector.
3663. 1:36:45In that process,
3664. 1:36:46some of the company shares
3665. 1:36:47that were privatized
3666. 1:36:49were allocated
3667. 1:36:50to Bumi Putera.
3668. 1:36:51Or trust institutions
3669. 1:36:52like MARA,
3670. 1:36:54Pernas,
3671. 1:36:55PKN.
3672. 1:36:56Opportunities for
3673. 1:36:57non-Bumi Putera
3674. 1:36:57to participate in
3675. 1:36:58this privatization project
3676. 1:37:00are also provided.
3677. 1:37:01Okay, those are the strategies
3678. 1:37:03in chapter 8.4.
3679. 1:37:05Now,
3680. 1:37:06let's move on to
3681. 1:37:06chapter 8.5
3682. 1:37:08about achievements.
3683. 1:37:09In terms of social,
3684. 1:37:11what are
3685. 1:37:12the biggest changes
3686. 1:37:13as a result of
3687. 1:37:13the NEP
3688. 1:37:14and DPN?
3689. 1:37:15Hmm,
3690. 1:37:16the social achievements
3691. 1:37:17are quite significant.
3692. 1:37:18The most obvious is
3693. 1:37:20the reduction in the poverty rate
3694. 1:37:21.
3695. 1:37:22From 49.3%
3696. 1:37:24in 1970,
3697. 1:37:26it dropped to
3698. 1:37:2617.1%
3699. 1:37:28in
3700. 1:37:291990.
3701. 1:37:30That was the end of the NEP.
3702. 1:37:31Was that a lot of a decrease?
3703. 1:37:33It really was a lot.
3704. 1:37:34After that, the DPN
3705. 1:37:35dropped again
3706. 1:37:36to 7.2%
3707. 1:37:38in 2000.
3708. 1:37:39In parallel with that,
3709. 1:37:40the quality of life of the people also increased.
3710. 1:37:42It can be seen in terms of
3711. 1:37:43access to health,
3712. 1:37:44education,
3713. 1:37:45ownership of basic goods
3714. 1:37:47such as TVs,
3715. 1:37:48refrigerators,
3716. 1:37:49basic infrastructure has also
3717. 1:37:50improved.
3718. 1:37:51Clean water,
3719. 1:37:52electricity,
3720. 1:37:53hospitals,
3721. 1:37:54village clinics.
3722. 1:37:55Another thing,
3723. 1:37:56the emergence of the
3724. 1:37:57middle class.
3725. 1:37:58Middle class, right?
3726. 1:37:59Bumi Putera
3727. 1:38:00corporate store
3728. 1:38:01. Education has also developed rapidly.
3729. 1:38:03Many universities,
3730. 1:38:04new school colleges,
3731. 1:38:06government and private.
3732. 1:38:07Finally,
3733. 1:38:08Transportation and communication.
3734. 1:38:10Leburaya,
3735. 1:38:11airports,
3736. 1:38:12all of these connect regions,
3737. 1:38:13drive the growth of new cities
3738. 1:38:15like
3739. 1:38:15Bandatun Abdul Razak
3740. 1:38:16in Jengka.
3741. 1:38:17There are many
3742. 1:38:19positive social effects, right?
3743. 1:38:21Earlier, there was talk
3744. 1:38:22about job opportunities,
3745. 1:38:23urban growth.
3746. 1:38:25So, what is the impact from an economic perspective
3747. 1:38:26?
3748. 1:38:27In terms of the economy,
3749. 1:38:29this source highlights
3750. 1:38:30how
3751. 1:38:30the NEP and DPN
3752. 1:38:32have driven the development
3753. 1:38:32of industry and trade.
3754. 1:38:35There has been a slight shift.
3755. 1:38:36From the assembly industry,
3756. 1:38:38we have moved to heavier,
3757. 1:38:39high-tech industries.
3758. 1:38:41Especially starting in the 80s.
3759. 1:38:42Does Highcom play a role here?
3760. 1:38:44Yes,
3761. 1:38:45Highcom,
3762. 1:38:45the Malaysian Heavy Industries Corporation.
3763. 1:38:47Established in 1980.
3764. 1:38:50There are many drivers for this.
3765. 1:38:50We also see
3766. 1:38:51many new industrial areas
3767. 1:38:52emerging.
3768. 1:38:54Industrial estates,
3769. 1:38:55free trade zones,
3770. 1:38:57technology parks,
3771. 1:38:58like Kulim High-Tech Part.
3772. 1:38:59Kulim High-Tech is a good example.
3773. 1:39:02That's right.
3774. 1:39:02And,
3775. 1:39:03of course,
3776. 1:39:04our national automotive industry.
3777. 1:39:06We can't forget that.
3778. 1:39:07Proton in 1983,
3779. 1:39:10then
3780. 1:39:10Perodua in 1993.
3781. 1:39:12There is also Mudinas for motorcycles.
3782. 1:39:14All of this helps
3783. 1:39:14diversify the country's economy.
3784. 1:39:16So,
3785. 1:39:17it's clear.
3786. 1:39:18The NEP and the DPN,
3787. 1:39:20regardless of the debate
3788. 1:39:21about them,
3789. 1:39:22have laid a solid foundation
3790. 1:39:24for the
3791. 1:39:25socio-economic transformation of Malaysia.
3792. 1:39:26The structure of
3793. 1:39:28our society and economy today
3794. 1:39:29is largely shaped
3795. 1:39:31by the legacy of these policies.
3796. 1:39:33The effects,
3797. 1:39:33we still feel
3798. 1:39:34until now.
3799. 1:39:35Thank you very much
3800. 1:39:36for this
3801. 1:39:37very in-depth and clear
3802. 1:39:38sharing .
3803. 1:39:40It is very useful
3804. 1:39:40for all of us
3805. 1:39:41to understand the journey of our country.
3806. 1:39:43See you again.
3807. 1:39:44Welcome everyone
3808. 1:39:45to our review session.
3809. 1:39:47Today,
3810. 1:39:48our focus is on
3811. 1:39:49chapter 9,
3812. 1:39:50Malaysia's Foreign Policy.
3813. 1:39:51We will try to understand
3814. 1:39:53how Malaysia
3815. 1:39:54builds
3816. 1:39:55international relations,
3817. 1:39:57what are the foundations
3818. 1:39:58of its foreign policy
3819. 1:39:59and also
3820. 1:39:59our involvement
3821. 1:40:00in important world
3822. 1:40:02organizations .
3823. 1:40:03Let's get started.
3824. 1:40:04Now,
3825. 1:40:05let's discuss
3826. 1:40:06chapter 9.1.
3827. 1:40:07So,
3828. 1:40:08if we look at its history
3829. 1:40:09before independence,
3830. 1:40:11our foreign
3831. 1:40:12affairs were
3832. 1:40:13under the British.
3833. 1:40:14Right?
3834. 1:40:15After that,
3835. 1:40:15when we gained independence
3836. 1:40:16during the time of Tunku Abu Rahman,
3837. 1:40:18our policy was
3838. 1:40:18more
3839. 1:40:19pro-Western,
3840. 1:40:20anti-communist.
3841. 1:40:22But then,
3842. 1:40:23when Tun Abdul Razak
3843. 1:40:24took over,
3844. 1:40:24there were some changes.
3845. 1:40:26He started to adjust
3846. 1:40:27the policy,
3847. 1:40:27to be more,
3848. 1:40:29how to say,
3849. 1:40:30more impartial.
3850. 1:40:31Started to build relationships,
3851. 1:40:32regardless of ideology.
3852. 1:40:33Our sovereignty,
3853. 1:40:35our interests,
3854. 1:40:37people respected
3855. 1:40:37outside.
3856. 1:40:39This foreign policy
3857. 1:40:39became like
3858. 1:40:40the main tool
3859. 1:40:41to achieve that goal.
3860. 1:40:43In fact,
3861. 1:40:43if we look at
3862. 1:40:44a little old history, even
3863. 1:40:46the era of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka
3864. 1:40:47has shown that
3865. 1:40:48foreign relations
3866. 1:40:49are important
3867. 1:40:49for the country to be
3868. 1:40:50developed and secure.
3869. 1:40:52So,
3870. 1:40:52it's not really a new thing,
3871. 1:40:54it's just that the context
3872. 1:40:55is modern.
3873. 1:40:56Now,
3874. 1:40:57let's discuss
3875. 1:40:58chapter 9.2.
3876. 1:40:59Okay,
3877. 1:41:00so,
3878. 1:41:01what is the main goal
3879. 1:41:02Our foreign policy?
3880. 1:41:04Basically,
3881. 1:41:05we must want to protect
3882. 1:41:06the country's security,
3883. 1:41:07protect our interests
3884. 1:41:09at the international level.
3885. 1:41:10Right?
3886. 1:41:11This includes
3887. 1:41:11politics,
3888. 1:41:12economics,
3889. 1:41:13social,
3890. 1:41:13all aspects.
3891. 1:41:14That's why
3892. 1:41:15the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3893. 1:41:16was established in 1956
3894. 1:41:17, which we now call
3895. 1:41:19Wisma Putra.
3896. 1:41:20That's an important institution.
3897. 1:41:22Yes, that's right.
3898. 1:41:23And the formulation of this foreign policy,
3899. 1:41:25it didn't just come like that.
3900. 1:41:27There are many factors that influence it.
3901. 1:41:29First,
3902. 1:41:30historical ties.
3903. 1:41:31We have long-standing relations
3904. 1:41:33with Commonwealth countries,
3905. 1:41:34with neighbors
3906. 1:41:35like Indonesia,
3907. 1:41:37Thailand,
3908. 1:41:37all of that is taken into account.
3909. 1:41:38Then,
3910. 1:41:39the country's own needs.
3911. 1:41:41We want to protect sovereignty,
3912. 1:41:42want to develop the economy.
3913. 1:41:44So, foreign policy
3914. 1:41:45has to be in line with these needs.
3915. 1:41:47Then,
3916. 1:41:48leadership also plays a role.
3917. 1:41:50The vision of the leaders at the time,
3918. 1:41:52like Tunku,
3919. 1:41:53Tun Razak,
3920. 1:41:53Tun Hussein On,
3921. 1:41:54Dr. Mahathir,
3922. 1:41:56all had an influence
3923. 1:41:56on the way we interacted with the world.
3924. 1:41:58And finally,
3925. 1:42:00the external environment.
3926. 1:42:01I mean,
3927. 1:42:02what was happening in the world at that time?
3928. 1:42:03The most obvious example is
3929. 1:42:04the Cold War
3930. 1:42:05between America
3931. 1:42:06and the Soviet Union.
3932. 1:42:07Those were many forms of our foreign policy
3933. 1:42:09in the early days.
3934. 1:42:10Now,
3935. 1:42:10let's discuss
3936. 1:42:11chapter 9.3.
3937. 1:42:14Speaking of the international level,
3938. 1:42:16Malaysia is indeed active
3939. 1:42:17in the
3940. 1:42:18United Nations,
3941. 1:42:20the UN.
3942. 1:42:21Not just as an ordinary member.
3943. 1:42:23We are involved
3944. 1:42:24in many UN peacekeeping missions.
3945. 1:42:26For example,
3946. 1:42:27in the past in Congo,
3947. 1:42:28we sent troops
3948. 1:42:29under the UN flag.
3949. 1:42:30The UNOCO mission, right?
3950. 1:42:33Then,
3951. 1:42:34there was Namibia,
3952. 1:42:35UNTAG,
3953. 1:42:36Somalia,
3954. 1:42:36UNOSOM2,
3955. 1:42:38Bosnia,
3956. 1:42:39UNPRFO,
3957. 1:42:40Lebanon,
3958. 1:42:41UIFIL,
3959. 1:42:41Timor Listé,
3960. 1:42:42Interfet,
3961. 1:42:43UNTAT,
3962. 1:42:44and many more.
3963. 1:42:46Including observer missions
3964. 1:42:47in countries with conflicts.
3965. 1:42:49Yes,
3966. 1:42:51our involvement in these peacekeeping missions
3967. 1:42:53is indeed significant.
3968. 1:42:55Since 1960,
3969. 1:42:56in Congo,
3970. 1:42:57that was like an initial test
3971. 1:42:59for our country on the world stage.
3972. 1:43:00This contribution not only helps the UN's efforts
3973. 1:43:03to maintain world peace,
3974. 1:43:05but it also
3975. 1:43:05raises Malaysia's good name.
3976. 1:43:08It shows that we are committed
3977. 1:43:09to international law,
3978. 1:43:11willing to send our security personnel
3979. 1:43:13to help reconcile the warring parties.
3980. 1:43:15It also provides very valuable experience
3981. 1:43:17to our military and police personnel
3982. 1:43:19in international operations.
3983. 1:43:20Now let's discuss
3984. 1:43:22chapter 9.4 of
3985. 1:43:23Malaysia in the Commonwealth.
3986. 1:43:26This is because of our history
3987. 1:43:27with the British, right?
3988. 1:43:28Right.
3989. 1:43:29As a former colony,
3990. 1:43:31it is logical that we join the Commonwealth.
3991. 1:43:34There are many benefits too.
3992. 1:43:35There used to be a Colombo Plan
3993. 1:43:37since 1951.
3994. 1:43:38What was the Colombo Plan for?
3995. 1:43:40It helped a lot with economic
3996. 1:43:42and social development,
3997. 1:43:43especially education and technology.
3998. 1:43:45Apart from that,
3999. 1:43:46there is defence cooperation,
4000. 1:43:48then trade
4001. 1:43:49between member countries.
4002. 1:43:50Are there any important events
4003. 1:43:52in the Commonwealth
4004. 1:43:52that involve Malaysia?
4005. 1:43:54Yes.
4006. 1:43:55We once hosted
4007. 1:43:56the Commonwealth Heads of
4008. 1:43:57Government Meeting,
4009. 1:43:58CIOJEM,
4010. 1:43:59in 1989.
4011. 1:44:01That was a great recognition.
4012. 1:44:03There seems to be a lot of initial cooperation,
4013. 1:44:05but there must also be challenges, right?
4014. 1:44:07Now let's discuss
4015. 1:44:08chapter 9.5.
4016. 1:44:10The challenge of strengthening foreign policy.
4017. 1:44:13What were the main challenges
4018. 1:44:14after the 70s?
4019. 1:44:15There were indeed.
4020. 1:44:17International politics
4021. 1:44:18at that time were complicated.
4022. 1:44:19We chose a policy
4023. 1:44:20of indifference,
4024. 1:44:21then
4025. 1:44:22Tun Razak
4026. 1:44:23visited China
4027. 1:44:24in 1974,
4028. 1:44:26establishing diplomatic relations.
4029. 1:44:28That was a big step at that time.
4030. 1:44:30What about our region?
4031. 1:44:31There was the issue of instability
4032. 1:44:32in Indochina,
4033. 1:44:35then
4034. 1:44:35the problem of Vietnamese refugees
4035. 1:44:36entering our country,
4036. 1:44:39security also became an issue.
4037. 1:44:40How do we handle
4038. 1:44:42security
4039. 1:44:43and economic issues?
4040. 1:44:44The old Defence Agreement,
4041. 1:44:46MDA,
4042. 1:44:47was replaced by
4043. 1:44:48FPDA,
4044. 1:44:49the 5-Country
4045. 1:44:50Defence Agreement
4046. 1:44:51, in 1971.
4047. 1:44:53We also have
4048. 1:44:55defence cooperation in ASEAN,
4049. 1:44:56the Border Agreement
4050. 1:44:57with Thailand.
4051. 1:44:58As for the economy,
4052. 1:44:59developed countries
4053. 1:45:00dominate commodity prices.
4054. 1:45:02So what do we do?
4055. 1:45:03We joined
4056. 1:45:04the ITC,
4057. 1:45:05GATT,
4058. 1:45:06then,
4059. 1:45:07we established
4060. 1:45:08Petronas,
4061. 1:45:09in 1974,
4062. 1:45:10to control the country's oil resources.
4063. 1:45:12The importance of this regional cooperation.
4064. 1:45:14So now,
4065. 1:45:15let's discuss
4066. 1:45:16chapter 9.6,
4067. 1:45:18Malaysia in the Association of
4068. 1:45:19Southeast Asian Nations,
4069. 1:45:21ASEAN.
4070. 1:45:22Yes,
4071. 1:45:23ASEAN was established
4072. 1:45:24in 1967,
4073. 1:45:26after early attempts
4074. 1:45:27like ASA and
4075. 1:45:29Mapilindo.
4076. 1:45:30Malaysia did play an
4077. 1:45:31important role.
4078. 1:45:32For example?
4079. 1:45:33Like
4080. 1:45:33the declaration of Zofan,
4081. 1:45:35a Zone of Peace,
4082. 1:45:36Freedom and Neutrality,
4083. 1:45:38in 1971.
4084. 1:45:40ASEAN is
4085. 1:45:41our main platform
4086. 1:45:42to resolve regional issues
4087. 1:45:43like the Vietnam and Cambodia
4088. 1:45:45conflicts .
4089. 1:45:46Apart from politics,
4090. 1:45:47other cooperation,
4091. 1:45:48economics,
4092. 1:45:50social?
4093. 1:45:50Yes.
4094. 1:45:51There is economics.
4095. 1:45:52ASEAN Industrial Project,
4096. 1:45:54AIP, trade
4097. 1:45:55preference scheme
4098. 1:45:56,
4099. 1:45:56PTA.
4100. 1:45:57Social and cultural activities are also active.
4101. 1:45:59There is CMU Reksam
4102. 1:46:00in Penang,
4103. 1:46:02a regional education centre.
4104. 1:46:03There are cultural festivals,
4105. 1:46:05sports C again.
4106. 1:46:06Now,
4107. 1:46:07let's discuss
4108. 1:46:08chapter 9.7.
4109. 1:46:09Okay, apart from ASEAN,
4110. 1:46:11there is another important group
4111. 1:46:13that Malaysia is a member of,
4112. 1:46:14namely NAM,
4113. 1:46:15the Non-Aligned Movement
4114. 1:46:17.
4115. 1:46:18As we said earlier,
4116. 1:46:20at the beginning of Merdeka,
4117. 1:46:20we were pro-Western.
4118. 1:46:22But then,
4119. 1:46:23especially under Tun Razak,
4120. 1:46:24we chose the path
4121. 1:46:25of neutrality.
4122. 1:46:26So,
4123. 1:46:27participation in NAM is
4124. 1:46:28in line with
4125. 1:46:29that policy change, right?
4126. 1:46:30We officially joined
4127. 1:46:32in 1970.
4128. 1:46:34That's right.
4129. 1:46:34The policy of neutrality
4130. 1:46:35or non-alignment
4131. 1:46:37has become the new core
4132. 1:46:38of our foreign policy.
4133. 1:46:39Joining NAM
4134. 1:46:41is a logical step.
4135. 1:46:42It opens the door
4136. 1:46:43for Malaysia
4137. 1:46:44to establish broader
4138. 1:46:44relations ,
4139. 1:46:46especially with
4140. 1:46:46other developing
4141. 1:46:47countries
4142. 1:46:48in Asia,
4143. 1:46:49Africa, and
4144. 1:46:49Latin America.
4145. 1:46:51In NAM,
4146. 1:46:52we can together
4147. 1:46:53voice our stance of being
4148. 1:46:54independent from
4149. 1:46:55the pressure of the Western
4150. 1:46:56or Eastern blocs
4151. 1:46:57during the Cold War.
4152. 1:46:58We fight for
4153. 1:46:59the principle of respecting
4154. 1:47:00the sovereignty of other countries and
4155. 1:47:01not interfering
4156. 1:47:02in the internal affairs
4157. 1:47:03of other countries.
4158. 1:47:04Malaysia is also
4159. 1:47:05quite active
4160. 1:47:06in NAM.
4161. 1:47:06We once
4162. 1:47:08hosted
4163. 1:47:09the NAM summit
4164. 1:47:10in 2003
4165. 1:47:11in Kuala Lumpur.
4166. 1:47:12We also
4167. 1:47:13always use
4168. 1:47:14the NAM platform
4169. 1:47:15to raise
4170. 1:47:16important issues
4171. 1:47:17such as the fate
4172. 1:47:18of Palestine,
4173. 1:47:19what issues did you first raise?
4174. 1:47:21Yes,
4175. 1:47:21being the host is
4176. 1:47:22a great
4177. 1:47:23recognition of
4178. 1:47:24Malaysia's role
4179. 1:47:25in NAM.
4180. 1:47:26Membership
4181. 1:47:26in NAM
4182. 1:47:27is indeed important
4183. 1:47:28to affirm
4184. 1:47:28Malaysia's independent
4185. 1:47:29and neutral stance
4186. 1:47:30on the world stage.
4187. 1:47:32Now,
4188. 1:47:33let's discuss
4189. 1:47:33chapter 9.8.
4190. 1:47:35Finally,
4191. 1:47:36let's look at
4192. 1:47:37Malaysia's involvement
4193. 1:47:38in the OIC
4194. 1:47:38Organization
4195. 1:47:39of Islamic Cooperation
4196. 1:47:40.
4197. 1:47:42The OIC
4198. 1:47:42was established
4199. 1:47:43in 1969.
4200. 1:47:45Its purpose
4201. 1:47:45is to safeguard
4202. 1:47:46the interests
4203. 1:47:47of Muslims
4204. 1:47:47around the world.
4205. 1:47:48And interestingly,
4206. 1:47:50the first
4207. 1:47:50secretary- general
4208. 1:47:51of the OIC
4209. 1:47:52was
4210. 1:47:52Tunku Abdul Rahman
4211. 1:47:53Putra Al-Hajj,
4212. 1:47:54our first
4213. 1:47:55Prime Minister .
4214. 1:47:56That shows Malaysia's
4215. 1:47:56early role
4216. 1:47:57in
4217. 1:47:58the OIC.
4218. 1:47:59Exactly.
4219. 1:48:00Tunku's appointment is
4220. 1:48:01a great honor
4221. 1:48:02and shows
4222. 1:48:03the confidence of
4223. 1:48:04other Muslim countries
4224. 1:48:05in Malaysia.
4225. 1:48:06Since then,
4226. 1:48:07Malaysia has continued to play
4227. 1:48:08an important role
4228. 1:48:09in the OIC.
4229. 1:48:10We are not only
4230. 1:48:11involved in
4231. 1:48:11political issues
4232. 1:48:12involving
4233. 1:48:13Muslim countries.
4234. 1:48:14For example, like
4235. 1:48:14the Palestine issue
4236. 1:48:15which has always
4237. 1:48:16been a priority
4238. 1:48:17or efforts
4239. 1:48:18to reconcile the
4240. 1:48:19Iran-Iraq
4241. 1:48:19conflict . But our contribution
4242. 1:48:21is broader, right?
4243. 1:48:23For example, in
4244. 1:48:24the field of education,
4245. 1:48:25we established
4246. 1:48:26the International
4247. 1:48:27Islamic University
4248. 1:48:28of Malaysia,
4249. 1:48:28IIUM.
4250. 1:48:29That is one
4251. 1:48:30example of our contribution
4252. 1:48:31.
4253. 1:48:32In terms of
4254. 1:48:32economy,
4255. 1:48:33Malaysia supports
4256. 1:48:34the Strong
4257. 1:48:35Islamic Development
4258. 1:48:37Bank ,
4259. 1:48:38IsDB,
4260. 1:48:38which helps
4261. 1:48:39the economic development
4262. 1:48:40of OIC member countries
4263. 1:48:41. Yes,
4264. 1:48:42participation in
4265. 1:48:43the OIC shows
4266. 1:48:44Malaysia's commitment
4267. 1:48:45to
4268. 1:48:45domestic solidarity.
4269. 1:48:46It is a platform
4270. 1:48:47for us
4271. 1:48:47to cooperate with other
4272. 1:48:48Muslim countries
4273. 1:48:49on various
4274. 1:48:50global issues.
4275. 1:48:51Not only politics,
4276. 1:48:53but also economics,
4277. 1:48:54social,
4278. 1:48:55education,
4279. 1:48:56all related
4280. 1:48:57to the common interests
4281. 1:48:57of Muslims.
4282. 1:48:59So if we
4283. 1:48:59conclude
4284. 1:49:01our discussion today,
4285. 1:49:02it is clear
4286. 1:49:02that Malaysia's
4287. 1:49:04foreign policy
4288. 1:49:05is dynamic,
4289. 1:49:07always changing
4290. 1:49:08according to the situation
4291. 1:49:08and also
4292. 1:49:09pragmatic,
4293. 1:49:10meaning
4294. 1:49:11practical.
4295. 1:49:12Since Independence,
4296. 1:49:13Malaysia has been relentless
4297. 1:49:14in its efforts to strengthen
4298. 1:49:15its position
4299. 1:49:15at the international level.
4300. 1:49:17The way is
4301. 1:49:18through bilateral
4302. 1:49:19relations with
4303. 1:49:19other countries
4304. 1:49:20and also
4305. 1:49:21active participation
4306. 1:49:22in various
4307. 1:49:22organizations.
4308. 1:49:24The UN,
4309. 1:49:24Commonwealth,
4310. 1:49:25ASEAN,
4311. 1:49:26NAM,
4312. 1:49:26OIC,
4313. 1:49:27all of these are platforms
4314. 1:49:28that Malaysia uses.
4315. 1:49:29The purpose remains the same,
4316. 1:49:31to safeguard national sovereignty,
4317. 1:49:32develop the economy
4318. 1:49:33and at the same time
4319. 1:49:34try to contribute to
4320. 1:49:35world peace and
4321. 1:49:36stability.
4322. 1:49:37That's right,
4323. 1:49:38our foreign policy is
4324. 1:49:39actually
4325. 1:49:40a reflection of what
4326. 1:49:41a country
4327. 1:49:42that is not as big as it is
4328. 1:49:43like Malaysia
4329. 1:49:44but able
4330. 1:49:45to play a significant role
4331. 1:49:46on the world stage.
4332. 1:49:48The key is
4333. 1:49:48smart diplomacy,
4334. 1:49:50a pragmatic approach
4335. 1:49:51and active engagement.
4336. 1:49:53It is not just that
4337. 1:49:54we respond to
4338. 1:49:55what is happening outside
4339. 1:49:56but we also
4340. 1:49:57try proactively
4341. 1:49:59to shape
4342. 1:49:59a better
4343. 1:50:00international and regional
4344. 1:50:01environment
4345. 1:50:02that is conducive
4346. 1:50:03to our interests
4347. 1:50:04and our neighbors.
4348. 1:50:05A good summary.
4349. 1:50:07Thank you for
4350. 1:50:08sharing your views earlier.
4351. 1:50:10See you in the
4352. 1:50:11next review session.
4353. 1:50:15Welcome everyone to our discussion. Okay, today we have reached the end of our series, which is chapter 10: Malaysia's Excellence in the World. Yes, that's right.
4354. 1:50:23We will all look at how Malaysia navigates various international issues. There are border issues, there are humanitarian efforts, global sustainability, I hope the scope of this chapter is also broad. That's right, this chapter is really interesting because it shows how our country, Malaysia, interacts with global issues that are sometimes quite complex.
4355. 1:50:34Complex, yes. Not only foreign policy, but we also see the wisdom of diplomacy, then the concerns of our own people, the spirit of volunteerism, we will touch on five main aspects of this chapter. Okay, cun. Now let's discuss chapter 10.1: Malaysia in Contemporary Global Issues.
4356. 1:50:44Good. We start with the challenge closest to us, which is the border issue, overlapping territories. The example we remember most must be the overlapping claims of Pulau Batu Puteh with Singapore. Ha, that was really hot, right?
4357. 1:50:53This case was brought to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and in 2008, the court ruled that the sovereignty of the island belonged to Singapore. So we accept the decision. Yes, this decision is important because it shows Malaysia's commitment to resolving disputes peacefully, in accordance with international law.
4358. 1:51:01Understand. But the border issue is not just with Singapore, right? Like the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It seems more complicated. Exactly. The Spratlys have overlapping claims involving not only Malaysia, but also China, Vietnam, Brunei, and the Philippines. There are many.
4359. 1:51:10Why are the small islands so important? Because it is not just a territorial issue, but it involves strategic shipping lanes and also potential natural resources such as oil and gas. Malaysia itself has asserted our claim to some of the islands since 1979.
4360. 1:51:20So to manage an issue like this, very careful diplomacy is required. Okay, let's move a little from geopolitics to economics. We always hear about the anti-palm oil campaign, especially from Western countries. How does Malaysia handle this, according to the discussion in this chapter?
4361. 1:51:28Yes, this campaign is often related to competition from other vegetable oils and also environmental issues, supposedly unsustainable palm oil cultivation. So what is our response? Malaysia is not sitting idly by. We fight back with facts and actions.
4362. 1:51:37We promote the sustainability of our palm oil industry through a certification scheme. Previously voluntary, now mandatory, Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil or MSPO. That's MSPO. Aa'ah. This is not just to answer criticism, but a strategic step to show that we have standards, that we are serious about sustainability.
4363. 1:51:46We also emphasize Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). Apart from the economy, this chapter touches on cross-border social issues. Human trafficking, infectious diseases. These are also global issues that we face, right?
4364. 1:51:54That's right. Malaysia is sometimes seen as a transit country for human trafficking syndicates. So to combat this crime, we have the Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act (ATIPSOM) 2007. How does the act help?
4365. 1:52:01This act gives the authorities a little more power to act. Then, regarding health issues like HIV/AIDS, Malaysia works closely with the WHO, the World Health Organization. We have launched the National Strategic Plan to End AIDS (NSPEA). Its target is to end this epidemic by 2030.
4366. 1:52:10Okay, there are many contemporary global issues. Now let's discuss chapter 10.2: Malaysia's Role in International Economic Relations. In the economy, Malaysia consistently practices an open economic policy. We are always looking for ways to expand our international market.
4367. 1:52:19An important regional initiative is AFTA, the ASEAN Free Trade Area. AFTA has been around for a long time, right? Since when? Since 1992. Its purpose is clear, to make ASEAN a competitive production bloc. So it can attract foreign investment, and at the same time encourage trade between ASEAN member countries themselves.
4368. 1:52:28Okay, that's AFTA for ASEAN. What about our economic relations with countries outside the region? Isn't it important for us to understand our economic network? It is indeed important. Malaysia is active in international forums.
4369. 1:52:36For example, APEC, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. This forum connects us with the world's major economies. Apart from that, there is also the Growth Triangle Cooperation. Growth Triangle? What is that?
4370. 1:52:43For example, SIJORI (Singapore, Johor, Riau). Another IMT-GT (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand). The concept is that we develop economies together in the border areas of neighboring countries, using each other's advantages.
4371. 1:52:50That concept is interesting. Hmm, we can't forget about the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997/1998. Those times were really challenging. Did you touch on Malaysia's unique approach at the time in this chapter?
4372. 1:52:58Yes, yes. This was an important moment in our economic history. At that time, many countries followed the advice of the IMF (International Monetary Fund). But Malaysia, we chose our own path. The step that people remember the most?
4373. 1:53:05Must be pegging our ringgit exchange rate to the US dollar. RM3.80 for 1 US dollar. At that time, it was a bit controversial internationally, but the move proved to be successful in stabilizing our economy.
4374. 1:53:13Apart from the ringgit peg, we also continued to develop the Islamic financial system. And now, Malaysia's Islamic financial system has been recognized worldwide. The establishment of INCEIF in 2006, the International Centre for Islamic Financial Education, is considered proof of our commitment.
4375. 1:53:22Okay, clear about the economy. Now let's discuss chapter 10.3: People's Involvement in Humanitarian and Peace Issues. Ha, I like this section, because it shows the role of ordinary people, people like us, not just the government. That's right.
4376. 1:53:29Here we see the spirit of volunteerism, the concern of the Malaysian people. The Palestinian issue, for example. This issue is always close to the hearts of many Malaysians, right? Yes, that's right. Many of our NGOs are active.
4377. 1:53:37Like Aman Palestin, MAPIM (Malaysian Islamic Consultative Council), Muslim Care Malaysia, Cinta Gaza Malaysia, CGM... All of them work hard to raise funds, send humanitarian aid directly there.
4378. 1:53:45Apart from the ongoing Palestine issue, our people's response during natural disasters is also quick, right? It's quick. The most obvious example is after the 2004 tsunami tragedy that hit Aceh in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Oh yes, those times were really bad, weren't they?
4379. 1:53:53Very bad. But Malaysians, through NGOs like MERCY Malaysia, ABIM (Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia), Yayasan Restu, were among the first to get there. They didn't just give medicine and food.
4380. 1:54:02What else did they do? They were also involved in rebuilding schools, houses, orphanages... This really shows the high spirit of solidarity and concern of our people. That spirit is great.
4381. 1:54:10Okay, next, let's discuss chapter 10.4: Efforts to Maintain Global Sustainability. Regarding the environment. Malaysia's commitment at the global level is not really new.
4382. 1:54:17One important early piece of evidence is the Langkawi Declaration. The Langkawi Declaration? When was that? During the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Langkawi in 1989.
4383. 1:54:24This declaration focused on environmental issues that were critical at the time, and is still relevant today. Like the greenhouse effect, the disappearing biodiversity, the importance of sustainable forest management.
4384. 1:54:31Okay, that's about policy. There's another interesting one but I don't think many people know. About Malaysia's involvement in research in Antarctica. What are we doing on that cold continent?
4385. 1:54:38Ha, this is interesting. Malaysia views Antarctica as a universal heritage. This means a shared responsibility to protect it. So since 1999, we have been actively involved in scientific research there.
4386. 1:54:46What is the research about? It is usually related to climate change, environmental studies. To support this effort continuously, we established the Sultan Mizan Antarctic Research Foundation (YPASM). This shows our long-term commitment to contributing to global science.
4387. 1:54:55Okay, I understand. Now, let's discuss chapter 10.5: Malaysia's Vision for the Future. This is the last part of this chapter. Yes. Malaysia's vision for the future is closely related to ASEAN.
4388. 1:55:02Especially with the establishment of the ASEAN Community in 2015. What exactly is the ASEAN Community? It's like a deeper framework for cooperation. There are three main pillars or pillars: Politics-Security, Economy, and Socioculture.
4389. 1:55:10The big goal is to further strengthen regional integration. So that our region is peaceful, stable, and prosperous together. Apart from the broad ASEAN integration, are there other specific issues that Malaysia is focusing on for the future, especially in the regional context?
4390. 1:55:19Yes. Food security, for example. That is very critical. Malaysia is cooperating within ASEAN to create the ASEAN Emergency Rice Reserve. It is like a buffer stock, in case there is a supply crisis. It is like a preparation, right?
4391. 1:55:27That's right. Then, transboundary environmental issues. Like haze. We also deal with that together through the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution.
4392. 1:55:34It's good to have that kind of cooperation. Um, in terms of broader security and international relations in general, what is Malaysia's stance?
4393. 1:55:41We consistently support the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (SEANWFZ). This agreement was signed back in 1995. We are also always active in international organisations like the UN and OIC.
4394. 1:55:48Does active mean just following along? Well, not necessarily. Malaysia is also known for daring to give critical views. For example, regarding the issue of veto power in the UN Security Council, we are among the loudest.
4395. 1:55:56And of course, the challenges that always exist such as human rights issues, the management of illegal immigrants or PATI, all of that is always on our radar. Okay, so overall...
4396. 1:56:04Chapter 10 really shows how extensive and significant Malaysia's involvement is on the world stage. From managing complicated border issues, economic contributions, humanitarian work, to efforts to preserve the environment. We play all kinds of roles.
4397. 1:56:13Indeed. It gives us a picture of a dynamic country, always trying to balance its own national interests with international responsibilities. This shows a maturity in Malaysia's handling of its external relations in this ever-changing world.
4398. 1:56:22That's right. Thank you very much for joining our last discussion in this series. Hopefully this sharing will be useful for all of you. And give us a little new perspective on Malaysia's position in the eyes of the world. Our country's journey on the global stage will certainly continue to grow, shaped by our aspirations and also the ever-changing international reality.