Ezt érdemes tudni Szent Istvánról és az államalapításról — Transcript

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1. 0:03Saint Stephen
2. 0:05Christian and Hungarian
3. 0:09War or peace? East or West? Christianity or paganism?
4. 0:15Grand Prince Géza, great grandson of Chieftain Árpád, must have been seeking for an answer to these questions,
5. 0:23when he saw that a strong alliance was developing between the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and this alliance was even sealed with a marriage.
6. 0:32Feeling threatened by the two empires, Géza realized that in the interests of his people's survival he had to convert his country to the Christian faith.
7. 0:42He called German monks and he was also baptised,
8. 0:47even if he was not motivated by religious conviction, but by political considerations.
9. 0:54He held that he was rich enough to serve several gods.
10. 1:01He had a stone fortress built in Esztergom, he transferred his seat there, and his son, Vajk, was born there around 980.
11. 1:09Vajk was brought up as a would-be Grand Prince from birth, he was also baptised, and, like his father, he was given the name Stephen at his baptism.
12. 1:21Immediately the Duke of Bavaria, Henry the Quarrelsome, had died, Géza normalized relations between Hungarians and Bavarians
13. 1:29According to Christian custom, he pronounced his firstborn son his heir, he gave the Duchy of Nyitra to him
14. 1:37and asked the new Bavarian Duke for his younger sister's hand for his son.
15. 1:44oung Stephen and his escorts departed for Regensburg, and the wedding took place there.
16. 1:52The princely wife ensured a peaceful relationship with the Germans. In addition, the Emperor, Otto III, gave some holy relics and a royal lance to Stephen as a wedding present,
17. 2:02expressing his intention to support him in coming to the throne and that he was to be under his protection.
18. 2:12Gisela was a great help to her husband to the last, and the knights and monks who came with her were of considerable assistance to him in the coming years.
19. 2:24Géza died shortly after the wedding, and Koppány, also a member of the Turul Dynasty, demanded the princely throne for himself.
20. 2:35As the oldest male member of the family, he claimed princely power on the basis of the ancient nomadic order of inheritance,
21. 2:41and he wanted to marry the late Prince's widow on a similar basis.
22. 2:48It is most probable that Koppány had been baptised, however, it can be presumed that he gave a preference to pagan tradition.
23. 2:56It was a dynastic conflict and a struggle between Christianity and paganism at the same time.
24. 3:03Koppány soon gathered his troops and went to war.
25. 3:08He passed by the lake Balaton with his army and and on its north side he caused serious destruction to Stephen's estate and people in Veszprém
26. 3:16In the meantime Stephen called the nobles to Esztergom, where they girded him and elected him as Grand Prince.
27. 3:25Stephen's Hungarians were complemented by Pechenegs, Berénys and heavily armed Germans.
28. 3:33They encountered their enemies near Veszprém, and in a long battle they managed to overcome them.
29. 3:40The young Prince had Koppány's body quartered!
30. 3:46He punished the pagan rebel in the manner of pagans. By putting the body parts on display, he reassured his people and deterred others from rising against him.
31. 3:58He began at once to reorganize the country, to consolidate his princely authority and to spread the Christian faith.
32. 4:09Since his intention to spread Christianity was serious and he wished to be recognized as a Christian monarch, he requested a crown from the Pope.
33. 4:19His first token of power, that is, the lance received from Otto may have been accompanied by feudal claims. Stephen, however, wanted to watch over his independence.
34. 4:32The crown requested by him from the Pope was given to him, presumably with the Emperor's approval.
35. 4:39The relationship between Otto and the Pope was exceptionally good, which produced a fortunate situation:
36. 4:47they both recognized the establishment of the Hungarian Kingdom and Stephen as its monarch.
37. 4:53The crown received from Rome also meant that our country did not become the vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.
38. 5:02Thus, at the turn of the millennium Archbishop Dominic anointed
39. 5:08and crowned the first ruler of the Hungarian Kingdom, Stephen, in Esztergom.
40. 5:20Counties and counts
41. 5:23Although Stephen was crowned King, his authority did not extend over the whole country.
42. 5:30There were numerous nobles who did not recognize him as their monarch, and rejected both his ecclesiastical and his temporal reforms.
43. 5:38They refused to pay tithes and they made efforts to strengthen their ties with Byzantium, where they were not obliged to pay the tenth part of their produce.
44. 5:49Stephen, in turn, did not acknowledge them as autonomous lords in command of their estates, nor did he accept their entitlement to collect taxes and duties, which were to constitute the revenue of the treasury.
45. 6:00His uncle on his mother's side was one of his greatest opponents. Gyula, Grand Princess Sarolt's brother lived in Transylvania.
46. 6:06Stephen called upon him to recognize him as his King and convert to Roman rite Christianity.
47. 6:13As he failed to do so, Stephen soon started to gather troops against him.
48. 6:18When the royal army marched into Transylvania, Gyula surrendered.
49. 6:24The young ruler did not have his uncle executed, but he was imprisoned, and his sons had to move to another part of the country and his people were converted to the Christian faith.
50. 6:35His other great enemy, Ajtony, was a descendant of the ancient nomadic chieftains, he had a pagan people and a huge number of animals.
51. 6:46He strengthened his ties with Byzantium, which had a major role in the growth in his power.
52. 6:52He allied himself with the Emperor, for which he received huge financial support.
53. 6:57He took Greek monks to the centre of his estate, Marosvár, he strengthened his army,
54. 7:04he refusud to be loyal to the King and took control of duties on salt.
55. 7:12His territory was diffucult to occupy because of the vast marshes, mountains and forests, therefore, Stephen called upon the lords to join his army against him.
56. 7:24The troops were led by the King's cousin, Csanád, and they won a victory!
57. 7:31Ajtony died in battle and all of his wealth was confiscated by the ruler and given to Csanád.
58. 7:39Stephen did not always need to resort to weapons.
59. 7:43He made the chief of the Kavars living around the mountain Mátra, Aba Sámuel, submit to him through diplomacy.
60. 7:52Aba was baptised, and Stephen gave him one of his sisters as a wife in return, and appointed him Count Palatine, which was the predecessor of the title 'Palatine'.
61. 8:03Vata, the chief of the territory around the river Körös also yielded to him, and his people were baptised,
62. 8:11even if, after the King's death he abandoned Christianity and returned to his old faith.
63. 8:18The mysterious characters of the era were the Black Hungarians, who lived around Pécs. They converted to Christianity only because of being threatened by Stephen's sword.
64. 8:28Why were they called Black Hungarians?
65. 8:33According to a chronicler, they had dark skin like the Aethiops.
66. 8:38They might have been Kavars or Muslims, as we can find a significant number of Böszörménys,
67. 8:48that is, Muslims in the diocese of Pécs in the data from the 12th century.
68. 8:52According to others, the only difference between white and black Hungarians was that the former had a higher social status.
69. 9:02At any rate, Stephen took control of the whole country and reorganized it.
70. 9:08He divided the Hungarian Kingdom into counties and appointed counts to lead them.
71. 9:18They became members of the Royal Council, but the ruler retained his right to replace them whenever he wished to.
72. 9:24The centre of the county, that is, the seat of the count, was a fortress constructed of earth and wood.
73. 9:32The counties consisted of castri belonging to the King, other royal estates, and properties of ecclesiastical and temporal landowners.
74. 9:42Although the same person was the count and the comes castri, the county and the castrum were not identical.
75. 9:52As a count he was the leader of the whole county, he led the soldiers in wars, collected taxes, duties and royal revenue, and maintained order.
76. 10:05Justice was administered by two royal judges in each county, except for the territories of castri, each of which had the comes castri as a head with full powers.
77. 10:17Besides administering the county, as a landowner he also led the castrum, that is, the royal estates and royal folk in his trust.
78. 10:27For his services and to cover his expenses he received one third of the royal revenue of the county.
79. 10:35By defeating or breaking rebellious chiefs and organizing the system of Counties, King Stephen managed to impose his will on the whole country.
80. 10:52Silver coins and churches
81. 10:55Stephen was the first in many respects.
82. 10:58He was the first to mint coins in Hungary, he was the first to impose taxes on his subjects, he was the first to issue charters and codes of law, and he was the one who organized the Christian Church in the country.
83. 11:12His silver denarius was probably made in his royal mint in Esztergom, and it was in circulation outside of the Hungarian Kingdom, for example in Scandinavia, Poland and Germany.
84. 11:26Two of his codes of law have survived. They contained both ecclesiastical and temporal laws.
85. 11:32They commanded the protection of private property, widows and orphans, they condemned homicide and arson,
86. 11:42helped the integration of soldiers and foreign guests, regulated the rights of landowners and marriage between free people and servants.
87. 11:52There were some laws about building churches, appropriate behaviour during the Holy Mass, but also about punishing witches and sorcerers.
88. 12:02The Hungarians certainly encountered Christianity as well as Jewish and Muslim religion even before conquering the country, but none of them made a strong impression on them.
89. 12:13However, in the 950s the first missionaries arrived in Hungary,
90. 12:18Gyula of Transylvania, Sarolt's father, called Byzantine rite priests, and he was baptised together with his family.
91. 12:26Some of the people living in the region did the same, but the Greek priests did not achieve significant results.
92. 12:34Two decades later Grand Prince Géza's court received Western rite priests,
93. 12:41the ruler was baptised by Bruno, Bishop of Passau, but missionary work was not successful even then.
94. 12:49It gathered strength during the reign of Stephen, who pursued missionary work and organized the church simultaneously.
95. 12:58As in the other countries in that era, as the ruler of an independent state he was the leader of the local church as well.
96. 13:06He appointed bishops and founded dioceses.
97. 13:11After baptising his people, he had to face the difficult task of consolidating the Christian faith.
98. 13:18Therefore, he wanted to establish a network of dioceses and parishes throughout the whole country.
99. 13:25Our first King founded two archdioceses – Esztergom and Kalocsa – and eight dioceses.
100. 13:34We know several of the first prelates by name, Dominic was the first Archbishop of Esztergom,
101. 13:41the name of the first Archbishop of Kalocsa was Asrik, the name of the first Bishop of Pécs was Bonipert, and Saint Gerard was the first Bishop of Csanád.
102. 13:51The network of parishes was established together with the dioceses, as prescribed by Stephen's laws, every ten village had to build a church.
103. 14:02It was the King's duty to provide each parish with vestments and altar cloths, the bishop had to provide priests and books for each of them,
104. 14:11and the villages were obliged to supply each with a plot of land, two servants and livestock.
105. 14:19A law ordered that everyone should go to church on Sunday, except for those who guarded the fire.
106. 14:26In addition, Benedictine monks came to the Hungarian Kingdom.
107. 14:31At first, the five monasteries founded by Géza and Stephen were probably inhabited mainly by foreign monks.
108. 14:38For example, Queen Gisela's relation, Saint Günther lived in Bakonybél, and Saint Gerard, who had come from Venice, also lived there for a while.
109. 14:48The Hermit Saints of Mount Zobor, Andrew Zorard and Benedict, also lived in that era.
110. 14:55Stephen also built the Hungarian section of the pilgrims' way to the Holy Land between Hainburg and Belgrade.
111. 15:04Pilgrims walked nearly 600 kilometres in Hungarian territory within nineteen days, and then they walked across Bulgaria
112. 15:13and the Byzantine Empire to reach Jerusalem, where our first King had a pilgrim house built for Hungarian pilgrims.
113. 15:24According to the records of a French monk, the ruler 'provided very safe road conditions for everyone',
114. 15:32and he gave presents to the monks who were heading for the Holy Land.
115. 15:37Peace with the Germans was positively beneficial to the development of the Hungarian state.
116. 15:43The empire situated to the West of our country influenced it in many ways, Stephen followed German patterns in issuing charters,
117. 15:49making laws, minting, and to a certain extent in the establishment of the counties.
118. 15:57This, however, does not mean at all that his achievements should be devalued.
119. 16:00He preserved his autonomy and he adapted the German patterns to Hungarian conditions in his own unique way.
120. 16:07All of the knights who came with Gisella were assimilated into the Hungarian nation after a while,
121. 16:13families such as the Babócsai, Orci and Rád descended from them.
122. 16:20Saint Stephen
123. 16:22Defence of the country and conquests
124. 16:26Saint Stephen not only achieved the independence of his country, but he also preserved it.
125. 16:31Fundamentally, he wished to have a peaceful relationship with the neighbouring peoples, however, he drew his sword when it was necessary.
126. 16:37That was the case at the beginning of his reign, when as an ally of the Byzantine Empire, he went to war against Kean, prince of Bulgarians and Slavs.
127. 16:47As the origin of the name 'Kean' is the Turkish word 'Khagan', which means prince
128. 16:54the person called 'Kean' by the chronicles may have been identical with Samuel, Bulgarian Tsar, or one of his successors.
129. 17:03The Hungarians had to fight hard to win a victory.
130. 17:06The King's triumph strengthened the defence of the country, as it completely broke the influence of the Bulgarians on Transylvania.
131. 17:14From what he took from his enemy, he made a generous donation to the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár, which had been founded by him.
132. 17:23His Northern policy was also successful.
133. 17:27One of his sisters, Judith, married the Polish King, Boleslaw the Brave, but was repudiated by her husband a few years later.
134. 17:39In addition, as a consequence of the fights between the Poles and the Germans, the Poles broke into the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom, into the surroundings of Trencsén,
135. 17:49but the fortifications that they occupied were soon taken back by Stephen.
136. 17:53As neither the Germans nor the Poles prevailed, they made peace, which settled the conflict between the Poles and the Hungarians as well.
137. 18:01To reaffirm this, Boleslaw, who went against Kiev in the same year, was helped by five hundred Hungarian cavalrymen.
138. 18:09It is no exaggeration to say, therefore, that the friendship between Poles and Hungarians is one thousand years old.
139. 18:15As mentioned above, Stephen's wife was a Bavarian princess, and he was on good terms with the Emperors Otto III and Henry II.
140. 18:25His children were also named after them, his first son, who died at the age of one or two, was given the name 'Otto', and the origin of the Hungarian name 'Imre' ('Emeric') is the German name 'Heinrich'.
141. 18:36However, he refused to accept any kind of German dominion over him.
142. 18:41When his brother-in-law, Emperor Henry II, who came from the Saxon Dynasty, died,
143. 18:49the relationship between Germans and Hungarians deteriorated thanks to the new ruler, Conrad II, who was a Salian Frank.
144. 18:56Conrad made the Czechs and then the Poles his vassals, and he also wished to obtain Hungary.
145. 19:04Following some minor frontier incidents he led a large army against our country.
146. 19:09Conrad attacked Hungary together with his vassal, Bretislav, Duke of Bohemia, as his predecessors did at the time of the Battle of Bratislava in 907.
147. 19:21The outcome was similar.
148. 19:25Although Conrad's army captured Bratislava, and they reached the river Rába, they encountered serious difficulties.
149. 19:34Our King used scorched earth policy:
150. 19:39all inhabitants were evacuated from the region, and all eatables were destroyed, therefore, the enemy remained without supplies.
151. 19:48In the battle near Győr the heir to the throne, Emeric, also fought valiantly, he led the Russian-Varangian warriors, who had settled on the Western frontier.
152. 20:00The Hungarians destroyed the German troops, who were exhausted with starving, and they captured Vienna.
153. 20:07As a result of the peace made in the following year, Stephen acquired territories around the Leitha and Morava rivers.
154. 20:15In the Annals of Altaich it was recorded about Conrad that “he returned from Hungary without soldiers and without success,
155. 20:28because the army was tormented by starvation; the Hungarians even occupied Vienna.”
156. 20:33In 907 it was of vital importance for the Hungarian tribal alliance to repulse the Germans
157. 20:40and secure the Carpathian Basin for themselves. Similarly, Stephen's victory had immense significance.
158. 20:48He organized the Christian Hungarian Kingdom with a strong hand, and he defended it with the same firmness.
159. 21:00Murderers and successors
160. 21:03For a long time Stephen was justified in believing that he would not have been able to find a better successor than his son, Emeric, even if he had wished to.
161. 21:10Emeric had received excellent education from Saint Gerard, he had opportunity to observe how his father exercised power,
162. 21:18and Stephen wrote his Admonitions for his benefit, providing him with sound advice about governing a country.
163. 21:25Emeric was given the Duchy of Bihar, that is, one third of the country, and he also led the royal guards.
164. 21:33He fought with outstanding courage in the victorious battle against Emperor Conrad, and he represented our country in the peace negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire.
165. 21:44However, the promising heir to the throne lost his life. The circumstances of his death are still mysterious.
166. 21:54According to the chronicles it happened in the forest Igfon in Bihar, but others say that he died in the Bakony mountains.
167. 22:04At any rate, the Hungarian chronicles, which were written long after the tragic event, do not mention a boar,
168. 22:12it is claimed only by the Annals of Hildesheim, which is accurate in many respects, that his death was caused by a wild beast.
169. 22:20During the last thousand years, theories have abounded about Emeric's death.
170. 22:26Some sources claim that a member of the Árpád dynasty, Vazul, was responsible for the assumed murder,
171. 22:33others say that it was committed in revenge for Tonuzoba, who had been buried alive for being a hardened pagan, and whose name means 'boar'.
172. 22:45However, there might have been external forces behind his death. The peace agreement had been made with the Germans a year earlier,
173. 22:53and Emeric, who was heir to the Hungarian throne, might have been regarded as a would-be Emperor, since, through his mother,
174. 22:59he was the previous Holy Roman Emperor's nephew,
175. 23:08and Conrad may have resented such speculations.
176. 23:14Another source might imply that he was poisoned, a Polish-Hungarian chronicle says
177. 23:23that Prince Emeric became grievously ill and died eight days later.
178. 23:29Whatever caused his son's death, it was a sore trial to Stephen.
179. 23:34Saint Emeric was the first member of the royal family who was buried in Fehérvár.
180. 23:40According to the legends, the old monarch, having no reliable heir, offered his country to the Virgin Mary.
181. 23:51After a while he appointed his nephew, Peter Orseolo, the son of the Doge of Venice and Stephen's sister, to be his successor.
182. 23:59It counted against him that he came from Venice, and he was not sufficiently familiar with our country,
183. 24:04but he was Christian, and this was of decisive importance to the King.
184. 24:11Stephen must have recognized that not everybody was committed to Christianity even in his court,
185. 24:18and he clearly saw that he needed to make strong efforts to consolidate it.
186. 24:26He did not choose his cousin, Vazul, to be his successor precisely for this reason. Although he might have been baptised according to the Byzantine rite, Stephen could not rely on him to continue his work.
187. 24:38In addition, if the country had returned to paganism, it could easily have led to German intervention.
188. 24:46However, Vazul was unwilling to accept that Peter would be crowned instead of him, and, according to one of the legends, he organized a plot,
189. 24:55because of which Stephen had him captured and he was made unsuitable for reigning:
190. 25:03his eyes were gouged out and his sons were sent into exile.
191. 25:07According to a 14th century chronicle hot lead was poured into his ears, but the authenticity of this is highly questionable.
192. 25:19After reigning for forty-one years, struggling with the problem of finding a suitable heir and with his diseases,
193. 25:26Saint Stephen died on 15 August 1038. He was buried next to his son in Fehérvár.
194. 25:35Posterity remembers him not only as the first King and a Saint.
195. 25:39The impact of his life's work on the country over the centuries is proved by the fact that the Kings succeeding him considered him as the source of their power and rights.
196. 25:52King Ladislaus even had him canonized, in spite of being Vazul's descendant, who had been made unsuitable to rule the country by Stephen.
197. 26:00Most of our medieval monarchs chose the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary as their final resting place, following Stephen's example.
198. 26:09It was King Stephen's great accomplishment, which will never lose its significance, that he unified the Carpathian Basin,
199. 26:15and founded a modern state, with which he joined Christian Europe.
200. 26:21The system of counties and the dioceses founded by him have survived all tribulations of the last thousand years!
201. 26:29The foundations of present-day Hungary were laid by Saint Stephen.